{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.3,"endTime":1.75,"body":"- Well good evening everyone."},{"startTime":3.09,"endTime":6.06,"body":"Today, I am going to introduce a new ome,"},{"startTime":6.06,"endTime":7.62,"body":"I'm going to introduce the exposome,"},{"startTime":7.62,"endTime":8.76,"body":"but during that introduction,"},{"startTime":8.76,"endTime":10.29,"body":"it reminded me of a talk,"},{"startTime":10.29,"endTime":12.36,"body":"it must have been 15 years ago,"},{"startTime":12.36,"endTime":13.193,"body":"when somebody said,"},{"startTime":13.193,"endTime":14.73,"body":"we've always had an ome,"},{"startTime":14.73,"endTime":15.99,"body":"and it's the most important one,"},{"startTime":15.99,"endTime":17.91,"body":"it's econ-om-ics,"},{"startTime":17.91,"endTime":20.97,"body":"and so we probably will need"},{"startTime":17.91,"endTime":20.97,"body":"to focus on that a little bit"},{"startTime":20.97,"endTime":22.92,"body":"as we go through this."},{"startTime":22.92,"endTime":24.303,"body":"But it's the exposome,"},{"startTime":25.32,"endTime":27.78,"body":"and the science associated with it,"},{"startTime":27.78,"endTime":30.42,"body":"expose-om-ics."},{"startTime":30.42,"endTime":33.99,"body":"But before I really delve"},{"startTime":30.42,"endTime":33.99,"body":"into dictionary definitions,"},{"startTime":33.99,"endTime":34.99,"body":"and there are, I'm afraid,"},{"startTime":33.99,"endTime":34.99,"body":"I have to tell you,"},{"startTime":34.99,"endTime":36.63,"body":"there are going to be jargon terms,"},{"startTime":36.63,"endTime":38.58,"body":"and I'm going to try to explain"},{"startTime":36.63,"endTime":38.58,"body":"them the best that I can"},{"startTime":38.58,"endTime":40.65,"body":"as we go through this talk."},{"startTime":40.65,"endTime":41.94,"body":"I want to give you a sense"},{"startTime":41.94,"endTime":46.293,"body":"that this topic has some gravitas,"},{"startTime":47.34,"endTime":52.08,"body":"this is a topic about life and death,"},{"startTime":52.08,"endTime":55.29,"body":"and the period in between."},{"startTime":55.29,"endTime":57.0,"body":"And I think that's important"},{"startTime":57.0,"endTime":59.1,"body":"because it means that it's"},{"startTime":57.0,"endTime":59.1,"body":"relevant to everybody,"},{"startTime":59.1,"endTime":61.56,"body":"because I'm figuring everybody who's here,"},{"startTime":61.56,"endTime":62.393,"body":"everybody online,"},{"startTime":62.393,"endTime":64.02,"body":"let's give it, you've all been born,"},{"startTime":64.02,"endTime":65.25,"body":"and let's face it,"},{"startTime":65.25,"endTime":67.32,"body":"even with the wonders of modern medicine,"},{"startTime":67.32,"endTime":68.153,"body":"at some point,"},{"startTime":68.153,"endTime":71.25,"body":"each and every one of us are going to die."},{"startTime":71.25,"endTime":72.083,"body":"And that means"},{"startTime":72.083,"endTime":75.78,"body":"that we really need to perhaps"},{"startTime":72.083,"endTime":75.78,"body":"just pause a little bit"},{"startTime":75.78,"endTime":80.78,"body":"and reflect on that period"},{"startTime":75.78,"endTime":80.78,"body":"between those two extremes,"},{"startTime":81.72,"endTime":85.893,"body":"it's the womb to the tomb concept."},{"startTime":87.03,"endTime":91.56,"body":"Specifically, this talk is"},{"startTime":87.03,"endTime":91.56,"body":"going to be about how we age,"},{"startTime":91.56,"endTime":94.53,"body":"how we develop disease, how we decline,"},{"startTime":94.53,"endTime":98.07,"body":"and ultimately, yes, how we die,"},{"startTime":98.07,"endTime":102.39,"body":"and how our environment, in its totality,"},{"startTime":102.39,"endTime":105.3,"body":"across the entirety of our life course,"},{"startTime":105.3,"endTime":108.15,"body":"contributes to those processes."},{"startTime":108.15,"endTime":110.79,"body":"Now, framed that way,"},{"startTime":110.79,"endTime":111.72,"body":"this may sound as though"},{"startTime":111.72,"endTime":115.605,"body":"it's going to be a"},{"startTime":111.72,"endTime":115.605,"body":"pretty bleak 40 minutes,"},{"startTime":115.605,"endTime":118.47,"body":"and so what I'm going"},{"startTime":115.605,"endTime":118.47,"body":"to encourage you to do"},{"startTime":118.47,"endTime":122.88,"body":"is to embrace the concept of memento mori,"},{"startTime":122.88,"endTime":125.79,"body":"I want you to all embrace the concept"},{"startTime":125.79,"endTime":129.42,"body":"and remember that, one day, we will die."},{"startTime":129.42,"endTime":131.6,"body":"And the reason I want"},{"startTime":129.42,"endTime":131.6,"body":"you to reflect on that"},{"startTime":131.6,"endTime":133.443,"body":"is it's only when you reflect on that"},{"startTime":133.443,"endTime":137.94,"body":"that you can consider how we should live,"},{"startTime":137.94,"endTime":139.14,"body":"and then, with a little bit,"},{"startTime":139.14,"endTime":142.2,"body":"just a tiny bit of mental gymnastics,"},{"startTime":142.2,"endTime":144.81,"body":"this doesn't need to be such a dismal,"},{"startTime":144.81,"endTime":147.12,"body":"such a worrying presentation,"},{"startTime":147.12,"endTime":149.49,"body":"because the exposome, and exposomics,"},{"startTime":149.49,"endTime":152.1,"body":"becomes a science which isn't obsessed"},{"startTime":152.1,"endTime":156.84,"body":"with identifying every individual"},{"startTime":152.1,"endTime":156.84,"body":"chemical risk and hazard"},{"startTime":156.84,"endTime":157.8,"body":"within our environment"},{"startTime":157.8,"endTime":160.29,"body":"which can cause us harm"},{"startTime":160.29,"endTime":163.11,"body":"it's actually more about identifying"},{"startTime":163.11,"endTime":167.25,"body":"what is an optimal and"},{"startTime":163.11,"endTime":167.25,"body":"equitable environment"},{"startTime":167.25,"endTime":169.14,"body":"for the population"},{"startTime":169.14,"endTime":174.14,"body":"to ensure that we live"},{"startTime":169.14,"endTime":174.14,"body":"long and healthy lives,"},{"startTime":174.72,"endTime":176.67,"body":"and that when we decline,"},{"startTime":176.67,"endTime":179.19,"body":"instead of investing huge amounts of money"},{"startTime":179.19,"endTime":182.37,"body":"in managing chronic diseases over decades,"},{"startTime":182.37,"endTime":185.73,"body":"there's money available in"},{"startTime":182.37,"endTime":185.73,"body":"our healthy age population"},{"startTime":185.73,"endTime":189.42,"body":"to actually deal with decline"},{"startTime":185.73,"endTime":189.42,"body":"and palliative care properly."},{"startTime":189.42,"endTime":192.84,"body":"This is about prevention of disease,"},{"startTime":192.84,"endTime":196.173,"body":"that's what the science is"},{"startTime":192.84,"endTime":196.173,"body":"really encouraging us to do."},{"startTime":197.79,"endTime":202.68,"body":"I can't duck dictionary definitions,"},{"startTime":202.68,"endTime":206.19,"body":"but sometimes, they don't"},{"startTime":202.68,"endTime":206.19,"body":"really help tremendously,"},{"startTime":206.19,"endTime":208.71,"body":"and I'm going to spend"},{"startTime":206.19,"endTime":208.71,"body":"some time on this one"},{"startTime":208.71,"endTime":212.64,"body":"because this is a helpful"},{"startTime":208.71,"endTime":212.64,"body":"definition of the exposome."},{"startTime":212.64,"endTime":215.07,"body":"It's taken from the 6th edition"},{"startTime":215.07,"endTime":216.69,"body":"of \"The Dictionary of Epidemiology,\""},{"startTime":216.69,"endTime":219.63,"body":"it's as good a source as any other,"},{"speaker":"but let's read it","startTime":220.463,"endTime":224.917,"body":"\"A potential measure of the"},{"speaker":"but let's read it","startTime":220.463,"endTime":224.917,"body":"effects across the life course"},{"speaker":"but let's read 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it","startTime":247.71,"endTime":249.78,"body":"chemicals in the water,"},{"speaker":"but let's read it","startTime":249.78,"endTime":251.88,"body":"chemicals within our food,"},{"speaker":"but let's read it","startTime":251.88,"endTime":254.55,"body":"but also socioeconomic conditions"},{"speaker":"but let's read it","startTime":254.55,"endTime":258.87,"body":"that causes internalized"},{"speaker":"but let's read it","startTime":254.55,"endTime":258.87,"body":"psychological stress,"},{"speaker":"but let's read it","startTime":258.87,"endTime":262.35,"body":"aspects of our lifestyle,"},{"speaker":"but let's read it","startTime":258.87,"endTime":262.35,"body":"aspects of our diet,"},{"speaker":"but let's read it","startTime":262.35,"endTime":263.52,"body":"and then, on top of that,"},{"speaker":"but let's read it","startTime":263.52,"endTime":265.08,"body":"we have endogenous processes."},{"speaker":"but let's read it","startTime":265.08,"endTime":266.61,"body":"Now look, there's a lot there,"},{"speaker":"but let's read it","startTime":266.61,"endTime":268.71,"body":"and underneath, we have this"},{"speaker":"but let's read it","startTime":266.61,"endTime":268.71,"body":"picture of the life course"},{"speaker":"but let's read it","startTime":268.71,"endTime":271.08,"body":"to illustrate that we're going"},{"speaker":"but let's read it","startTime":268.71,"endTime":271.08,"body":"to cover the whole caboodle,"},{"speaker":"but let's read it","startTime":271.08,"endTime":272.73,"body":"in a sense,"},{"speaker":"but let's read it","startTime":272.73,"endTime":276.6,"body":"but let's unpack this just a little bit."},{"speaker":"but let's read it","startTime":276.6,"endTime":278.433,"body":"Life course exposures,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":281.55,"endTime":285.54,"body":"every time we breathe, eat, drink,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":285.54,"endTime":289.47,"body":"exercise, work, shower, sleep,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":289.47,"endTime":293.31,"body":"we are exposed to"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":289.47,"endTime":293.31,"body":"cocktails and complexities"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":293.31,"endTime":296.34,"body":"of air pollutants in the air outside,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":296.34,"endTime":300.12,"body":"synthetic chemicals in our air,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":300.12,"endTime":303.24,"body":"pharmaceuticals that we take, UV, noise,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":303.24,"endTime":305.88,"body":"the clouds of microorganisms"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":303.24,"endTime":305.88,"body":"that we navigate through"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":305.88,"endTime":308.313,"body":"as we move through our daily lives."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":309.57,"endTime":310.92,"body":"And clearly,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":310.92,"endTime":315.333,"body":"those exposures are going"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":310.92,"endTime":315.333,"body":"to be highly variable,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":316.29,"endTime":320.01,"body":"not just across the period"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":316.29,"endTime":320.01,"body":"from the moment we're born"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":320.01,"endTime":321.27,"body":"until our late middle age,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":321.27,"endTime":323.25,"body":"until we become elderly,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":323.25,"endTime":324.27,"body":"to be quite frank,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":324.27,"endTime":325.74,"body":"those exposures are going to vary"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":325.74,"endTime":330.66,"body":"between Monday, Tuesday, and"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":325.74,"endTime":330.66,"body":"Wednesday of a given week,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":330.66,"endTime":334.47,"body":"and between the morning,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":330.66,"endTime":334.47,"body":"the evening, the afternoon"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":334.47,"endTime":336.72,"body":"of a given day."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":336.72,"endTime":341.72,"body":"So how on earth do we go about"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":336.72,"endTime":341.72,"body":"trying to capture the concept"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":343.71,"endTime":348.71,"body":"of the totality of exposure"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":343.71,"endTime":348.71,"body":"in the human population"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":348.87,"endTime":351.18,"body":"over that interval?"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":351.18,"endTime":352.08,"body":"And if you then just go,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":352.08,"endTime":353.31,"body":"well that sounds like a big task"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":353.31,"endTime":355.8,"body":"so let's just park that"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":353.31,"endTime":355.8,"body":"over here for a second,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":355.8,"endTime":357.09,"body":"then there's another issue, isn't there,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":357.09,"endTime":358.5,"body":"'cause the question is,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":358.5,"endTime":359.786,"body":"we want to relate that to health,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":359.786,"endTime":361.35,"body":"but what do we mean,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":361.35,"endTime":364.362,"body":"and over what interval do we mean,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":364.362,"endTime":365.94,"body":"what is going to be important?"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":365.94,"endTime":370.14,"body":"Are we really concerned"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":365.94,"endTime":370.14,"body":"about exposures in utero,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":370.14,"endTime":372.12,"body":"or in those very early years of life,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":372.12,"endTime":374.7,"body":"when organ systems are developing,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":374.7,"endTime":376.83,"body":"and therefore individuals are vulnerable?"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":376.83,"endTime":380.43,"body":"Are we really more"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":376.83,"endTime":380.43,"body":"concerned about exposures"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":380.43,"endTime":382.83,"body":"that occur as we hit our late middle age,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":382.83,"endTime":385.35,"body":"and our immune systems"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":382.83,"endTime":385.35,"body":"are slightly degraded,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":385.35,"endTime":387.27,"body":"and we're not repairing damage in our body"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":387.27,"endTime":388.74,"body":"as well as we used to?"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":388.74,"endTime":391.65,"body":"Anybody over the age of 50"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":388.74,"endTime":391.65,"body":"will know what that means."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":391.65,"endTime":395.52,"body":"Or are we really talking"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":391.65,"endTime":395.52,"body":"about the sum of exposures"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":395.52,"endTime":398.283,"body":"over the entirety of a life course?"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":399.6,"endTime":401.61,"body":"And how do you measure that?"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":401.61,"endTime":404.76,"body":"And then what on earth"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":401.61,"endTime":404.76,"body":"do you relate it to?"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":404.76,"endTime":406.41,"body":"So far, I've talked about health,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":406.41,"endTime":411.41,"body":"if you want to understand how"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":406.41,"endTime":411.41,"body":"our exposures cause disease,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":412.17,"endTime":413.58,"body":"well it's a bit late"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":413.58,"endTime":415.26,"body":"if you take an exposure"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":415.26,"endTime":417.93,"body":"and you relate it to the"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":415.26,"endTime":417.93,"body":"presence of a disease,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":417.93,"endTime":420.6,"body":"especially if that disease"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":417.93,"endTime":420.6,"body":"has killed you already."