{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.26,"endTime":1.53,"body":"- In this lecture course,"},{"startTime":1.53,"endTime":5.49,"body":"I'm going to talk about the musical system"},{"startTime":5.49,"endTime":10.14,"body":"that has dominated Western"},{"startTime":5.49,"endTime":10.14,"body":"music since the 17th century,"},{"startTime":10.14,"endTime":12.87,"body":"and this is the system"},{"startTime":10.14,"endTime":12.87,"body":"that has gone global,"},{"startTime":12.87,"endTime":15.15,"body":"especially in the 20th century,"},{"startTime":15.15,"endTime":17.58,"body":"owing to the development"},{"startTime":17.58,"endTime":20.67,"body":"of broadcasting media and recording."},{"startTime":20.67,"endTime":22.08,"body":"And so today,"},{"startTime":22.08,"endTime":23.67,"body":"in any corner of the world,"},{"startTime":23.67,"endTime":26.062,"body":"you will probably hear a pop song,"},{"startTime":26.062,"endTime":28.65,"body":"a pop song in the tonal style,"},{"startTime":28.65,"endTime":30.15,"body":"which will use chords,"},{"startTime":30.15,"endTime":30.983,"body":"so we can say"},{"startTime":30.983,"endTime":34.98,"body":"that this system really"},{"startTime":30.983,"endTime":34.98,"body":"spread around the globe."},{"startTime":34.98,"endTime":36.3,"body":"We're not going to claim"},{"startTime":36.3,"endTime":38.49,"body":"that this is superior to"},{"startTime":36.3,"endTime":38.49,"body":"all the other systems,"},{"startTime":38.49,"endTime":41.55,"body":"but it is a fascinating system"},{"startTime":41.55,"endTime":45.483,"body":"which developed since the 17th century."},{"startTime":47.753,"endTime":50.7,"body":"A few words first of all on tonality,"},{"startTime":50.7,"endTime":53.16,"body":"a very complex concept,"},{"startTime":53.16,"endTime":56.04,"body":"and difficult to give it a definition,"},{"startTime":56.04,"endTime":57.33,"body":"so let's just say, simple,"},{"startTime":57.33,"endTime":60.45,"body":"that tonality is a system of relationship"},{"startTime":60.45,"endTime":62.16,"body":"between chords."},{"startTime":62.16,"endTime":65.43,"body":"So there will be one chord"},{"startTime":62.16,"endTime":65.43,"body":"that is the main one,"},{"startTime":65.43,"endTime":66.99,"body":"we call it the tonic,"},{"startTime":66.99,"endTime":69.18,"body":"there will be some subordinate ones,"},{"startTime":69.18,"endTime":72.51,"body":"and there are further"},{"startTime":69.18,"endTime":72.51,"body":"functions, further relationships"},{"startTime":72.51,"endTime":73.35,"body":"between chords,"},{"startTime":73.35,"endTime":77.07,"body":"so that's what we call tonality."},{"startTime":77.07,"endTime":79.713,"body":"But we haven't yet"},{"startTime":77.07,"endTime":79.713,"body":"discovered what the chord is."},{"startTime":81.09,"endTime":85.17,"body":"I will start with one"},{"startTime":81.09,"endTime":85.17,"body":"more concept, of a key,"},{"startTime":85.17,"endTime":88.003,"body":"so when we say that"},{"startTime":85.17,"endTime":88.003,"body":"something is in C major,"},{"startTime":88.003,"endTime":89.55,"body":"C is the key."},{"startTime":89.55,"endTime":92.22,"body":"The key unlocks a scale,"},{"startTime":92.22,"endTime":97.22,"body":"scale, which you can"},{"startTime":92.22,"endTime":97.22,"body":"guess comes from scala,"},{"startTime":97.35,"endTime":100.17,"body":"which is a ladder, or steps,"},{"startTime":100.17,"endTime":102.3,"body":"and if you've ever played this instrument,"},{"startTime":102.3,"endTime":105.45,"body":"you will immediately imagine in your mind"},{"startTime":105.45,"endTime":107.1,"body":"what a scale sounds like,"},{"startTime":107.1,"endTime":110.223,"body":"do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti, do again."},{"startTime":111.18,"endTime":114.12,"body":"But if you want to get a"},{"startTime":111.18,"endTime":114.12,"body":"chord out of this scale,"},{"startTime":114.12,"endTime":117.72,"body":"you need to miss out one step,"},{"startTime":117.72,"endTime":119.82,"body":"so not just go step by step,"},{"startTime":119.82,"endTime":121.26,"body":"but to miss it out,"},{"startTime":121.26,"endTime":123.488,"body":"like these people do, for example."},{"startTime":123.488,"endTime":128.488,"body":"(\"Heart and Soul\" by Frank"},{"startTime":123.488,"endTime":128.488,"body":"Loesser and Hoagy Carmichael)"},{"startTime":138.231,"endTime":140.465,"body":"- Take it away, John, that's"},{"startTime":138.231,"endTime":140.465,"body":"what I'm talking about."},{"startTime":140.465,"endTime":143.465,"body":"(audience applauds)"},{"startTime":146.63,"endTime":148.95,"body":"- So you can hear that they have chords,"},{"startTime":148.95,"endTime":151.65,"body":"which are based on these thirds,"},{"startTime":151.65,"endTime":152.52,"body":"we call them that"},{"startTime":152.52,"endTime":154.773,"body":"because they're between"},{"startTime":152.52,"endTime":154.773,"body":"steps one and three,"},{"startTime":156.15,"endTime":157.38,"body":"so they miss out a step,"},{"startTime":157.38,"endTime":159.99,"body":"and these are all chords."},{"startTime":159.99,"endTime":161.7,"body":"And then when the melody comes in,"},{"startTime":161.7,"endTime":163.53,"body":"it's actually more stepwise,"},{"startTime":163.53,"endTime":165.0,"body":"so they don't miss any steps,"},{"startTime":165.0,"endTime":167.463,"body":"so that's a very typical arrangement."},{"startTime":169.44,"endTime":173.7,"body":"Now, I'm saying that the"},{"startTime":169.44,"endTime":173.7,"body":"chord is mainly built"},{"startTime":173.7,"endTime":177.3,"body":"out of these thirds,"},{"startTime":173.7,"endTime":177.3,"body":"intervals of the third,"},{"startTime":177.3,"endTime":178.71,"body":"this is just the basic shape,"},{"startTime":178.71,"endTime":182.73,"body":"we're not going to go"},{"startTime":178.71,"endTime":182.73,"body":"into further complication,"},{"startTime":182.73,"endTime":186.24,"body":"but how did people arrive"},{"startTime":182.73,"endTime":186.24,"body":"at the idea of a chord?"},{"startTime":186.24,"endTime":189.99,"body":"Because these notes, usually three notes,"},{"startTime":189.99,"endTime":191.16,"body":"can sound together,"},{"startTime":191.16,"endTime":193.11,"body":"and we think of them as a unity,"},{"startTime":193.11,"endTime":195.57,"body":"as one thing, as a unit,"},{"startTime":195.57,"endTime":198.783,"body":"how did this idea, how was it born?"},{"startTime":200.04,"endTime":201.48,"body":"We can't put a date on it,"},{"startTime":201.48,"endTime":203.46,"body":"we can't put a name on it,"},{"startTime":203.46,"endTime":205.32,"body":"it was a very long process,"},{"startTime":205.32,"endTime":209.283,"body":"and it involved several things."},{"startTime":210.21,"endTime":212.61,"body":"It's a mixture of musical practice,"},{"startTime":212.61,"endTime":216.69,"body":"so trial and error processes of musicians,"},{"startTime":216.69,"endTime":219.06,"body":"it's also helped"},{"startTime":219.06,"endTime":222.24,"body":"by the systematic thinking"},{"startTime":219.06,"endTime":222.24,"body":"of music theorists,"},{"startTime":222.24,"endTime":224.67,"body":"the mathematics and physics"},{"startTime":224.67,"endTime":228.18,"body":"of strings and pipes that are"},{"startTime":224.67,"endTime":228.18,"body":"used in musical instruments,"},{"startTime":228.18,"endTime":230.58,"body":"the notation and printing of music,"},{"startTime":230.58,"endTime":234.24,"body":"and even some theological"},{"startTime":230.58,"endTime":234.24,"body":"and philosophical ideas,"},{"startTime":234.24,"endTime":236.55,"body":"so lots of things to talk about,"},{"startTime":236.55,"endTime":239.34,"body":"but we will just have to"},{"startTime":236.55,"endTime":239.34,"body":"be very quick with this,"},{"startTime":239.34,"endTime":241.653,"body":"because we want to get to our triads."},{"startTime":244.11,"endTime":246.39,"body":"Imagine that we are in the Middle Ages,"},{"startTime":246.39,"endTime":251.19,"body":"and people are singing these"},{"startTime":246.39,"endTime":251.19,"body":"complex polyphonic chants,"},{"startTime":251.19,"endTime":254.25,"body":"or songs, or arrangements,"},{"startTime":254.25,"endTime":256.323,"body":"which have several lines."},{"startTime":257.58,"endTime":259.89,"body":"In the process of singing these lines,"},{"startTime":259.89,"endTime":260.85,"body":"they come across"},{"startTime":260.85,"endTime":264.06,"body":"to what we today would"},{"startTime":260.85,"endTime":264.06,"body":"recognize as a chord,"},{"startTime":264.06,"endTime":265.11,"body":"but that doesn't mean"},{"startTime":265.11,"endTime":267.75,"body":"that they thought about them as chords,"},{"startTime":267.75,"endTime":270.99,"body":"because they were borne"},{"startTime":267.75,"endTime":270.99,"body":"out of these lines."},{"startTime":270.99,"endTime":274.24,"body":"I'm going to show you a"},{"startTime":270.99,"endTime":274.24,"body":"lovely piece by Josquin"},{"startTime":275.52,"endTime":277.68,"body":"from the very beginning"},{"startTime":275.52,"endTime":277.68,"body":"of the 16th century,"},{"startTime":277.68,"endTime":282.68,"body":"and you will see how this music"},{"startTime":277.68,"endTime":282.68,"body":"is coming out of melodies,"},{"startTime":282.93,"endTime":284.98,"body":"melody after melody emerges."},{"startTime":289.346,"endTime":291.679,"body":"♪ Inviolata ♪"},{"startTime":296.089,"endTime":300.756,"body":"♪ Inviolata ♪"},{"startTime":296.089,"endTime":300.756,"body":"♪ Inviolata ♪"},{"startTime":301.697,"endTime":306.364,"body":"♪ Inviolata ♪"},{"startTime":301.697,"endTime":306.364,"body":"♪ Inviolata ♪"},{"startTime":308.552,"endTime":313.219,"body":"♪ Inviolata ♪"},{"startTime":308.552,"endTime":313.219,"body":"♪ Inviolata ♪"},{"startTime":314.688,"endTime":319.688,"body":"♪ Inviolata ♪"},{"startTime":314.688,"endTime":319.688,"body":"♪ Integra et casta es Maria ♪"},{"startTime":322.311,"endTime":327.311,"body":"♪ Integra et casta es Maria ♪"},{"startTime":322.311,"endTime":327.311,"body":"♪ Inviolata ♪"},{"startTime":334.37,"endTime":337.14,"body":"- So you might hear some"},{"startTime":334.37,"endTime":337.14,"body":"of these things as chords,"},{"startTime":337.14,"endTime":340.32,"body":"but they wouldn't have thought"},{"startTime":337.14,"endTime":340.32,"body":"about them in the same way"},{"startTime":340.32,"endTime":343.41,"body":"because we now introduce these metaphors"},{"startTime":343.41,"endTime":345.09,"body":"of horizontal and vertical,"},{"startTime":345.09,"endTime":347.04,"body":"which they probably"},{"startTime":345.09,"endTime":347.04,"body":"didn't have at the time,"},{"startTime":347.04,"endTime":348.66,"body":"because we now have the score,"},{"startTime":348.66,"endTime":352.05,"body":"so we think that we're"},{"startTime":348.66,"endTime":352.05,"body":"moving in time horizontally,"},{"startTime":352.05,"endTime":354.63,"body":"and then the chord is a"},{"startTime":352.05,"endTime":354.63,"body":"kind of slice of time,"},{"startTime":354.63,"endTime":356.24,"body":"it's a vertical slice of time."},{"startTime":356.24,"endTime":359.01,"body":"If we stop the recording at some point,"},{"startTime":359.01,"endTime":361.2,"body":"we will hear the chord,"},{"startTime":361.2,"endTime":363.33,"body":"but you don't necessarily have to be aware"},{"startTime":363.33,"endTime":365.493,"body":"as you're thinking horizontally."},{"startTime":366.33,"endTime":369.18,"body":"So what we're going to look for then,"},{"startTime":369.18,"endTime":373.92,"body":"for the moment or the period"},{"startTime":369.18,"endTime":373.92,"body":"when the chords were born,"},{"startTime":373.92,"endTime":375.45,"body":"we're looking for the period"},{"startTime":375.45,"endTime":379.32,"body":"when musicians began to talk"},{"startTime":375.45,"endTime":379.32,"body":"explicitly about chords,"},{"startTime":379.32,"endTime":383.52,"body":"began to shape their music"},{"startTime":379.32,"endTime":383.52,"body":"around successions of chords"},{"startTime":383.52,"endTime":385.623,"body":"rather than combinations of melody."},{"startTime":386.85,"endTime":391.53,"body":"It happens mainly between 1500 and 1600,"},{"startTime":391.53,"endTime":392.363,"body":"and during that century,"},{"startTime":392.363,"endTime":394.17,"body":"so it's a long period,"},{"startTime":394.17,"endTime":397.11,"body":"and various things happen,"},{"startTime":397.11,"endTime":399.45,"body":"and I will try to explain it very quickly"},{"startTime":399.45,"endTime":403.71,"body":"how things come from different sides"},{"startTime":403.71,"endTime":408.123,"body":"to the new conceptualization of music."},{"startTime":408.96,"endTime":411.15,"body":"One thing that happens during that century"},{"startTime":411.15,"endTime":415.65,"body":"is the new desire for"},{"startTime":411.15,"endTime":415.65,"body":"the text to be clear."},{"startTime":415.65,"endTime":418.23,"body":"You were probably hearing"},{"startTime":415.65,"endTime":418.23,"body":"the previous piece,"},{"startTime":418.23,"endTime":420.24,"body":"and if you don't know the text,"},{"startTime":420.24,"endTime":422.34,"body":"you cannot actually"},{"startTime":420.24,"endTime":422.34,"body":"guess what the text is,"},{"startTime":422.34,"endTime":424.11,"body":"you hear individual syllables,"},{"startTime":424.11,"endTime":425.67,"body":"it's all jumbled up."},{"startTime":425.67,"endTime":428.4,"body":"Now, that's absolutely fine"},{"startTime":425.67,"endTime":428.4,"body":"if you're singing for God"},{"startTime":428.4,"endTime":429.233,"body":"because, obviously,"},{"startTime":429.233,"endTime":431.91,"body":"God knows what you're"},{"startTime":429.233,"endTime":431.91,"body":"talking about anyway,"},{"startTime":431.91,"endTime":433.74,"body":"even if it's in Latin,"},{"startTime":433.74,"endTime":438.74,"body":"but if you actually want your"},{"startTime":433.74,"endTime":438.74,"body":"parishioners to understand it,"},{"startTime":438.9,"endTime":440.76,"body":"and sing with you,"},{"startTime":440.76,"endTime":444.84,"body":"especially when we switch to"},{"startTime":440.76,"endTime":444.84,"body":"Protestantism, Lutheranism,"},{"startTime":444.84,"endTime":447.84,"body":"we switch from Latin to the vernacular,"},{"startTime":447.84,"endTime":450.33,"body":"you want them to hear the text,"},{"startTime":450.33,"endTime":452.37,"body":"so the music has to, in a way,"},{"startTime":452.37,"endTime":455.04,"body":"become simpler and more transparent"},{"startTime":455.04,"endTime":456.93,"body":"for this text to be heard."},{"startTime":456.93,"endTime":460.29,"body":"And the same thing happens"},{"startTime":456.93,"endTime":460.29,"body":"in Italian madrigals"},{"startTime":460.29,"endTime":463.23,"body":"because you now have singing"},{"startTime":463.23,"endTime":464.88,"body":"with accompaniment of instruments,"},{"startTime":464.88,"endTime":467.04,"body":"and you're very interested in poetry,"},{"startTime":467.04,"endTime":471.93,"body":"you want for music to"},{"startTime":467.04,"endTime":471.93,"body":"represent what the poetry says,"},{"startTime":471.93,"endTime":474.93,"body":"so in order for that text to be heard,"},{"startTime":474.93,"endTime":479.28,"body":"you also make it slightly"},{"startTime":474.93,"endTime":479.28,"body":"less complicated."},{"startTime":479.28,"endTime":481.08,"body":"At the same time,"},{"startTime":481.08,"endTime":484.2,"body":"there are changes in"},{"startTime":481.08,"endTime":484.2,"body":"compositional practices."},{"startTime":484.2,"endTime":488.28,"body":"People used to just write one voice,"},{"startTime":488.28,"endTime":490.86,"body":"then another voice, then a third voice,"},{"startTime":490.86,"endTime":492.42,"body":"they never put them in a score,"},{"startTime":492.42,"endTime":493.563,"body":"the score didn't exist,"},{"startTime":493.563,"endTime":495.15,"body":"they put them completely separate,"},{"startTime":495.15,"endTime":498.12,"body":"they held them in their heads,"},{"startTime":498.12,"endTime":499.23,"body":"and they had to make sure"},{"startTime":499.23,"endTime":501.42,"body":"that it still sounded very sweet,"},{"startTime":501.42,"endTime":503.943,"body":"so that was a difficult thing to do."