{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.3,"endTime":2.347,"body":"- All right, the presentation is called"},{"startTime":2.347,"endTime":6.78,"body":"\"The Lost Cities and"},{"startTime":2.347,"endTime":6.78,"body":"Amazing Heritage of Kenya.\""},{"startTime":6.78,"endTime":9.6,"body":"And let me, first of all, put Kenya"},{"startTime":9.6,"endTime":12.6,"body":"into its historical context."},{"startTime":12.6,"endTime":17.6,"body":"The Kenyan Coast heritage was"},{"startTime":12.6,"endTime":17.6,"body":"part of what the scholars call"},{"startTime":17.7,"endTime":20.223,"body":"the Swahili Confederation."},{"startTime":21.09,"endTime":24.93,"body":"And the Swahili cities were all the way"},{"startTime":24.93,"endTime":28.38,"body":"along the East African coast,"},{"startTime":28.38,"endTime":33.33,"body":"all the way from Somalia in"},{"startTime":28.38,"endTime":33.33,"body":"the north, down through Kenya,"},{"startTime":33.33,"endTime":37.11,"body":"Tanzania, as far south as Mozambique."},{"startTime":37.11,"endTime":42.11,"body":"The main cities were Mogadishu"},{"startTime":37.11,"endTime":42.11,"body":"on the coast of Somalia."},{"startTime":42.12,"endTime":45.9,"body":"By the way, that usually"},{"startTime":42.12,"endTime":45.9,"body":"surprises Somalis to know"},{"startTime":45.9,"endTime":50.9,"body":"that their history is in fact"},{"startTime":45.9,"endTime":50.9,"body":"connected to Swahili history."},{"startTime":52.17,"endTime":56.64,"body":"Malindi and Mombasa on the coast of Kenya,"},{"startTime":56.64,"endTime":60.75,"body":"Mafia and Kilwa off the coast of Tanzania,"},{"startTime":60.75,"endTime":63.93,"body":"Sofala off the coast of Mozambique"},{"startTime":63.93,"endTime":67.173,"body":"and Sinna, Mozambique inland."},{"startTime":68.1,"endTime":73.1,"body":"Now I'm using terms like"},{"startTime":68.1,"endTime":73.1,"body":"Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania,"},{"startTime":73.14,"endTime":74.01,"body":"Mozambique."},{"startTime":74.01,"endTime":77.34,"body":"Of course, during the time"},{"startTime":74.01,"endTime":77.34,"body":"periods that we're talking about,"},{"startTime":77.34,"endTime":81.18,"body":"none of these places"},{"startTime":77.34,"endTime":81.18,"body":"existed under those names."},{"startTime":81.18,"endTime":83.31,"body":"So who were the people?"},{"startTime":83.31,"endTime":88.02,"body":"The more northerly people,"},{"startTime":83.31,"endTime":88.02,"body":"say Mogadishu, were described"},{"startTime":88.02,"endTime":90.66,"body":"in the records as Berbers,"},{"startTime":90.66,"endTime":95.37,"body":"and they're also described"},{"startTime":90.66,"endTime":95.37,"body":"as a people of the Sudan,"},{"startTime":95.37,"endTime":98.91,"body":"which means a people of the Blacks."},{"startTime":98.91,"endTime":102.81,"body":"And then the more"},{"startTime":98.91,"endTime":102.81,"body":"southerly people, say Kenya"},{"startTime":102.81,"endTime":106.26,"body":"and further south, record Zanj,"},{"startTime":106.26,"endTime":109.26,"body":"that's part of the word 'Zanzibar'."},{"startTime":109.26,"endTime":111.443,"body":"Turkish people will know the name Zanji."},{"startTime":112.483,"endTime":116.58,"body":"Our Zanj, they are"},{"startTime":112.483,"endTime":116.58,"body":"described as extremely black"},{"startTime":116.58,"endTime":120.24,"body":"in complexion with tattoo"},{"startTime":116.58,"endTime":120.24,"body":"monks cut into their faces."},{"startTime":120.24,"endTime":122.52,"body":"So you either have a Black population"},{"startTime":122.52,"endTime":125.52,"body":"or an extremely Black population."},{"startTime":125.52,"endTime":129.45,"body":"Because of a traveler"},{"startTime":125.52,"endTime":129.45,"body":"who visited the coast,"},{"startTime":129.45,"endTime":132.81,"body":"Ibn Battuta, we now have"},{"startTime":129.45,"endTime":132.81,"body":"another name as well,"},{"startTime":132.81,"endTime":135.27,"body":"Sawahil or Swahili."},{"startTime":135.27,"endTime":136.68,"body":"Simply means 'the coast',"},{"startTime":136.68,"endTime":139.323,"body":"those people living on the coast."},{"startTime":140.16,"endTime":144.3,"body":"So essentially, we are looking"},{"startTime":140.16,"endTime":144.3,"body":"at a bond two civilization."},{"startTime":144.3,"endTime":147.45,"body":"Bond two is a group of language families."},{"startTime":147.45,"endTime":151.71,"body":"Language groups would include"},{"startTime":147.45,"endTime":151.71,"body":"things like Swahili, Zulu,"},{"startTime":151.71,"endTime":154.2,"body":"Shona, Kikongo."},{"startTime":154.2,"endTime":155.61,"body":"It's one of that group."},{"startTime":155.61,"endTime":159.03,"body":"But the civilization was cosmopolitan,"},{"startTime":159.03,"endTime":162.12,"body":"so they would then be joined"},{"startTime":159.03,"endTime":162.12,"body":"by people from Arabia,"},{"startTime":162.12,"endTime":165.69,"body":"joined by people from Persia,"},{"startTime":165.69,"endTime":169.47,"body":"and most importantly joined"},{"startTime":165.69,"endTime":169.47,"body":"by people from India."},{"startTime":169.47,"endTime":171.96,"body":"And if you visit the East African coast,"},{"startTime":171.96,"endTime":175.95,"body":"that Indian presence is"},{"startTime":171.96,"endTime":175.95,"body":"still quite significant."},{"startTime":175.95,"endTime":179.493,"body":"Okay, so what type of"},{"startTime":175.95,"endTime":179.493,"body":"civilization are we talking about?"},{"startTime":180.6,"endTime":185.6,"body":"That's a British colonial era"},{"startTime":180.6,"endTime":185.6,"body":"postcard of the city of Lamu."},{"startTime":187.89,"endTime":192.213,"body":"Lamu is kind of Kenya,"},{"startTime":187.89,"endTime":192.213,"body":"but it's off the coast."},{"startTime":193.38,"endTime":198.38,"body":"And if it wasn't for the"},{"startTime":193.38,"endTime":198.38,"body":"availability of boat transport,"},{"startTime":199.29,"endTime":203.04,"body":"you can't actually get to"},{"startTime":199.29,"endTime":203.04,"body":"it, so it's kind of isolated."},{"startTime":203.04,"endTime":205.38,"body":"And a close-up view."},{"startTime":205.38,"endTime":209.46,"body":"You can see multi-story"},{"startTime":205.38,"endTime":209.46,"body":"buildings and that kind of thing."},{"startTime":209.46,"endTime":213.81,"body":"So I decided that perhaps"},{"startTime":209.46,"endTime":213.81,"body":"I should take a look."},{"startTime":213.81,"endTime":218.81,"body":"So I visited the Lamu Museum"},{"startTime":213.81,"endTime":218.81,"body":"and I took photographs."},{"startTime":219.39,"endTime":224.39,"body":"And the museum itself is a"},{"startTime":219.39,"endTime":224.39,"body":"Lamu house that has been turned"},{"startTime":224.52,"endTime":229.52,"body":"into a museum space and the"},{"startTime":224.52,"endTime":229.52,"body":"kind of decorative walls,"},{"startTime":231.39,"endTime":233.13,"body":"are we enjoying that?"},{"startTime":233.13,"endTime":238.13,"body":"The kind of exquisite"},{"startTime":233.13,"endTime":238.13,"body":"designs, absolutely wonderful."},{"startTime":240.03,"endTime":245.03,"body":"And in the museum, what they"},{"startTime":240.03,"endTime":245.03,"body":"had were among other things,"},{"startTime":245.46,"endTime":247.8,"body":"reconstructed pieces,"},{"startTime":247.8,"endTime":252.8,"body":"which was then you could put"},{"startTime":247.8,"endTime":252.8,"body":"that into a medieval context."},{"startTime":253.59,"endTime":258.59,"body":"So the idea then was"},{"startTime":253.59,"endTime":258.59,"body":"to, a lot of artifacts"},{"startTime":260.28,"endTime":262.95,"body":"from that period, they have survived,"},{"startTime":262.95,"endTime":264.42,"body":"but they're in bad shape."},{"startTime":264.42,"endTime":267.69,"body":"In other words, if you were"},{"startTime":264.42,"endTime":267.69,"body":"to put them in a display,"},{"startTime":267.69,"endTime":269.01,"body":"what are we really looking at?"},{"startTime":269.01,"endTime":270.693,"body":"Now, an archeologist would know."},{"startTime":271.74,"endTime":274.74,"body":"So they made the decisions"},{"startTime":271.74,"endTime":274.74,"body":"in the Kenyan museums to show"},{"startTime":274.74,"endTime":276.39,"body":"reconstructions."},{"startTime":276.39,"endTime":279.0,"body":"And so reconstructed pieces of kitchenware"},{"startTime":279.0,"endTime":280.77,"body":"from the Lamu Museum."},{"startTime":280.77,"endTime":283.77,"body":"So this is the kind of"},{"startTime":280.77,"endTime":283.77,"body":"kitchenware that would go"},{"startTime":283.77,"endTime":285.42,"body":"with the medieval heritage."},{"startTime":285.42,"endTime":288.12,"body":"A vermicelli maker,"},{"startTime":288.12,"endTime":291.033,"body":"yes, vermicelli, spaghetti."},{"startTime":292.23,"endTime":294.9,"body":"Then you have some other artifacts."},{"startTime":294.9,"endTime":298.59,"body":"So this is the kind of"},{"startTime":294.9,"endTime":298.59,"body":"thing that you could imagine"},{"startTime":298.59,"endTime":302.64,"body":"in a medieval East African kitchen."},{"startTime":302.64,"endTime":306.12,"body":"Then they have reconstructed coffee vases"},{"startTime":306.12,"endTime":309.0,"body":"and rose water containers."},{"startTime":309.0,"endTime":312.84,"body":"And these are taken from the Lamu museums"},{"startTime":312.84,"endTime":315.603,"body":"and the Malindi museums."},{"startTime":316.68,"endTime":318.99,"body":"What was really interesting was"},{"startTime":318.99,"endTime":322.56,"body":"the reconstructed bedroom goods"},{"startTime":322.56,"endTime":325.53,"body":"from the Gedi Interpretation Centre"},{"startTime":325.53,"endTime":330.53,"body":"and the Lamu Museum,"},{"startTime":325.53,"endTime":330.53,"body":"because these are goods."},{"startTime":331.2,"endTime":333.15,"body":"There's a continuity."},{"startTime":333.15,"endTime":336.36,"body":"In the Kenyan museums that I stayed at,"},{"startTime":336.36,"endTime":339.15,"body":"they had furniture that"},{"startTime":336.36,"endTime":339.15,"body":"was just like this."},{"startTime":339.15,"endTime":344.15,"body":"So there's a clear continuity"},{"startTime":339.15,"endTime":344.15,"body":"from medieval times to now."},{"startTime":344.16,"endTime":347.19,"body":"And for those people that have"},{"startTime":344.16,"endTime":347.19,"body":"been to the British Museum,"},{"startTime":347.19,"endTime":350.97,"body":"there is a Zanzibari chair"},{"startTime":347.19,"endTime":350.97,"body":"and it looks quite similar"},{"startTime":350.97,"endTime":354.12,"body":"to what we see up there"},{"startTime":350.97,"endTime":354.12,"body":"with its ivory inlay"},{"startTime":354.12,"endTime":355.323,"body":"and that kind of thing."},{"startTime":356.25,"endTime":358.74,"body":"So clearly, the impression is given"},{"startTime":358.74,"endTime":361.44,"body":"of a sophisticated civilization."},{"startTime":361.44,"endTime":364.02,"body":"And that led to the question, but surely"},{"startTime":364.02,"endTime":367.68,"body":"Africans could not have"},{"startTime":364.02,"endTime":367.68,"body":"built these cities."},{"startTime":367.68,"endTime":370.98,"body":"And believing this, British archeologist,"},{"startTime":370.98,"endTime":375.98,"body":"James Kirkman, deceived"},{"startTime":370.98,"endTime":375.98,"body":"a generation of scholars."},{"startTime":376.68,"endTime":380.79,"body":"And so the result then"},{"startTime":376.68,"endTime":380.79,"body":"is those of us telling"},{"startTime":380.79,"endTime":385.79,"body":"the history have to kick against"},{"startTime":380.79,"endTime":385.79,"body":"James Kirkman's material."},{"startTime":387.15,"endTime":392.01,"body":"Not only that, he's also"},{"startTime":387.15,"endTime":392.01,"body":"done a lot of great damage"},{"startTime":392.01,"endTime":395.04,"body":"to the historical memory of Kenyans"},{"startTime":395.04,"endTime":398.16,"body":"because they don't realize"},{"startTime":395.04,"endTime":398.16,"body":"that his stuff is nonsense."},{"startTime":398.16,"endTime":403.16,"body":"But the nonsense had"},{"startTime":398.16,"endTime":403.16,"body":"a major, major impact."},{"startTime":403.5,"endTime":408.5,"body":"The result was Kirkman misled"},{"startTime":403.5,"endTime":408.5,"body":"historians into the error"},{"startTime":409.5,"endTime":412.35,"body":"that East African culture was partly,"},{"startTime":412.35,"endTime":415.443,"body":"if not entirely, Arab or Persian."},{"startTime":416.28,"endTime":418.89,"body":"And if you speak to people from Kenya,"},{"startTime":418.89,"endTime":422.64,"body":"speaking to my guides"},{"startTime":418.89,"endTime":422.64,"body":"taking me around the ruins,"},{"startTime":422.64,"endTime":425.37,"body":"nearly all of them believe that."},{"startTime":425.37,"endTime":426.6,"body":"And then what I would challenge,"},{"startTime":426.6,"endTime":430.32,"body":"but all the archeologies only"},{"startTime":426.6,"endTime":430.32,"body":"dug up African skeletons."},{"startTime":430.32,"endTime":432.69,"body":"Yeah, but they were the workman."},{"startTime":432.69,"endTime":434.31,"body":"Well, so that means they built it."},{"startTime":434.31,"endTime":437.1,"body":"Yeah, but they built it under"},{"startTime":434.31,"endTime":437.1,"body":"somebody else's control."},{"startTime":437.1,"endTime":439.92,"body":"Where's the somebody"},{"startTime":437.1,"endTime":439.92,"body":"else's control skeletons?"},{"startTime":439.92,"endTime":440.753,"body":"Do you see?"},{"startTime":441.66,"endTime":443.583,"body":"And this is because of James Kirkman."},{"startTime":444.96,"endTime":448.767,"body":"Now the other piece of"},{"startTime":444.96,"endTime":448.767,"body":"evidence that people use is"},{"startTime":448.767,"endTime":452.46,"body":"the Swahili language today"},{"startTime":448.767,"endTime":452.46,"body":"does indeed have a number"},{"startTime":452.46,"endTime":454.47,"body":"of Arabic words mixed up in it"},{"startTime":454.47,"endTime":456.423,"body":"and quite a lot of Arabic words."},{"startTime":457.59,"endTime":461.46,"body":"And this was at one time"},{"startTime":457.59,"endTime":461.46,"body":"argued that this demonstrates"},{"startTime":461.46,"endTime":464.55,"body":"an important Arab element in the formation"},{"startTime":464.55,"endTime":466.053,"body":"of Swahili culture."},{"startTime":466.98,"endTime":471.6,"body":"And ordinarily, linguistics"},{"startTime":466.98,"endTime":471.6,"body":"is a powerful tool"},{"startTime":471.6,"endTime":474.81,"body":"and we could use linguistics in this way."},{"startTime":474.81,"endTime":479.22,"body":"However, Dr. John Sutton"},{"startTime":474.81,"endTime":479.22,"body":"of the British Institutes"},{"startTime":479.22,"endTime":481.987,"body":"of East Africa, this is what he says."},{"startTime":481.987,"endTime":485.669,"body":"\"What is less well understood,"},{"startTime":481.987,"endTime":485.669,"body":"however, is that the bulk"},{"startTime":485.669,"endTime":490.669,"body":"of these borrowings are"},{"startTime":485.669,"endTime":490.669,"body":"not ancient in Swahili,"},{"startTime":491.16,"endTime":494.46,"body":"but belong to the last 200 years or so,"},{"startTime":494.46,"endTime":499.2,"body":"the period of the 'new' Arabs"},{"startTime":494.46,"endTime":499.2,"body":"and the Zanzibari state.\""},{"startTime":499.2,"endTime":502.35,"body":"So the history and the heritage"},{"startTime":499.2,"endTime":502.35,"body":"we're talking about is not"},{"startTime":502.35,"endTime":504.06,"body":"the last 200 years."},{"startTime":504.06,"endTime":506.55,"body":"We're talking the periods before that,"},{"startTime":506.55,"endTime":511.55,"body":"before the Arab borrowings"},{"startTime":506.55,"endTime":511.55,"body":"made their way into Swahili."},{"startTime":513.42,"endTime":517.02,"body":"Now in the 18th century,"},{"startTime":513.42,"endTime":517.02,"body":"well after the great"},{"startTime":517.02,"endTime":519.66,"body":"East African culture had declined,"},{"startTime":519.66,"endTime":523.05,"body":"Arab sultans did, in"},{"startTime":519.66,"endTime":523.05,"body":"fact, control East Africa."},{"startTime":523.05,"endTime":525.72,"body":"They controlled it from Zanzibar."