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":420.6,"endTime":424.89,"body":"You kind of want to know how"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":420.6,"endTime":424.89,"body":"those exposures contribute"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":424.89,"endTime":427.83,"body":"towards that disease"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":424.89,"endTime":427.83,"body":"developing in the first place,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":427.83,"endTime":430.44,"body":"and how that disease progresses,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":430.44,"endTime":431.88,"body":"so in a sense,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":431.88,"endTime":436.05,"body":"we want to move away from"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":431.88,"endTime":436.05,"body":"that terminal endpoint"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":436.05,"endTime":440.52,"body":"to understanding how the"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":436.05,"endTime":440.52,"body":"exposome, in its totality,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":440.52,"endTime":445.52,"body":"plays a role in driving the"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":440.52,"endTime":445.52,"body":"evolution of chronic diseases."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":446.34,"endTime":449.13,"body":"So that means we're looking"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":446.34,"endTime":449.13,"body":"for intermediate biomarkers"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":449.13,"endTime":450.0,"body":"on that path,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":450.0,"endTime":451.53,"body":"because those biomarkers, potentially,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":451.53,"endTime":454.35,"body":"will give us tools to"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":451.53,"endTime":454.35,"body":"survey the population"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":454.35,"endTime":455.64,"body":"to see how they're doing"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":455.64,"endTime":457.263,"body":"and to potentially intervene."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":458.34,"endTime":460.68,"body":"So, an example,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":460.68,"endTime":462.93,"body":"let's think of cardiovascular disease,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":462.93,"endTime":464.67,"body":"let's park cardiovascular death,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":464.67,"endTime":466.44,"body":"what we really want to know is,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":466.44,"endTime":469.38,"body":"do our chemical exposures"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":466.44,"endTime":469.38,"body":"in our environment,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":469.38,"endTime":472.59,"body":"are they linked to"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":469.38,"endTime":472.59,"body":"cholesterol in the blood,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":472.59,"endTime":475.53,"body":"are they linked to"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":472.59,"endTime":475.53,"body":"arterial plaque formation,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":475.53,"endTime":477.15,"body":"are they linked to high blood pressure,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":477.15,"endTime":478.56,"body":"are they linked to inflammation,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":478.56,"endTime":479.76,"body":"that's what we want to capture,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":479.76,"endTime":481.68,"body":"and we want to understand"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":479.76,"endTime":481.68,"body":"that relationship"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":481.68,"endTime":484.833,"body":"on that pathway to disease."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":485.708,"endTime":487.32,"body":"So that's quite a long intro,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":487.32,"endTime":489.09,"body":"and I've just really been talking about"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":489.09,"endTime":490.8,"body":"life course exposures and health,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":490.8,"endTime":492.623,"body":"and then we've got all this"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":490.8,"endTime":492.623,"body":"other stuff in orange here."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":492.623,"endTime":493.62,"body":"What do we have?"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":493.62,"endTime":497.85,"body":"We have environmental agents,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":493.62,"endTime":497.85,"body":"socioeconomic conditions,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":497.85,"endTime":499.65,"body":"lifestyle, diet, endogenous factors."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":499.65,"endTime":502.08,"body":"Okay, that's quite a lot"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":502.08,"endTime":505.26,"body":"to pile in to a consideration of health,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":505.26,"endTime":507.6,"body":"and before we even do that,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":507.6,"endTime":508.433,"body":"it should be apparent"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":508.433,"endTime":510.81,"body":"that lots of those things"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":508.433,"endTime":510.81,"body":"are going to overlap."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":510.81,"endTime":512.16,"body":"I could stand up here and say,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":512.16,"endTime":514.29,"body":"if I really wanted to study something"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":514.29,"endTime":517.786,"body":"which I know causes premature"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":514.29,"endTime":517.786,"body":"death and ill health,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":517.786,"endTime":519.453,"body":"I could study poverty."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":520.77,"endTime":522.48,"body":"If I focus on poverty,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":522.48,"endTime":525.66,"body":"that's an amalgam of a whole combination"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":525.66,"endTime":527.07,"body":"of environmental stressors"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":527.07,"endTime":528.42,"body":"which cause harm to health,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":529.32,"endTime":531.93,"body":"poor housing, pollution in the house,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":531.93,"endTime":534.54,"body":"living in poor, polluted"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":531.93,"endTime":534.54,"body":"urban environments,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":534.54,"endTime":535.74,"body":"poor diets,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":535.74,"endTime":538.89,"body":"psychological stress"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":535.74,"endTime":538.89,"body":"from struggling to get by"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":538.89,"endTime":540.12,"body":"on a daily basis,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":540.12,"endTime":541.8,"body":"all of those things compounding"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":541.8,"endTime":543.14,"body":"would contribute to those effects,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":543.14,"endTime":544.653,"body":"so how do you unpick it,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":545.67,"endTime":549.9,"body":"how do you unpick what's"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":545.67,"endTime":549.9,"body":"caused by poverty,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":549.9,"endTime":551.7,"body":"and all of those factors,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":551.7,"endTime":554.79,"body":"and the specific chemical"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":551.7,"endTime":554.79,"body":"agents within that scenario"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":554.79,"endTime":558.153,"body":"which would cause a"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":554.79,"endTime":558.153,"body":"consequence, a health effect?"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":561.33,"endTime":563.43,"body":"And then there's this,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":563.43,"endTime":564.57,"body":"because you might conclude"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":564.57,"endTime":566.19,"body":"all we're really interested in doing"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":566.19,"endTime":570.69,"body":"is measuring chemicals in the"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":566.19,"endTime":570.69,"body":"water, chemicals in the air,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":570.69,"endTime":573.33,"body":"and then relating that to health,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":573.33,"endTime":576.33,"body":"but actually, all of those"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":573.33,"endTime":576.33,"body":"things have to be internalized,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":576.33,"endTime":579.06,"body":"all of those things have to"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":576.33,"endTime":579.06,"body":"be metabolized in our body,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":579.06,"endTime":582.81,"body":"and therefore our body changes"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":579.06,"endTime":582.81,"body":"the nature of those exposures"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":582.81,"endTime":585.33,"body":"and our body responds to those exposures."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":585.33,"endTime":587.7,"body":"So we have an internal exposome"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":587.7,"endTime":590.55,"body":"which is influenced by our own metabolism,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":590.55,"endTime":595.47,"body":"our own chemical transformation"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":590.55,"endTime":595.47,"body":"of those compounds,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":595.47,"endTime":597.36,"body":"the interaction of those compounds"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":597.36,"endTime":599.55,"body":"with the bacteria in our intestines,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":599.55,"endTime":601.08,"body":"with the bacteria in our lungs,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":601.08,"endTime":601.913,"body":"all of which"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":601.913,"endTime":604.233,"body":"are going to change the"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":601.913,"endTime":604.233,"body":"nature of that exposure."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":606.09,"endTime":607.62,"body":"I think I'm doing quite well here"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":607.62,"endTime":612.62,"body":"in piling on level of complexity"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":607.62,"endTime":612.62,"body":"on level of complexity,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":612.69,"endTime":614.91,"body":"and I'm making these points now"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":614.91,"endTime":618.84,"body":"not to undermine the entire enterprise"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":618.84,"endTime":621.24,"body":"of understanding how the environment"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":621.24,"endTime":624.57,"body":"drives ill health in the population,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":624.57,"endTime":628.8,"body":"but to give you a sense of"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":624.57,"endTime":628.8,"body":"the scale of the challenge,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":628.8,"endTime":630.93,"body":"because I genuinely believe"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":630.93,"endTime":633.42,"body":"that understanding how our environment,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":633.42,"endTime":637.47,"body":"and its interaction with our"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":633.42,"endTime":637.47,"body":"underlying genetic differences,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":637.47,"endTime":640.53,"body":"interact to contribute to diseases,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":640.53,"endTime":642.99,"body":"and significant global diseases,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":642.99,"endTime":647.99,"body":"is one of the great challenges"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":642.99,"endTime":647.99,"body":"of 21st century science."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":648.0,"endTime":649.89,"body":"It's a big one,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":649.89,"endTime":653.1,"body":"a real challenge, a significant topic."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":653.1,"endTime":655.65,"body":"So, the exposome,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":655.65,"endTime":657.0,"body":"let's have some background."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":658.62,"endTime":662.61,"body":"This is a faint and misty picture,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":662.61,"endTime":663.843,"body":"cast your mind back,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":664.8,"endTime":669.33,"body":"it's prior to August, 2005,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":669.33,"endTime":672.66,"body":"and the exposome doesn't exist,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":672.66,"endTime":673.5,"body":"it's not been mentioned,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":673.5,"endTime":674.69,"body":"not in the way that I'm talking about"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":674.69,"endTime":675.75,"body":"at the present moment in time,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":675.75,"endTime":680.13,"body":"not in this comprehensive,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":675.75,"endTime":680.13,"body":"total life course concept"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":680.13,"endTime":682.323,"body":"of exposures to multiple things."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":683.82,"endTime":686.58,"body":"It's not that we didn't appreciate"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":686.58,"endTime":690.84,"body":"that chemicals can cause harm,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":690.84,"endTime":693.0,"body":"we have an occupational literature"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":693.0,"endTime":695.85,"body":"on metal fumes, on chemical vapors,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":695.85,"endTime":697.86,"body":"on particles and fibers,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":697.86,"endTime":700.5,"body":"and we know, and we've"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":697.86,"endTime":700.5,"body":"known for a very long time"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":700.5,"endTime":702.87,"body":"that those chemical exposures cause harm,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":702.87,"endTime":706.68,"body":"are associated with a range"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":702.87,"endTime":706.68,"body":"of disease presentations."