},{"startTime":505.35,"endTime":506.76,"body":"The more voices you write,"},{"startTime":506.76,"endTime":508.44,"body":"the more difficult it becomes,"},{"startTime":508.44,"endTime":512.19,"body":"and I remember very well"},{"startTime":508.44,"endTime":512.19,"body":"from my own student years"},{"startTime":512.19,"endTime":516.45,"body":"how I had to write these"},{"startTime":512.19,"endTime":516.45,"body":"five-voice, strict style exercises,"},{"startTime":516.45,"endTime":518.1,"body":"and you write one voice,"},{"startTime":518.1,"endTime":519.42,"body":"then you write the second voice,"},{"startTime":519.42,"endTime":522.15,"body":"make sure that it goes very"},{"startTime":519.42,"endTime":522.15,"body":"well with the first one,"},{"startTime":522.15,"endTime":523.38,"body":"then you write the third voice,"},{"startTime":523.38,"endTime":524.94,"body":"you have to check how it goes"},{"startTime":524.94,"endTime":526.62,"body":"with number one and number two,"},{"startTime":526.62,"endTime":527.94,"body":"then you write the fourth voice,"},{"startTime":527.94,"endTime":529.77,"body":"you have to check every single pair."},{"startTime":529.77,"endTime":531.93,"body":"By the time you get to the fifth voice,"},{"startTime":531.93,"endTime":534.24,"body":"you basically run out of options"},{"startTime":534.24,"endTime":535.86,"body":"because there are very few notes"},{"startTime":535.86,"endTime":538.35,"body":"that you can use in that voice"},{"startTime":538.35,"endTime":540.75,"body":"that would sound good,"},{"startTime":540.75,"endTime":542.7,"body":"so it becomes more like a chess game."},{"startTime":542.7,"endTime":547.7,"body":"And indeed, this what an"},{"startTime":542.7,"endTime":547.7,"body":"Italian composer, Pietro Aaron,"},{"startTime":547.74,"endTime":551.85,"body":"complains about in 1523."},{"startTime":551.85,"endTime":552.683,"body":"He says that,"},{"startTime":552.683,"endTime":554.497,"body":"\"In writing first the"},{"startTime":552.683,"endTime":554.497,"body":"top voice, or soprano,"},{"startTime":554.497,"endTime":555.577,"body":"\"and then the tenor,"},{"startTime":555.577,"endTime":557.647,"body":"\"a place is often lacking for the bass"},{"startTime":557.647,"endTime":558.847,"body":"\"when the tenor is finished,"},{"startTime":558.847,"endTime":559.837,"body":"\"when the bass is finished,"},{"startTime":559.837,"endTime":562.53,"body":"\"many notes of the alto"},{"startTime":559.837,"endTime":562.53,"body":"can find no place,\""},{"startTime":562.53,"endTime":565.14,"body":"so he complains about the same difficulty."},{"startTime":565.14,"endTime":567.39,"body":"So he says that's why,"},{"startTime":567.39,"endTime":570.33,"body":"if you write for six, and more, voices,"},{"startTime":570.33,"endTime":573.75,"body":"modern composers consider"},{"startTime":570.33,"endTime":573.75,"body":"all the voice parts together,"},{"startTime":573.75,"endTime":578.67,"body":"so they're now thinking"},{"startTime":573.75,"endTime":578.67,"body":"about them all at once"},{"startTime":578.67,"endTime":581.13,"body":"rather than one by one."},{"startTime":581.13,"endTime":583.59,"body":"There was another issue,"},{"startTime":583.59,"endTime":585.397,"body":"another change in compositional practice"},{"startTime":585.397,"endTime":589.05,"body":"that also had to do"},{"startTime":585.397,"endTime":589.05,"body":"with Lutheran chorales,"},{"startTime":589.05,"endTime":593.46,"body":"and this is a German Lutheran"},{"startTime":589.05,"endTime":593.46,"body":"thinker and composer,"},{"startTime":593.46,"endTime":594.48,"body":"Lucas Osiander,"},{"startTime":594.48,"endTime":596.4,"body":"writing a few decades later,"},{"startTime":596.4,"endTime":600.26,"body":"and he says the tradition is always to put"},{"startTime":600.26,"endTime":603.57,"body":"the chorale melodies that"},{"startTime":600.26,"endTime":603.57,"body":"would be known to the people"},{"startTime":603.57,"endTime":604.41,"body":"in the tenor,"},{"startTime":604.41,"endTime":607.08,"body":"and that means it's in the middle,"},{"startTime":607.08,"endTime":611.43,"body":"and again, the laity cannot"},{"startTime":607.08,"endTime":611.43,"body":"actually hear it very well,"},{"startTime":611.43,"endTime":613.35,"body":"can't figure it out,"},{"startTime":613.35,"endTime":615.51,"body":"so he says, let's put it at the top"},{"startTime":615.51,"endTime":618.54,"body":"so that everyone can hear it,"},{"startTime":615.51,"endTime":618.54,"body":"and follow it, and sing it,"},{"startTime":618.54,"endTime":620.04,"body":"so that's a new practice,"},{"startTime":620.04,"endTime":622.68,"body":"so melody now is very important."},{"startTime":622.68,"endTime":623.853,"body":"And then he says,"},{"startTime":625.357,"endTime":627.487,"body":"\"We must keep within the boundaries"},{"startTime":627.487,"endTime":630.51,"body":"\"of the top voice chorale"},{"startTime":627.487,"endTime":630.51,"body":"melody and the bass,\""},{"startTime":630.51,"endTime":631.65,"body":"he mentions the bass"},{"startTime":631.65,"endTime":634.83,"body":"as if it is already completely understood"},{"startTime":634.83,"endTime":637.053,"body":"that the bass is the next"},{"startTime":634.83,"endTime":637.053,"body":"thing that you write,"},{"startTime":637.053,"endTime":638.82,"body":"it's the most important thing."},{"startTime":638.82,"endTime":639.96,"body":"This is very important"},{"startTime":639.96,"endTime":641.52,"body":"for understanding of the chord,"},{"startTime":641.52,"endTime":644.193,"body":"because the bass note will"},{"startTime":641.52,"endTime":644.193,"body":"be very, very important."},{"startTime":646.14,"endTime":648.15,"body":"And he gives you a lovely metaphor,"},{"startTime":648.15,"endTime":651.9,"body":"it's like keeping between"},{"startTime":648.15,"endTime":651.9,"body":"two ditches in a street."},{"startTime":651.9,"endTime":653.64,"body":"I'm not going to ask a question"},{"startTime":653.64,"endTime":656.04,"body":"of what was flowing in those ditches,"},{"startTime":656.04,"endTime":659.264,"body":"but you can imagine, in the 16th century."},{"startTime":659.264,"endTime":663.81,"body":"So he already gives you a spatial metaphor"},{"startTime":663.81,"endTime":667.65,"body":"of how to fit in voices"},{"startTime":663.81,"endTime":667.65,"body":"between these two things,"},{"startTime":667.65,"endTime":671.763,"body":"and gives you an idea of a"},{"startTime":667.65,"endTime":671.763,"body":"kind of vertical dimension."},{"startTime":673.47,"endTime":675.42,"body":"The third thing that I would introduce"},{"startTime":675.42,"endTime":677.523,"body":"is the emergence of scores itself."},{"startTime":679.05,"endTime":681.96,"body":"Let's have a look at this lovely example,"},{"startTime":681.96,"endTime":684.54,"body":"it's a printed edition from 1603,"},{"startTime":684.54,"endTime":686.94,"body":"it's a song by John Dowland,"},{"startTime":686.94,"endTime":689.4,"body":"and you have some very"},{"startTime":686.94,"endTime":689.4,"body":"strange things going on."},{"startTime":689.4,"endTime":691.53,"body":"If you look at the right-hand side,"},{"startTime":691.53,"endTime":694.17,"body":"you can see that there's"},{"startTime":691.53,"endTime":694.17,"body":"some music upside-down"},{"startTime":694.17,"endTime":696.45,"body":"and some music to the side,"},{"startTime":696.45,"endTime":701.45,"body":"and some of it is normal."},{"startTime":701.49,"endTime":704.19,"body":"If you imagine this book"},{"startTime":701.49,"endTime":704.19,"body":"being placed on a table"},{"startTime":704.19,"endTime":706.709,"body":"and all the singers standing around it,"},{"startTime":706.709,"endTime":709.98,"body":"each one can sing their part,"},{"startTime":709.98,"endTime":711.27,"body":"so they will sing together,"},{"startTime":711.27,"endTime":714.18,"body":"so this is the previous type of practice."},{"startTime":714.18,"endTime":716.49,"body":"But if you look at the left-hand side,"},{"startTime":716.49,"endTime":719.31,"body":"you will see that there is also,"},{"startTime":719.31,"endTime":720.783,"body":"and I will make it bigger,"},{"startTime":722.04,"endTime":726.36,"body":"there is also something"},{"startTime":722.04,"endTime":726.36,"body":"else under the first line,"},{"startTime":726.36,"endTime":728.76,"body":"the cantus, the top voice,"},{"startTime":728.76,"endTime":730.17,"body":"it's the lute,"},{"startTime":730.17,"endTime":734.37,"body":"which is notated not as"},{"startTime":730.17,"endTime":734.37,"body":"notes, but as tablature,"},{"startTime":734.37,"endTime":735.21,"body":"how to play it,"},{"startTime":735.21,"endTime":738.36,"body":"which fingers to put on which strings."},{"startTime":738.36,"endTime":740.13,"body":"And you can see that, there,"},{"startTime":740.13,"endTime":743.15,"body":"it is very carefully"},{"startTime":740.13,"endTime":743.15,"body":"aligned with the voice,"},{"startTime":743.15,"endTime":745.92,"body":"so this is where you get the vertical now,"},{"startTime":745.92,"endTime":749.67,"body":"you absolutely get it precise,"},{"startTime":749.67,"endTime":751.26,"body":"and notation had to change"},{"startTime":751.26,"endTime":752.97,"body":"in order to allow that,"},{"startTime":752.97,"endTime":755.58,"body":"earlier notation didn't"},{"startTime":752.97,"endTime":755.58,"body":"allow you to do that."},{"startTime":755.58,"endTime":757.68,"body":"So that's, again, a new thing,"},{"startTime":757.68,"endTime":759.09,"body":"and when you hear it,"},{"startTime":759.09,"endTime":763.456,"body":"you can hear the chords"},{"startTime":759.09,"endTime":763.456,"body":"already quite clearly."},{"startTime":763.456,"endTime":767.125,"body":"♪ Sleep, wayward thoughts ♪"},{"startTime":767.125,"endTime":772.125,"body":"♪ And rest you with my love ♪"},{"startTime":772.986,"endTime":777.986,"body":"♪ Let not my love be"},{"startTime":772.986,"endTime":777.986,"body":"with my love diseased ♪"},{"startTime":781.937,"endTime":785.025,"body":"♪ Touch not proud hands ♪"},{"startTime":785.025,"endTime":790.025,"body":"♪ Lest you her anger move ♪"},{"startTime":790.557,"endTime":795.557,"body":"♪ But pine you with my"},{"startTime":790.557,"endTime":795.557,"body":"longings long displeased ♪"},{"startTime":799.197,"endTime":801.87,"body":"- And another thing that"},{"startTime":799.197,"endTime":801.87,"body":"I would like to add,"},{"startTime":801.87,"endTime":804.54,"body":"I love this idea,"},{"startTime":804.54,"endTime":806.88,"body":"of not just compositional practice"},{"startTime":806.88,"endTime":810.3,"body":"or some kind of philosophical,"},{"startTime":806.88,"endTime":810.3,"body":"Humanistic ideas,"},{"startTime":810.3,"endTime":811.5,"body":"or religious ideas"},{"startTime":811.5,"endTime":812.79,"body":"influencing this process,"},{"startTime":812.79,"endTime":815.43,"body":"but also improvisational practice,"},{"startTime":815.43,"endTime":816.813,"body":"playing the guitar."},{"startTime":817.8,"endTime":820.47,"body":"If you think of the guitar,"},{"startTime":820.47,"endTime":823.08,"body":"the chords are very easy"},{"startTime":820.47,"endTime":823.08,"body":"to understand on the guitar"},{"startTime":823.08,"endTime":827.34,"body":"because you tell people"},{"startTime":823.08,"endTime":827.34,"body":"what to do with their hands"},{"startTime":827.34,"endTime":828.57,"body":"and the chord comes out,"},{"startTime":828.57,"endTime":830.01,"body":"you can strum it."},{"startTime":830.01,"endTime":833.61,"body":"So there was this strumming technique,"},{"startTime":833.61,"endTime":836.85,"body":"which was called rasgueado, in Spain,"},{"startTime":836.85,"endTime":840.93,"body":"and it became very"},{"startTime":836.85,"endTime":840.93,"body":"popular during the 1500s,"},{"startTime":840.93,"endTime":842.67,"body":"and when you strum it up and down,"},{"startTime":842.67,"endTime":843.81,"body":"as you do in flamenco,"},{"startTime":843.81,"endTime":846.45,"body":"you really feel that all"},{"startTime":843.81,"endTime":846.45,"body":"the notes are together,"},{"startTime":846.45,"endTime":847.86,"body":"that it's one unit."},{"startTime":847.86,"endTime":849.48,"body":"Again, in the lute,"},{"startTime":849.48,"endTime":850.86,"body":"if you do it on the lute,"},{"startTime":850.86,"endTime":853.38,"body":"it doesn't quite give you"},{"startTime":850.86,"endTime":853.38,"body":"the same togetherness,"},{"startTime":853.38,"endTime":855.39,"body":"it's the guitar."},{"startTime":855.39,"endTime":860.39,"body":"And that style spread at the"},{"startTime":855.39,"endTime":860.39,"body":"beginning of the 17th century"},{"startTime":861.99,"endTime":863.97,"body":"throughout Europe,"},{"startTime":863.97,"endTime":864.84,"body":"Spanish music."},{"startTime":864.84,"endTime":866.01,"body":"You can see the quote,"},{"startTime":866.01,"endTime":869.19,"body":"they're again complaining"},{"startTime":866.01,"endTime":869.19,"body":"about the guitars,"},{"startTime":869.19,"endTime":871.71,"body":"which are banishing the lute altogether."},{"startTime":871.71,"endTime":873.69,"body":"And various guitar techniques,"},{"startTime":873.69,"endTime":875.264,"body":"or imitation of guitar techniques,"},{"startTime":875.264,"endTime":878.04,"body":"you can find in harpsichord music as well,"},{"startTime":878.04,"endTime":880.383,"body":"so they go into keyboard music, and so on."},{"startTime":881.64,"endTime":884.49,"body":"The fascinating thing is this book,"},{"startTime":884.49,"endTime":888.15,"body":"which was published in 1596"},{"startTime":888.15,"endTime":892.2,"body":"by a Catalan doctor and"},{"startTime":888.15,"endTime":892.2,"body":"musician, Joan Carles Amat,"},{"startTime":892.2,"endTime":896.85,"body":"and he presents to us this wheel,"},{"startTime":896.85,"endTime":899.49,"body":"and if you look at it closely,"},{"startTime":899.49,"endTime":901.47,"body":"this is also in tablature,"},{"startTime":901.47,"endTime":906.47,"body":"it shows you 12 chords in the top part"},{"startTime":906.69,"endTime":909.72,"body":"and 12 chords in the bottom part,"},{"startTime":909.72,"endTime":913.65,"body":"so you actually have 24 chords,"},{"startTime":913.65,"endTime":915.66,"body":"and you can guess,"},{"startTime":915.66,"endTime":917.58,"body":"I'm going to get ahead of myself,"},{"startTime":917.58,"endTime":919.59,"body":"that these are going to be"},{"startTime":919.59,"endTime":922.17,"body":"12 major triads and 12 minor triads."},{"startTime":922.17,"endTime":924.75,"body":"And he says in this book that,"},{"startTime":924.75,"endTime":926.79,"body":"look, you have all these,"},{"startTime":926.79,"endTime":929.16,"body":"the word triad didn't"},{"startTime":926.79,"endTime":929.16,"body":"exist yet, by the way,"},{"startTime":929.16,"endTime":930.9,"body":"but these chords,"},{"startTime":930.9,"endTime":931.733,"body":"and he says,"},{"startTime":931.733,"endTime":934.35,"body":"look, you have all these"},{"startTime":931.733,"endTime":934.35,"body":"24 different colors,"},{"startTime":934.35,"endTime":936.57,"body":"and like an artist, like a painter,"},{"startTime":936.57,"endTime":940.23,"body":"you can use any of them freely."},{"startTime":940.23,"endTime":941.4,"body":"He doesn't actually tell you"},{"startTime":941.4,"endTime":942.93,"body":"that there are rules to do it,"},{"startTime":942.93,"endTime":944.4,"body":"the rules haven't yet developed,"},{"startTime":944.4,"endTime":946.11,"body":"tonality hasn't yet developed,"},{"startTime":946.11,"endTime":951.11,"body":"but he already has this palette"},{"startTime":946.11,"endTime":951.11,"body":"for you to use in music."},{"startTime":952.35,"endTime":954.72,"body":"So then, finally,"},{"startTime":954.72,"endTime":956.763,"body":"we get to the major triad."},{"startTime":957.66,"endTime":959.07,"body":"To all of you,"},{"startTime":959.07,"endTime":960.69,"body":"if you're watching at home"},{"startTime":960.69,"endTime":963.75,"body":"or if you're watching"},{"startTime":960.69,"endTime":963.75,"body":"this video in the future,"},{"startTime":963.75,"endTime":968.52,"body":"and if you have no idea what"},{"startTime":963.75,"endTime":968.52,"body":"a major triad sounds like,"},{"startTime":968.52,"endTime":970.453,"body":"I will tell you that you do."