},{"startTime":525.72,"endTime":528.33,"body":"It became a slave-trading zone, et cetera,"},{"startTime":528.33,"endTime":529.5,"body":"et cetera, et cetera."},{"startTime":529.5,"endTime":532.473,"body":"But the golden age is well before that."},{"startTime":533.37,"endTime":535.923,"body":"So what does the archeology really say?"},{"startTime":536.97,"endTime":540.15,"body":"English archeologist, Dr. Mark Horton, was"},{"startTime":540.15,"endTime":543.48,"body":"a prominent scholar of Swahili antiquities"},{"startTime":543.48,"endTime":546.48,"body":"and his excavations have shown"},{"startTime":546.48,"endTime":549.09,"body":"that the very earliest mosques"},{"startTime":549.09,"endTime":552.513,"body":"on the East African coast"},{"startTime":549.09,"endTime":552.513,"body":"date from the 8th century AD."},{"startTime":553.95,"endTime":557.34,"body":"They were flimsy timber-thatched"},{"startTime":553.95,"endTime":557.34,"body":"buildings and were"},{"startTime":557.34,"endTime":561.15,"body":"much like temporary mosques"},{"startTime":557.34,"endTime":561.15,"body":"built even now from time to time"},{"startTime":561.15,"endTime":562.74,"body":"by East Africans."},{"startTime":562.74,"endTime":566.4,"body":"Swahili fishermen built"},{"startTime":562.74,"endTime":566.4,"body":"fishing villages including"},{"startTime":566.4,"endTime":570.63,"body":"a mosque to serve them only"},{"startTime":566.4,"endTime":570.63,"body":"during the fishing seasons."},{"startTime":570.63,"endTime":573.543,"body":"And they're flimsy,"},{"startTime":570.63,"endTime":573.543,"body":"they're timber-thatched."},{"startTime":574.74,"endTime":579.09,"body":"The wooden mosques excavated"},{"startTime":574.74,"endTime":579.09,"body":"by Dr. Horton indicate"},{"startTime":579.09,"endTime":582.69,"body":"that the first Muslims on"},{"startTime":579.09,"endTime":582.69,"body":"the coast were Africans,"},{"startTime":582.69,"endTime":584.4,"body":"not Arabs."},{"startTime":584.4,"endTime":588.12,"body":"From there, the Africans"},{"startTime":584.4,"endTime":588.12,"body":"evolved mud and timber mosques,"},{"startTime":588.12,"endTime":590.1,"body":"which were much larger."},{"startTime":590.1,"endTime":593.85,"body":"And finally, they progressed to building"},{"startTime":593.85,"endTime":596.163,"body":"stone-built mosques."},{"startTime":598.05,"endTime":602.49,"body":"All right, now the"},{"startTime":598.05,"endTime":602.49,"body":"graveyards and mosques were"},{"startTime":602.49,"endTime":607.38,"body":"the focal points around which"},{"startTime":602.49,"endTime":607.38,"body":"the East African cities grew."},{"startTime":607.38,"endTime":612.38,"body":"And in Gedi, we can see"},{"startTime":607.38,"endTime":612.38,"body":"here one of the tombs,"},{"startTime":613.29,"endTime":616.59,"body":"photograph taken from the"},{"startTime":613.29,"endTime":616.59,"body":"front and from the side."},{"startTime":616.59,"endTime":620.01,"body":"I have a policy that if I"},{"startTime":616.59,"endTime":620.01,"body":"take photographs of monuments,"},{"startTime":620.01,"endTime":622.17,"body":"you have to have somebody in it"},{"startTime":622.17,"endTime":625.08,"body":"so that this way we've"},{"startTime":622.17,"endTime":625.08,"body":"got some idea of scale."},{"startTime":625.08,"endTime":626.433,"body":"Does that make sense?"},{"startTime":627.66,"endTime":632.66,"body":"Now here we have a tomb"},{"startTime":627.66,"endTime":632.66,"body":"and we have a date on it."},{"startTime":633.18,"endTime":635.76,"body":"It's an Islamic date,"},{"startTime":633.18,"endTime":635.76,"body":"but when you translate it"},{"startTime":635.76,"endTime":640.56,"body":"into a Christian era"},{"startTime":635.76,"endTime":640.56,"body":"date, it becomes 1399."},{"startTime":640.56,"endTime":643.47,"body":"And the burials are grand."},{"startTime":643.47,"endTime":647.76,"body":"Since the East African"},{"startTime":643.47,"endTime":647.76,"body":"coast has around 50 sets"},{"startTime":647.76,"endTime":652.23,"body":"of pillar tombs, scholars"},{"startTime":647.76,"endTime":652.23,"body":"deduced that perhaps 50 cities"},{"startTime":652.23,"endTime":655.77,"body":"and towns flourished along"},{"startTime":652.23,"endTime":655.77,"body":"the East African coast"},{"startTime":655.77,"endTime":658.32,"body":"from Somalia to Mozambique."},{"startTime":658.32,"endTime":663.0,"body":"However, more recently, a"},{"startTime":658.32,"endTime":663.0,"body":"South African architect,"},{"startTime":663.0,"endTime":666.51,"body":"Dr. Peter (indistinct),"},{"startTime":663.0,"endTime":666.51,"body":"has released a number,"},{"startTime":666.51,"endTime":671.51,"body":"400 settlements along"},{"startTime":666.51,"endTime":671.51,"body":"the East African coast."},{"startTime":673.53,"endTime":677.16,"body":"Here we have a tomb and they called it"},{"startTime":677.16,"endTime":680.07,"body":"the Tomb of the Fluted Pillar."},{"startTime":680.07,"endTime":682.983,"body":"And again, this is at a site called Gedi."},{"startTime":683.94,"endTime":688.94,"body":"All right, so if we've got"},{"startTime":683.94,"endTime":688.94,"body":"these burials and they've become"},{"startTime":690.6,"endTime":692.85,"body":"the the graveyards, the centerpiece"},{"startTime":692.85,"endTime":694.44,"body":"of where these cities are going to be,"},{"startTime":694.44,"endTime":696.99,"body":"what did the cities themselves look like?"},{"startTime":696.99,"endTime":699.63,"body":"Well, did I mention Mogadishu?"},{"startTime":699.63,"endTime":701.103,"body":"Did I mention Mogadishu?"},{"startTime":701.97,"endTime":703.32,"body":"All right, it's an example"},{"startTime":703.32,"endTime":705.33,"body":"of one of those East African cities."},{"startTime":705.33,"endTime":707.19,"body":"And as you can see from the photograph,"},{"startTime":707.19,"endTime":709.23,"body":"the old part of Mogadishu,"},{"startTime":707.19,"endTime":709.23,"body":"you've got three"},{"startTime":709.23,"endTime":711.12,"body":"and four-story houses."},{"startTime":711.12,"endTime":714.9,"body":"And Chinese documents from"},{"startTime":711.12,"endTime":714.9,"body":"the the 15th century mention"},{"startTime":714.9,"endTime":719.76,"body":"that Mogadishu actually had"},{"startTime":714.9,"endTime":719.76,"body":"four or five-story houses."},{"startTime":719.76,"endTime":722.673,"body":"The houses were made of coral stone."},{"startTime":724.14,"endTime":727.92,"body":"All right, so let's get"},{"startTime":724.14,"endTime":727.92,"body":"some visitor's impressions."},{"startTime":727.92,"endTime":729.573,"body":"What did the visitors say?"},{"startTime":730.89,"endTime":733.98,"body":"There was a traveler from Morocco,"},{"startTime":733.98,"endTime":738.98,"body":"his name was Ibn Battuta, and"},{"startTime":733.98,"endTime":738.98,"body":"he wrote a book in 1353 called"},{"startTime":740.587,"endTime":743.28,"body":"\"The Gift of the Observers\"."},{"startTime":743.28,"endTime":746.317,"body":"But when it was translated"},{"startTime":743.28,"endTime":746.317,"body":"into English, people called it"},{"startTime":746.317,"endTime":750.03,"body":"\"Travels in Asia and Africa\"."},{"startTime":750.03,"endTime":755.03,"body":"And he mentions visiting"},{"startTime":750.03,"endTime":755.03,"body":"what we would today call"},{"startTime":755.22,"endTime":758.67,"body":"the Somalian city of Mogadishu."},{"startTime":758.67,"endTime":762.12,"body":"And the main thing he says"},{"startTime":758.67,"endTime":762.12,"body":"about them is they're fat."},{"startTime":762.12,"endTime":764.28,"body":"All right, this is what he says."},{"startTime":764.28,"endTime":767.077,"body":"Yeah, I know, not politically correct."},{"startTime":767.077,"endTime":769.89,"body":"\"The qadi took my hand.\""},{"startTime":769.89,"endTime":772.44,"body":"Qadi, that means the judge."},{"startTime":772.44,"endTime":775.927,"body":"So he's just got off the boat,"},{"startTime":772.44,"endTime":775.927,"body":"the judge has taken his hand."},{"startTime":775.927,"endTime":780.18,"body":"\"And we came to the house, which"},{"startTime":775.927,"endTime":780.18,"body":"is near the shaikh's house."},{"startTime":780.18,"endTime":783.93,"body":"And it was bedded out and set"},{"startTime":780.18,"endTime":783.93,"body":"up with what is necessary."},{"startTime":783.93,"endTime":786.3,"body":"Then he came with food"},{"startTime":783.93,"endTime":786.3,"body":"from the shaikh's house."},{"startTime":786.3,"endTime":788.057,"body":"With him was one of his wazirs.\""},{"startTime":788.057,"endTime":789.967,"body":"Wazirs means ministers."},{"startTime":789.967,"endTime":791.55,"body":"\"Who was in charge of guests."},{"startTime":791.55,"endTime":794.637,"body":"He said, Maulana gives"},{"startTime":791.55,"endTime":794.637,"body":"you al-saluma 'alaikum"},{"startTime":794.637,"endTime":797.04,"body":"and he says to you, you are most welcome."},{"startTime":797.04,"endTime":799.5,"body":"Then he put down the food and we ate."},{"startTime":799.5,"endTime":802.53,"body":"Their food is rice cooked with ghee placed"},{"startTime":802.53,"endTime":804.48,"body":"on a large wooden dish."},{"startTime":804.48,"endTime":807.33,"body":"They put on top dishes of kushan."},{"startTime":807.33,"endTime":810.3,"body":"This is the relish of"},{"startTime":807.33,"endTime":810.3,"body":"chicken and meat and fish"},{"startTime":810.3,"endTime":811.62,"body":"and vegetables."},{"startTime":811.62,"endTime":814.98,"body":"They cook banana before"},{"startTime":811.62,"endTime":814.98,"body":"it is ripe in fresh milk"},{"startTime":814.98,"endTime":818.97,"body":"and they put it on a disk and"},{"startTime":814.98,"endTime":818.97,"body":"they put sour milk in a dish"},{"startTime":818.97,"endTime":822.54,"body":"with pickled lemon on it and"},{"startTime":818.97,"endTime":822.54,"body":"bunches of pickled chilies,"},{"startTime":822.54,"endTime":826.71,"body":"vinegared and salted, and"},{"startTime":822.54,"endTime":826.71,"body":"green ginger and mangoes."},{"startTime":826.71,"endTime":829.59,"body":"These are like apples"},{"startTime":826.71,"endTime":829.59,"body":"and they have a stone."},{"startTime":829.59,"endTime":831.78,"body":"And when they ripen they are very sweet"},{"startTime":831.78,"endTime":833.94,"body":"and eaten like fruit."},{"startTime":833.94,"endTime":836.7,"body":"But before they ripen,"},{"startTime":833.94,"endTime":836.7,"body":"they are bitter like lemons"},{"startTime":836.7,"endTime":838.53,"body":"and they pickle them in vinegar."},{"startTime":838.53,"endTime":841.44,"body":"When they eat a ball of"},{"startTime":838.53,"endTime":841.44,"body":"rice, they eat after it"},{"startTime":841.44,"endTime":844.56,"body":"something from these"},{"startTime":841.44,"endTime":844.56,"body":"salted and vinegared foods."},{"startTime":844.56,"endTime":847.53,"body":"Now, one of the people in"},{"startTime":844.56,"endTime":847.53,"body":"Mogadishu habitually eats"},{"startTime":847.53,"endTime":849.51,"body":"as much as a group of us would."},{"startTime":849.51,"endTime":853.167,"body":"They are extremely large and fat of body.\""},{"startTime":854.82,"endTime":859.82,"body":"Okay, now what's really"},{"startTime":854.82,"endTime":859.82,"body":"interesting from my perspective is"},{"startTime":860.37,"endTime":865.37,"body":"I'm of Jamaican heritage and"},{"startTime":860.37,"endTime":865.37,"body":"descended from enslaved people"},{"startTime":866.13,"endTime":868.35,"body":"who would've come from West Africa."},{"startTime":868.35,"endTime":872.13,"body":"The significance is, is I"},{"startTime":868.35,"endTime":872.13,"body":"recognize almost all of the food"},{"startTime":872.13,"endTime":873.213,"body":"he's describing."},{"startTime":874.89,"endTime":879.89,"body":"Eating banana before it's ripe,"},{"startTime":874.89,"endTime":879.89,"body":"we call that green banana."},{"startTime":882.351,"endTime":885.923,"body":"The green ginger, the"},{"startTime":882.351,"endTime":885.923,"body":"mangoes, the sour milk."},{"startTime":887.37,"endTime":889.77,"body":"Sour milk, of course, is yogurt."},{"startTime":889.77,"endTime":891.15,"body":"In other words, I recognize this"},{"startTime":891.15,"endTime":895.17,"body":"and this is really, really"},{"startTime":891.15,"endTime":895.17,"body":"interesting, really interesting."},{"startTime":895.17,"endTime":899.73,"body":"All right, now on his journey, 1331,"},{"startTime":899.73,"endTime":904.041,"body":"he then landed in the city of Kilwa."},{"startTime":904.041,"endTime":907.53,"body":"On a modern map, Kilwa"},{"startTime":904.041,"endTime":907.53,"body":"is on the Tanzanian coast"},{"startTime":907.53,"endTime":909.427,"body":"and this is what he says."},{"startTime":909.427,"endTime":914.04,"body":"\"We spent a night on the island"},{"startTime":909.427,"endTime":914.04,"body":"of Mombasa and then set sail"},{"startTime":914.04,"endTime":917.55,"body":"for Kilwa, the principle"},{"startTime":914.04,"endTime":917.55,"body":"city on the coast,"},{"startTime":917.55,"endTime":921.59,"body":"the greater part of whose"},{"startTime":917.55,"endTime":921.59,"body":"inhabitants are Zanj,"},{"startTime":921.59,"endTime":924.51,"body":"of very black complexion."},{"startTime":924.51,"endTime":927.63,"body":"Kilwa is one of the most beautiful"},{"startTime":927.63,"endTime":932.393,"body":"or well-constructed cities in the world."},{"startTime":933.3,"endTime":938.3,"body":"The whole of it is elegantly"},{"startTime":933.3,"endTime":938.3,"body":"built,\" says Ibn Battuta."},{"startTime":941.1,"endTime":945.753,"body":"Now because my focus"},{"startTime":941.1,"endTime":945.753,"body":"is on Kenyan heritage,"},{"startTime":947.76,"endTime":950.1,"body":"you can look it up in your own time,"},{"startTime":950.1,"endTime":953.34,"body":"there are some buildings in"},{"startTime":950.1,"endTime":953.34,"body":"Kilwa that are still there."},{"startTime":953.34,"endTime":954.973,"body":"There's the Husuni Kubwa"},{"startTime":956.13,"endTime":958.2,"body":"with its indoor swimming pool."},{"startTime":958.2,"endTime":960.54,"body":"There's the Husuni (speaking"},{"startTime":958.2,"endTime":960.54,"body":"in foreign language),"},{"startTime":960.54,"endTime":964.17,"body":"there's the Kilwa Kisiwani Great Mosque."},{"startTime":964.17,"endTime":966.12,"body":"There's things that you can go look at."},{"startTime":967.71,"endTime":972.71,"body":"Now, what did another visitor"},{"startTime":967.71,"endTime":972.71,"body":"say about the Kenya region?"},{"startTime":974.4,"endTime":979.14,"body":"You had the Portuguese"},{"startTime":974.4,"endTime":979.14,"body":"sailing around South Africa"},{"startTime":979.14,"endTime":983.85,"body":"and they landed in Mozambique"},{"startTime":979.14,"endTime":983.85,"body":"first and then Tanzania"},{"startTime":983.85,"endTime":985.98,"body":"and then Kenya and so on."},{"startTime":985.98,"endTime":989.67,"body":"And the information was then handed over"},{"startTime":989.67,"endTime":994.26,"body":"to a Portuguese chronicler"},{"startTime":989.67,"endTime":994.26,"body":"called Duarte Barbosa."},{"startTime":994.26,"endTime":997.77,"body":"And when he published,"},{"startTime":994.26,"endTime":997.77,"body":"he published in 1517,"},{"startTime":997.77,"endTime":1002.77,"body":"he said, Mombasa was"},{"startTime":997.77,"endTime":1002.77,"body":"apparently \"a very fair place"},{"startTime":1003.05,"endTime":1006.29,"body":"with lofty stone and mortar houses,"},{"startTime":1006.29,"endTime":1010.34,"body":"well-aligned in streets"},{"startTime":1006.29,"endTime":1010.34,"body":"after the fashion of Kilwa.\""},{"startTime":1010.34,"endTime":1014.03,"body":"Lofty multi stories."},{"startTime":1014.03,"endTime":1018.2,"body":"Malindi had \"many fair"},{"startTime":1014.03,"endTime":1018.2,"body":"stone and mortar houses"},{"startTime":1018.2,"endTime":1022.4,"body":"of many stories with great"},{"startTime":1018.2,"endTime":1022.4,"body":"plenty of windows and flat roofs."},{"startTime":1022.4,"endTime":1025.247,"body":"The place was well laid out in streets.