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":706.68,"endTime":708.33,"body":"In fact, we can say that we've known that"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":708.33,"endTime":709.74,"body":"for quite a long time,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":709.74,"endTime":713.16,"body":"the father of modern toxicology,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":713.16,"endTime":715.83,"body":"Paracelsus, as he christened himself,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":715.83,"endTime":719.61,"body":"wrote his first treatise"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":715.83,"endTime":719.61,"body":"on the diseases of miners,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":719.61,"endTime":722.19,"body":"you can imagine the miner"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":719.61,"endTime":722.19,"body":"is technically exposed"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":722.19,"endTime":725.1,"body":"to a mining exposome, if you like,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":725.1,"endTime":727.293,"body":"in 1533."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":728.43,"endTime":729.57,"body":"So we know that,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":729.57,"endTime":730.403,"body":"and let's face it,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":730.403,"endTime":733.683,"body":"we knew from probably the 1950s"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":733.683,"endTime":735.48,"body":"that air pollution kills people,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":735.48,"endTime":738.24,"body":"both in the short-term and the long-term,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":738.24,"endTime":740.73,"body":"and in terms of cancer"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":740.73,"endTime":742.86,"body":"and chemically-induced carcinogenesis,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":742.86,"endTime":744.15,"body":"we know the pathways,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":744.15,"endTime":746.7,"body":"we know what makes those"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":744.15,"endTime":746.7,"body":"chemicals carcinogenic,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":746.7,"endTime":750.24,"body":"we know the processes by"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":746.7,"endTime":750.24,"body":"which they cause DNA damage,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":750.24,"endTime":751.41,"body":"we knew the processes"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":751.41,"endTime":754.38,"body":"by which they could"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":751.41,"endTime":754.38,"body":"promote tumor development,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":754.38,"endTime":755.22,"body":"all of that was known,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":755.22,"endTime":756.96,"body":"we had good biomarkers,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":756.96,"endTime":759.06,"body":"so we're not starting"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":756.96,"endTime":759.06,"body":"from ground zero here,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":759.06,"endTime":762.27,"body":"so the exposome's clearly"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":759.06,"endTime":762.27,"body":"something slightly different"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":762.27,"endTime":766.05,"body":"from all of that prior knowledge."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":766.05,"endTime":769.92,"body":"But the reason that I"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":766.05,"endTime":769.92,"body":"have the exposome here,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":769.92,"endTime":771.18,"body":"and I've knocked back"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":771.18,"endTime":774.75,"body":"that discussion of environmental factors,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":774.75,"endTime":779.64,"body":"is because in the late"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":774.75,"endTime":779.64,"body":"'90s, into the 2000s,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":779.64,"endTime":782.193,"body":"the environment wasn't"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":779.64,"endTime":782.193,"body":"where the action was,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":783.24,"endTime":786.42,"body":"the action was in genomics,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":786.42,"endTime":791.42,"body":"it was the golden age of"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":786.42,"endTime":791.42,"body":"the genomic revolution."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":791.46,"endTime":793.92,"body":"And I think people genuinely believed"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":793.92,"endTime":798.51,"body":"that once we understood the"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":793.92,"endTime":798.51,"body":"variations in the human genome,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":798.51,"endTime":799.41,"body":"we would have a key"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":799.41,"endTime":803.64,"body":"which would unlock our"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":799.41,"endTime":803.64,"body":"understanding of diseases."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":803.64,"endTime":808.23,"body":"So if we cast our mind back"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":803.64,"endTime":808.23,"body":"to the Human Genome Project,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":808.23,"endTime":812.997,"body":"it starts in America in around 1990,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":812.997,"endTime":814.5,"body":"and by 2000,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":814.5,"endTime":815.91,"body":"they have a preliminary draft,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":815.91,"endTime":818.61,"body":"so we have our two chief architects here,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":818.61,"endTime":821.91,"body":"we have Francis Collins and Craig Venter,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":821.91,"endTime":823.29,"body":"representing the government"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":823.29,"endTime":825.84,"body":"and the independent business"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":823.29,"endTime":825.84,"body":"community's collaboration"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":825.84,"endTime":827.07,"body":"on this project,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":827.07,"endTime":830.4,"body":"and they have a draft of the human genome."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":830.4,"endTime":832.35,"body":"And by 2001,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":832.35,"endTime":834.66,"body":"it's published for the first time,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":834.66,"endTime":838.477,"body":"it appears in our most"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":834.66,"endTime":838.477,"body":"famous scientific journals,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":838.477,"endTime":840.417,"body":"\"Science\" and \"Nature,\""},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":841.47,"endTime":843.54,"body":"not complete, but complete enough,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":843.54,"endTime":845.1,"body":"it takes 'til 2003"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":845.1,"endTime":848.82,"body":"to get a much more complete"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":845.1,"endTime":848.82,"body":"version of the human genome,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":848.82,"endTime":852.72,"body":"and then now we're in the"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":848.82,"endTime":852.72,"body":"post, potentially, genomic era,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":852.72,"endTime":854.52,"body":"and the game changes slightly."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":854.52,"endTime":855.42,"body":"We're less interested"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":855.42,"endTime":857.76,"body":"with the sequence of the"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":855.42,"endTime":857.76,"body":"human genome as an average,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":857.76,"endTime":859.98,"body":"we're more interested in how it varies"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":859.98,"endTime":862.72,"body":"across individuals and across populations,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":862.72,"endTime":866.49,"body":"we're become interested"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":862.72,"endTime":866.49,"body":"in subtle variations"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":866.49,"endTime":870.29,"body":"in the genetic code, SNPs."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":870.29,"endTime":872.46,"body":"It doesn't stand for the"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":870.29,"endTime":872.46,"body":"Scottish National Party,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":872.46,"endTime":875.82,"body":"it stands for single"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":872.46,"endTime":875.82,"body":"nucleotide polymorphisms,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":875.82,"endTime":878.13,"body":"these variations in the gene"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":878.13,"endTime":880.443,"body":"which affect our genotype."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":881.49,"endTime":882.66,"body":"And by identifying these,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":882.66,"endTime":885.09,"body":"by sequencing large populations,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":885.09,"endTime":886.68,"body":"we can begin to ask the question,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":886.68,"endTime":890.46,"body":"how do genetic variations"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":886.68,"endTime":890.46,"body":"relate to disease traits,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":890.46,"endTime":893.733,"body":"in genome-wide association studies."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":897.03,"endTime":898.47,"body":"The next figure,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":898.47,"endTime":899.303,"body":"and I know it's going"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":898.47,"endTime":899.303,"body":"to be very difficult,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":899.303,"endTime":902.67,"body":"so I will describe it"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":899.303,"endTime":902.67,"body":"to you in great detail,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":902.67,"endTime":904.53,"body":"is probably the figure"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":904.53,"endTime":908.64,"body":"which is most used in every"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":904.53,"endTime":908.64,"body":"talk which has ever been given"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":908.64,"endTime":910.26,"body":"on the exposome."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":910.26,"endTime":911.89,"body":"And actually, what it shows"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":912.75,"endTime":916.05,"body":"is a series of traits."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":916.05,"endTime":917.4,"body":"So here we have things like,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":917.4,"endTime":920.43,"body":"at the bottom, we have"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":917.4,"endTime":920.43,"body":"eye color, hair curliness,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":920.43,"endTime":922.893,"body":"but in here, also, we have diseases,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":924.48,"endTime":927.0,"body":"stroke, cardiovascular disease,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":927.0,"endTime":929.34,"body":"chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":929.34,"endTime":931.65,"body":"we even have a whole range of cancers,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":931.65,"endTime":933.99,"body":"lung cancer, colon cancer, bladder cancer,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":933.99,"endTime":936.42,"body":"stomach cancer, for example."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":936.42,"endTime":939.87,"body":"And what this axis is showing us here"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":939.87,"endTime":942.51,"body":"is the percentage of that trait"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":942.51,"endTime":945.936,"body":"which can be explained by the"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":942.51,"endTime":945.936,"body":"underlying genetic variation."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":945.936,"endTime":948.09,"body":"And for some of them, it's a lot,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":948.09,"endTime":949.74,"body":"eye color, definitely,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":949.74,"endTime":952.23,"body":"type 1 diabetes, clearly,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":952.23,"endTime":955.41,"body":"your genetics are largely"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":952.23,"endTime":955.41,"body":"driving those effects,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":955.41,"endTime":956.94,"body":"but let's go up this list,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":956.94,"endTime":958.98,"body":"if this is going from 0% to 100%,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":958.98,"endTime":959.813,"body":"we get to about here,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":959.813,"endTime":961.053,"body":"and suddenly, we're beginning to see"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":961.053,"endTime":963.647,"body":"that the genetics is"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":961.053,"endTime":963.647,"body":"explaining less than 50%,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":963.647,"endTime":965.31,"body":"and we go up to here to cancers"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":965.31,"endTime":966.84,"body":"and we can see it's explaining"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":966.84,"endTime":970.62,"body":"maybe 5%, 10%, 2% of the variation."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":970.62,"endTime":975.62,"body":"So the genetics isn't"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":970.62,"endTime":975.62,"body":"explaining all of this effect,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":976.38,"endTime":980.37,"body":"we have this blue, amorphous"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":976.38,"endTime":980.37,"body":"area of, what is it,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":980.37,"endTime":983.343,"body":"and what it is is the environment."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":984.54,"endTime":987.03,"body":"This is an indication"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":987.03,"endTime":990.75,"body":"that it's not simply genes alone,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":990.75,"endTime":994.983,"body":"it is the gene and the"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":990.75,"endTime":994.983,"body":"environment interaction."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1000.89,"endTime":1003.11,"body":"That's an interesting starting point,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1003.11,"endTime":1004.22,"body":"it's strange, in a sense,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1004.22,"endTime":1007.18,"body":"that this wasn't flagged up"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1004.22,"endTime":1007.18,"body":"in a big way to begin with"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1007.18,"endTime":1009.05,"body":"in a talk about exactly why that happens,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1009.05,"endTime":1011.06,"body":"but at this point in time,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1011.06,"endTime":1012.35,"body":"gene-environment interactions,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1012.35,"endTime":1015.38,"body":"it's not that people don't"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1012.35,"endTime":1015.38,"body":"appreciate they're important,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1015.38,"endTime":1016.79,"body":"it's simply that, at this time,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1016.79,"endTime":1020.27,"body":"the G for Genomics is a capital G,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1020.27,"endTime":1023.18,"body":"and understanding environmental triggers"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1023.18,"endTime":1024.74,"body":"is a very small e"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1024.74,"endTime":1027.17,"body":"in terms of of the investment"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1027.17,"endTime":1030.383,"body":"and the level of interest"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1027.17,"endTime":1030.383,"body":"within the research community."