},{"startTime":972.908,"endTime":976.77,"body":"(Macintosh startup chime)"},{"startTime":976.77,"endTime":978.48,"body":"A worrying sound,"},{"startTime":978.48,"endTime":981.03,"body":"you might think that my"},{"startTime":978.48,"endTime":981.03,"body":"computer has restarted,"},{"startTime":981.03,"endTime":983.58,"body":"but this is the Apple chime,"},{"startTime":983.58,"endTime":986.7,"body":"which is based on the F sharp major triad,"},{"startTime":986.7,"endTime":991.653,"body":"so a major triad is a very"},{"startTime":986.7,"endTime":991.653,"body":"familiar sound to all of us."},{"startTime":993.93,"endTime":998.93,"body":"And it comes from the"},{"startTime":993.93,"endTime":998.93,"body":"division of the fifth,"},{"startTime":999.33,"endTime":1001.1,"body":"so imagine the interval of the fifth,"},{"startTime":1001.1,"endTime":1003.83,"body":"between note number one"},{"startTime":1001.1,"endTime":1003.83,"body":"and note number five,"},{"startTime":1003.83,"endTime":1005.45,"body":"you have an interval."},{"startTime":1005.45,"endTime":1008.297,"body":"I don't know whether I can"},{"startTime":1005.45,"endTime":1008.297,"body":"go and actually show it,"},{"startTime":1008.297,"endTime":1009.83,"body":"and the camera will pick it up?"},{"startTime":1009.83,"endTime":1010.973,"body":"I hope it does."},{"startTime":1012.77,"endTime":1016.31,"body":"So you have this fifth,"},{"startTime":1012.77,"endTime":1016.31,"body":"(piano music)"},{"startTime":1016.31,"endTime":1017.45,"body":"and you can divide it,"},{"startTime":1017.45,"endTime":1020.45,"body":"you can put a middle note in two ways,"},{"startTime":1020.45,"endTime":1023.6,"body":"like this,"},{"startTime":1020.45,"endTime":1023.6,"body":"(major triad piano music)"},{"startTime":1023.6,"endTime":1024.86,"body":"this is the major triad,"},{"startTime":1024.86,"endTime":1027.44,"body":"or like that,"},{"startTime":1024.86,"endTime":1027.44,"body":"(minor triad piano music)"},{"startTime":1027.44,"endTime":1029.24,"body":"that's the minor triad."},{"startTime":1029.24,"endTime":1030.073,"body":"The difference between them"},{"startTime":1030.073,"endTime":1033.47,"body":"is that the major triad"},{"startTime":1030.073,"endTime":1033.47,"body":"has the major third,"},{"startTime":1033.47,"endTime":1035.72,"body":"the bigger interval, the wider interval,"},{"startTime":1035.72,"endTime":1037.22,"body":"at the bottom"},{"startTime":1037.22,"endTime":1039.8,"body":"and the smaller one at the top,"},{"startTime":1039.8,"endTime":1042.41,"body":"and the minor one,"},{"startTime":1039.8,"endTime":1042.41,"body":"(minor triad piano music)"},{"startTime":1042.41,"endTime":1043.79,"body":"the other way round."},{"startTime":1043.79,"endTime":1047.243,"body":"So these are the two types of triad."},{"startTime":1049.37,"endTime":1054.37,"body":"People started using triads"},{"startTime":1049.37,"endTime":1054.37,"body":"before they had the word."},{"startTime":1055.28,"endTime":1060.28,"body":"In 1558, the Italian"},{"startTime":1055.28,"endTime":1060.28,"body":"scholar Gioseffo Zarlino"},{"startTime":1060.95,"endTime":1063.837,"body":"already writes this as a fact, that,"},{"startTime":1063.837,"endTime":1065.697,"body":"\"In perfect composition,"},{"startTime":1065.697,"endTime":1067.467,"body":"\"the third and fifth,"},{"startTime":1067.467,"endTime":1069.507,"body":"\"or the octave duplications,"},{"startTime":1069.507,"endTime":1073.22,"body":"\"must in fact be present at all times.\""},{"startTime":1073.22,"endTime":1077.753,"body":"So actually, triads is something"},{"startTime":1073.22,"endTime":1077.753,"body":"that people begin to like,"},{"startTime":1078.71,"endTime":1081.083,"body":"even without having the word for them."},{"startTime":1082.61,"endTime":1087.53,"body":"Immediately, theologians"},{"startTime":1082.61,"endTime":1087.53,"body":"jumped on this concept,"},{"startTime":1087.53,"endTime":1088.363,"body":"and decided,"},{"startTime":1088.363,"endTime":1091.46,"body":"well, since there are"},{"startTime":1088.363,"endTime":1091.46,"body":"three notes together,"},{"startTime":1091.46,"endTime":1092.87,"body":"and they sound so good,"},{"startTime":1092.87,"endTime":1096.08,"body":"this must be divine sonority."},{"startTime":1096.08,"endTime":1096.913,"body":"So you can see,"},{"startTime":1096.913,"endTime":1100.557,"body":"the same Osiander that we"},{"startTime":1096.913,"endTime":1100.557,"body":"already mentioned, says,"},{"startTime":1100.557,"endTime":1104.007,"body":"\"For God has also portrayed"},{"startTime":1100.557,"endTime":1104.007,"body":"the Holy Trinity to some extent"},{"startTime":1104.007,"endTime":1105.087,"body":"\"in the music,"},{"startTime":1105.087,"endTime":1106.827,"body":"\"and that no more than three voices"},{"startTime":1106.827,"endTime":1108.357,"body":"\"can be found or contrived"},{"startTime":1108.357,"endTime":1111.17,"body":"\"that rightly sound together.\""},{"startTime":1111.17,"endTime":1114.59,"body":"So then they started trying"},{"startTime":1111.17,"endTime":1114.59,"body":"to elaborate on this,"},{"startTime":1114.59,"endTime":1117.2,"body":"and saying that the bass note,"},{"startTime":1117.2,"endTime":1118.46,"body":"we sometimes call it the root,"},{"startTime":1118.46,"endTime":1122.42,"body":"the bass note is the"},{"startTime":1118.46,"endTime":1122.42,"body":"representation of God the Father,"},{"startTime":1122.42,"endTime":1124.7,"body":"then the fifth, the top note,"},{"startTime":1124.7,"endTime":1126.05,"body":"is God the Son,"},{"startTime":1126.05,"endTime":1129.23,"body":"and the third,"},{"startTime":1129.23,"endTime":1131.27,"body":"which animates the whole chord,"},{"startTime":1131.27,"endTime":1133.37,"body":"gives it, I don't know,"},{"startTime":1133.37,"endTime":1136.22,"body":"a melodic, lyrical quality,"},{"startTime":1136.22,"endTime":1139.55,"body":"this is the Spirit, the Holy Ghost."},{"startTime":1139.55,"endTime":1142.07,"body":"And finally, in 1612,"},{"startTime":1142.07,"endTime":1147.07,"body":"we have another German"},{"startTime":1142.07,"endTime":1147.07,"body":"thinker and musician"},{"startTime":1148.76,"endTime":1153.35,"body":"coming up with the word"},{"startTime":1148.76,"endTime":1153.35,"body":"trias harmonica perfecta,"},{"startTime":1153.35,"endTime":1155.18,"body":"the perfect harmonic triad,"},{"startTime":1155.18,"endTime":1159.32,"body":"this is when the word starts being used,"},{"startTime":1159.32,"endTime":1160.943,"body":"comes into circulation."},{"startTime":1163.16,"endTime":1165.26,"body":"They were already aware"},{"startTime":1165.26,"endTime":1168.14,"body":"that there is something"},{"startTime":1165.26,"endTime":1168.14,"body":"special about the major triad,"},{"startTime":1168.14,"endTime":1171.62,"body":"they're talking about"},{"startTime":1168.14,"endTime":1171.62,"body":"it as this perfect unit,"},{"startTime":1171.62,"endTime":1173.51,"body":"a perfect trinity,"},{"startTime":1173.51,"endTime":1177.083,"body":"and slightly later, 1636,"},{"startTime":1178.07,"endTime":1182.6,"body":"there is a mathematical explanation"},{"startTime":1182.6,"endTime":1185.6,"body":"of why it sounds so perfect."},{"startTime":1185.6,"endTime":1187.49,"body":"It didn't exist before,"},{"startTime":1187.49,"endTime":1191.81,"body":"but Mersenne publishes his work"},{"startTime":1191.81,"endTime":1196.81,"body":"in which he tried to figure"},{"startTime":1191.81,"endTime":1196.81,"body":"out how a string vibrates,"},{"startTime":1197.9,"endTime":1199.19,"body":"so how a string vibrates,"},{"startTime":1199.19,"endTime":1200.87,"body":"and it turns out that the string vibrates"},{"startTime":1200.87,"endTime":1202.94,"body":"not only as a whole,"},{"startTime":1202.94,"endTime":1205.01,"body":"but also with its halves,"},{"startTime":1205.01,"endTime":1207.41,"body":"and then it gives you an octave higher."},{"startTime":1207.41,"endTime":1209.09,"body":"So if you take a shorter string"},{"startTime":1209.09,"endTime":1210.95,"body":"which is only half of the long one,"},{"startTime":1210.95,"endTime":1213.14,"body":"it will give you a sound an octave higher,"},{"startTime":1213.14,"endTime":1214.91,"body":"which blends so well,"},{"startTime":1214.91,"endTime":1219.5,"body":"it's consonant with the"},{"startTime":1214.91,"endTime":1219.5,"body":"original fundamental"},{"startTime":1219.5,"endTime":1223.523,"body":"that we even call it the same note."},{"startTime":1224.39,"endTime":1227.96,"body":"Then if we take the third of a string,"},{"startTime":1227.96,"endTime":1229.523,"body":"it gives us the fifth,"},{"startTime":1230.75,"endTime":1232.55,"body":"then you have some repetitions"},{"startTime":1232.55,"endTime":1236.39,"body":"in the harmonic series of those octaves,"},{"startTime":1236.39,"endTime":1238.733,"body":"and finally, we arrive at the third,"},{"startTime":1240.11,"endTime":1242.48,"body":"and so the four, five, and six"},{"startTime":1242.48,"endTime":1244.28,"body":"give us the major triad."},{"startTime":1244.28,"endTime":1247.94,"body":"So if you get to these vibrations,"},{"startTime":1247.94,"endTime":1249.59,"body":"you actually have the major triad"},{"startTime":1249.59,"endTime":1251.75,"body":"in every single note that you hear,"},{"startTime":1251.75,"endTime":1253.04,"body":"it's hidden in there,"},{"startTime":1253.04,"endTime":1256.013,"body":"sometimes we can even hear it."},{"startTime":1257.992,"endTime":1259.46,"body":"There are a lot of visualizations"},{"startTime":1259.46,"endTime":1260.81,"body":"that you can find on the web,"},{"startTime":1260.81,"endTime":1261.89,"body":"I quite like this one,"},{"startTime":1261.89,"endTime":1266.33,"body":"which shows you how"},{"startTime":1261.89,"endTime":1266.33,"body":"the wave works in this,"},{"startTime":1266.33,"endTime":1270.35,"body":"and how you acquire these"},{"startTime":1266.33,"endTime":1270.35,"body":"different harmonics,"},{"startTime":1270.35,"endTime":1272.391,"body":"we call them overtones."},{"startTime":1272.391,"endTime":1273.71,"body":"(string vibrates)"},{"startTime":1273.71,"endTime":1275.453,"body":"So this is the fundamental,"},{"startTime":1276.59,"endTime":1277.823,"body":"and this is the wave,"},{"startTime":1280.61,"endTime":1282.329,"body":"harmonic number one."},{"startTime":1282.329,"endTime":1285.162,"body":"(string vibrates)"},{"startTime":1286.283,"endTime":1289.934,"body":"And then you divide it"},{"startTime":1286.283,"endTime":1289.934,"body":"by two, you get two,"},{"startTime":1289.934,"endTime":1291.318,"body":"an octave higher."},{"startTime":1291.318,"endTime":1294.151,"body":"(string vibrates)"},{"startTime":1303.872,"endTime":1304.705,"body":"Fifth."},{"startTime":1305.871,"endTime":1308.788,"body":"And here it is, you've got a triad."},{"startTime":1310.745,"endTime":1314.03,"body":"And then it goes out of tune for us,"},{"startTime":1314.03,"endTime":1316.18,"body":"we can't actually here"},{"startTime":1314.03,"endTime":1316.18,"body":"all these harmonics,"},{"startTime":1318.991,"endTime":1320.658,"body":"but we can continue."},{"startTime":1323.56,"endTime":1327.29,"body":"So all of those are not"},{"startTime":1323.56,"endTime":1327.29,"body":"relevant to us right now,"},{"startTime":1327.29,"endTime":1328.123,"body":"what is relevant"},{"startTime":1328.123,"endTime":1331.673,"body":"is that four, five, six gave"},{"startTime":1328.123,"endTime":1331.673,"body":"us this perfect major triad."},{"startTime":1333.854,"endTime":1338.45,"body":"It was felt that this is"},{"startTime":1333.854,"endTime":1338.45,"body":"something really natural."},{"startTime":1338.45,"endTime":1340.64,"body":"Everything else might be cultural,"},{"startTime":1340.64,"endTime":1343.43,"body":"but the triad is a natural thing,"},{"startTime":1343.43,"endTime":1346.18,"body":"it is there in the actual"},{"startTime":1343.43,"endTime":1346.18,"body":"physics of the strings,"},{"startTime":1346.18,"endTime":1348.263,"body":"in the mathematics of the Universe."},{"startTime":1350.12,"endTime":1355.12,"body":"Of course, the symbolic association"},{"startTime":1350.12,"endTime":1355.12,"body":"of the triad with nature"},{"startTime":1356.45,"endTime":1358.13,"body":"remained very important"},{"startTime":1358.13,"endTime":1360.95,"body":"throughout the 18th and"},{"startTime":1358.13,"endTime":1360.95,"body":"19th century in particular,"},{"startTime":1360.95,"endTime":1364.88,"body":"and I would like to play to you"},{"startTime":1360.95,"endTime":1364.88,"body":"my favorite example of this,"},{"startTime":1364.88,"endTime":1368.57,"body":"which is Wagner's prelude"},{"startTime":1364.88,"endTime":1368.57,"body":"to \"Das Rheingold,\""},{"startTime":1368.57,"endTime":1372.23,"body":"in which he does quite"},{"startTime":1368.57,"endTime":1372.23,"body":"an extraordinary thing."},{"startTime":1372.23,"endTime":1374.51,"body":"He wants to build his Universe,"},{"startTime":1374.51,"endTime":1379.51,"body":"it's the first opera of the"},{"startTime":1374.51,"endTime":1379.51,"body":"four operas of \"The Ring Cycle,\""},{"startTime":1379.76,"endTime":1382.58,"body":"huge, monumental piece,"},{"startTime":1382.58,"endTime":1384.41,"body":"and he starts from nothing."},{"startTime":1384.41,"endTime":1388.31,"body":"It almost sounds like he's"},{"startTime":1384.41,"endTime":1388.31,"body":"trying to do the harmonic series,"},{"startTime":1388.31,"endTime":1393.31,"body":"so he will give you a very"},{"startTime":1388.31,"endTime":1393.31,"body":"low note, then a fifth,"},{"startTime":1393.47,"endTime":1396.26,"body":"and then the triad comes out."},{"startTime":1396.26,"endTime":1401.26,"body":"And the same chord is held"},{"startTime":1396.26,"endTime":1401.26,"body":"for 4 minutes and 15 seconds,"},{"startTime":1402.62,"endTime":1404.99,"body":"it's an incredibly long time."},{"startTime":1404.99,"endTime":1409.34,"body":"If you're listening to"},{"startTime":1404.99,"endTime":1409.34,"body":"this in the opera house,"},{"startTime":1409.34,"endTime":1410.45,"body":"it is so amazing,"},{"startTime":1410.45,"endTime":1414.02,"body":"because the orchestration keeps"},{"startTime":1410.45,"endTime":1414.02,"body":"growing bigger and bigger,"},{"startTime":1414.02,"endTime":1416.21,"body":"you sort of have tears"},{"startTime":1414.02,"endTime":1416.21,"body":"coming out of your eyes"},{"startTime":1416.21,"endTime":1417.05,"body":"by the end of it"},{"startTime":1417.05,"endTime":1419.6,"body":"because the intensity of this buildup,"},{"startTime":1419.6,"endTime":1421.16,"body":"on the same chord,"},{"startTime":1421.16,"endTime":1422.3,"body":"is so great."},{"startTime":1422.3,"endTime":1426.211,"body":"So let's hear just the"},{"startTime":1422.3,"endTime":1426.211,"body":"beginning of it for now."},{"startTime":1426.211,"endTime":1429.544,"body":"(epic orchestral music)"},{"startTime":1532.567,"endTime":1536.24,"body":"He was so pleased with himself"},{"startTime":1532.567,"endTime":1536.24,"body":"when he discovered this"},{"startTime":1536.24,"endTime":1541.22,"body":"that he immediately felt the"},{"startTime":1536.24,"endTime":1541.22,"body":"desire to mythologize it,"},{"startTime":1541.22,"endTime":1542.9,"body":"to create this story,"},{"startTime":1542.9,"endTime":1544.85,"body":"maybe that was true,"},{"startTime":1544.85,"endTime":1549.85,"body":"but he says that he was"},{"startTime":1544.85,"endTime":1549.85,"body":"stretched out, dead tired"},{"startTime":1550.04,"endTime":1551.6,"body":"on a hard sofa,"},{"startTime":1551.6,"endTime":1553.94,"body":"and he was dozing,"},{"startTime":1553.94,"endTime":1556.16,"body":"and suddenly felt as if he was sinking"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1557.937,"endTime":1560.427,"body":"\"Its rushing soon represented itself to me"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1560.427,"endTime":1563.457,"body":"\"as the musical sound of"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1560.427,"endTime":1563.457,"body":"the E flat major chord,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1563.457,"endTime":1565.107,"body":"\"which continuously surged forward"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1565.107,"endTime":1567.08,"body":"\"in a figured arpeggiation,\""},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1567.08,"endTime":1571.197,"body":"which means that all the"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1567.08,"endTime":1571.197,"body":"notes are done one by one."