\""},{"startTime":1026.36,"endTime":1031.067,"body":"Pate and Lamu were \"well"},{"startTime":1026.36,"endTime":1031.067,"body":"walled with stone and mortar.\""},{"startTime":1032.3,"endTime":1036.26,"body":"So we get a very positive"},{"startTime":1032.3,"endTime":1036.26,"body":"kind of impression"},{"startTime":1036.26,"endTime":1038.663,"body":"from what the sources have to say."},{"startTime":1039.53,"endTime":1043.61,"body":"So my visit then was to look"},{"startTime":1039.53,"endTime":1043.61,"body":"up, well what was there?"},{"startTime":1043.61,"endTime":1048.61,"body":"So Gedi is located about 10 miles south"},{"startTime":1048.71,"endTime":1052.76,"body":"of the present Malindi"},{"startTime":1048.71,"endTime":1052.76,"body":"and far from the coast."},{"startTime":1052.76,"endTime":1056.903,"body":"It being far from the coast is"},{"startTime":1052.76,"endTime":1056.903,"body":"important to this discussion."},{"startTime":1057.86,"endTime":1060.8,"body":"Yes, it's within walking"},{"startTime":1057.86,"endTime":1060.8,"body":"distance of the coast,"},{"startTime":1060.8,"endTime":1062.513,"body":"but it's a long walk."},{"startTime":1063.47,"endTime":1067.19,"body":"And the name Gedi is said to"},{"startTime":1063.47,"endTime":1067.19,"body":"be a corruption of 'Gede',"},{"startTime":1067.19,"endTime":1069.5,"body":"a Galla word meaning 'precious'."},{"startTime":1069.5,"endTime":1073.28,"body":"The Galla are people coming"},{"startTime":1069.5,"endTime":1073.28,"body":"from elsewhere in Africa,"},{"startTime":1073.28,"endTime":1075.623,"body":"possibly the Ethiopia region."},{"startTime":1077.54,"endTime":1080.72,"body":"One theory is that Gedi"},{"startTime":1077.54,"endTime":1080.72,"body":"may even be the name"},{"startTime":1080.72,"endTime":1084.02,"body":"of the last Galla ruler of the site."},{"startTime":1084.02,"endTime":1086.27,"body":"So what does Dr. Davidson say?"},{"startTime":1086.27,"endTime":1090.507,"body":"English historian, Dr."},{"startTime":1086.27,"endTime":1090.507,"body":"Basil Davidson, wrote"},{"startTime":1090.507,"endTime":1094.76,"body":"\"The Lost Cities of Africa\" in 1959."},{"startTime":1094.76,"endTime":1099.08,"body":"Excuse me, \"Old Africa"},{"startTime":1094.76,"endTime":1099.08,"body":"Rediscovered\" in 1959."},{"startTime":1099.08,"endTime":1102.65,"body":"American title was"},{"startTime":1099.08,"endTime":1102.65,"body":"\"Lost Cities of Africa\"."},{"startTime":1102.65,"endTime":1106.76,"body":"And he identifies Gedi as the Malindi"},{"startTime":1106.76,"endTime":1109.31,"body":"of the medieval maps and documents."},{"startTime":1109.31,"endTime":1113.75,"body":"If he's correct, the city must"},{"startTime":1109.31,"endTime":1113.75,"body":"have been very much larger"},{"startTime":1113.75,"endTime":1117.14,"body":"than the 45 acres enclosed"},{"startTime":1113.75,"endTime":1117.14,"body":"by the wall traced"},{"startTime":1117.14,"endTime":1118.82,"body":"by James Kirkman"},{"startTime":1118.82,"endTime":1123.02,"body":"or the 70 acres claimed by the"},{"startTime":1118.82,"endTime":1123.02,"body":"Gedi Interpretation Centre."},{"startTime":1123.02,"endTime":1125.24,"body":"It must have extended down to the coast"},{"startTime":1125.24,"endTime":1128.87,"body":"and, therefore, it must"},{"startTime":1125.24,"endTime":1128.87,"body":"have been so much bigger"},{"startTime":1128.87,"endTime":1133.85,"body":"than the scholars give 45 or 70 acres."},{"startTime":1133.85,"endTime":1136.07,"body":"Moreover, the overwhelming majority"},{"startTime":1136.07,"endTime":1138.47,"body":"of the buildings must"},{"startTime":1136.07,"endTime":1138.47,"body":"have been of a flimsier"},{"startTime":1138.47,"endTime":1141.11,"body":"and perishable material"},{"startTime":1138.47,"endTime":1141.11,"body":"such as clay bricks."},{"startTime":1141.11,"endTime":1144.32,"body":"They clearly haven't survived."},{"startTime":1144.32,"endTime":1147.26,"body":"James Kirkman, 1975, held the view"},{"startTime":1147.26,"endTime":1151.55,"body":"that Gedi was to be"},{"startTime":1147.26,"endTime":1151.55,"body":"identified not as Malindi,"},{"startTime":1151.55,"endTime":1154.58,"body":"but as another city, Kilimani."},{"startTime":1154.58,"endTime":1158.123,"body":"That Kilimani's mentioned"},{"startTime":1154.58,"endTime":1158.123,"body":"in the medieval documents."},{"startTime":1159.14,"endTime":1162.8,"body":"I believe, however, that"},{"startTime":1159.14,"endTime":1162.8,"body":"his identification raises"},{"startTime":1162.8,"endTime":1164.93,"body":"the same issues as Davidson."},{"startTime":1164.93,"endTime":1169.13,"body":"If Kirkman is correct,"},{"startTime":1164.93,"endTime":1169.13,"body":"perhaps Gedi extended self"},{"startTime":1169.13,"endTime":1172.82,"body":"to Mida Creek and would thus be accessible"},{"startTime":1172.82,"endTime":1174.53,"body":"to the Indian Ocean trade."},{"startTime":1174.53,"endTime":1177.14,"body":"And if it did extend"},{"startTime":1174.53,"endTime":1177.14,"body":"there, again, it would be"},{"startTime":1177.14,"endTime":1182.14,"body":"a lot, lot bigger than the"},{"startTime":1177.14,"endTime":1182.14,"body":"45 acres that he said it was."},{"startTime":1184.22,"endTime":1187.73,"body":"Now this is what the National"},{"startTime":1184.22,"endTime":1187.73,"body":"Museums of Kenya website says"},{"startTime":1187.73,"endTime":1192.05,"body":"about Gedi, \"It traces its"},{"startTime":1187.73,"endTime":1192.05,"body":"origin in the 12th century"},{"startTime":1192.05,"endTime":1194.66,"body":"but was rebuilt with new"},{"startTime":1192.05,"endTime":1194.66,"body":"town walls in the 15th"},{"startTime":1194.66,"endTime":1196.76,"body":"and 16th centuries."},{"startTime":1196.76,"endTime":1199.7,"body":"This rebuilding is connected"},{"startTime":1196.76,"endTime":1199.7,"body":"with the emigration"},{"startTime":1199.7,"endTime":1203.51,"body":"of many citizens of Kilwa"},{"startTime":1199.7,"endTime":1203.51,"body":"to Mombasa, Malindi,"},{"startTime":1203.51,"endTime":1206.21,"body":"and other places along the coast.\""},{"startTime":1206.21,"endTime":1208.82,"body":"In other words, people from elsewhere"},{"startTime":1208.82,"endTime":1212.453,"body":"in the Swahili Confederation"},{"startTime":1208.82,"endTime":1212.453,"body":"moving into the region."},{"startTime":1213.65,"endTime":1217.79,"body":"If this is true, this may"},{"startTime":1213.65,"endTime":1217.79,"body":"indicate that the present traces"},{"startTime":1217.79,"endTime":1222.59,"body":"of walls found by James"},{"startTime":1217.79,"endTime":1222.59,"body":"Kirkman are much more recent"},{"startTime":1222.59,"endTime":1225.743,"body":"than the foundation of"},{"startTime":1222.59,"endTime":1225.743,"body":"the coral stone buildings."},{"startTime":1226.7,"endTime":1229.67,"body":"There was also a large baobab tree."},{"startTime":1229.67,"endTime":1233.27,"body":"Our guide pointed out that it"},{"startTime":1229.67,"endTime":1233.27,"body":"is evidence of the traditional"},{"startTime":1233.27,"endTime":1235.25,"body":"pre-Islamic belief system."},{"startTime":1235.25,"endTime":1238.34,"body":"In fact, on all the three"},{"startTime":1235.25,"endTime":1238.34,"body":"sites that I visited, Gedi,"},{"startTime":1238.34,"endTime":1243.34,"body":"Jumba La Mtwana, and Mnarani,"},{"startTime":1238.34,"endTime":1243.34,"body":"there were baobab trees."},{"startTime":1243.65,"endTime":1246.44,"body":"All three local guides confirmed the view"},{"startTime":1246.44,"endTime":1250.28,"body":"that the baobab tree reflects"},{"startTime":1246.44,"endTime":1250.28,"body":"a traditional belief system,"},{"startTime":1250.28,"endTime":1253.79,"body":"i.e., non-Islamic belief system."},{"startTime":1253.79,"endTime":1258.11,"body":"One went further and said"},{"startTime":1253.79,"endTime":1258.11,"body":"that prayers would be offered"},{"startTime":1258.11,"endTime":1260.69,"body":"and what you would do would"},{"startTime":1258.11,"endTime":1260.69,"body":"be post valuable items"},{"startTime":1260.69,"endTime":1263.87,"body":"into the tree and offer a prayer."},{"startTime":1263.87,"endTime":1266.87,"body":"And the significance of that is,"},{"startTime":1266.87,"endTime":1270.35,"body":"if I've been told correctly, it means"},{"startTime":1270.35,"endTime":1275.15,"body":"that the Swahili cities"},{"startTime":1270.35,"endTime":1275.15,"body":"were not just Black Muslims,"},{"startTime":1275.15,"endTime":1277.823,"body":"they would've been Black"},{"startTime":1275.15,"endTime":1277.823,"body":"traditionalists, as well."},{"startTime":1279.35,"endTime":1281.69,"body":"Another important tree was the Neem tree."},{"startTime":1281.69,"endTime":1285.44,"body":"Our guide said that it had"},{"startTime":1281.69,"endTime":1285.44,"body":"anti-sickle cell properties."},{"startTime":1285.44,"endTime":1288.89,"body":"And there is an African"},{"startTime":1285.44,"endTime":1288.89,"body":"American scholar who writes"},{"startTime":1288.89,"endTime":1293.89,"body":"on African science history,"},{"startTime":1288.89,"endTime":1293.89,"body":"Dr. Charles Finch of Morehouse,"},{"startTime":1293.99,"endTime":1295.55,"body":"and he says the same thing,"},{"startTime":1295.55,"endTime":1300.233,"body":"the neem tree does indeed have"},{"startTime":1295.55,"endTime":1300.233,"body":"anti-sickle cell properties."},{"startTime":1301.31,"endTime":1303.29,"body":"All right, so what's in Gedi?"},{"startTime":1303.29,"endTime":1308.29,"body":"Well, imports to Gedi,"},{"startTime":1303.29,"endTime":1308.29,"body":"archeologists have dug them up."},{"startTime":1309.11,"endTime":1314.11,"body":"They've dug up Chinese celadon,"},{"startTime":1309.11,"endTime":1314.11,"body":"they've dug up porcelain,"},{"startTime":1314.72,"endTime":1318.47,"body":"and some porcelain pieces"},{"startTime":1314.72,"endTime":1318.47,"body":"that are a lot more complete."},{"startTime":1318.47,"endTime":1322.46,"body":"So we're getting blue and"},{"startTime":1318.47,"endTime":1322.46,"body":"white ware from China."},{"startTime":1322.46,"endTime":1326.0,"body":"And obviously, the Chinese"},{"startTime":1322.46,"endTime":1326.0,"body":"didn't stand on their coast"},{"startTime":1326.0,"endTime":1327.47,"body":"and do this."},{"startTime":1327.47,"endTime":1331.91,"body":"So clearly, we have a trade"},{"startTime":1327.47,"endTime":1331.91,"body":"link and we're going to examine"},{"startTime":1331.91,"endTime":1336.91,"body":"that trade link as we"},{"startTime":1331.91,"endTime":1336.91,"body":"get into this session."},{"startTime":1336.98,"endTime":1339.92,"body":"All right, now at the site of Gedi,"},{"startTime":1339.92,"endTime":1343.463,"body":"which I said could be"},{"startTime":1339.92,"endTime":1343.463,"body":"Malindi, could be Kilimani,"},{"startTime":1344.3,"endTime":1346.25,"body":"there's the palace."},{"startTime":1346.25,"endTime":1350.12,"body":"And I took these photographs."},{"startTime":1350.12,"endTime":1353.87,"body":"Again, basic rule, always"},{"startTime":1350.12,"endTime":1353.87,"body":"have somebody in the picture."},{"startTime":1353.87,"endTime":1356.45,"body":"They're not there, you don't"},{"startTime":1353.87,"endTime":1356.45,"body":"know what you're looking at."},{"startTime":1356.45,"endTime":1358.67,"body":"So my guide, her name was Rachel."},{"startTime":1358.67,"endTime":1360.083,"body":"So there it is."},{"startTime":1362.33,"endTime":1367.33,"body":"The palace itself, that part"},{"startTime":1362.33,"endTime":1367.33,"body":"of it here is the public part"},{"startTime":1369.29,"endTime":1372.17,"body":"and where the tourist"},{"startTime":1369.29,"endTime":1372.17,"body":"is on the other side is"},{"startTime":1372.17,"endTime":1375.53,"body":"the part that was open"},{"startTime":1372.17,"endTime":1375.53,"body":"to the general public."},{"startTime":1375.53,"endTime":1377.81,"body":"I'm going to show you a plan."},{"startTime":1377.81,"endTime":1382.81,"body":"So we took a walk around it"},{"startTime":1377.81,"endTime":1382.81,"body":"and this is the burial part."},{"startTime":1383.9,"endTime":1387.86,"body":"And can you see that the"},{"startTime":1383.9,"endTime":1387.86,"body":"burial is a grand burial?"},{"startTime":1387.86,"endTime":1392.15,"body":"And the significance of"},{"startTime":1387.86,"endTime":1392.15,"body":"this is in Arab culture,"},{"startTime":1392.15,"endTime":1394.88,"body":"you don't do grand burials."},{"startTime":1394.88,"endTime":1396.02,"body":"Do you see?"},{"startTime":1396.02,"endTime":1399.92,"body":"So this is clearly not an"},{"startTime":1396.02,"endTime":1399.92,"body":"Arab thing and they look"},{"startTime":1399.92,"endTime":1403.28,"body":"like houses and they have"},{"startTime":1399.92,"endTime":1403.28,"body":"that central piece rising"},{"startTime":1403.28,"endTime":1404.363,"body":"into the sky."},{"startTime":1406.16,"endTime":1409.04,"body":"Here we have another part of the palace."},{"startTime":1409.04,"endTime":1411.29,"body":"And then here we have the well"},{"startTime":1411.29,"endTime":1414.41,"body":"where we've got access to water."},{"startTime":1414.41,"endTime":1417.293,"body":"Now is there a plan of the complex?"},{"startTime":1418.19,"endTime":1423.19,"body":"James Kirkman published a"},{"startTime":1418.19,"endTime":1423.19,"body":"plan and you can see 54 rooms"},{"startTime":1424.91,"endTime":1428.24,"body":"plus 11 courtyards"},{"startTime":1428.24,"endTime":1433.24,"body":"plus seven burial areas plus"},{"startTime":1428.24,"endTime":1433.24,"body":"six double-cubicle toilets."},{"startTime":1437.24,"endTime":1441.12,"body":"All right, so a lot of"},{"startTime":1437.24,"endTime":1441.12,"body":"people are thinking toilets?"},{"startTime":1441.12,"endTime":1444.893,"body":"Okay, so this is a travel guide to Kenya."},{"startTime":1445.79,"endTime":1449.12,"body":"I know what you are thinking,"},{"startTime":1445.79,"endTime":1449.12,"body":"Robin, I can't see it,"},{"startTime":1449.12,"endTime":1450.533,"body":"so I'm ready for you."},{"startTime":1453.435,"endTime":1457.22,"body":"All right, the buildings were"},{"startTime":1453.435,"endTime":1457.22,"body":"constructed of coral rag,"},{"startTime":1457.22,"endTime":1461.03,"body":"coral lime and earth, and"},{"startTime":1457.22,"endTime":1461.03,"body":"some have pictures incised"},{"startTime":1461.03,"endTime":1463.49,"body":"into the plaster finish of their walls,"},{"startTime":1463.49,"endTime":1467.45,"body":"though many of these of"},{"startTime":1463.49,"endTime":1467.45,"body":"deteriorated in recent years."},{"startTime":1467.45,"endTime":1470.12,"body":"The toilet facilities in the houses are"},{"startTime":1470.12,"endTime":1472.19,"body":"particularly impressive."},{"startTime":1472.19,"endTime":1475.49,"body":"Generally, in a double-cubicle style"},{"startTime":1475.49,"endTime":1479.54,"body":"with a squat toilet in one"},{"startTime":1475.49,"endTime":1479.54,"body":"and a washstand in the other"},{"startTime":1479.54,"endTime":1481.67,"body":"where a bowl would've been used."},{"startTime":1481.67,"endTime":1486.67,"body":"Fancier versions even have"},{"startTime":1481.67,"endTime":1486.67,"body":"double wash basins with a bidet"},{"startTime":1487.46,"endTime":1491.483,"body":"between them,\" says rough guide."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1494.18,"endTime":1497.45,"body":"The Great Mosque."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1497.45,"endTime":1502.01,"body":"The Great Mosque is a"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1497.45,"endTime":1502.01,"body":"very impressive building,"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1502.01,"endTime":1504.86,"body":"very largely intact as you can see."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1504.86,"endTime":1506.993,"body":"And there's my guide on the corner."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1509.51,"endTime":1511.7,"body":"One of the doorways, and you can see"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1511.7,"endTime":1515.87,"body":"the mihrab as you can see from that."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1515.87,"endTime":1518.78,"body":"And here we've got image"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1515.87,"endTime":1518.78,"body":"of my guide standing"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1518.78,"endTime":1520.373,"body":"right next to the mihrab."