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1032.54,"endTime":1033.68,"body":"A lot of these diseases"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1033.68,"endTime":1038.45,"body":"are what we call"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1033.68,"endTime":1038.45,"body":"non-communicable diseases,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1038.45,"endTime":1042.023,"body":"and they really, really matter."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1042.95,"endTime":1043.853,"body":"So let's begin."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1045.56,"endTime":1047.36,"body":"This is just a figure to give you a sense,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1047.36,"endTime":1050.81,"body":"it's taken from 2016."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1050.81,"endTime":1052.88,"body":"In 2016,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1052.88,"endTime":1054.71,"body":"non-communicable diseases"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1054.71,"endTime":1059.71,"body":"were responsible for 41"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1054.71,"endTime":1059.71,"body":"million deaths globally."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1061.46,"endTime":1064.193,"body":"There are four major causes,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1065.21,"endTime":1068.51,"body":"the largest, of course,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1065.21,"endTime":1068.51,"body":"is cardiovascular disease,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1068.51,"endTime":1069.98,"body":"but here we can see cancer,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1069.98,"endTime":1071.33,"body":"respiratory diseases,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1071.33,"endTime":1072.68,"body":"when you have respiratory diseases here,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1072.68,"endTime":1073.97,"body":"it's normally talking about"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1073.97,"endTime":1075.74,"body":"chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1075.74,"endTime":1078.53,"body":"bronchitis, emphysema type presentations,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1078.53,"endTime":1079.37,"body":"we have diabetes,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1079.37,"endTime":1080.54,"body":"and then we have other NCDs,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1080.54,"endTime":1083.693,"body":"which really is heavily"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1080.54,"endTime":1083.693,"body":"dominated by dementia."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1085.19,"endTime":1089.153,"body":"These diseases are a huge global burden,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1090.08,"endTime":1092.81,"body":"and we know that most of that burden"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1092.81,"endTime":1096.293,"body":"is caused by the environment."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1097.73,"endTime":1099.68,"body":"Now, it's not a completely"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1097.73,"endTime":1099.68,"body":"blank slate, is it,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1099.68,"endTime":1102.56,"body":"because we could put our hands up and say,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1102.56,"endTime":1105.2,"body":"hang on, isn't this caused"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1102.56,"endTime":1105.2,"body":"by cigarette smoking,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1105.2,"endTime":1107.54,"body":"isn't this caused by unhealthy diets"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1107.54,"endTime":1109.13,"body":"and a lack of exercise,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1109.13,"endTime":1112.01,"body":"we could all come out"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1109.13,"endTime":1112.01,"body":"with the lifestyle reasons"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1112.01,"endTime":1114.26,"body":"for why we may see these increases,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1114.26,"endTime":1117.47,"body":"but it's not all of the effect,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1117.47,"endTime":1121.43,"body":"and that's kind of why"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1117.47,"endTime":1121.43,"body":"we need to understand"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1121.43,"endTime":1124.76,"body":"how the environment is"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1121.43,"endTime":1124.76,"body":"actually contributing"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1124.76,"endTime":1126.71,"body":"towards these effects,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1126.71,"endTime":1127.85,"body":"and there are other reasons,"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1127.85,"endTime":1130.76,"body":"other reasons to consider"},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1127.85,"endTime":1130.76,"body":"this in great detail."},{"speaker":"let's think about that","startTime":1130.76,"endTime":1134.03,"body":"Some of this is really self-evident,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1137.36,"endTime":1141.29,"body":"these diseases are diseases of age."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1141.29,"endTime":1142.37,"body":"What this graph shows"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1142.37,"endTime":1144.34,"body":"is how cancers, cardiovascular disease,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1144.34,"endTime":1145.82,"body":"respiratory diseases"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1145.82,"endTime":1148.34,"body":"all increase in the population"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1148.34,"endTime":1151.76,"body":"as the population ages,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1151.76,"endTime":1154.19,"body":"and that is important"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1154.19,"endTime":1158.93,"body":"because we have an aging population,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1158.93,"endTime":1160.73,"body":"not just in the United Kingdom and Europe,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1160.73,"endTime":1162.11,"body":"but globally,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1162.11,"endTime":1163.52,"body":"we have an aging population."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1163.52,"endTime":1166.04,"body":"As the population ages, therefore,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1166.04,"endTime":1168.92,"body":"we're going to see more of these diseases,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1168.92,"endTime":1170.483,"body":"not fewer of them."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1172.13,"endTime":1177.13,"body":"If we look at the global"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1172.13,"endTime":1177.13,"body":"predictions for the population"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1178.01,"endTime":1179.39,"body":"as we go from 1950,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1179.39,"endTime":1180.223,"body":"so these are historic,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1180.223,"endTime":1182.813,"body":"all the way to 2100,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1183.8,"endTime":1187.07,"body":"we can see not only the"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1183.8,"endTime":1187.07,"body":"expansion of the population,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1187.07,"endTime":1189.92,"body":"but the fattening of this distribution,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1189.92,"endTime":1194.92,"body":"meaning we have more and"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1189.92,"endTime":1194.92,"body":"more individuals of age."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1194.99,"endTime":1197.87,"body":"So if we have an epidemic,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1197.87,"endTime":1199.22,"body":"some people would describe it,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1199.22,"endTime":1201.32,"body":"of non-communicable disease,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1201.32,"endTime":1203.75,"body":"it's a problem which"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1201.32,"endTime":1203.75,"body":"is going to get bigger"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1203.75,"endTime":1205.88,"body":"over the next 50 years,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1205.88,"endTime":1209.33,"body":"it's not a problem which"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1205.88,"endTime":1209.33,"body":"is going to get smaller,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1209.33,"endTime":1213.08,"body":"so we definitely need to understand this."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1213.08,"endTime":1214.61,"body":"And what does that mean?"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1214.61,"endTime":1215.87,"body":"Well of course, it's fattening,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1215.87,"endTime":1218.57,"body":"we have many more elderly individuals,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1218.57,"endTime":1219.403,"body":"but actually,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1219.403,"endTime":1221.96,"body":"it means the population"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1219.403,"endTime":1221.96,"body":"of vulnerable individuals"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1221.96,"endTime":1225.56,"body":"is increasing across the board,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1225.56,"endTime":1226.79,"body":"children,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1226.79,"endTime":1230.42,"body":"I've included individuals"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1226.79,"endTime":1230.42,"body":"of reproductive age,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1230.42,"endTime":1233.12,"body":"I think some people sometimes forget"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1233.12,"endTime":1234.74,"body":"that people of reproductive age"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1234.74,"endTime":1237.89,"body":"should probably be in a vulnerable group"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1237.89,"endTime":1240.113,"body":"in terms of environmental exposures."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1241.04,"endTime":1244.643,"body":"So it's a big problem."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1245.87,"endTime":1247.763,"body":"But that's the global picture,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1248.6,"endTime":1251.363,"body":"how about in the United Kingdom?"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1252.95,"endTime":1256.07,"body":"This feeds backs to the"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1252.95,"endTime":1256.07,"body":"discussion I had about poverty,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1256.07,"endTime":1256.903,"body":"and how poverty"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1256.903,"endTime":1261.38,"body":"captures a whole host of"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1256.903,"endTime":1261.38,"body":"different environmental exposures,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1261.38,"endTime":1265.52,"body":"and what we have here"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1261.38,"endTime":1265.52,"body":"are data from the ONS"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1265.52,"endTime":1267.26,"body":"looking at life expectancy,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1267.26,"endTime":1268.093,"body":"and what they've done"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1268.093,"endTime":1271.01,"body":"is they've taken the bottom 10%,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1271.01,"endTime":1273.53,"body":"the poorest 10% of the United Kingdom,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1273.53,"endTime":1274.363,"body":"and they've compared them"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1274.363,"endTime":1278.72,"body":"against the wealthiest"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1274.363,"endTime":1278.72,"body":"10% of the population."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1278.72,"endTime":1281.12,"body":"And if you look at a male,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1281.12,"endTime":1283.04,"body":"on average,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1283.04,"endTime":1287.993,"body":"there's a 9.4 year difference"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1283.04,"endTime":1287.993,"body":"in life expectancy."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1290.0,"endTime":1291.5,"body":"If you look at females,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1291.5,"endTime":1293.903,"body":"it's 7.7 years."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1295.34,"endTime":1300.34,"body":"That's the cost of not"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1295.34,"endTime":1300.34,"body":"understanding the exposome,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1300.62,"endTime":1302.033,"body":"which is many things,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1302.9,"endTime":1304.63,"body":"but it's all captured here."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1304.63,"endTime":1306.83,"body":"If that figure is interesting,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1306.83,"endTime":1309.38,"body":"we can then begin to unpick a little bit,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1309.38,"endTime":1311.33,"body":"because within here"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1311.33,"endTime":1312.53,"body":"we have another,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1312.53,"endTime":1314.753,"body":"I think even more important figure,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1315.83,"endTime":1317.06,"body":"because, actually,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1317.06,"endTime":1320.0,"body":"it's not the amount of life you have,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1320.0,"endTime":1322.88,"body":"it's the health you"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1320.0,"endTime":1322.88,"body":"have when you're alive,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1322.88,"endTime":1324.26,"body":"and another way of looking at this"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1324.26,"endTime":1328.22,"body":"is the years of healthy life,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1328.22,"endTime":1332.33,"body":"the years of life which"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1328.22,"endTime":1332.33,"body":"are disability-free,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1332.33,"endTime":1336.023,"body":"and then the figures are,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1332.33,"endTime":1336.023,"body":"I think, jaw-dropping."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1337.7,"endTime":1340.013,"body":"For women,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1341.12,"endTime":1344.84,"body":"in the deprived areas versus"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1341.12,"endTime":1344.84,"body":"the most affluent areas,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1344.84,"endTime":1349.493,"body":"the difference is 19.3 years,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1350.57,"endTime":1352.64,"body":"for men, 18.5,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1352.64,"endTime":1355.313,"body":"now, in the United Kingdom."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1356.36,"endTime":1359.663,"body":"I find that a remarkable statistic."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1362.81,"endTime":1364.793,"body":"And what's explaining the difference?"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1365.72,"endTime":1369.533,"body":"Non-communicable disease risk."