},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1571.197,"endTime":1573.807,"body":"\"These arpeggios appeared"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1571.197,"endTime":1573.807,"body":"as melodic figurations"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1573.807,"endTime":1574.977,"body":"\"of increasing motion,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1574.977,"endTime":1578.277,"body":"\"yet the pure E flat"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1574.977,"endTime":1578.277,"body":"major triad never changed,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1578.277,"endTime":1580.197,"body":"\"and seemed, through its persistence,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1580.197,"endTime":1582.567,"body":"\"to impart infinite significance"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1582.567,"endTime":1585.567,"body":"\"to the element in which I was sinking."},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1585.567,"endTime":1588.897,"body":"\"Feeling as though the waves"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1585.567,"endTime":1588.897,"body":"were now roaring high above me,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1588.897,"endTime":1592.907,"body":"\"I awoke in sudden terror"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1588.897,"endTime":1592.907,"body":"from my half-sleep.\""},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1593.84,"endTime":1596.867,"body":"So let's hear now the climax of it,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1596.867,"endTime":1599.15,"body":"the ending of that passage,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1599.15,"endTime":1602.15,"body":"and when it suddenly ends,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1602.15,"endTime":1604.61,"body":"and switches to a different chord,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1604.61,"endTime":1605.84,"body":"at the same time,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1605.84,"endTime":1607.73,"body":"you'll have the voices coming in,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1607.73,"endTime":1609.53,"body":"and you will feel a sense of shock"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1609.53,"endTime":1611.99,"body":"because you're so now"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1609.53,"endTime":1611.99,"body":"used to this harmony,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1611.99,"endTime":1614.42,"body":"it's become your only thing,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1614.42,"endTime":1615.89,"body":"and then, suddenly, it's gone,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1615.89,"endTime":1617.696,"body":"it's a great moment."},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1617.696,"endTime":1621.029,"body":"(epic orchestral music)"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1666.828,"endTime":1669.614,"body":"♪ Weia, waga, woge ♪"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1669.614,"endTime":1671.78,"body":"- It's a great moment of change,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1671.78,"endTime":1675.83,"body":"so now you really feel in your body"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1675.83,"endTime":1677.873,"body":"what a major triad is."},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1678.8,"endTime":1680.93,"body":"But it can sound very different"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1680.93,"endTime":1683.15,"body":"if you put it in a different register,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1683.15,"endTime":1684.56,"body":"there will still be a major triad,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1684.56,"endTime":1688.19,"body":"still symbolic of something"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1684.56,"endTime":1688.19,"body":"wonderful and divine,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1688.19,"endTime":1690.71,"body":"as he does at the"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1688.19,"endTime":1690.71,"body":"beginning of \"Lohengrin,\""},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1690.71,"endTime":1694.133,"body":"which is a slightly"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1690.71,"endTime":1694.133,"body":"earlier opera of Wagner."},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1695.09,"endTime":1697.73,"body":"Here, he puts it in very high strings,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1697.73,"endTime":1699.71,"body":"and you can barely hear it,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1699.71,"endTime":1701.63,"body":"it's kind of shining there,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1701.63,"endTime":1705.32,"body":"it's the celestial symbol"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1701.63,"endTime":1705.32,"body":"of the purity of Lohengrin,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1705.32,"endTime":1707.69,"body":"who is a knight-savior"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1707.69,"endTime":1710.27,"body":"who comes to do some good things,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1710.27,"endTime":1713.753,"body":"and then is not properly"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1710.27,"endTime":1713.753,"body":"appreciated, and goes away."},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1715.01,"endTime":1717.59,"body":"This is the moment"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1717.59,"endTime":1720.323,"body":"the \"Lohengrin\" prelude"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1717.59,"endTime":1720.323,"body":"starts very high up."},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1721.531,"endTime":1724.948,"body":"(delicate strings music)"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1749.6,"endTime":1752.36,"body":"So a very different color,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1752.36,"endTime":1754.013,"body":"but it's the same chord."},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1755.42,"endTime":1757.67,"body":"Now, we're going to talk"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1755.42,"endTime":1757.67,"body":"about the minor triad,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1757.67,"endTime":1759.47,"body":"and I've chosen this picture"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1759.47,"endTime":1762.77,"body":"because Beethoven is going"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1759.47,"endTime":1762.77,"body":"to be very important here,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1762.77,"endTime":1766.07,"body":"and you can his surly head there"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1766.07,"endTime":1769.25,"body":"and stormy clouds outside,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1769.25,"endTime":1771.05,"body":"symbolizing the minor triad."},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1771.05,"endTime":1774.08,"body":"We're going to come to"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1771.05,"endTime":1774.08,"body":"Beethoven in a moment,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1774.08,"endTime":1775.73,"body":"but for now,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1775.73,"endTime":1780.73,"body":"I would like to invite on"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1775.73,"endTime":1780.73,"body":"stage a pianist, Alessio Enea,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1781.52,"endTime":1783.98,"body":"who is going to illustrate"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1781.52,"endTime":1783.98,"body":"some things for me,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1783.98,"endTime":1785.96,"body":"and also play at the end."},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1785.96,"endTime":1790.013,"body":"So please, Alessio, can"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1785.96,"endTime":1790.013,"body":"we have you on stage?"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1791.141,"endTime":1794.141,"body":"(audience applauds)"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1801.98,"endTime":1803.51,"body":"So what about the minor triad?"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1803.51,"endTime":1804.343,"body":"The minor triad"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1804.343,"endTime":1807.44,"body":"was always considered"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1804.343,"endTime":1807.44,"body":"together with the major"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1807.44,"endTime":1809.72,"body":"as a kind of lesser one of the two."},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1809.72,"endTime":1811.37,"body":"Well here is a long quote,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1811.37,"endTime":1814.613,"body":"I will just read you a little bit from it,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1816.14,"endTime":1817.52,"body":"from Andreas Werckmeister,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1817.52,"endTime":1819.59,"body":"who worked on organ constructions,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1819.59,"endTime":1821.183,"body":"this is from his book."},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1823.16,"endTime":1825.05,"body":"So he says that major, yeah,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1825.05,"endTime":1827.18,"body":"it can be named as the natural mode,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1827.18,"endTime":1828.983,"body":"you already know why,"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1830.54,"endTime":1835.54,"body":"and the second thing can be"},{"speaker":"in rapidly flowing water","startTime":1830.54,"endTime":1835.54,"body":"named as the less natural mode,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1841.467,"endTime":1845.627,"body":"\"Do not establish such a happy"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1841.467,"endTime":1845.627,"body":"harmony as the preceding.\""},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1847.22,"endTime":1849.59,"body":"What is wrong with the minor triad?"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1849.59,"endTime":1851.63,"body":"It is not, in the harmonic series,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1851.63,"endTime":1853.22,"body":"anywhere near the beginning,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1853.22,"endTime":1858.22,"body":"so basically, it is so far"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1853.22,"endTime":1858.22,"body":"down the harmonic series,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1859.49,"endTime":1863.09,"body":"it's 10, 12, and 15th overtones."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1863.09,"endTime":1864.86,"body":"By the time we get to them,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1864.86,"endTime":1867.5,"body":"we cannot really perceive them."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1867.5,"endTime":1869.42,"body":"We can't perceive them as a unity, also,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1869.42,"endTime":1871.52,"body":"because they don't come one after another."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1873.05,"endTime":1875.66,"body":"Even the triad that they make"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1875.66,"endTime":1878.12,"body":"is not related to the fundamental tone,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1878.12,"endTime":1879.23,"body":"so basically,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1879.23,"endTime":1882.74,"body":"it is something that musicians liked,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1882.74,"endTime":1885.98,"body":"and thought it was useful"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1882.74,"endTime":1885.98,"body":"for them in practice,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1885.98,"endTime":1888.08,"body":"but theoreticians struggled with"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1888.08,"endTime":1891.29,"body":"because it was so much"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1888.08,"endTime":1891.29,"body":"lesser than the major triads,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1891.29,"endTime":1895.19,"body":"so you have this paradox, contrast"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1895.19,"endTime":1898.28,"body":"between musical practice"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1895.19,"endTime":1898.28,"body":"and musical theory."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1898.28,"endTime":1901.37,"body":"So in order to theorize the minor triad,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1901.37,"endTime":1903.05,"body":"they tried to do various things,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1903.05,"endTime":1907.37,"body":"for example tried to build it down."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1907.37,"endTime":1910.13,"body":"If you build it down from the same note"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1910.13,"endTime":1911.9,"body":"in the same way as the major triad,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1911.9,"endTime":1913.46,"body":"kind of inverting the intervals,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1913.46,"endTime":1914.66,"body":"you will get the minor triad,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1914.66,"endTime":1915.77,"body":"but it doesn't actually make"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1915.77,"endTime":1919.91,"body":"any acoustic or mathematical sense."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1919.91,"endTime":1923.99,"body":"So he says that we can"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1919.91,"endTime":1923.99,"body":"name one mode perfect"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1923.99,"endTime":1925.943,"body":"and the other less perfect."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1927.89,"endTime":1930.11,"body":"This is why,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1930.11,"endTime":1934.19,"body":"even in the 17th, and"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1930.11,"endTime":1934.19,"body":"even the 18th century,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1934.19,"endTime":1939.19,"body":"we have some pieces that are"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1934.19,"endTime":1939.19,"body":"written in the minor key,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1939.86,"endTime":1941.63,"body":"but actually end in the major."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1941.63,"endTime":1944.03,"body":"We sometimes call it the Picardy third,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1944.03,"endTime":1946.31,"body":"if you've heard this name,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1946.31,"endTime":1949.073,"body":"certainly in this country we"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1946.31,"endTime":1949.073,"body":"call it the Picardy third."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1950.09,"endTime":1953.0,"body":"It seems that this term arose as a joke"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1953.0,"endTime":1954.5,"body":"already in the 18th century,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1954.5,"endTime":1957.26,"body":"because Picardy was the back of beyond,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1957.26,"endTime":1959.51,"body":"and only there, they still did this,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1959.51,"endTime":1960.59,"body":"they still thought"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1960.59,"endTime":1963.2,"body":"that the minor wasn't"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1960.59,"endTime":1963.2,"body":"good enough to end on,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1963.2,"endTime":1965.03,"body":"and you had to end on the major,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1965.03,"endTime":1967.82,"body":"so at least that's one"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1965.03,"endTime":1967.82,"body":"of the explanations."