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1521.93,"endTime":1523.34,"body":"So we've got The Great Mosque."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1523.34,"endTime":1528.34,"body":"It's believed that its roof was"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1523.34,"endTime":1528.34,"body":"wooden and inside you've got"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1529.13,"endTime":1532.043,"body":"square columns that would've held them up."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1533.06,"endTime":1536.063,"body":"Then we've got the Mosque"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1533.06,"endTime":1536.063,"body":"of The three Isles,"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1537.56,"endTime":1539.39,"body":"that misspelling wasn't me."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1539.39,"endTime":1543.05,"body":"If you go to the site,"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1539.39,"endTime":1543.05,"body":"that's how they spell it."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1543.05,"endTime":1548.05,"body":"And you can see here the the"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1543.05,"endTime":1548.05,"body":"water well of the mihrab."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1548.54,"endTime":1550.34,"body":"Now you can see that a lot"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1550.34,"endTime":1553.85,"body":"of the building has completely"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1550.34,"endTime":1553.85,"body":"disappeared, but the fact"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1553.85,"endTime":1557.84,"body":"that we have two columns and"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1553.85,"endTime":1557.84,"body":"then you'd have three aisles"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1557.84,"endTime":1561.44,"body":"on either side, that's"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1557.84,"endTime":1561.44,"body":"presumably how it got the name,"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1561.44,"endTime":1563.813,"body":"the Mosque of the Three Isles."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1565.43,"endTime":1568.34,"body":"All right, the time period of"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1565.43,"endTime":1568.34,"body":"what we are looking at here is"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1568.34,"endTime":1570.493,"body":"somewhere around the 13th century."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1570.493,"endTime":1572.753,"body":"This is the kind of time period."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1573.8,"endTime":1577.82,"body":"All right, so this is one"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1573.8,"endTime":1577.82,"body":"of the houses in Gedi."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1577.82,"endTime":1582.323,"body":"And the reason I'm showing you"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1577.82,"endTime":1582.323,"body":"this is the narrow walkways."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1583.82,"endTime":1587.72,"body":"And those narrow walkways"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1583.82,"endTime":1587.72,"body":"would've been for donkey traffic."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1587.72,"endTime":1591.02,"body":"And then along those narrow walkways,"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1591.02,"endTime":1592.613,"body":"there would've been the drains."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1594.05,"endTime":1596.51,"body":"Then we have another building called"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1596.51,"endTime":1599.06,"body":"the House of the Cistern."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1599.06,"endTime":1603.89,"body":"And no one seems to know"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1599.06,"endTime":1603.89,"body":"whether or not that functioned"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1603.89,"endTime":1608.54,"body":"as some kind of pool,"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1603.89,"endTime":1608.54,"body":"possibly even swimming pool."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1608.54,"endTime":1611.87,"body":"But if that's true, presumably,"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1608.54,"endTime":1611.87,"body":"that part would've been"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1611.87,"endTime":1614.36,"body":"a lot deeper than it actually is."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1614.36,"endTime":1617.093,"body":"But many people have theorized that."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1618.32,"endTime":1620.963,"body":"Then you've got the House of the Dhow."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1622.16,"endTime":1624.17,"body":"Now in some of the history books,"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1624.17,"endTime":1627.53,"body":"this building has been mis-presented."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1627.53,"endTime":1629.39,"body":"It's been presented as The Great Mosque."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1629.39,"endTime":1632.54,"body":"No, it's the House of the Dhow."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1632.54,"endTime":1637.52,"body":"And it was quite an interesting"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1632.54,"endTime":1637.52,"body":"building to walk around."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1637.52,"endTime":1641.06,"body":"And again, I made sure that"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1637.52,"endTime":1641.06,"body":"my guide was in the picture"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1641.06,"endTime":1644.033,"body":"so that we've got some idea"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1641.06,"endTime":1644.033,"body":"of what you're looking at."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1647.45,"endTime":1650.84,"body":"So how did the House of"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1647.45,"endTime":1650.84,"body":"the Dhow get the name?"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1650.84,"endTime":1653.12,"body":"It's because of that piece of graffito."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1653.12,"endTime":1654.71,"body":"Can you see that?"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1654.71,"endTime":1658.493,"body":"And can you see that that"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1654.71,"endTime":1658.493,"body":"graffito is indeed a dhow?"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1659.51,"endTime":1664.51,"body":"So the question now is, well,"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1659.51,"endTime":1664.51,"body":"what role did dhows play"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1664.85,"endTime":1667.55,"body":"in East African history?"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1667.55,"endTime":1672.55,"body":"Now let's examine what's in"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1667.55,"endTime":1672.55,"body":"Fort Jesus Museum in Mombasa."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1672.8,"endTime":1676.91,"body":"They have this, and that is graffito"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1676.91,"endTime":1680.45,"body":"they believe was done"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1676.91,"endTime":1680.45,"body":"by Portuguese people."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1680.45,"endTime":1685.1,"body":"And you can see African"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1680.45,"endTime":1685.1,"body":"dhows and some more dhows,"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1685.1,"endTime":1687.623,"body":"and you can see Portuguese ships, as well."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1688.73,"endTime":1693.143,"body":"And it shows that those ships"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1688.73,"endTime":1693.143,"body":"mingled on the Indian Ocean."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1694.79,"endTime":1699.79,"body":"Also, the museums in Kenya"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1694.79,"endTime":1699.79,"body":"have reconstructed dhows,"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1701.806,"endTime":1704.6,"body":"and there's one of those"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1701.806,"endTime":1704.6,"body":"reconstructed dhows."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1704.6,"endTime":1706.52,"body":"And you'll find it's not just dhows,"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1706.52,"endTime":1709.83,"body":"there's multiple types"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1706.52,"endTime":1709.83,"body":"of East African ships"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1710.99,"endTime":1712.52,"body":"that they've got reconstructed."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1712.52,"endTime":1716.12,"body":"You can see two or three"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1712.52,"endTime":1716.12,"body":"behind the main one here."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1716.12,"endTime":1717.95,"body":"So that raised the question,"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1717.95,"endTime":1721.52,"body":"African ships on the Indian Ocean?"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1721.52,"endTime":1722.363,"body":"Yes."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1723.26,"endTime":1728.26,"body":"These ships could carry 70 tons burden."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1729.62,"endTime":1734.62,"body":"And these East African ships"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1729.62,"endTime":1734.62,"body":"were on the Indian Ocean."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1734.69,"endTime":1738.95,"body":"And we know that they go"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1734.69,"endTime":1738.95,"body":"back at least 2,000 years"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1738.95,"endTime":1742.4,"body":"because they're mentioned"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1738.95,"endTime":1742.4,"body":"in a 2,000-year-old book."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1742.4,"endTime":1747.29,"body":"There was a guidebook that"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1742.4,"endTime":1747.29,"body":"some Greeks had written called"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1747.29,"endTime":1751.22,"body":"the \"Periplus of the Erythraein Sea\""},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1751.22,"endTime":1755.0,"body":"and it mentions that East"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1751.22,"endTime":1755.0,"body":"Africa had sown boats"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1755.0,"endTime":1757.73,"body":"and it's the same ones."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1757.73,"endTime":1762.73,"body":"And what it also means is that"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1757.73,"endTime":1762.73,"body":"many scholars have theorized"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1763.01,"endTime":1767.45,"body":"that East Africa is"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1763.01,"endTime":1767.45,"body":"actually the place of origin"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1767.45,"endTime":1769.853,"body":"of what is today called the dhow."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1771.62,"endTime":1773.78,"body":"So the Indian Ocean trade,"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1773.78,"endTime":1777.05,"body":"the seasonal monsoon winds"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1773.78,"endTime":1777.05,"body":"shaped the trading patterns"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1777.05,"endTime":1779.42,"body":"between East Africa and Asia."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1779.42,"endTime":1784.22,"body":"In April, the southwest"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1779.42,"endTime":1784.22,"body":"monsoon starts and it will blow"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1784.22,"endTime":1786.98,"body":"from southwest to northeast."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1786.98,"endTime":1791.63,"body":"By June or July, it created"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1786.98,"endTime":1791.63,"body":"a strong northerly current"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1791.63,"endTime":1794.543,"body":"that flows up the Somali"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1791.63,"endTime":1794.543,"body":"coast towards India."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1796.1,"endTime":1800.72,"body":"And once people have got to"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1796.1,"endTime":1800.72,"body":"Oman or India or wherever"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1800.72,"endTime":1803.37,"body":"in the Far East, they would"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1800.72,"endTime":1803.37,"body":"stay there for six months"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1804.44,"endTime":1807.59,"body":"and they would wait for"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1804.44,"endTime":1807.59,"body":"the northeast monsoon,"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1807.59,"endTime":1811.25,"body":"which started in November and"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1807.59,"endTime":1811.25,"body":"it reached its full strength"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1811.25,"endTime":1815.51,"body":"in January and it blew from"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1811.25,"endTime":1815.51,"body":"India and the Persian Gulf"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1815.51,"endTime":1817.97,"body":"towards East Africa."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1817.97,"endTime":1821.36,"body":"And so if you were an"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1817.97,"endTime":1821.36,"body":"East African Mariner,"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1821.36,"endTime":1826.36,"body":"you would be spending six"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1821.36,"endTime":1826.36,"body":"months of your year in the East."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1826.82,"endTime":1828.17,"body":"Does that make sense?"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1828.17,"endTime":1832.143,"body":"And if you were a"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1828.17,"endTime":1832.143,"body":"mariner from Oman, India,"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1834.32,"endTime":1837.32,"body":"those kind of places, you'd"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1834.32,"endTime":1837.32,"body":"be spending six months"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1837.32,"endTime":1839.09,"body":"in East Africa."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1839.09,"endTime":1844.09,"body":"And consequently, ideas and"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1839.09,"endTime":1844.09,"body":"cultural artifacts spread"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1844.82,"endTime":1846.47,"body":"between the two."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1846.47,"endTime":1850.19,"body":"And an example of this"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1846.47,"endTime":1850.19,"body":"is scholars don't know"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1850.19,"endTime":1854.72,"body":"whether the typical East African"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1850.19,"endTime":1854.72,"body":"front door is East African"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1854.72,"endTime":1856.34,"body":"or Indian."