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1370.43,"endTime":1375.08,"body":"Again, the orange bars"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1370.43,"endTime":1375.08,"body":"are the most deprived 10%,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1375.08,"endTime":1379.25,"body":"the teal colored bars are"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1375.08,"endTime":1379.25,"body":"the most affluent 10%,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1379.25,"endTime":1382.7,"body":"and what we're looking at is"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1379.25,"endTime":1382.7,"body":"age-standardized mortality rate"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1382.7,"endTime":1384.74,"body":"per 100,000 individuals"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1384.74,"endTime":1388.58,"body":"for cancer, circulatory"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1384.74,"endTime":1388.58,"body":"disease, cardiovascular disease,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1388.58,"endTime":1391.01,"body":"dementia, in its broadest sense,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1391.01,"endTime":1393.02,"body":"and respiratory disease."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1393.02,"endTime":1395.353,"body":"And look at respiratory disease,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1395.353,"endTime":1400.263,"body":"it's over twice, it's a"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1395.353,"endTime":1400.263,"body":"doubling of that effect."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1401.66,"endTime":1403.85,"body":"I picked those years deliberately"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1403.85,"endTime":1407.483,"body":"so we weren't considering the"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1403.85,"endTime":1407.483,"body":"additional impact of COVID,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1409.04,"endTime":1412.253,"body":"so this is the effect beyond that."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1417.56,"endTime":1419.66,"body":"Hopefully, I've made a case"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1419.66,"endTime":1421.88,"body":"for why we should study NCDs,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1421.88,"endTime":1424.91,"body":"and why we should consider"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1421.88,"endTime":1424.91,"body":"them in the United Kingdom,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1424.91,"endTime":1428.72,"body":"and why understanding what"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1424.91,"endTime":1428.72,"body":"causes them is important."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1428.72,"endTime":1430.64,"body":"Now I'm going to throw"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1428.72,"endTime":1430.64,"body":"in a few other things"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1430.64,"endTime":1435.05,"body":"to demonstrate that the"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1430.64,"endTime":1435.05,"body":"nature of our exposures"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1435.05,"endTime":1439.22,"body":"have changed more in the last 150 years"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1439.22,"endTime":1440.87,"body":"than we could ever have imagined."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1442.04,"endTime":1445.43,"body":"There have been significant"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1442.04,"endTime":1445.43,"body":"changes globally,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1445.43,"endTime":1450.43,"body":"more people have moved from"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1445.43,"endTime":1450.43,"body":"rural communities into cities."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1451.73,"endTime":1453.65,"body":"In 2007,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1453.65,"endTime":1456.47,"body":"for the first time in human history,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1456.47,"endTime":1458.51,"body":"more people lived in cities"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1458.51,"endTime":1461.78,"body":"than in the countryside globally,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1461.78,"endTime":1463.313,"body":"and by 2050,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1464.63,"endTime":1469.63,"body":"it's estimated that 2/3"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1464.63,"endTime":1469.63,"body":"of the global population,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1470.39,"endTime":1472.52,"body":"7 billion individuals,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1472.52,"endTime":1474.923,"body":"will live in cities,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1475.88,"endTime":1476.99,"body":"and that transition"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1476.99,"endTime":1480.29,"body":"from a rural way of life to a city,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1480.29,"endTime":1482.21,"body":"with most of this occurring"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1482.21,"endTime":1484.4,"body":"in low and middle income countries,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1484.4,"endTime":1486.59,"body":"is going to change completely the nature"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1486.59,"endTime":1489.23,"body":"of the chemical exposures"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1486.59,"endTime":1489.23,"body":"you're going to experience."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1489.23,"endTime":1491.03,"body":"And I've illustrated that here,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1491.03,"endTime":1492.53,"body":"this is a map simply"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1492.53,"endTime":1495.163,"body":"where the height of these"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1492.53,"endTime":1495.163,"body":"tall sort-of skyscrapers"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1495.163,"endTime":1498.26,"body":"represent population density,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1498.26,"endTime":1500.18,"body":"and you can see the mega-cities,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1500.18,"endTime":1502.88,"body":"particularly the emerging"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1500.18,"endTime":1502.88,"body":"mega-cities in Africa"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1502.88,"endTime":1506.18,"body":"and the mega-cities across"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1502.88,"endTime":1506.18,"body":"Southeast Asia and Central Asia,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1506.18,"endTime":1508.18,"body":"just how these populations are shifting."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1509.12,"endTime":1512.75,"body":"So that's a big general"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1509.12,"endTime":1512.75,"body":"change in exposome,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1512.75,"endTime":1515.63,"body":"country to city."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1515.63,"endTime":1518.66,"body":"And there's another"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1515.63,"endTime":1518.66,"body":"thing which has changed,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1518.66,"endTime":1523.66,"body":"and that's the nature of"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1518.66,"endTime":1523.66,"body":"our chemical environment."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1524.21,"endTime":1526.22,"body":"Now, I pulled these figures out this week,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1526.22,"endTime":1528.686,"body":"so these figures are"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1526.22,"endTime":1528.686,"body":"really very, very current,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1528.686,"endTime":1531.473,"body":"and I'm always surprised"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1528.686,"endTime":1531.473,"body":"when I review them."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1533.33,"endTime":1534.65,"body":"We had an industrial revolution,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1534.65,"endTime":1537.08,"body":"we also had a chemical revolution,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1537.08,"endTime":1539.9,"body":"and since the 1800s,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1539.9,"endTime":1542.39,"body":"we have effectively produced"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1542.39,"endTime":1547.22,"body":"over 200 million new chemical entities,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1547.22,"endTime":1550.97,"body":"over a relatively small"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1547.22,"endTime":1550.97,"body":"period of human history."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1550.97,"endTime":1553.4,"body":"This isn't something we can evolve with,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1553.4,"endTime":1556.133,"body":"this is an explosion of new chemistry."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1557.27,"endTime":1560.15,"body":"If we simply focus, okay,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1560.15,"endTime":1564.74,"body":"on the chemicals which are"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1560.15,"endTime":1564.74,"body":"licensed for use today,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1564.74,"endTime":1565.573,"body":"there are,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1565.573,"endTime":1570.08,"body":"and I can precisely say this, 359,206"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1570.08,"endTime":1573.863,"body":"as of today, at this"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1570.08,"endTime":1573.863,"body":"recording period, fine."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1576.26,"endTime":1579.11,"body":"We have an organization"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1576.26,"endTime":1579.11,"body":"in the United Kingdom,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1579.11,"endTime":1580.61,"body":"it's known as REACH."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1580.61,"endTime":1582.02,"body":"REACH stands,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1582.02,"endTime":1583.01,"body":"and I'm going to have look at this,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1583.01,"endTime":1585.44,"body":"I always get REACH mixed up"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1583.01,"endTime":1585.44,"body":"when I'm going through this,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1585.44,"endTime":1587.78,"body":"so let me just have a quick look,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1587.78,"endTime":1588.95,"body":"REACH is our"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1588.95,"endTime":1591.44,"body":"Registration, Evaluation, Authorization"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1591.44,"endTime":1593.483,"body":"and Restrictions of Chemicals body."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1594.41,"endTime":1597.833,"body":"It checks that chemicals are safe."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1599.0,"endTime":1602.27,"body":"It's tested 7% of those chemicals"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1602.27,"endTime":1605.213,"body":"which are available and in widespread use."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1606.56,"endTime":1611.27,"body":"So the chemosphere is there,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1611.27,"endTime":1613.13,"body":"we're surrounded by it,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1613.13,"endTime":1614.15,"body":"most of it,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1614.15,"endTime":1616.4,"body":"we are sitting with our fingers crossed,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1616.4,"endTime":1619.55,"body":"hoping it's not harmful, being optimistic,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1619.55,"endTime":1621.05,"body":"because, quite frankly,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1621.05,"endTime":1623.24,"body":"the people who study chemical toxicity"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1623.24,"endTime":1626.57,"body":"cannot keep pace with"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1623.24,"endTime":1626.57,"body":"the new chemical entities"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1626.57,"endTime":1627.74,"body":"which are being produced"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1627.74,"endTime":1630.11,"body":"and entered into our environment."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1630.11,"endTime":1631.61,"body":"And now I'm going to"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1630.11,"endTime":1631.61,"body":"just make it a bit worse"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1631.61,"endTime":1633.17,"body":"by saying that's the tip of the iceberg,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1633.17,"endTime":1634.88,"body":"'cause those are just the actual chemicals"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1634.88,"endTime":1636.38,"body":"when they're made,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1636.38,"endTime":1638.3,"body":"but if those chemicals go through us,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1638.3,"endTime":1640.01,"body":"or through livestock and animals,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1640.01,"endTime":1643.04,"body":"our body will change them through"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1640.01,"endTime":1643.04,"body":"our xenobiotic metabolism,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1643.04,"endTime":1645.05,"body":"there'll be new chemicals"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1643.04,"endTime":1645.05,"body":"which will emerge,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1645.05,"endTime":1646.49,"body":"and they will enter our environment,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1646.49,"endTime":1648.32,"body":"into our soil, into our rivers,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1648.32,"endTime":1651.83,"body":"where they will be modified"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1648.32,"endTime":1651.83,"body":"by abiotic processes,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1651.83,"endTime":1653.24,"body":"processes not to do with life,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1653.24,"endTime":1654.95,"body":"sunlight, oxidation,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1654.95,"endTime":1657.92,"body":"but they will also be processed"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1654.95,"endTime":1657.92,"body":"through the microbiota,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1657.92,"endTime":1660.26,"body":"the bacteria and the fungi"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1657.92,"endTime":1660.26,"body":"within our environment,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1660.26,"endTime":1664.283,"body":"to create a multitude of new"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1660.26,"endTime":1664.283,"body":"compounds unknown to man."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1665.69,"endTime":1667.52,"body":"So a lot has changed,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1667.52,"endTime":1672.38,"body":"we are surrounded by an entirely"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1667.52,"endTime":1672.38,"body":"new chemical environment."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1672.38,"endTime":1673.37,"body":"And when I talk about this,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1673.37,"endTime":1676.22,"body":"we're talking about the"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1673.37,"endTime":1676.22,"body":"usual suspects, aren't we,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1676.22,"endTime":1679.61,"body":"pesticides, plasticizers,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1676.22,"endTime":1679.61,"body":"phthalates, heavy metals,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1679.61,"endTime":1680.51,"body":"pick your favorites,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1680.51,"endTime":1683.93,"body":"I'll say micro-plastics just"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1680.51,"endTime":1683.93,"body":"to keep some people happy,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1683.93,"endTime":1684.95,"body":"some nano-particles,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1684.95,"endTime":1686.0,"body":"we could do that as well,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1686.0,"endTime":1687.35,"body":"pharmaceuticals,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1687.35,"endTime":1690.14,"body":"this is our chemical reality."