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1967.82,"endTime":1971.9,"body":"So I would ask Alessio"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1967.82,"endTime":1971.9,"body":"to play us an ending"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1971.9,"endTime":1974.987,"body":"from the Bach \"Prelude in C Minor,\""},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1975.899,"endTime":1978.56,"body":"first the beginning, and then the ending,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1978.56,"endTime":1980.06,"body":"and you will see what happens."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1981.078,"endTime":1984.578,"body":"(elegant classical music)"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1988.52,"endTime":1990.52,"body":"So that was the beginning, in the minor."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":1991.736,"endTime":1995.236,"body":"(elegant classical music)"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2013.21,"endTime":2015.16,"body":"So you have the lovely major third,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2015.16,"endTime":2015.993,"body":"and you can explain,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2015.993,"endTime":2018.31,"body":"oh, it was such a stormy piece,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2018.31,"endTime":2019.48,"body":"and at the end,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2019.48,"endTime":2021.61,"body":"a ray of sunshine comes in;"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2021.61,"endTime":2023.38,"body":"yeah, but that's not the"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2021.61,"endTime":2023.38,"body":"reason why it is there,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2023.38,"endTime":2028.38,"body":"it is part of the practice of"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2023.38,"endTime":2028.38,"body":"ending on a more stable chord."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2031.69,"endTime":2033.79,"body":"Bach, by the way, insisted,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2033.79,"endTime":2036.04,"body":"in these preludes and fugues,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2036.04,"endTime":2038.62,"body":"because he wrote 24, and then another 24,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2038.62,"endTime":2040.06,"body":"so in every key,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2040.06,"endTime":2040.893,"body":"so for him,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2040.893,"endTime":2045.16,"body":"he was insisting on major and"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2040.893,"endTime":2045.16,"body":"minor being kind of equal,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2045.16,"endTime":2048.55,"body":"because he wrote 12 in the"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2045.16,"endTime":2048.55,"body":"major, 12 in the minor,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2048.55,"endTime":2050.71,"body":"and yet, at the end,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2050.71,"endTime":2054.82,"body":"he still uses this idea"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2050.71,"endTime":2054.82,"body":"that major is more perfect,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2054.82,"endTime":2058.213,"body":"and more stable, and more"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2054.82,"endTime":2058.213,"body":"suitable for endings."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2059.98,"endTime":2064.39,"body":"Now we're going to talk about"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2059.98,"endTime":2064.39,"body":"major versus minor colors,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2064.39,"endTime":2066.587,"body":"major versus minor tonalities,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2066.587,"endTime":2068.53,"body":"and I would like to just make sure"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2068.53,"endTime":2070.45,"body":"that we know what we're talking about."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2070.45,"endTime":2075.45,"body":"We're not necessarily comparing"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2070.45,"endTime":2075.45,"body":"just one triad with another,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2076.0,"endTime":2078.07,"body":"because in the minor tonality,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2078.07,"endTime":2079.86,"body":"you have both major and minor chords,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2079.86,"endTime":2081.1,"body":"in the major tonality,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2081.1,"endTime":2084.97,"body":"you also have both major and minor chords,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2084.97,"endTime":2087.97,"body":"but the main one, the tonic,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2087.97,"endTime":2089.32,"body":"is either major or minor,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2089.32,"endTime":2091.69,"body":"it defines the special color"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2091.69,"endTime":2093.52,"body":"that people started associating,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2093.52,"endTime":2094.42,"body":"and certainly, today,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2094.42,"endTime":2097.78,"body":"they associate it with joy and sadness,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2097.78,"endTime":2100.21,"body":"joy for the major, sadness for the minor."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2100.21,"endTime":2102.1,"body":"So it is a very interesting story"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2102.1,"endTime":2105.04,"body":"of how these things came into being,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2105.04,"endTime":2109.09,"body":"and when did people decide"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2109.09,"endTime":2110.83,"body":"that major, indeed, was joyful"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2110.83,"endTime":2112.603,"body":"and minor was sad."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2114.01,"endTime":2117.34,"body":"You can see that in 1713, for example,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2117.34,"endTime":2118.603,"body":"Johann Mattheson,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2119.47,"endTime":2124.47,"body":"who was famous by nearly"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2119.47,"endTime":2124.47,"body":"killing Handel in a duel,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2126.58,"endTime":2128.503,"body":"so we remember him for that as well,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2129.37,"endTime":2131.95,"body":"but he felt that every single key,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2131.95,"endTime":2132.94,"body":"whether major or minor,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2132.94,"endTime":2135.55,"body":"has its own particular color."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2135.55,"endTime":2138.31,"body":"He didn't actually"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2135.55,"endTime":2138.31,"body":"distinguish between them"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2138.31,"endTime":2140.68,"body":"as joyful and sad,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2140.68,"endTime":2143.71,"body":"but said that every single of the 24"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2143.71,"endTime":2145.84,"body":"has its own particular hue."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2145.84,"endTime":2146.673,"body":"And for example,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2146.673,"endTime":2149.59,"body":"he says that C major"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2146.673,"endTime":2149.59,"body":"is suited to rejoicing"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2149.59,"endTime":2152.59,"body":"and other occasions where"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2149.59,"endTime":2152.59,"body":"joy is in full scope,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2152.59,"endTime":2153.55,"body":"but B major,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2153.55,"endTime":2156.37,"body":"which is only one semitone lower,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2156.37,"endTime":2158.26,"body":"so it's very close, even,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2158.26,"endTime":2163.21,"body":"to C major on the keyboard instrument,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2163.21,"endTime":2165.22,"body":"is offensive, hard, unpleasant,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2165.22,"endTime":2167.503,"body":"and of a somewhat desperate character."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2168.52,"endTime":2172.21,"body":"This is something that we"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2168.52,"endTime":2172.21,"body":"cannot quite agree with today,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2172.21,"endTime":2173.56,"body":"and the reason for that,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2173.56,"endTime":2174.67,"body":"I think the main reason,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2174.67,"endTime":2176.35,"body":"is that we have equal temperaments,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2176.35,"endTime":2179.59,"body":"so all the majors on the modern keyboard"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2179.59,"endTime":2182.08,"body":"will sound the same,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2182.08,"endTime":2185.41,"body":"mathematically, they're"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2182.08,"endTime":2185.41,"body":"arranged in the same way."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2185.41,"endTime":2187.66,"body":"In Mattheson's time,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2187.66,"endTime":2188.86,"body":"they were different,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2188.86,"endTime":2190.6,"body":"there was a different system of tuning,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2190.6,"endTime":2193.93,"body":"and some of the keys were"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2190.6,"endTime":2193.93,"body":"just sounding horrible,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2193.93,"endTime":2196.42,"body":"because some of the intervals"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2196.42,"endTime":2200.35,"body":"were not creating this sweet consonance"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2200.35,"endTime":2202.33,"body":"that we would expect."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2202.33,"endTime":2204.34,"body":"Some woodwind instruments, for example,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2204.34,"endTime":2206.38,"body":"couldn't play in particular keys,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2206.38,"endTime":2209.95,"body":"some string instruments would"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2206.38,"endTime":2209.95,"body":"play better in particular keys"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2209.95,"endTime":2211.9,"body":"when they have a lot of open strings,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2211.9,"endTime":2212.95,"body":"like in D major,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2212.95,"endTime":2216.163,"body":"so they loved playing in D major."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2217.48,"endTime":2220.48,"body":"So you don't yet have a system"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2220.48,"endTime":2223.69,"body":"when a clear distinguishing line"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2223.69,"endTime":2227.26,"body":"between major and minor"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2223.69,"endTime":2227.26,"body":"emotions, so to speak,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2227.26,"endTime":2229.06,"body":"is established."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2229.06,"endTime":2230.59,"body":"A few years later,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2230.59,"endTime":2235.427,"body":"another German, Johann Heinichen, says,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2235.427,"endTime":2237.107,"body":"\"We have heard famous composers"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2237.107,"endTime":2239.807,"body":"\"write the saddest and tenderest of music"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2239.807,"endTime":2242.207,"body":"\"in D, A, and B flat major,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2242.207,"endTime":2244.907,"body":"\"while in A, E, and C minor,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2244.907,"endTime":2247.397,"body":"\"they write the most"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2244.907,"endTime":2247.397,"body":"powerful and brilliant music."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2247.397,"endTime":2248.957,"body":"\"It remains the case, therefore,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2248.957,"endTime":2251.747,"body":"\"that every single key,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2248.957,"endTime":2251.747,"body":"without distinction,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2251.747,"endTime":2253.307,"body":"\"is suited to the expression"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2253.307,"endTime":2255.94,"body":"\"of many opposing emotional states.\""},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2255.94,"endTime":2257.5,"body":"So he says, actually,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2257.5,"endTime":2261.88,"body":"no, there is no such"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2257.5,"endTime":2261.88,"body":"thing as major, joyful,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2261.88,"endTime":2263.95,"body":"and minor, sad,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2263.95,"endTime":2265.42,"body":"but because he says that,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2265.42,"endTime":2268.87,"body":"he specifically chooses the major keys"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2268.87,"endTime":2272.02,"body":"to say that you can write"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2268.87,"endTime":2272.02,"body":"the saddest music in them,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2272.02,"endTime":2273.52,"body":"and the opposite,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2273.52,"endTime":2274.9,"body":"so you feel, from that,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2274.9,"endTime":2277.48,"body":"that there's already a"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2274.9,"endTime":2277.48,"body":"dichotomy established,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2277.48,"endTime":2280.09,"body":"and he's basically"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2277.48,"endTime":2280.09,"body":"writing as a contrarian,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2280.09,"endTime":2281.53,"body":"trying to overturn it,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2281.53,"endTime":2285.01,"body":"so something is already"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2281.53,"endTime":2285.01,"body":"happening at that point."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2285.01,"endTime":2289.48,"body":"We can certainly hear this in Vivaldi."