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1856.34,"endTime":1859.79,"body":"In India, there's something"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1856.34,"endTime":1859.79,"body":"called Gujarat style."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1859.79,"endTime":1863.03,"body":"And the Gujarat style looks"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1859.79,"endTime":1863.03,"body":"just like East African"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1863.03,"endTime":1866.03,"body":"and we truly don't know"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1863.03,"endTime":1866.03,"body":"who got it from whom"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1866.03,"endTime":1869.09,"body":"and it's because of this"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1866.03,"endTime":1869.09,"body":"six-month stop over."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1869.09,"endTime":1871.1,"body":"So what were the trading products?"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1871.1,"endTime":1874.94,"body":"The Zanj had a trade in"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1871.1,"endTime":1874.94,"body":"ivory with India and China"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1874.94,"endTime":1877.22,"body":"with the traffic passing through Oman."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1877.22,"endTime":1880.79,"body":"The ivory was used to make the"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1877.22,"endTime":1880.79,"body":"handles of daggers in India"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1880.79,"endTime":1882.41,"body":"and royal chairs in China."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1882.41,"endTime":1885.14,"body":"It was also used to make chess pieces."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1885.14,"endTime":1886.94,"body":"They were skilled workers in metal."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1886.94,"endTime":1889.22,"body":"Now what was this metal?"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1889.22,"endTime":1893.15,"body":"It was in 1978 that the scholars found out"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1893.15,"endTime":1895.31,"body":"what that metal was."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1895.31,"endTime":1899.0,"body":"They also exported"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1895.31,"endTime":1899.0,"body":"ambergris, which is a perfume"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1899.0,"endTime":1901.13,"body":"and rhino horn."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1901.13,"endTime":1904.61,"body":"Let that one sink in, mic drop."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1904.61,"endTime":1908.03,"body":"And rhino horn supposedly"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1904.61,"endTime":1908.03,"body":"had medicinal properties"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1908.03,"endTime":1911.933,"body":"and you can just see the inverted"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1908.03,"endTime":1911.933,"body":"commas on this medicinal."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1913.22,"endTime":1917.252,"body":"People are looking at"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1913.22,"endTime":1917.252,"body":"me blank, aphrodisiac."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1917.252,"endTime":1918.335,"body":"(audience laughing)"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1918.335,"endTime":1922.79,"body":"All right, which is the"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1918.335,"endTime":1922.79,"body":"origin of the word 'horny'."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1922.79,"endTime":1925.97,"body":"All right, they traded"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1922.79,"endTime":1925.97,"body":"leopard skins and also timber."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1925.97,"endTime":1928.49,"body":"Mangrove poles, in particular, were sold"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1928.49,"endTime":1931.913,"body":"to the building industries"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1928.49,"endTime":1931.913,"body":"of Oman and Persia."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1933.44,"endTime":1935.96,"body":"All right, Jumba La Mtwana."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1935.96,"endTime":1938.78,"body":"This is 10 miles north of Mombasa"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1938.78,"endTime":1941.96,"body":"and that's the name the"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1938.78,"endTime":1941.96,"body":"modern East Africans give it,"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1941.96,"endTime":1944.483,"body":"but no one knows the"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1941.96,"endTime":1944.483,"body":"true name of the city."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1946.16,"endTime":1949.01,"body":"The contemporary Swahili"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1946.16,"endTime":1949.01,"body":"name, Jumba La Mtwana,"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1949.01,"endTime":1953.3,"body":"some people translate it as"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1949.01,"endTime":1953.3,"body":"\"The Large House of the Slave\"."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1953.3,"endTime":1956.27,"body":"Others say it means \"The Large"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1953.3,"endTime":1956.27,"body":"House of the Strong Man\","},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1956.27,"endTime":1958.937,"body":"others say it's \"The Large"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1956.27,"endTime":1958.937,"body":"House of the Leader\"."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1959.81,"endTime":1962.75,"body":"I have no idea whether any of that's true,"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1962.75,"endTime":1964.673,"body":"but hell, that's what I was told."},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1965.84,"endTime":1969.08,"body":"The National Museums of Kenya"},{"speaker":"All right, Gedi","startTime":1965.84,"endTime":1969.08,"body":"website says the following"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":1969.08,"endTime":1972.44,"body":"\"There are no written"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":1972.44,"endTime":1976.28,"body":"historical records of the town,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":1972.44,"endTime":1976.28,"body":"but ceramic evidence showed"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":1976.28,"endTime":1979.31,"body":"that the town had been"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":1976.28,"endTime":1979.31,"body":"built in the 14th century."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":1979.31,"endTime":1982.76,"body":"but abandoned early in the 15th century.\""},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":1982.76,"endTime":1985.883,"body":"So the obvious question"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":1982.76,"endTime":1985.883,"body":"then is what's there?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":1987.53,"endTime":1991.4,"body":"The Central Mosque of Jumba La Mtwana."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":1991.4,"endTime":1993.83,"body":"Now again, I've got my"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":1991.4,"endTime":1993.83,"body":"guide in the picture."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":1993.83,"endTime":1996.74,"body":"All of what you are looking"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":1993.83,"endTime":1996.74,"body":"at there is one building."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":1996.74,"endTime":1999.47,"body":"This is it taken from a different angle"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":1999.47,"endTime":2002.023,"body":"and from another angle."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2003.67,"endTime":2006.37,"body":"Right now, can you see that the back,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2006.37,"endTime":2009.49,"body":"this wall here, has been reinforced."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2009.49,"endTime":2010.34,"body":"Can you see that?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2011.29,"endTime":2016.29,"body":"And that could signify"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2011.29,"endTime":2016.29,"body":"a very, very heavy roof."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2017.05,"endTime":2018.58,"body":"Now, so what?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2018.58,"endTime":2021.4,"body":"If you look at The Great Mosque of Kilwa"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2022.33,"endTime":2025.54,"body":"which is in Tanzania,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2022.33,"endTime":2025.54,"body":"it has barrel vaults."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2025.54,"endTime":2027.49,"body":"So it looks like it's got barrels lying"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2027.49,"endTime":2029.68,"body":"on its side made of concrete."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2029.68,"endTime":2032.29,"body":"It also has concrete domes."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2032.29,"endTime":2036.25,"body":"And because this has that"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2032.29,"endTime":2036.25,"body":"kind of reinforcement,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2036.25,"endTime":2038.23,"body":"it's possible that that may have had"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2038.23,"endTime":2040.063,"body":"that kind of roof as well."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2040.96,"endTime":2043.55,"body":"Then we've got the Mosque by the Sea"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2044.65,"endTime":2047.593,"body":"and it really is by the sea."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2050.44,"endTime":2053.2,"body":"Can you see the Indian"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2050.44,"endTime":2053.2,"body":"Ocean through that door?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2053.2,"endTime":2054.401,"body":"Yeah?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2054.401,"endTime":2056.35,"body":"Now what about that for a romantic image?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2056.35,"endTime":2057.183,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2061.36,"endTime":2063.67,"body":"Right, there's an unknown building."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2063.67,"endTime":2066.01,"body":"The scholars are not sure what it was"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2066.01,"endTime":2070.63,"body":"or what it was used for, but"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2066.01,"endTime":2070.63,"body":"it was grand and impressive."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2070.63,"endTime":2072.853,"body":"Again, these are all made of coral stone."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2076.3,"endTime":2079.78,"body":"Then you've got the"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2076.3,"endTime":2079.78,"body":"most impressive building"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2079.78,"endTime":2081.013,"body":"in the structure."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2082.33,"endTime":2084.97,"body":"Scholars have given it"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2082.33,"endTime":2084.97,"body":"the imaginative name"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2084.97,"endTime":2088.15,"body":"of the House of the Many Doors"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2088.15,"endTime":2090.79,"body":"and the House of the Many Doors."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2090.79,"endTime":2092.043,"body":"My guide was quite sick"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2090.79,"endTime":2092.043,"body":"of me at this point"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2092.043,"endTime":2095.32,"body":"because I tried to get him to"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2092.043,"endTime":2095.32,"body":"walk around all the building"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2095.32,"endTime":2098.26,"body":"and then make sure that"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2095.32,"endTime":2098.26,"body":"he was photographed"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2098.26,"endTime":2099.853,"body":"at every single spot."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2108.4,"endTime":2111.1,"body":"Now what's really amazing"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2108.4,"endTime":2111.1,"body":"to me, though, visiting"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2111.1,"endTime":2114.88,"body":"these places is to my knowledge,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2111.1,"endTime":2114.88,"body":"none of these images are"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2114.88,"endTime":2117.733,"body":"in any of the books,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2114.88,"endTime":2117.733,"body":"certainly not Jumba La Mtwana."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2118.75,"endTime":2123.75,"body":"Now, what could have been"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2118.75,"endTime":2123.75,"body":"the tableware in this house?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2124.27,"endTime":2129.27,"body":"Again, Fort Jesus Museum"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2124.27,"endTime":2129.27,"body":"has examples of brass,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2130.09,"endTime":2133.99,"body":"copper, and silver"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2130.09,"endTime":2133.99,"body":"kitchenware, which again,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2133.99,"endTime":2136.96,"body":"they believe is medieval context."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2136.96,"endTime":2138.64,"body":"And they believe that these type"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2138.64,"endTime":2141.13,"body":"of kitchenware would've"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2138.64,"endTime":2141.13,"body":"been the kind of thing"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2141.13,"endTime":2146.13,"body":"that you would've seen in"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2141.13,"endTime":2146.13,"body":"the House of the Many Doors."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2150.67,"endTime":2151.693,"body":"We enjoying this?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2154.06,"endTime":2156.13,"body":"All right, Mnarani."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2156.13,"endTime":2160.87,"body":"This is a ruined town and the"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2156.13,"endTime":2160.87,"body":"name of Mnarani simply means"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2160.87,"endTime":2162.31,"body":"the minaret."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2162.31,"endTime":2165.7,"body":"And it's located near the"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2162.31,"endTime":2165.7,"body":"modern city of Kilifi,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2165.7,"endTime":2168.85,"body":"near the waterway, Kilifi Creek."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2168.85,"endTime":2172.42,"body":"No one knows the original"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2168.85,"endTime":2172.42,"body":"name of this town."