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1690.14,"endTime":1691.44,"body":"All of this is background,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1692.66,"endTime":1694.523,"body":"and it's background to this."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1696.56,"endTime":1697.52,"body":"Hopefully, I've made a case"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1697.52,"endTime":1699.53,"body":"that we should probably spend some time"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1699.53,"endTime":1703.55,"body":"understanding how the environment"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1699.53,"endTime":1703.55,"body":"impacts on our health,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1703.55,"endTime":1704.383,"body":"and as I said,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1704.383,"endTime":1708.233,"body":"there wasn't the exposome"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1704.383,"endTime":1708.233,"body":"prior to August, 2005,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1709.61,"endTime":1711.77,"body":"and then there was the exposome,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1711.77,"endTime":1713.3,"body":"in this editorial,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1713.3,"endTime":1717.23,"body":"published in \"Cancer Epidemiology"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1713.3,"endTime":1717.23,"body":"Biomarkers and Prevention\""},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1717.23,"endTime":1721.223,"body":"in 2005, by Christopher Wild."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1722.51,"endTime":1724.1,"body":"And it's an editorial,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1724.1,"endTime":1727.79,"body":"and it's really incredibly"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1724.1,"endTime":1727.79,"body":"important editorial,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1727.79,"endTime":1729.41,"body":"because all he simply does"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1729.41,"endTime":1733.54,"body":"is make the case for an equal investment"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1733.54,"endTime":1734.99,"body":"in understanding"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1734.99,"endTime":1738.74,"body":"how the environment"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1734.99,"endTime":1738.74,"body":"contributes to chronic disease"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1738.74,"endTime":1740.54,"body":"relative to the investment"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1740.54,"endTime":1744.32,"body":"in the underlying genetic"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1740.54,"endTime":1744.32,"body":"causes of disease."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1744.32,"endTime":1745.94,"body":"And he's motivated to do this"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1745.94,"endTime":1748.28,"body":"because there are lots of things going on,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1748.28,"endTime":1749.113,"body":"which means that,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1749.113,"endTime":1750.98,"body":"potentially for the first time,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1750.98,"endTime":1753.323,"body":"we could do this in a substantial way."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1754.58,"endTime":1758.12,"body":"The first of this is to do with genomics."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1758.12,"endTime":1763.12,"body":"Large numbers of individual"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1758.12,"endTime":1763.12,"body":"genomes are being sequenced,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1763.73,"endTime":1765.71,"body":"so we know more about genetic variation"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1765.71,"endTime":1767.453,"body":"than we've ever known before."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1768.35,"endTime":1773.15,"body":"We also have very, very large"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1768.35,"endTime":1773.15,"body":"new cohorts of human subjects"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1773.15,"endTime":1773.983,"body":"being generated,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1773.983,"endTime":1777.32,"body":"so these are research studies"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1777.32,"endTime":1780.29,"body":"which recruit large numbers"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1777.32,"endTime":1780.29,"body":"of individuals into them,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1780.29,"endTime":1782.81,"body":"and those individuals are being genotyped,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1782.81,"endTime":1785.69,"body":"there's linkage to their health record,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1785.69,"endTime":1787.43,"body":"and there are the provision,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1787.43,"endTime":1789.02,"body":"I mean we call them bio-samples,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1789.02,"endTime":1789.95,"body":"but actually, usually,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1789.95,"endTime":1792.17,"body":"we mean blood and urine samples,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1792.17,"endTime":1794.3,"body":"taken from those individuals, stored,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1794.3,"endTime":1797.003,"body":"so people can do chemical analysis."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1799.88,"endTime":1802.16,"body":"We also have new technologies,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1802.16,"endTime":1804.98,"body":"we talked about it when I was introduced,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1804.98,"endTime":1806.81,"body":"we can now, at this point,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1806.81,"endTime":1807.89,"body":"look at the expression"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1807.89,"endTime":1810.2,"body":"of every one of the genes simultaneously"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1810.2,"endTime":1811.49,"body":"within the human genome"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1811.49,"endTime":1814.1,"body":"using the technology of transcriptomics,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1814.1,"endTime":1816.92,"body":"we can look at the expression"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1814.1,"endTime":1816.92,"body":"of all the proteins"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1816.92,"endTime":1821.6,"body":"in a cell in the blood, proteomics,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1821.6,"endTime":1823.49,"body":"we can look at the metabolites"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1823.49,"endTime":1824.75,"body":"in our blood and in our urine,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1824.75,"endTime":1828.14,"body":"reflecting the total biochemistry"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1824.75,"endTime":1828.14,"body":"of the whole organism"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1828.14,"endTime":1831.32,"body":"by a process called metabolomics,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1831.32,"endTime":1832.31,"body":"which allows us, now,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1832.31,"endTime":1835.16,"body":"to be able to look at individuals,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1835.16,"endTime":1836.39,"body":"look at what they're exposed to,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1836.39,"endTime":1837.83,"body":"and look at the underlying chemistry"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1837.83,"endTime":1840.62,"body":"which is occurring in their body."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1840.62,"endTime":1842.3,"body":"But there's another"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1840.62,"endTime":1842.3,"body":"thing which is happening"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1842.3,"endTime":1844.19,"body":"which is incredibly important,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1844.19,"endTime":1845.81,"body":"and that is,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1845.81,"endTime":1847.67,"body":"none of this is easy."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1847.67,"endTime":1850.31,"body":"If you want to do a"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1847.67,"endTime":1850.31,"body":"gene-environment interaction study,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1850.31,"endTime":1851.57,"body":"it's very difficult to do it"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1851.57,"endTime":1852.56,"body":"unless you have"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1852.56,"endTime":1856.46,"body":"tens or hundreds of"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1852.56,"endTime":1856.46,"body":"thousands of individuals."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1856.46,"endTime":1859.73,"body":"If you're then looking"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1856.46,"endTime":1859.73,"body":"at genetic variation,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1859.73,"endTime":1863.06,"body":"if you're then looking at"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1859.73,"endTime":1863.06,"body":"every transcript in the genome,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1863.06,"endTime":1866.72,"body":"every protein, every metabolite,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1866.72,"endTime":1867.62,"body":"well, do you know what?"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1867.62,"endTime":1869.99,"body":"This is the definition of big data,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1869.99,"endTime":1872.36,"body":"you need brand new computing resources,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1872.36,"endTime":1874.13,"body":"you need new statistical tools,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1874.13,"endTime":1875.36,"body":"you need bioinformatics,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1875.36,"endTime":1876.59,"body":"or you ain't going anywhere,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1876.59,"endTime":1878.09,"body":"you're just collecting a mass of data"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1878.09,"endTime":1879.68,"body":"you'll never be able to analyze,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1879.68,"endTime":1883.013,"body":"And it's at this point"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1879.68,"endTime":1883.013,"body":"that it all coalesces."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1884.06,"endTime":1886.16,"body":"This paper, and I reread"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1884.06,"endTime":1886.16,"body":"it in great detail"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1886.16,"endTime":1887.87,"body":"in preparing for this lecture,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1887.87,"endTime":1889.22,"body":"I'd have to say,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1889.22,"endTime":1891.14,"body":"you read it, it's still current,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1891.14,"endTime":1892.97,"body":"it's still prescient,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1892.97,"endTime":1895.67,"body":"and so what's absolutely remarkable"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1895.67,"endTime":1899.78,"body":"is that this went without a trace."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1899.78,"endTime":1901.343,"body":"There was no fanfare,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1902.51,"endTime":1906.563,"body":"for five years, it"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1902.51,"endTime":1906.563,"body":"barely registered a dot,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1907.67,"endTime":1910.733,"body":"it really didn't change"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1907.67,"endTime":1910.733,"body":"anything very much,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1912.14,"endTime":1914.813,"body":"until 2010."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1916.76,"endTime":1921.76,"body":"And this the point in which"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1916.76,"endTime":1921.76,"body":"it begins to accelerate away,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1923.36,"endTime":1924.193,"body":"and as always,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1924.193,"endTime":1927.44,"body":"it accelerates because"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1924.193,"endTime":1927.44,"body":"it gets talked about"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1927.44,"endTime":1930.74,"body":"in a more prestigious journal,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1930.74,"endTime":1933.95,"body":"more people see it, more"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1930.74,"endTime":1933.95,"body":"people respond to it."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1933.95,"endTime":1935.33,"body":"And this is another editorial,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1935.33,"endTime":1937.49,"body":"so this starts with"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1935.33,"endTime":1937.49,"body":"people just pontificating,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1937.49,"endTime":1940.1,"body":"but this is published in 2010,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1940.1,"endTime":1943.82,"body":"the two lead authors"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1940.1,"endTime":1943.82,"body":"play an incredible role"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1943.82,"endTime":1944.93,"body":"in kicking this field forward,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1944.93,"endTime":1947.09,"body":"Steve Rappaport and Martyn Smith,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1947.09,"endTime":1950.9,"body":"both at the University of"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1947.09,"endTime":1950.9,"body":"California in Berkeley."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1950.9,"endTime":1952.64,"body":"And they, in this editorial,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1952.64,"endTime":1955.13,"body":"didn't say we need to do this,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1955.13,"endTime":1956.48,"body":"what they did is they said"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1956.48,"endTime":1959.57,"body":"this is how it should be done."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1959.57,"endTime":1963.35,"body":"And they proposed two strategies,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1963.35,"endTime":1966.59,"body":"one which is defined as bottom-up,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1966.59,"endTime":1967.49,"body":"and the other one,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1967.49,"endTime":1969.953,"body":"which is called top-down,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1970.85,"endTime":1972.5,"body":"and they're really quite simple."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1972.5,"endTime":1975.74,"body":"One of them are measurements"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1972.5,"endTime":1975.74,"body":"seeking a disease,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1975.74,"endTime":1979.79,"body":"and one of them is"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1975.74,"endTime":1979.79,"body":"diseases, seeking a cause."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1979.79,"endTime":1984.2,"body":"So in the bottom-up approach,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1984.2,"endTime":1986.63,"body":"you attempt to measure"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1984.2,"endTime":1986.63,"body":"all of the chemicals"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1986.63,"endTime":1988.19,"body":"within the environment,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1988.19,"endTime":1990.62,"body":"within the air, within the water,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1990.62,"endTime":1993.32,"body":"and then you try to relate"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1990.62,"endTime":1993.32,"body":"it to disease presentations"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1993.32,"endTime":1995.003,"body":"to see if there are associations."