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2289.48,"endTime":2291.583,"body":"Vivaldi actually loved minor keys,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2293.02,"endTime":2296.47,"body":"I think about 40% of his musical works"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2296.47,"endTime":2298.57,"body":"is written in the minor,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2298.57,"endTime":2301.03,"body":"but when he uses it in program music,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2301.03,"endTime":2305.56,"body":"so when we actually know"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2301.03,"endTime":2305.56,"body":"what he's talking about"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2305.56,"endTime":2306.393,"body":"in his music,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2306.393,"endTime":2307.9,"body":"such as in \"The Seasons,\""},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2307.9,"endTime":2310.93,"body":"which have a poetic text, a sonnet,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2310.93,"endTime":2312.343,"body":"attached to each of them,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2314.47,"endTime":2318.55,"body":"we can see how major and"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2314.47,"endTime":2318.55,"body":"minor are used in contrast."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2318.55,"endTime":2320.86,"body":"So in \"Winter,\" for example,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2320.86,"endTime":2323.5,"body":"you will have cold wind,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2323.5,"endTime":2324.95,"body":"so you'll have the minor key."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2326.223,"endTime":2331.223,"body":"(wind whips)"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2326.223,"endTime":2331.223,"body":"(tense Baroque music)"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2344.14,"endTime":2347.83,"body":"So we're freezing and"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2344.14,"endTime":2347.83,"body":"trembling in the minor key."},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2347.83,"endTime":2352.83,"body":"But when we get inside"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2347.83,"endTime":2352.83,"body":"and we can light a fire,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2352.93,"endTime":2353.93,"body":"it goes to the major"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2354.888,"endTime":2359.888,"body":"(fire crackles)"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2354.888,"endTime":2359.888,"body":"(elegant Baroque music)"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2383.89,"endTime":2386.62,"body":"Even in shorter spans of time,"},{"speaker":"so it's always less perfect, as he says","startTime":2386.62,"endTime":2388.99,"body":"you can have a switch from one to another,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2391.15,"endTime":2392.5,"body":"so you have ice,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2392.5,"endTime":2394.75,"body":"and we feel the chill of the wind,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2394.75,"endTime":2397.39,"body":"which still manages to"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2394.75,"endTime":2397.39,"body":"get inside our houses,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2397.39,"endTime":2399.58,"body":"which is what's going"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2397.39,"endTime":2399.58,"body":"to happen this winter"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2399.58,"endTime":2402.07,"body":"as we economize on heating,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2402.07,"endTime":2404.11,"body":"and then warm wind comes in,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2404.11,"endTime":2406.834,"body":"and again, it changes into major."},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2406.834,"endTime":2409.917,"body":"(dark Baroque music)"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2419.975,"endTime":2423.308,"body":"(elegant Baroque music)"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2436.96,"endTime":2441.96,"body":"So Vivaldi definitely followed"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2436.96,"endTime":2441.96,"body":"the principle of contrast,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2442.27,"endTime":2444.19,"body":"and when we go to the \"Summer,\""},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2444.19,"endTime":2447.25,"body":"oppressive heat is in the minor,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2447.25,"endTime":2450.79,"body":"and again, the pleasant"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2447.25,"endTime":2450.79,"body":"cool is in the major."},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2450.79,"endTime":2454.24,"body":"But then something happens"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2450.79,"endTime":2454.24,"body":"during the 18th century,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2454.24,"endTime":2459.24,"body":"and the minor key goes out of"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2454.24,"endTime":2459.24,"body":"circulation almost completely,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2459.49,"endTime":2462.55,"body":"and if we talk about Mozart and Haydn,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2462.55,"endTime":2464.26,"body":"people have counted this up,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2464.26,"endTime":2469.26,"body":"we only have between 2% and 7% of works"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2469.3,"endTime":2470.98,"body":"written in the minor key,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2470.98,"endTime":2472.84,"body":"and they are usually very special,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2472.84,"endTime":2474.13,"body":"and people remember them,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2474.13,"endTime":2477.19,"body":"for example Haydn's \"Farewell Symphony\""},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2477.19,"endTime":2481.21,"body":"is remembered specifically"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2477.19,"endTime":2481.21,"body":"because it is so unusual"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2481.21,"endTime":2483.91,"body":"to have a symphony in the minor key."},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2483.91,"endTime":2486.79,"body":"And I remember very well,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2483.91,"endTime":2486.79,"body":"when I was a teenager,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2486.79,"endTime":2488.71,"body":"and was discovering classical music"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2488.71,"endTime":2490.39,"body":"together with my friends,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2490.39,"endTime":2494.14,"body":"we were convinced that minor"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2490.39,"endTime":2494.14,"body":"was much better than major,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2494.14,"endTime":2497.53,"body":"because Mozart's \"Symphony No. 40\""},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2497.53,"endTime":2499.54,"body":"is surely the best symphony,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2499.54,"endTime":2502.45,"body":"so minor keys were kind"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2499.54,"endTime":2502.45,"body":"of valued more highly"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2502.45,"endTime":2506.443,"body":"precisely because they're so rare."},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2508.0,"endTime":2509.44,"body":"What we're going to do next is,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2509.44,"endTime":2514.44,"body":"Alessio is going to play to"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2509.44,"endTime":2514.44,"body":"us a Mozart sonata in C minor,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2515.17,"endTime":2516.673,"body":"the first movement of it."},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2518.38,"endTime":2520.18,"body":"It is, I think,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2520.18,"endTime":2522.04,"body":"only one of the two sonatas"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2522.04,"endTime":2523.81,"body":"that Mozart wrote in the minor key,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2523.81,"endTime":2526.15,"body":"he wrote about 16 of them,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2526.15,"endTime":2529.357,"body":"and only two of them are in the minor."},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2529.357,"endTime":2530.98,"body":"And one of them, the A minor,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2530.98,"endTime":2532.69,"body":"is connected to the death of his mother,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2532.69,"endTime":2533.53,"body":"and about this one"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2533.53,"endTime":2536.35,"body":"I don't think we know"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2533.53,"endTime":2536.35,"body":"why it's in the minor,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2536.35,"endTime":2538.72,"body":"but it certainly was extremely influential"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2538.72,"endTime":2540.91,"body":"and a very special work."},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2540.91,"endTime":2542.71,"body":"But the interesting that happens,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2542.71,"endTime":2545.65,"body":"before I let him play the whole movement,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2545.65,"endTime":2549.73,"body":"is how what is in the minor at the start"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2549.73,"endTime":2551.71,"body":"becomes major in the middle."},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2551.71,"endTime":2552.73,"body":"So the first theme,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2552.73,"endTime":2556.683,"body":"you have the minor triad laid out for you."},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2556.683,"endTime":2560.175,"body":"(minor key piano music)"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2560.175,"endTime":2562.394,"body":"And at some point in the middle,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2562.394,"endTime":2564.64,"body":"(major key piano music)"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2564.64,"endTime":2566.5,"body":"you'll have it in the major."},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2566.5,"endTime":2567.76,"body":"And on the contrary, I think,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2567.76,"endTime":2569.47,"body":"the lyrical theme,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2569.47,"endTime":2573.46,"body":"which will be in the major to start with,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2573.46,"endTime":2575.29,"body":"will go to the minor,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2575.29,"endTime":2577.03,"body":"and that's a very sad moment,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2577.03,"endTime":2578.35,"body":"because it was in the major,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2578.35,"endTime":2580.303,"body":"and now it's going to the minor."},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2581.8,"endTime":2583.66,"body":"Now, I will let you play,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2583.66,"endTime":2584.883,"body":"and turn pages."},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2587.991,"endTime":2591.491,"body":"(elegant classical music)"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2871.995,"endTime":2874.995,"body":"(audience applauds)"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2889.0,"endTime":2892.0,"body":"Why was that the case,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2892.0,"endTime":2894.58,"body":"why was minor so rare?"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2894.58,"endTime":2898.3,"body":"And you can see that from what"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2894.58,"endTime":2898.3,"body":"people said around that time,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2898.3,"endTime":2901.45,"body":"when Mozart was composing his music."},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2901.45,"endTime":2903.407,"body":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau, for example, said,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2903.407,"endTime":2905.867,"body":"\"The minor mode is not given by nature,"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2905.867,"endTime":2910.18,"body":"\"it is discovered only by"},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2905.867,"endTime":2910.18,"body":"analogy and inversion,\""},{"speaker":"and he actually tells us what's happening","startTime":2910.18,"endTime":2911.803,"body":"so it's kind of artificial."},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2915.737,"endTime":2918.227,"body":"\"Music in the minor is"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2915.737,"endTime":2918.227,"body":"appropriate for the expression"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2918.227,"endTime":2920.357,"body":"\"of sad, doubtful sentiments,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2920.357,"endTime":2924.31,"body":"\"for hesitation and indecision.\""},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2924.31,"endTime":2928.21,"body":"Another thinker, Germain de Lacepede,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2928.21,"endTime":2931.96,"body":"said that minor keys are marked"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2928.21,"endTime":2931.96,"body":"as in paired consonances,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2931.96,"endTime":2935.65,"body":"which leave the listener"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2931.96,"endTime":2935.65,"body":"dissatisfied and unsettled,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2935.65,"endTime":2938.32,"body":"and this a serious"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2935.65,"endTime":2938.32,"body":"disincentive to their use,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2938.32,"endTime":2941.62,"body":"not only do minor keys sound unstable,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2941.62,"endTime":2945.31,"body":"but they also can destabilize"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2941.62,"endTime":2945.31,"body":"the listener's psyche,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2945.31,"endTime":2947.65,"body":"which can lead to personal"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2945.31,"endTime":2947.65,"body":"and social problems."},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2947.65,"endTime":2951.07,"body":"So in the galant style of classicism,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2954.1,"endTime":2955.99,"body":"it's kind of undesirable,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2955.99,"endTime":2958.153,"body":"and this is why it is rare."},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2960.46,"endTime":2961.78,"body":"This is what you heard,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2961.78,"endTime":2964.9,"body":"sorry, I should have"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2961.78,"endTime":2964.9,"body":"put that on before that,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2964.9,"endTime":2969.253,"body":"thank you very much for"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2964.9,"endTime":2969.253,"body":"playing it so beautifully."