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2172.42,"endTime":2175.75,"body":"And the only reason why"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2172.42,"endTime":2175.75,"body":"it's called a Mnarani is"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2175.75,"endTime":2180.75,"body":"the claimed similarity between"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2175.75,"endTime":2180.75,"body":"the pillar of the pillar tomb"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2180.82,"endTime":2183.94,"body":"of The Great Mosque and"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2180.82,"endTime":2183.94,"body":"it's alleged similarity"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2183.94,"endTime":2185.17,"body":"to a minaret."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2185.17,"endTime":2186.76,"body":"Does that make sense?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2186.76,"endTime":2189.07,"body":"Now we know it's not a minaret;"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2189.07,"endTime":2191.92,"body":"there's no stairs where"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2189.07,"endTime":2191.92,"body":"you can climb up it"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2191.92,"endTime":2194.65,"body":"and there's no evidence that"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2191.92,"endTime":2194.65,"body":"there was ever any stairs."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2194.65,"endTime":2198.343,"body":"And that's true for all of"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2194.65,"endTime":2198.343,"body":"the pillar tomb structures."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2199.39,"endTime":2202.48,"body":"However, it must be pointed"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2199.39,"endTime":2202.48,"body":"out that the pillar looks"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2202.48,"endTime":2207.13,"body":"slightly more like a minaret"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2202.48,"endTime":2207.13,"body":"or perhaps less unlike"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2207.13,"endTime":2209.59,"body":"a minaret than the pillars elsewhere."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2209.59,"endTime":2211.273,"body":"But they're still not minarets."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2212.59,"endTime":2217.06,"body":"The Gedi Museum houses"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2212.59,"endTime":2217.06,"body":"one artifact from Mnarani"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2217.06,"endTime":2219.97,"body":"and it's a 16th century artifact described"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2219.97,"endTime":2222.1,"body":"as toilet instruments."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2222.1,"endTime":2225.43,"body":"And those toilet instruments"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2222.1,"endTime":2225.43,"body":"could well be a fragment"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2225.43,"endTime":2227.023,"body":"from a pair of tweezers."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2228.67,"endTime":2231.46,"body":"All right, the National"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2228.67,"endTime":2231.46,"body":"Museums of Kenya website,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2231.46,"endTime":2234.077,"body":"this is what they say about Mnarani."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2234.077,"endTime":2237.85,"body":"\"The site was first occupied"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2234.077,"endTime":2237.85,"body":"in the early 14th century,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2237.85,"endTime":2240.01,"body":"but the first mosque, The Great Mosque,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2240.01,"endTime":2243.73,"body":"was not built until AD 1425."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2243.73,"endTime":2246.67,"body":"Enlargements were"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2243.73,"endTime":2246.67,"body":"undertaken soon thereafter,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2246.67,"endTime":2249.43,"body":"followed by major"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2246.67,"endTime":2249.43,"body":"reconstruction efforts later"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2249.43,"endTime":2253.18,"body":"in the 15th century following the collapse"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2253.18,"endTime":2254.92,"body":"of the earlier building."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2254.92,"endTime":2257.86,"body":"Close to the first mosque"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2254.92,"endTime":2257.86,"body":"is a smaller mosque,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2257.86,"endTime":2260.89,"body":"which prior to its"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2257.86,"endTime":2260.89,"body":"construction a much similar"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2260.89,"endTime":2264.1,"body":"but smaller mosque"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2260.89,"endTime":2264.1,"body":"existed at its location."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2264.1,"endTime":2267.19,"body":"The foundation of its"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2264.1,"endTime":2267.19,"body":"mihrab may still be seen"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2267.19,"endTime":2269.05,"body":"east of the present mihrab."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2269.05,"endTime":2272.32,"body":"The original mosque was built around 1475,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2272.32,"endTime":2275.14,"body":"while the later mosque in about 1500."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2275.14,"endTime":2278.23,"body":"This is evident by the"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2275.14,"endTime":2278.23,"body":"presence of a Portuguese dish"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2278.23,"endTime":2282.1,"body":"in the cistern, thus indicating"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2278.23,"endTime":2282.1,"body":"that the final alterations"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2282.1,"endTime":2284.83,"body":"to the mosques were probably not completed"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2284.83,"endTime":2286.63,"body":"until the 16th century."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2286.63,"endTime":2289.63,"body":"Mnarani was eventually"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2286.63,"endTime":2289.63,"body":"destroyed by the Galla.\""},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2289.63,"endTime":2291.857,"body":"These are people coming in from Ethiopia."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2291.857,"endTime":2295.36,"body":"\"In the early 17th century and"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2291.857,"endTime":2295.36,"body":"archeological evidence seems"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2295.36,"endTime":2297.04,"body":"to confirm this.\""},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2297.04,"endTime":2299.32,"body":"All right, so let's take a look."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2299.32,"endTime":2301.123,"body":"All right, The Great Mosque."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2304.24,"endTime":2307.48,"body":"Now my taxi driver is the person posing"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2307.48,"endTime":2309.94,"body":"in this particular case."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2309.94,"endTime":2312.55,"body":"And again, if he wasn't"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2309.94,"endTime":2312.55,"body":"there, you don't know"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2312.55,"endTime":2313.7,"body":"what you're looking at."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2314.65,"endTime":2317.47,"body":"And walking around the site, you can see"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2317.47,"endTime":2321.193,"body":"that there's actually two halled areas."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2322.42,"endTime":2325.81,"body":"One theory is that this halled area here"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2325.81,"endTime":2330.493,"body":"to the side is a madrasa,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2325.81,"endTime":2330.493,"body":"roughly speaking college."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2333.1,"endTime":2335.233,"body":"You can see here the mihrab area,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2336.13,"endTime":2338.92,"body":"the water well, the mihrab."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2338.92,"endTime":2343.69,"body":"And then when we blow this up,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2338.92,"endTime":2343.69,"body":"I don't know if you can see"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2343.69,"endTime":2347.503,"body":"that there's a band with"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2343.69,"endTime":2347.503,"body":"Celtic knot designs."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2349.09,"endTime":2352.45,"body":"Obviously, we're assuming"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2349.09,"endTime":2352.45,"body":"the Celts didn't have"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2352.45,"endTime":2356.393,"body":"an impact here, but you, and"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2352.45,"endTime":2356.393,"body":"I don't rule anything in,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2356.393,"endTime":2358.15,"body":"I don't rule anything out."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2358.15,"endTime":2359.86,"body":"Okay, so what's the pillar"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2359.86,"endTime":2361.9,"body":"from which this place gets its name?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2361.9,"endTime":2363.46,"body":"There's the pillar."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2363.46,"endTime":2368.46,"body":"But this is my guide who"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2363.46,"endTime":2368.46,"body":"took me around this place."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2368.56,"endTime":2370.0,"body":"Can you see that there's no way"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2370.0,"endTime":2371.44,"body":"that you can actually climb up that?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2371.44,"endTime":2374.563,"body":"There's no staircase, so"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2371.44,"endTime":2374.563,"body":"it's clearly not a minaret."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2375.4,"endTime":2379.51,"body":"And the mosques generally,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2375.4,"endTime":2379.51,"body":"you see, for all those people"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2379.51,"endTime":2382.12,"body":"that say this isn't African, it's Arab,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2382.12,"endTime":2384.4,"body":"I ask the obvious question,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2382.12,"endTime":2384.4,"body":"where's the courtyards?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2384.4,"endTime":2385.363,"body":"There aren't any."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2386.8,"endTime":2388.06,"body":"The central dome?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2388.06,"endTime":2389.35,"body":"There aren't any."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2389.35,"endTime":2391.66,"body":"And then the four minarets"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2389.35,"endTime":2391.66,"body":"around the outside?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2391.66,"endTime":2392.77,"body":"There aren't any."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2392.77,"endTime":2396.073,"body":"This is a completely"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2392.77,"endTime":2396.073,"body":"different architectural style."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2397.45,"endTime":2401.56,"body":"Then you have Mnarani, the Small Mosque"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2401.56,"endTime":2404.62,"body":"and I'm going to show you around that."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2404.62,"endTime":2407.77,"body":"That bit there is the water tank."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2407.77,"endTime":2410.023,"body":"The water tank from a different angle."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2411.52,"endTime":2413.643,"body":"Wasn't that an excellent photograph?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2413.643,"endTime":2414.476,"body":"Are you feeling that?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2414.476,"endTime":2415.626,"body":"Isn't that publishable?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2417.07,"endTime":2421.18,"body":"And then the Small Mosque"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2417.07,"endTime":2421.18,"body":"where my guide is standing,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2421.18,"endTime":2423.073,"body":"he says, that's the Madrassa."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2424.15,"endTime":2426.76,"body":"And then you have a very"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2424.15,"endTime":2426.76,"body":"interesting monument called"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2426.76,"endTime":2428.35,"body":"the tomb."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2428.35,"endTime":2433.333,"body":"And that square area, if we blow it up,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2435.13,"endTime":2436.243,"body":"isn't that exquisite?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2438.61,"endTime":2440.47,"body":"Isn't that exquisite?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2440.47,"endTime":2441.303,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2443.05,"endTime":2445.63,"body":"All right, I mentioned Duarte Barbosa."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2445.63,"endTime":2447.19,"body":"Did he describe the people?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2447.19,"endTime":2449.86,"body":"He said, \"The Moors of Sofala.\""},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2449.86,"endTime":2451.45,"body":"Moors simply means Black folks."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2451.45,"endTime":2454.57,"body":"The Black folks of"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2451.45,"endTime":2454.57,"body":"Sofala clothe themselves"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2454.57,"endTime":2457.96,"body":"from the waist down with"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2454.57,"endTime":2457.96,"body":"cotton and silk cloths"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2457.96,"endTime":2461.74,"body":"and other cloths they wear"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2457.96,"endTime":2461.74,"body":"over their shoulders like capes"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2461.74,"endTime":2463.48,"body":"and turbans on their heads."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2463.48,"endTime":2467.26,"body":"Some wear small caps"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2463.48,"endTime":2467.26,"body":"died in grain in checkers"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2467.26,"endTime":2469.51,"body":"and other wooden cloths in many tints,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2469.51,"endTime":2472.147,"body":"also camlets and other silks.\""},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2473.38,"endTime":2476.23,"body":"So that's Sofala, Mozambique."