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1996.11,"endTime":1999.47,"body":"In the top-down approach,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":1999.47,"endTime":2002.29,"body":"you usually start with a disease group,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2002.29,"endTime":2004.18,"body":"and you get a blood sample,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2004.18,"endTime":2006.34,"body":"and you get a urine sample,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2006.34,"endTime":2008.38,"body":"and then you analyze it"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2008.38,"endTime":2012.763,"body":"for practically everything you"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2008.38,"endTime":2012.763,"body":"can see within that sample."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2015.16,"endTime":2017.05,"body":"You can be a bit more focused,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2017.05,"endTime":2018.88,"body":"so if we have a range of exposures here,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2018.88,"endTime":2021.1,"body":"we've got radiation, stress,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2018.88,"endTime":2021.1,"body":"lifestyle, infections,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2021.1,"endTime":2022.24,"body":"and so forth,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2022.24,"endTime":2023.5,"body":"you can take the exposome,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2023.5,"endTime":2025.18,"body":"all of that stuff in environment,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2025.18,"endTime":2027.34,"body":"but you can actually focus"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2025.18,"endTime":2027.34,"body":"down your considerations"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2027.34,"endTime":2028.51,"body":"in that biological sample"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2028.51,"endTime":2031.3,"body":"on things which you know"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2028.51,"endTime":2031.3,"body":"are potentially important,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2031.3,"endTime":2033.22,"body":"xenobiotics, heavy metals, for example."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2033.22,"endTime":2034.053,"body":"And you can also,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2034.053,"endTime":2035.11,"body":"at the same time"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2035.11,"endTime":2037.48,"body":"that you're measuring"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2035.11,"endTime":2037.48,"body":"chemicals in the blood,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2037.48,"endTime":2038.313,"body":"by definition,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2038.313,"endTime":2040.15,"body":"what falls out of those analyses"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2040.15,"endTime":2043.21,"body":"are biomarkers of how the"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2040.15,"endTime":2043.21,"body":"individual is responding:"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2043.21,"endTime":2045.97,"body":"is there damage, is there organ damage,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2045.97,"endTime":2047.95,"body":"is there inflammation."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2047.95,"endTime":2051.34,"body":"So you automatically have a disease,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2051.34,"endTime":2053.38,"body":"measurements of the diversity of chemistry"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2053.38,"endTime":2055.66,"body":"that you can see within"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2053.38,"endTime":2055.66,"body":"the blood or the urine,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2055.66,"endTime":2059.35,"body":"and you have a biological"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2055.66,"endTime":2059.35,"body":"response signal within that."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2059.35,"endTime":2061.72,"body":"Now, that sounds like it's crazy,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2061.72,"endTime":2064.0,"body":"can you imagine how"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2061.72,"endTime":2064.0,"body":"difficult that would be?"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2064.0,"endTime":2065.35,"body":"But I'm going to tell you now"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2065.35,"endTime":2069.58,"body":"that the National Phenome Centre"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2065.35,"endTime":2069.58,"body":"within the United Kingdom,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2069.58,"endTime":2074.44,"body":"the US National Environmental"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2069.58,"endTime":2074.44,"body":"Health Sciences,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2074.44,"endTime":2075.64,"body":"have methodologies now"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2075.64,"endTime":2077.02,"body":"where you can take blood,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2077.02,"endTime":2078.46,"body":"and you can measure tens of thousands"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2078.46,"endTime":2080.5,"body":"of individual chemicals"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2078.46,"endTime":2080.5,"body":"in them simultaneously,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2080.5,"endTime":2082.48,"body":"well validated, well purified,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2082.48,"endTime":2085.18,"body":"by proton NMR to look at structures,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2085.18,"endTime":2087.883,"body":"or by techniques such a mass spectroscopy."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2088.72,"endTime":2091.96,"body":"The technology is there to do this,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2091.96,"endTime":2094.18,"body":"this is live,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2094.18,"endTime":2096.463,"body":"for the first time, it can be done."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2099.67,"endTime":2102.79,"body":"Here, I just really wanted to"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2099.67,"endTime":2102.79,"body":"illustrate it a bit more here"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2102.79,"endTime":2104.02,"body":"and just give you a bit of a flavor."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2104.02,"endTime":2104.92,"body":"This is the concept,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2104.92,"endTime":2106.33,"body":"here we have our life course,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2106.33,"endTime":2108.82,"body":"from tomb to not quite womb,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2108.82,"endTime":2110.5,"body":"but assuredly heading in"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2108.82,"endTime":2110.5,"body":"the general direction,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2110.5,"endTime":2111.97,"body":"head down, certainly,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2111.97,"endTime":2115.18,"body":"and here we have our bottom-up approach,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2115.18,"endTime":2117.55,"body":"and here we have measurements of stress,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2117.55,"endTime":2121.27,"body":"diet, pollution, chemicals,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2121.27,"endTime":2123.01,"body":"a whole host of things we can look at here"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2123.01,"endTime":2126.913,"body":"and relate to the health"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2123.01,"endTime":2126.913,"body":"of that general population."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2127.87,"endTime":2128.703,"body":"And over here,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2128.703,"endTime":2131.8,"body":"we have a disease and a biological sample,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2131.8,"endTime":2133.0,"body":"and in that biological sample,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2133.0,"endTime":2135.54,"body":"we can measure transcriptomics,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2135.54,"endTime":2137.44,"body":"we can look at proteomics,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2137.44,"endTime":2139.15,"body":"we can look at a whole host of things,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2139.15,"endTime":2141.79,"body":"including biomarkers which"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2139.15,"endTime":2141.79,"body":"we know may be important"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2141.79,"endTime":2143.38,"body":"in the disease."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2143.38,"endTime":2145.303,"body":"Now, when all this started,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2147.4,"endTime":2149.5,"body":"people would look at that blood sample"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2149.5,"endTime":2151.693,"body":"and they would potentially"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2149.5,"endTime":2151.693,"body":"do transcriptomes,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2151.693,"endTime":2155.11,"body":"proteomes, metabolome,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2151.693,"endTime":2155.11,"body":"all of that variation,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2155.11,"endTime":2156.82,"body":"even something known as the epigenome,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2156.82,"endTime":2159.52,"body":"which is essentially"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2156.82,"endTime":2159.52,"body":"modifications to your DNA"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2159.52,"endTime":2162.64,"body":"which affect the way in which"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2159.52,"endTime":2162.64,"body":"it's expressed in the body,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2162.64,"endTime":2165.1,"body":"and they would do these one at a time"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2165.1,"endTime":2167.32,"body":"because doing them one at a time"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2167.32,"endTime":2170.323,"body":"is one hell of an"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2167.32,"endTime":2170.323,"body":"undertaking statistically,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2170.323,"endTime":2172.09,"body":"bioinformatically,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2172.09,"endTime":2173.23,"body":"but now, increasingly,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2173.23,"endTime":2176.83,"body":"they're doing them all simultaneously."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2176.83,"endTime":2177.91,"body":"And what I have down here"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2177.91,"endTime":2180.91,"body":"looks like a piece of"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2177.91,"endTime":2180.91,"body":"modern art in a sense,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2180.91,"endTime":2183.16,"body":"and many of these papers"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2180.91,"endTime":2183.16,"body":"do look like modern art,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2183.16,"endTime":2185.2,"body":"but they take all of the data,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2185.2,"endTime":2187.873,"body":"and then they see how"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2185.2,"endTime":2187.873,"body":"it clusters together."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2188.89,"endTime":2189.88,"body":"And what you're looking for"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2189.88,"endTime":2193.39,"body":"is coherence between the"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2189.88,"endTime":2193.39,"body":"transcriptome, and the proteome,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2193.39,"endTime":2196.15,"body":"and also seeing how your disease,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2196.15,"endTime":2198.34,"body":"and the chemical exposures"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2198.34,"endTime":2200.56,"body":"map onto those clusters"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2200.56,"endTime":2201.79,"body":"to try to learn something"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2201.79,"endTime":2204.973,"body":"about the causation of that disease."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2209.05,"endTime":2214.05,"body":"Those methods are often"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2209.05,"endTime":2214.05,"body":"described as being agnostic,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2214.39,"endTime":2215.86,"body":"a strange word,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2215.86,"endTime":2218.02,"body":"it means that you do the study"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2218.02,"endTime":2218.853,"body":"and you're blind,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2218.853,"endTime":2220.75,"body":"it's observational,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2220.75,"endTime":2222.79,"body":"you see what you see."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2222.79,"endTime":2226.84,"body":"You can describe as being"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2222.79,"endTime":2226.84,"body":"hypothesis-generating"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2226.84,"endTime":2229.813,"body":"not hypothesis-led."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2230.86,"endTime":2234.79,"body":"But that doesn't actually"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2230.86,"endTime":2234.79,"body":"need to be the case,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2234.79,"endTime":2237.67,"body":"and there are halfway"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2234.79,"endTime":2237.67,"body":"houses which are very useful"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2237.67,"endTime":2238.84,"body":"because they allow you"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2238.84,"endTime":2242.14,"body":"to get over some of the"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2238.84,"endTime":2242.14,"body":"statistical problems"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2242.14,"endTime":2246.343,"body":"with handling such difficult"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2242.14,"endTime":2246.343,"body":"and large datasets."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2247.18,"endTime":2249.43,"body":"Science works by probability,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2249.43,"endTime":2250.57,"body":"we often say,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2250.57,"endTime":2253.15,"body":"are we certain we would"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2250.57,"endTime":2253.15,"body":"see this 95% of the time"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2253.15,"endTime":2254.5,"body":"versus 5% of the time?"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2254.5,"endTime":2255.55,"body":"Well, if you look at 100 things,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2255.55,"endTime":2257.77,"body":"you see five things by chance."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2257.77,"endTime":2259.39,"body":"If you look at 100,000 things,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2259.39,"endTime":2260.68,"body":"if you look at 200,000 things,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2260.68,"endTime":2263.35,"body":"how many random observations do you get?"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2263.35,"endTime":2266.47,"body":"So you really have to"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2263.35,"endTime":2266.47,"body":"try to be parsimonious"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2266.47,"endTime":2268.51,"body":"with how you look at this data."