},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2971.14,"endTime":2972.49,"body":"What happens"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2972.49,"endTime":2977.49,"body":"if you have a very passionately"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2972.49,"endTime":2977.49,"body":"sad and tragic aria"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2978.22,"endTime":2980.53,"body":"which is written in the major,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2980.53,"endTime":2985.18,"body":"for example like in Gluck's"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2980.53,"endTime":2985.18,"body":"opera \"Orfeo ed Euridice,\""},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2985.18,"endTime":2987.52,"body":"from 1762?"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2987.52,"endTime":2989.443,"body":"It is a very famous case,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2990.66,"endTime":2993.58,"body":"it is actually in C major,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2993.58,"endTime":2995.013,"body":"and this is what it sounds like."},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":2996.296,"endTime":2999.629,"body":"(elegant strings music)"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3000.545,"endTime":3005.545,"body":"♪ Che faro senza Euridice ♪"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3007.654,"endTime":3012.654,"body":"♪ Dove andro senza il mio ben ♪"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3013.962,"endTime":3018.962,"body":"♪ Che faro, dove andro ♪"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3021.014,"endTime":3026.014,"body":"♪ Che faro senza il mio ben ♪"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3027.915,"endTime":3031.748,"body":"♪ Dove andro senza il mio ben ♪"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3035.52,"endTime":3037.52,"body":"- That's not because"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3035.52,"endTime":3037.52,"body":"Gluck couldn't write music"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3037.52,"endTime":3038.37,"body":"in the minor,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3038.37,"endTime":3041.13,"body":"he traditionally would write music"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3041.13,"endTime":3044.01,"body":"associated with the tempest,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3041.13,"endTime":3044.01,"body":"for example, with a storm"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3044.01,"endTime":3044.88,"body":"in the minor,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3044.88,"endTime":3046.53,"body":"or with something supernatural,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3046.53,"endTime":3049.38,"body":"so he writes a big scene for the Furies"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3049.38,"endTime":3051.24,"body":"which is in the minor key,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3051.24,"endTime":3053.64,"body":"but this, the noble suffering,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3053.64,"endTime":3056.1,"body":"is portrayed in the major,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3056.1,"endTime":3060.81,"body":"which means that it was absolutely"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3056.1,"endTime":3060.81,"body":"fine to do that in 1762."},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3060.81,"endTime":3063.96,"body":"But 100 years later, Eduard Hanslick,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3063.96,"endTime":3068.96,"body":"the famous theorist who wrote"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3063.96,"endTime":3068.96,"body":"on the history of music,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3069.63,"endTime":3071.46,"body":"took issue with that."},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3071.46,"endTime":3075.487,"body":"He says, \"Whenever Orpheus"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3071.46,"endTime":3075.487,"body":"sings 'Che faro senza Euridice,'"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3075.487,"endTime":3078.783,"body":"\"he moves thousands to"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3075.487,"endTime":3078.783,"body":"tears, including Rousseau."},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3079.627,"endTime":3081.87,"body":"\"But Boye, a contemporary of Gluck,\""},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3081.87,"endTime":3084.157,"body":"he found, obviously,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3081.87,"endTime":3084.157,"body":"him writing somewhere,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3084.157,"endTime":3085.987,"body":"\"remarked that one could just as well"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3085.987,"endTime":3088.177,"body":"\"set words of opposite meaning"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3088.177,"endTime":3089.227,"body":"\"to the same melody,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3089.227,"endTime":3091.477,"body":"\"and perhaps they would"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3089.227,"endTime":3091.477,"body":"be even more faithful"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3091.477,"endTime":3092.67,"body":"\"to the melody.\""},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3092.67,"endTime":3093.503,"body":"So, he says,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3093.503,"endTime":3095.407,"body":"\"We are left quite unconvinced"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3095.407,"endTime":3098.107,"body":"\"that the composer can be"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3095.407,"endTime":3098.107,"body":"absolved in this instance,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3098.107,"endTime":3100.837,"body":"\"since music possesses specific tones"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3100.837,"endTime":3103.59,"body":"\"for the expression of passion and grief.\""},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3103.59,"endTime":3107.65,"body":"So something's changed"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3103.59,"endTime":3107.65,"body":"between 1762 and 1854"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3108.84,"endTime":3110.58,"body":"that it became impossible"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3110.58,"endTime":3115.35,"body":"to write music of high tragedy"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3110.58,"endTime":3115.35,"body":"and passion in the major,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3115.35,"endTime":3118.62,"body":"and I think the reason"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3115.35,"endTime":3118.62,"body":"for that was Beethoven."},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3118.62,"endTime":3123.06,"body":"And here, I would like you to play"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3123.06,"endTime":3125.25,"body":"the beginning of the"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3123.06,"endTime":3125.25,"body":"famous \"Pathetique Sonata,\""},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3125.25,"endTime":3126.48,"body":"which actually was influenced"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3126.48,"endTime":3129.6,"body":"by the Mozart sonata"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3126.48,"endTime":3129.6,"body":"that we've just heard,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3129.6,"endTime":3131.943,"body":"but it starts in a very striking way."},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3133.231,"endTime":3136.481,"body":"(dark classical music)"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3175.5,"endTime":3177.84,"body":"We've just arrived at the major key,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3177.84,"endTime":3178.86,"body":"but at the beginning,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3178.86,"endTime":3183.86,"body":"from this very striking seven-note chord"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3184.26,"endTime":3185.67,"body":"in very low register."},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3185.67,"endTime":3187.379,"body":"If you can just play it?"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3187.379,"endTime":3189.6,"body":"(minor key piano music)"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3189.6,"endTime":3192.54,"body":"It actually creates"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3189.6,"endTime":3192.54,"body":"problems for our inner ear"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3192.54,"endTime":3196.59,"body":"because the note's"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3192.54,"endTime":3196.59,"body":"positioned so low, so closely"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3196.59,"endTime":3198.51,"body":"we cannot quite hear them separate,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3198.51,"endTime":3200.94,"body":"it actually challenges our perception"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3200.94,"endTime":3202.83,"body":"to hear them as separate,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3202.83,"endTime":3205.38,"body":"we are unsettled by that,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3205.38,"endTime":3207.63,"body":"we feel there's a certain roughness,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3207.63,"endTime":3210.483,"body":"possibly even ugliness"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3207.63,"endTime":3210.483,"body":"to the sound about this."},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3211.92,"endTime":3215.7,"body":"Beethoven didn't necessarily"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3211.92,"endTime":3215.7,"body":"want to write pretty music,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3215.7,"endTime":3217.08,"body":"or even beautiful music,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3217.08,"endTime":3218.58,"body":"he struggled for the sublime,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3218.58,"endTime":3221.46,"body":"he wanted to discover new colors,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3221.46,"endTime":3223.52,"body":"so that is a very good example"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3223.52,"endTime":3227.52,"body":"of how he makes minor keys his own."},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3227.52,"endTime":3232.52,"body":"Generally, he wrote about 25%"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3227.52,"endTime":3232.52,"body":"of his pieces in the minor,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3234.15,"endTime":3236.1,"body":"and it doesn't seem that much,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3236.1,"endTime":3239.61,"body":"but it's a huge jump from 2% to 7%,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3239.61,"endTime":3242.22,"body":"which we find with Mozart."},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3242.22,"endTime":3245.25,"body":"And of course, some of his minor key works"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3245.25,"endTime":3247.44,"body":"are the most, again, remembered,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3247.44,"endTime":3250.735,"body":"such as \"The Tempest Sonata,\""},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3247.44,"endTime":3250.735,"body":"the \"Moonlight Sonata,\""},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3250.735,"endTime":3251.667,"body":"the \"Appassionata,\""},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3251.667,"endTime":3253.59,"body":"all the ones with titles,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3253.59,"endTime":3255.33,"body":"the most favorite ones, again,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3255.33,"endTime":3256.86,"body":"are in the minor."},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3256.86,"endTime":3259.02,"body":"Beethoven also does something else,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3259.02,"endTime":3261.78,"body":"which has become extremely influential,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3261.78,"endTime":3266.07,"body":"he creates these mighty"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3261.78,"endTime":3266.07,"body":"transitions from minor to major."},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3266.07,"endTime":3268.14,"body":"So when you think of minor"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3268.14,"endTime":3272.57,"body":"as being a repository"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3268.14,"endTime":3272.57,"body":"of dramatic emotions,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3272.57,"endTime":3274.53,"body":"of all the trials and tribulations,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3274.53,"endTime":3276.3,"body":"and then, as a result of struggle,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3276.3,"endTime":3277.29,"body":"you overcome them,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3277.29,"endTime":3279.69,"body":"and you reach the triumph,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3279.69,"endTime":3282.69,"body":"which you've worked on, it's well-earned."},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3282.69,"endTime":3283.86,"body":"So at length,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3283.86,"endTime":3286.14,"body":"he gives you this amazing buildup"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3286.14,"endTime":3288.48,"body":"to the blast of the major key."},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3288.48,"endTime":3291.93,"body":"And the most famous example"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3288.48,"endTime":3291.93,"body":"is from his \"5th Symphony,\""},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3291.93,"endTime":3294.45,"body":"which I'm actually going to play"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3294.45,"endTime":3296.82,"body":"in Liszt's arrangement for the piano"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3296.82,"endTime":3299.91,"body":"just so that you can hear"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3296.82,"endTime":3299.91,"body":"even better what happens,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3299.91,"endTime":3302.22,"body":"because you have the minor color,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3302.22,"endTime":3304.08,"body":"then you have a moment of hesitation,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3304.08,"endTime":3307.08,"body":"where it's not clear where"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3304.08,"endTime":3307.08,"body":"the music is going to go,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3307.08,"endTime":3309.27,"body":"and then he gradually raises"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3309.27,"endTime":3313.44,"body":"every single minor colored"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3309.27,"endTime":3313.44,"body":"degree of the scale,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3313.44,"endTime":3314.7,"body":"step of the scale,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3314.7,"endTime":3315.69,"body":"by a semitone,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3315.69,"endTime":3318.93,"body":"and turns them into minor, one by one,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3318.93,"endTime":3322.143,"body":"and then you arrive in"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3318.93,"endTime":3322.143,"body":"this glorious C major."},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3323.092,"endTime":3326.342,"body":"(dark classical music)"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3363.074,"endTime":3366.824,"body":"(triumphant classical music)"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3370.172,"endTime":3374.28,"body":"It really feels like you've"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3370.172,"endTime":3374.28,"body":"earned it, this triumph."