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2476.23,"endTime":2480.97,"body":"By the time we get the"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2476.23,"endTime":2480.97,"body":"report coming out of Kilwa,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2480.97,"endTime":2483.943,"body":"the levels of luxury"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2480.97,"endTime":2483.943,"body":"reached was astonishing."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2485.11,"endTime":2488.41,"body":"They are finely clad in"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2485.11,"endTime":2488.41,"body":"many rich garments of gold"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2488.41,"endTime":2491.71,"body":"and silk and cotton,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2488.41,"endTime":2491.71,"body":"and the women as well,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2491.71,"endTime":2495.43,"body":"also with much gold and"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2491.71,"endTime":2495.43,"body":"silver chains and bracelets,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2495.43,"endTime":2498.1,"body":"which they wear on their legs and arms"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2498.1,"endTime":2501.64,"body":"and many jeweled earrings in their ears.\""},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2501.64,"endTime":2506.08,"body":"And then the people from"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2501.64,"endTime":2506.08,"body":"the island cities of Pemba,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2506.08,"endTime":2510.4,"body":"Mafia, and Zanzibar"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2506.08,"endTime":2510.4,"body":"dressed in the same style"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2510.4,"endTime":2514.6,"body":"as described for Kilwa with"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2510.4,"endTime":2514.6,"body":"the same associated opulence."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2514.6,"endTime":2518.383,"body":"Now Pemba, on a modern"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2514.6,"endTime":2518.383,"body":"map is the coast of Kenya."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2519.79,"endTime":2523.66,"body":"All right, now remember the"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2519.79,"endTime":2523.66,"body":"description of the Moors"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2523.66,"endTime":2527.47,"body":"of Sofala, Mozambique"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2523.66,"endTime":2527.47,"body":"because that's important."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2527.47,"endTime":2532.15,"body":"You see, when I visited Fort Jesus Museum,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2532.15,"endTime":2536.65,"body":"they had the traditional"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2532.15,"endTime":2536.65,"body":"dress of a Bantu-speaking"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2536.65,"endTime":2539.683,"body":"East African group called the Mijikenda."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2540.76,"endTime":2543.79,"body":"And those are the Mijikenda"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2540.76,"endTime":2543.79,"body":"and how they're dressed."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2543.79,"endTime":2546.703,"body":"Now doesn't that sound"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2543.79,"endTime":2546.703,"body":"just like the description?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2547.96,"endTime":2552.37,"body":"And the significance of that"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2547.96,"endTime":2552.37,"body":"is this: scholars now think"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2552.37,"endTime":2556.39,"body":"the people who became the"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2552.37,"endTime":2556.39,"body":"Swahili were originally"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2556.39,"endTime":2558.07,"body":"the Mijikenda."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2558.07,"endTime":2561.013,"body":"So Mijikenda speakers got to the coast,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2563.2,"endTime":2565.51,"body":"a coastal culture developed."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2565.51,"endTime":2567.491,"body":"A lot of people became Muslims,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2567.491,"endTime":2571.69,"body":"(indistinct) continued"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2567.491,"endTime":2571.69,"body":"traditional African religions."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2571.69,"endTime":2574.15,"body":"They developed a new identity of Swahilis."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2574.15,"endTime":2574.99,"body":"Do you see?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2574.99,"endTime":2576.76,"body":"And then you've got the"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2574.99,"endTime":2576.76,"body":"Mijikendas that didn't,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2576.76,"endTime":2580.153,"body":"that stayed inland, but"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2576.76,"endTime":2580.153,"body":"essentially it's Mijikenda culture."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2581.17,"endTime":2584.053,"body":"Now what else was depicted"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2581.17,"endTime":2584.053,"body":"in the Fort Jesus Museum?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2585.07,"endTime":2587.02,"body":"Right, can you see that's a blacksmith?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2588.28,"endTime":2590.74,"body":"And can we put him into a context?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2590.74,"endTime":2595.74,"body":"Did I mention that a certain"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2590.74,"endTime":2595.74,"body":"trading product was discovered"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2596.23,"endTime":2598.473,"body":"in 1978, what it was?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2598.473,"endTime":2600.25,"body":"And it was some type of iron."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2600.25,"endTime":2602.74,"body":"It was actually steel."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2602.74,"endTime":2607.18,"body":"In 1978, 13 ancient iron and"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2602.74,"endTime":2607.18,"body":"steel furnaces were discovered"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2607.18,"endTime":2610.69,"body":"in Tanzania and these"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2607.18,"endTime":2610.69,"body":"East African smelters made"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2610.69,"endTime":2613.54,"body":"the finest steel produced"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2610.69,"endTime":2613.54,"body":"anywhere in the world"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2613.54,"endTime":2618.01,"body":"between 500 AD and 1850 AD."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2618.01,"endTime":2619.99,"body":"And it was only after 1850"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2619.99,"endTime":2622.633,"body":"that their steel technology was surpassed."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2624.43,"endTime":2627.52,"body":"Did you know East Africans"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2624.43,"endTime":2627.52,"body":"minted their own coins"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2627.52,"endTime":2628.84,"body":"of copper and silver?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2628.84,"endTime":2629.893,"body":"Did we know this?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2631.24,"endTime":2632.24,"body":"There's one of them."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2633.22,"endTime":2635.89,"body":"These coins were issued"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2633.22,"endTime":2635.89,"body":"in the 11th century."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2635.89,"endTime":2639.31,"body":"They had rhyming couplets"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2635.89,"endTime":2639.31,"body":"on them praising the king"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2639.31,"endTime":2640.843,"body":"and praising God."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2642.4,"endTime":2644.83,"body":"And where have these"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2642.4,"endTime":2644.83,"body":"coins been discovered?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2644.83,"endTime":2648.7,"body":"Well, according to the"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2644.83,"endTime":2648.7,"body":"\"Daily Mail\", that bastion"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2648.7,"endTime":2650.705,"body":"of right-wing conservatism,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2650.705,"endTime":2651.737,"body":"(audience laughing)"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2651.737,"endTime":2655.96,"body":"\"How 900-year-old African coins found"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2655.96,"endTime":2660.64,"body":"in Australia may finally solve"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2655.96,"endTime":2660.64,"body":"the mystery of who arrived"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2660.64,"endTime":2663.097,"body":"Down Under first.\""},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2665.05,"endTime":2665.897,"body":"And let's read it."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2665.897,"endTime":2670.897,"body":"\"Coins date back to six"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2665.897,"endTime":2670.897,"body":"centuries before Captain Cook.\""},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2670.9,"endTime":2671.983,"body":"Are we feeling this?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2672.91,"endTime":2676.75,"body":"And so what this tells us is"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2672.91,"endTime":2676.75,"body":"East African mariners would--"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2676.75,"endTime":2679.3,"body":"The documents tell us"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2676.75,"endTime":2679.3,"body":"they were sailing to Oman,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2679.3,"endTime":2682.21,"body":"they were sailing to India,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2679.3,"endTime":2682.21,"body":"they were sailing to Java,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2682.21,"endTime":2685.39,"body":"they were sailing to Indonesia,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2682.21,"endTime":2685.39,"body":"they were sailing to China,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2685.39,"endTime":2687.55,"body":"they were sailing to Cambodia"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2687.55,"endTime":2689.95,"body":"where they established a colony."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2689.95,"endTime":2694.18,"body":"And we now have the theory that"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2689.95,"endTime":2694.18,"body":"they could well have sailed"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2694.18,"endTime":2698.05,"body":"to the northern fringes"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2694.18,"endTime":2698.05,"body":"of Australia, as well."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2698.05,"endTime":2701.017,"body":"A theory put forward by the \"Daily Mail\"."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2702.911,"endTime":2704.14,"body":"(chimes sounding)"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2704.14,"endTime":2707.8,"body":"Right now, continuing our theme of metals."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2707.8,"endTime":2711.55,"body":"This is some reconstructed"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2707.8,"endTime":2711.55,"body":"silver jewelry, which again,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2711.55,"endTime":2714.913,"body":"they believe is in this"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2711.55,"endTime":2714.913,"body":"13th century context."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2718.853,"endTime":2719.703,"body":"You feeling this?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2726.97,"endTime":2730.93,"body":"Right, now can you see that"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2726.97,"endTime":2730.93,"body":"they've got the silver bracelets"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2730.93,"endTime":2733.45,"body":"and arm bands and then"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2730.93,"endTime":2733.45,"body":"they've got the local name"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2733.45,"endTime":2734.8,"body":"in Swahili?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2734.8,"endTime":2738.49,"body":"And the fact that it has a"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2734.8,"endTime":2738.49,"body":"local name in Swahili means"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2738.49,"endTime":2740.11,"body":"it's not an imported concept."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2740.11,"endTime":2741.97,"body":"You know if you import someone's concept,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2741.97,"endTime":2743.023,"body":"you keep their name."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2743.98,"endTime":2746.77,"body":"So for example, the English"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2743.98,"endTime":2746.77,"body":"word 'bungalow' isn't"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2746.77,"endTime":2747.733,"body":"an English word."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2748.9,"endTime":2753.88,"body":"So consequently, if you've"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2748.9,"endTime":2753.88,"body":"got an indigenous name for it,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2753.88,"endTime":2755.74,"body":"it's not an imported concept."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2755.74,"endTime":2756.703,"body":"We ready for this?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2759.7,"endTime":2760.993,"body":"Left hand corner, please."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2763.45,"endTime":2765.853,"body":"Silver handbag."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2769.256,"endTime":2770.306,"body":"Are we enjoying that?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2772.81,"endTime":2775.39,"body":"Okay, the Portuguese role in Africa."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2775.39,"endTime":2779.23,"body":"Early in the 16th century, the"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2775.39,"endTime":2779.23,"body":"Portuguese sent their fleets"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2779.23,"endTime":2781.6,"body":"and armies into this region."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2781.6,"endTime":2785.477,"body":"Dr. Basil Davidson explained"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2781.6,"endTime":2785.477,"body":"this unfortunate episode."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2785.477,"endTime":2788.65,"body":"\"It was at Mozambique"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2785.477,"endTime":2788.65,"body":"during his first voyage"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2788.65,"endTime":2791.62,"body":"that da Gama exchanged the first shots."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2791.62,"endTime":2793.81,"body":"Back again on the coast in 1502,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2793.81,"endTime":2796.39,"body":"this time with a score of ships from home,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2796.39,"endTime":2799.0,"body":"da Gama threatens to burn Kilwa"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2799.0,"endTime":2801.31,"body":"unless its ruler will"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2799.0,"endTime":2801.31,"body":"acknowledge the supremacy"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2801.31,"endTime":2805.12,"body":"of the king of Portugal and"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2801.31,"endTime":2805.12,"body":"pay him yearly tribute in gold."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2805.12,"endTime":2809.35,"body":"Ravasio does the same thing"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2805.12,"endTime":2809.35,"body":"at Zanzibar and Brava."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2809.35,"endTime":2813.4,"body":"Meeting resistance, Almeida"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2809.35,"endTime":2813.4,"body":"storms Kilwa and Mombasa,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2813.4,"endTime":2815.98,"body":"burning and destroying."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2815.98,"endTime":2818.62,"body":"Saldanha ravages Berbera."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2818.62,"endTime":2820.503,"body":"Soares destroys Zeila."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2821.422,"endTime":2823.6,"body":"D'Achuna attacks Brava.\""},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2823.6,"endTime":2825.46,"body":"So by the time we get to the 16th century,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2825.46,"endTime":2829.243,"body":"a lot of the East African"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2825.46,"endTime":2829.243,"body":"cities are now up in smoke."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2830.68,"endTime":2834.1,"body":"So some things to remember about Kenya."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2834.1,"endTime":2836.05,"body":"Again, I was in the Lamu Museum,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2836.05,"endTime":2839.26,"body":"which remember is a house"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2836.05,"endTime":2839.26,"body":"that's been converted."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2839.26,"endTime":2842.38,"body":"Now this particular photograph"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2839.26,"endTime":2842.38,"body":"was difficult to take"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2842.38,"endTime":2845.26,"body":"because if I had to step"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2842.38,"endTime":2845.26,"body":"back to get a bigger picture,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2845.26,"endTime":2846.94,"body":"I'd be outside the door."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2846.94,"endTime":2850.27,"body":"Right now, can you see the left hand side,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2850.27,"endTime":2851.833,"body":"which is the corner of a bath?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2853.27,"endTime":2856.09,"body":"And this side here, what"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2853.27,"endTime":2856.09,"body":"looks like a mihrab is"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2856.09,"endTime":2857.203,"body":"actually a toilet."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2858.7,"endTime":2861.273,"body":"And just to show you how"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2858.7,"endTime":2861.273,"body":"they would have the bath"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2861.273,"endTime":2864.82,"body":"and the toilet together, this is a plan"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2864.82,"endTime":2867.103,"body":"of the House of the Cowries."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2869.02,"endTime":2871.48,"body":"Kirkman says 14th century."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2871.48,"endTime":2874.3,"body":"He's probably wrong, this"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2871.48,"endTime":2874.3,"body":"is probably 11th century."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2874.3,"endTime":2875.95,"body":"But can you see that you've got the bath"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2875.95,"endTime":2877.81,"body":"and the toilet right next to each other?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2877.81,"endTime":2880.48,"body":"And this is typical Swahili layout."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2880.48,"endTime":2885.34,"body":"And finally, something to"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2880.48,"endTime":2885.34,"body":"remember East Africa by."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2885.34,"endTime":2887.503,"body":"That appears to be a water fountain."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2889.69,"endTime":2891.52,"body":"And that's it from me,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2891.52,"endTime":2894.91,"body":"The Lost Cities and"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2891.52,"endTime":2894.91,"body":"Amazing Heritage of Kenya."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2894.91,"endTime":2896.226,"body":"Thank you very much."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2896.226,"endTime":2899.309,"body":"(audience clapping)"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2901.476,"endTime":2904.6,"body":"- What caused the downfall"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2901.476,"endTime":2904.6,"body":"of these great palaces"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2904.6,"endTime":2905.95,"body":"or what could have caused the downfall"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2905.95,"endTime":2907.27,"body":"of these great palaces?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2907.27,"endTime":2911.17,"body":"- According to Basil"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2907.27,"endTime":2911.17,"body":"Davidson, not only did"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2911.17,"endTime":2914.47,"body":"the Portuguese set these places on fire,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2914.47,"endTime":2919.39,"body":"they also seized control"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2914.47,"endTime":2919.39,"body":"of the Indian Ocean trade."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2919.39,"endTime":2922.36,"body":"And when you don't have"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2919.39,"endTime":2922.36,"body":"the money for upkeep,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2922.36,"endTime":2925.93,"body":"because you're assuming that"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2922.36,"endTime":2925.93,"body":"wealth will be coming in."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2925.93,"endTime":2930.93,"body":"And once that's interrupted,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2925.93,"endTime":2930.93,"body":"you have what's there."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2931.0,"endTime":2933.43,"body":"And if things fall"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2931.0,"endTime":2933.43,"body":"apart, you can't rebuild"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2933.43,"endTime":2934.78,"body":"and that kind of thing."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2934.78,"endTime":2938.68,"body":"And then gradually, more and"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2934.78,"endTime":2938.68,"body":"more poverty starts to ensue."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2938.68,"endTime":2940.51,"body":"You can't keep up stuff."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2940.51,"endTime":2943.09,"body":"If it starts falling down,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2940.51,"endTime":2943.09,"body":"you can't rebuild it,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2943.09,"endTime":2944.053,"body":"that kind of thing."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2946.96,"endTime":2949.72,"body":"- I've got another question"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2946.96,"endTime":2949.72,"body":"from the online audience."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2949.72,"endTime":2950.92,"body":"Oh, it just disappeared."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2951.94,"endTime":2954.64,"body":"Was there any trading"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2951.94,"endTime":2954.64,"body":"across the Sahara region"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2954.64,"endTime":2957.673,"body":"with the area of Timbuktu and"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2954.64,"endTime":2957.673,"body":"what might they have traded?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2958.99,"endTime":2960.493,"body":"- To my knowledge, no."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2961.33,"endTime":2962.92,"body":"Now it doesn't mean it didn't happen,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2962.92,"endTime":2966.52,"body":"it just means that I can't prove it yet."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2966.52,"endTime":2970.18,"body":"The main civilization in Africa"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2970.18,"endTime":2972.847,"body":"that the Swahilis were"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2970.18,"endTime":2972.847,"body":"trading with is (indistinct)."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2974.11,"endTime":2977.443,"body":"On a modern map, that's"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2974.11,"endTime":2977.443,"body":"Zimbabwe in South Africa."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2979.3,"endTime":2980.35,"body":"Yeah, major trade."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2980.35,"endTime":2983.68,"body":"Major trade in gold, major trade in ivory."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2983.68,"endTime":2985.87,"body":"Major, major, major."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2985.87,"endTime":2990.87,"body":"And Chinese celadon and"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2985.87,"endTime":2990.87,"body":"blue and white ware ended up"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2991.96,"endTime":2993.82,"body":"in Great Zimbabwe"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2993.82,"endTime":2996.283,"body":"and the other are regional capitals."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2997.9,"endTime":2999.88,"body":"As far as places like Timbuktu,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":2999.88,"endTime":3002.73,"body":"don't know, can't prove it yet."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3002.73,"endTime":3007.73,"body":"Nor do we know if there's"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3002.73,"endTime":3007.73,"body":"a Timbuktu document"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3007.83,"endTime":3010.8,"body":"that speaks about the East African coast."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3010.8,"endTime":3011.633,"body":"- [Audience Member] Thank you for that."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3011.633,"endTime":3015.25,"body":"I'm actually Kenyan myself,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3011.633,"endTime":3015.25,"body":"so I understand there's been"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3015.25,"endTime":3019.41,"body":"a lot of genetic studies being"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3015.25,"endTime":3019.41,"body":"done on the DNA of people"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3019.41,"endTime":3021.63,"body":"along the East African coast."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3021.63,"endTime":3022.93,"body":"Could you comment on that?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3023.852,"endTime":3025.08,"body":"- I haven't seen those studies."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3025.08,"endTime":3027.858,"body":"So I mean perhaps you could share?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3027.858,"endTime":3029.323,"body":"What have you heard?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3029.323,"endTime":3031.83,"body":"- [Audience Member] They"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3029.323,"endTime":3031.83,"body":"found islands like Pate,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3031.83,"endTime":3035.67,"body":"which is opposite Lamu,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3031.83,"endTime":3035.67,"body":"where you have people"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3035.67,"endTime":3040.62,"body":"with large amounts of Chinese"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3035.67,"endTime":3040.62,"body":"DNA within their composition."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3040.62,"endTime":3042.18,"body":"- That's really interesting."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3042.18,"endTime":3043.013,"body":"That's really interest."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3043.013,"endTime":3044.21,"body":"No, thanks for that comment."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3045.157,"endTime":3046.359,"body":"- [Audience Member 2] It's (indistinct)"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3046.359,"endTime":3048.12,"body":"a very proud heritage, Kenya."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3048.12,"endTime":3050.76,"body":"Can you tell me how the"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3048.12,"endTime":3050.76,"body":"laws were administered"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3050.76,"endTime":3053.308,"body":"in those times and is it reflected at all"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3053.308,"endTime":3055.141,"body":"in their constitution?"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3056.55,"endTime":3059.91,"body":"- I wouldn't be in a position to know"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3059.91,"endTime":3063.63,"body":"whether it is reflected in"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3059.91,"endTime":3063.63,"body":"their constitution or not,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3063.63,"endTime":3066.333,"body":"but back in the day, it"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3063.63,"endTime":3066.333,"body":"would've been Sharia."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3067.86,"endTime":3071.49,"body":"So Sharia would've been the basis of it."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3071.49,"endTime":3074.07,"body":"I don't know which brand of Sharia,"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3074.07,"endTime":3077.73,"body":"because depending on which"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3074.07,"endTime":3077.73,"body":"learned Imam you're getting"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3077.73,"endTime":3080.22,"body":"the thing from, there'd"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3077.73,"endTime":3080.22,"body":"be a different brand"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3080.22,"endTime":3082.35,"body":"of how Islam is practiced."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3082.35,"endTime":3085.053,"body":"But certainly the Quran"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3082.35,"endTime":3085.053,"body":"became the law book."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3086.16,"endTime":3089.583,"body":"- I'm afraid that is all time we have."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3090.48,"endTime":3092.07,"body":"Thank you again, Robin."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3092.07,"endTime":3093.45,"body":"And thank you again for your questions"},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3093.45,"endTime":3094.7,"body":"and attention, everybody."},{"speaker":"about Jumba La Mtwana","startTime":3095.82,"endTime":3098.903,"body":"(audience clapping)"}]}