},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3374.28,"endTime":3376.903,"body":"So, many composers then imitated that,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3376.903,"endTime":3381.9,"body":"and another use that you"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3376.903,"endTime":3381.9,"body":"will be very familiar with"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3381.9,"endTime":3383.43,"body":"of major and minor triads"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3383.43,"endTime":3386.407,"body":"is at the beginning of"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3383.43,"endTime":3386.407,"body":"Richard Strauss' tone poem"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3386.407,"endTime":3388.83,"body":"\"Also sprach Zarathustra.\""},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3388.83,"endTime":3390.24,"body":"And what you will hear,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3390.24,"endTime":3391.74,"body":"a little bit like the beginning"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3391.74,"endTime":3394.17,"body":"of Wagner's opera \"Das Rheingold,\""},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3394.17,"endTime":3397.71,"body":"you have a very low fifth and octave,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3397.71,"endTime":3400.02,"body":"and then you have a quick change"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3400.02,"endTime":3402.36,"body":"from the major triad to the minor,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3402.36,"endTime":3403.77,"body":"so actually a dark color,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3403.77,"endTime":3408.03,"body":"and then it's reversed,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3403.77,"endTime":3408.03,"body":"from minor to major,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3408.03,"endTime":3409.11,"body":"and then, again,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3409.11,"endTime":3413.23,"body":"you have a big, wonderful,"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3409.11,"endTime":3413.23,"body":"glorious cadence"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3414.12,"endTime":3416.34,"body":"moving to a major key."},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3416.34,"endTime":3421.34,"body":"And of course, this is"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3416.34,"endTime":3421.34,"body":"a still from the film"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3421.41,"endTime":3425.13,"body":"in which this music was"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3421.41,"endTime":3425.13,"body":"used extremely effectively"},{"speaker":"Kirnberger, 10 years later","startTime":3425.13,"endTime":3427.26,"body":"by Stanley Kubrick,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3427.26,"endTime":3429.003,"body":"A Space Odyssey.\""},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3432.184,"endTime":3435.517,"body":"(dark orchestral music)"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3449.649,"endTime":3453.149,"body":"(brassy orchestral music)"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3495.817,"endTime":3499.65,"body":"(triumphant orchestral music)"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3526.233,"endTime":3527.67,"body":"That's the music of the sunrise,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3527.67,"endTime":3529.83,"body":"and I love how, in that still,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3529.83,"endTime":3532.47,"body":"you can see how big the contrast is"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3532.47,"endTime":3534.18,"body":"between major and minor,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3534.18,"endTime":3535.2,"body":"the light and dark,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3535.2,"endTime":3540.093,"body":"it's really threatening at that moment."},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3542.94,"endTime":3544.923,"body":"What else did people do?"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3545.97,"endTime":3549.21,"body":"Can you put major triads"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3545.97,"endTime":3549.21,"body":"and major-minor triads"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3549.21,"endTime":3551.52,"body":"together into one chord?"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3551.52,"endTime":3552.78,"body":"What will happen?"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3552.78,"endTime":3554.52,"body":"Will we get something bittersweet,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3554.52,"endTime":3558.42,"body":"like if you add a bit of"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3554.52,"endTime":3558.42,"body":"vinegar and a bit of sugar?"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3558.42,"endTime":3561.21,"body":"Well, Scriabin did that in"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3558.42,"endTime":3561.21,"body":"one of his late preludes,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3561.21,"endTime":3562.68,"body":"you can see, in the last bar,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3562.68,"endTime":3566.85,"body":"he has both C sharp and C natural."},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3566.85,"endTime":3571.14,"body":"But actually, the effect is"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3566.85,"endTime":3571.14,"body":"not at all what we might expect"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3571.14,"endTime":3576.14,"body":"because all the chords here"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3571.14,"endTime":3576.14,"body":"are so spicy, so strange,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3576.24,"endTime":3578.91,"body":"they all have one of the notes split,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3578.91,"endTime":3580.83,"body":"that it gives us an air of mystery"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3580.83,"endTime":3584.387,"body":"rather than any particular"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3580.83,"endTime":3584.387,"body":"emotional color."},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3584.387,"endTime":3587.304,"body":"(mysterious music)"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3611.64,"endTime":3614.34,"body":"Actually, it sounds quite good at the end,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3614.34,"endTime":3616.383,"body":"after everything that came before."},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3617.76,"endTime":3621.99,"body":"So can you make major any more major"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3621.99,"endTime":3623.85,"body":"by using just major chords?"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3623.85,"endTime":3627.0,"body":"This is a question that"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3623.85,"endTime":3627.0,"body":"Prokofiev asked himself."},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3627.0,"endTime":3628.65,"body":"It's a little bit of a gimmick,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3628.65,"endTime":3629.793,"body":"because, of course,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3630.81,"endTime":3633.75,"body":"music can be joyful for"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3630.81,"endTime":3633.75,"body":"all sorts of reasons,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3633.75,"endTime":3634.583,"body":"but nevertheless,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3634.583,"endTime":3637.14,"body":"I will ask Alessio to"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3634.583,"endTime":3637.14,"body":"demonstrate what he does"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3637.14,"endTime":3640.38,"body":"in his piece \"Juliet the Little Girl,\""},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3640.38,"endTime":3642.333,"body":"where he uses just the major chord."},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3645.044,"endTime":3648.544,"body":"(playful energetic music)"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3665.25,"endTime":3666.51,"body":"Thank you very much."},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3667.6,"endTime":3671.58,"body":"And a similar thing happens"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3667.6,"endTime":3671.58,"body":"in \"The 1st Symphony,\""},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3671.58,"endTime":3674.19,"body":"he also, in the finale"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3671.58,"endTime":3674.19,"body":"in his \"1st Symphony,\""},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3674.19,"endTime":3675.961,"body":"he decides to do the same thing."},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3675.961,"endTime":3679.711,"body":"(energetic orchestral music)"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3683.719,"endTime":3684.927,"body":"So you can test it,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3684.927,"endTime":3686.7,"body":"you can test it yourself,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3686.7,"endTime":3687.81,"body":"all the chords are major,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3687.81,"endTime":3689.46,"body":"and that's quite hard to do,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3689.46,"endTime":3692.61,"body":"but even harder to do a minor piece"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3692.61,"endTime":3694.05,"body":"with just the minor chords."},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3694.05,"endTime":3695.39,"body":"He tried to do that as well"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3695.39,"endTime":3696.36,"body":"in the introduction"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3696.36,"endTime":3700.92,"body":"to Alexander Nevsky's \"Field of the Dead,\""},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3700.92,"endTime":3703.5,"body":"it's a very lugubrious introduction,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3703.5,"endTime":3705.66,"body":"where he tries to stick"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3703.5,"endTime":3705.66,"body":"just to the minor chord,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3705.66,"endTime":3707.16,"body":"but it's very difficult to do"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3707.16,"endTime":3710.643,"body":"for the reasons I will"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3707.16,"endTime":3710.643,"body":"discuss in he next lecture."},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3712.02,"endTime":3714.09,"body":"Now, for the ending,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3714.09,"endTime":3716.34,"body":"we're going to hear the composer"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3716.34,"endTime":3718.8,"body":"who was a contemporary of Beethoven,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3718.8,"endTime":3719.73,"body":"but nevertheless,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3719.73,"endTime":3722.91,"body":"his attitude to major and"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3719.73,"endTime":3722.91,"body":"minor was quite different here,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3722.91,"endTime":3726.547,"body":"he was never trying to achieve this rise"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3728.37,"endTime":3729.57,"body":"from the minor to major."},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3729.57,"endTime":3734.4,"body":"He used minor and major in alternation,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3734.4,"endTime":3735.9,"body":"like light and shade,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3735.9,"endTime":3738.45,"body":"they're always present"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3735.9,"endTime":3738.45,"body":"in Schubert's music,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3738.45,"endTime":3740.49,"body":"and he even has some of the pieces"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3740.49,"endTime":3744.39,"body":"which begin in the major"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3740.49,"endTime":3744.39,"body":"and end in the minor,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3744.39,"endTime":3746.79,"body":"which is quite a rare thing."},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3746.79,"endTime":3748.35,"body":"But basically, with these things,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3748.35,"endTime":3751.143,"body":"and we're going to play"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3748.35,"endTime":3751.143,"body":"one of the impromptus,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3752.01,"endTime":3753.63,"body":"I don't know whether you would agree,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3753.63,"endTime":3756.78,"body":"but if you ended it earlier,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3756.78,"endTime":3759.06,"body":"it could have ended in the minor,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3759.06,"endTime":3761.07,"body":"if you continued for a bit longer,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3761.07,"endTime":3763.02,"body":"it could have ended in"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3761.07,"endTime":3763.02,"body":"the minor, and so on,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3763.02,"endTime":3765.03,"body":"because every one of the themes"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3765.03,"endTime":3767.37,"body":"actually has two versions,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3767.37,"endTime":3769.62,"body":"it has minor and major versions,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3769.62,"endTime":3772.32,"body":"and you keep alternating."},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3772.32,"endTime":3773.79,"body":"This is a lovely piece,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3773.79,"endTime":3778.71,"body":"this is going to be the finale"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3773.79,"endTime":3778.71,"body":"of our lecture and concert,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3778.71,"endTime":3782.44,"body":"and I'm again going to"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3778.71,"endTime":3782.44,"body":"turn pages for Alessio."},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":3789.646,"endTime":3793.146,"body":"(elegant classical music)"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":4264.597,"endTime":4267.597,"body":"(audience applauds)"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":4282.639,"endTime":4283.807,"body":"- Thank you very much, Alessio,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":4283.807,"endTime":4286.343,"body":"and as you could hear,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":4283.807,"endTime":4286.343,"body":"everything ended well,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":4287.63,"endTime":4289.73,"body":"and thank you very much your attention."},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":4289.73,"endTime":4290.96,"body":"- [Moderator] Marina, thank you so much"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":4290.96,"endTime":4292.88,"body":"for a cracking start to your series."},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":4292.88,"endTime":4294.08,"body":"We hope you can all join us"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":4294.08,"endTime":4296.18,"body":"for Marina's next lecture in the series,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":4296.18,"endTime":4298.91,"body":"on Thursday, the 24th of November,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":4298.91,"endTime":4301.46,"body":"on the dominant seventh chord,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":4301.46,"endTime":4303.59,"body":"and a huge thank you to Alessio"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":4303.59,"endTime":4305.27,"body":"for your beautiful performance,"},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":4305.27,"endTime":4307.327,"body":"thank you all for coming."},{"speaker":"which is \"2001","startTime":4307.327,"endTime":4309.434,"body":"(audience applauds)"}]}