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2268.51,"endTime":2270.01,"body":"And there is maybe a framework"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2270.01,"endTime":2272.41,"body":"by which we can actually"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2270.01,"endTime":2272.41,"body":"use prior knowledge,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2272.41,"endTime":2273.82,"body":"and I'm a great advocate of this."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2273.82,"endTime":2275.68,"body":"I don't think we should have a new science"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2275.68,"endTime":2279.28,"body":"and forget that there are 200"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2275.68,"endTime":2279.28,"body":"years of toxicology before it,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2279.28,"endTime":2280.54,"body":"or that we actually understand"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2280.54,"endTime":2281.95,"body":"some of the fundamental mechanisms"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2281.95,"endTime":2285.16,"body":"by which diseases are"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2281.95,"endTime":2285.16,"body":"presented and they evolve."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2285.16,"endTime":2287.68,"body":"And we can learn from"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2285.16,"endTime":2287.68,"body":"this kind of pathway,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2287.68,"endTime":2290.35,"body":"and it's known as an"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2287.68,"endTime":2290.35,"body":"adverse outcome pathway,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2290.35,"endTime":2292.9,"body":"and the prototypical one"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2290.35,"endTime":2292.9,"body":"here is to do with cancer."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2294.28,"endTime":2297.85,"body":"We know what the key"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2294.28,"endTime":2297.85,"body":"characteristics of carcinogens are,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2297.85,"endTime":2299.98,"body":"we know they're typically electrophiles,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2299.98,"endTime":2301.75,"body":"or they are metabolized to electrophiles,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2301.75,"endTime":2302.86,"body":"which will bind to DNA,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2302.86,"endTime":2304.21,"body":"and it will cause damage,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2304.21,"endTime":2305.86,"body":"and it will impair DNA repair,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2305.86,"endTime":2308.05,"body":"we know lots about them."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2308.05,"endTime":2310.42,"body":"We know the hallmarks of cancer"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2310.42,"endTime":2313.99,"body":"which contribute in the disease"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2310.42,"endTime":2313.99,"body":"pathway to cancer evolution,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2313.99,"endTime":2316.57,"body":"they are things like evading death,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2316.57,"endTime":2321.28,"body":"being super proliferative,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2316.57,"endTime":2321.28,"body":"stimulating angiogenesis,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2321.28,"endTime":2324.16,"body":"we know that these are"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2321.28,"endTime":2324.16,"body":"processes which have to occur,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2324.16,"endTime":2326.98,"body":"and we know that the end"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2324.16,"endTime":2326.98,"body":"product of those things"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2326.98,"endTime":2330.1,"body":"is the presentation of an overt cancer."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2330.1,"endTime":2334.69,"body":"That trigger, the"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2330.1,"endTime":2334.69,"body":"molecular initiating event,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2334.69,"endTime":2337.66,"body":"the key events between that and disease,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2337.66,"endTime":2340.36,"body":"with these relationships here,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2340.36,"endTime":2343.57,"body":"can be mapped to other diseases"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2343.57,"endTime":2345.1,"body":"to give a structure"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2345.1,"endTime":2349.363,"body":"in how we interpret these"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2345.1,"endTime":2349.363,"body":"very large exposomic studies."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2352.09,"endTime":2356.23,"body":"Fortunately, just over a year ago,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2356.23,"endTime":2357.97,"body":"this paper was published,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2357.97,"endTime":2361.33,"body":"and it's incredible timely,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2361.33,"endTime":2362.32,"body":"because it allow us"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2362.32,"endTime":2366.22,"body":"to fill in those adverse outcome pathways"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2366.22,"endTime":2368.56,"body":"for environmental agents."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2368.56,"endTime":2372.31,"body":"It was published by three"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2368.56,"endTime":2372.31,"body":"superstars of the field,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2372.31,"endTime":2376.23,"body":"Annette Peters, Tim Nawrot,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2372.31,"endTime":2376.23,"body":"and Andrea Baccarelli,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2378.01,"endTime":2379.36,"body":"and essentially, what it does"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2379.36,"endTime":2381.52,"body":"is it talks about what the hallmarks,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2381.52,"endTime":2382.78,"body":"what are the mechanisms"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2382.78,"endTime":2384.34,"body":"by which environmental factors"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2384.34,"endTime":2386.26,"body":"are likely to perturb a system"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2386.26,"endTime":2389.083,"body":"which is likely to bring"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2386.26,"endTime":2389.083,"body":"about a health endpoint."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2390.04,"endTime":2390.873,"body":"And some of them,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2390.873,"endTime":2393.39,"body":"if you're an old scientist like me,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2393.39,"endTime":2394.6,"body":"I would have said,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2394.6,"endTime":2396.07,"body":"yeah, knew that."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2396.07,"endTime":2397.63,"body":"Do they cause oxidative stress?"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2397.63,"endTime":2399.49,"body":"I think people know what"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2397.63,"endTime":2399.49,"body":"oxidative stress is,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2399.49,"endTime":2402.25,"body":"too many dangerous oxidations in the body"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2402.25,"endTime":2404.62,"body":"overwhelming our anti-ox defenses,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2404.62,"endTime":2407.86,"body":"and associated with that,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2404.62,"endTime":2407.86,"body":"do you get inflammation?"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2407.86,"endTime":2410.403,"body":"Can you show mutations, is it genotoxic?"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2410.403,"endTime":2412.51,"body":"Then we have epigenetic alterations,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2412.51,"endTime":2414.7,"body":"does it change the expression of our DNA,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2414.7,"endTime":2417.25,"body":"mitochondrial dysfunction,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2414.7,"endTime":2417.25,"body":"endocrine disruption,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2417.25,"endTime":2420.1,"body":"altered cell communication,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2417.25,"endTime":2420.1,"body":"altered microbial communities,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2420.1,"endTime":2421.48,"body":"impaired nervous system."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2421.48,"endTime":2423.013,"body":"These were their hallmarks."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2424.21,"endTime":2425.683,"body":"Now, when I read them,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2426.94,"endTime":2429.583,"body":"one thing immediately jumped out at me,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2430.682,"endTime":2431.65,"body":"in that many of these things"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2431.65,"endTime":2433.303,"body":"are associated with aging."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2436.39,"endTime":2437.223,"body":"So we can go through here"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2437.223,"endTime":2440.44,"body":"and we can pick many aging-related things,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2440.44,"endTime":2441.546,"body":"including oxidative stress,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2441.546,"endTime":2442.379,"body":"and of course we know"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2442.379,"endTime":2445.54,"body":"that NCDs are associated"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2442.379,"endTime":2445.54,"body":"with aging itself,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2445.54,"endTime":2448.87,"body":"and it immediately suggests, therefore,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2448.87,"endTime":2452.02,"body":"that accelerating aging itself"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2452.02,"endTime":2454.24,"body":"might be a biological pathway"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2454.24,"endTime":2458.323,"body":"by which our environment"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2454.24,"endTime":2458.323,"body":"causes us to develop NCDs."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2459.19,"endTime":2463.9,"body":"So, trying to turn this"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2459.19,"endTime":2463.9,"body":"into a good metaphor,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2463.9,"endTime":2467.83,"body":"imagine you're a 53"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2463.9,"endTime":2467.83,"body":"year-old, jaded biochemist,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2467.83,"endTime":2471.55,"body":"who's happened to have lived"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2467.83,"endTime":2471.55,"body":"in Central London for 25 years,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2471.55,"endTime":2475.0,"body":"I may be, chronologically, a 53 year-old,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2475.0,"endTime":2476.86,"body":"I suspect my cardiovascular system"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2476.86,"endTime":2478.84,"body":"is probably around 60 years old"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2478.84,"endTime":2481.57,"body":"because of the nature"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2478.84,"endTime":2481.57,"body":"of the urban environment"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2481.57,"endTime":2483.94,"body":"and the exposures that"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2481.57,"endTime":2483.94,"body":"I've been exposed to,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2483.94,"endTime":2486.91,"body":"plus the fact I don't"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2483.94,"endTime":2486.91,"body":"get to do much exercise,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2486.91,"endTime":2489.58,"body":"and I probably don't have the"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2486.91,"endTime":2489.58,"body":"best diet in the entire world,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2489.58,"endTime":2491.38,"body":"so there you go."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2491.38,"endTime":2493.6,"body":"Do the combination of all these exposures"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2493.6,"endTime":2496.933,"body":"drive forward all of these effects?"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2498.4,"endTime":2499.39,"body":"And once you accept that,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2499.39,"endTime":2501.52,"body":"you can begin to look in"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2499.39,"endTime":2501.52,"body":"different organ systems,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2501.52,"endTime":2502.48,"body":"and begin to think about"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2502.48,"endTime":2504.82,"body":"what your intermediate biomarkers"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2504.82,"endTime":2507.22,"body":"on that causal pathway"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2504.82,"endTime":2507.22,"body":"between exposure and disease"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2507.22,"endTime":2508.36,"body":"might look like."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2508.36,"endTime":2509.193,"body":"In the heart,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2509.193,"endTime":2510.76,"body":"we may be looking for"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2509.193,"endTime":2510.76,"body":"cell death, inflammation,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2510.76,"endTime":2512.68,"body":"again, mitochondrial dysfunction,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2512.68,"endTime":2513.513,"body":"in the lung,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2513.513,"endTime":2515.2,"body":"we're looking at inflammation, cell death,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2515.2,"endTime":2516.67,"body":"epigenetic changes,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2516.67,"endTime":2518.74,"body":"changes in immunomodulation of the airway,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2518.74,"endTime":2522.07,"body":"so we can being to actually"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2518.74,"endTime":2522.07,"body":"flesh this out a little bit."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2522.07,"endTime":2524.95,"body":"Now, all of that sounds very persuasive,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2524.95,"endTime":2526.0,"body":"but there are complexities,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2526.0,"endTime":2528.25,"body":"and I thought I'd pick an"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2526.0,"endTime":2528.25,"body":"example to try to unpick this,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2528.25,"endTime":2530.017,"body":"to try to show you how"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2528.25,"endTime":2530.017,"body":"difficult it would be."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2530.017,"endTime":2532.81,"body":"And so I'm going to do an"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2530.017,"endTime":2532.81,"body":"adverse outcome pathway,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2532.81,"endTime":2534.55,"body":"and I want to focus on NO2,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2534.55,"endTime":2537.19,"body":"and I picked it deliberately"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2534.55,"endTime":2537.19,"body":"because you're all here,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2537.19,"endTime":2538.48,"body":"which means that, arriving here,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2538.48,"endTime":2539.32,"body":"you've already breathed"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2539.32,"endTime":2542.2,"body":"a huge, unhealthy level"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2539.32,"endTime":2542.2,"body":"of nitrogen dioxide"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2542.2,"endTime":2543.94,"body":"just as you walked along Chancery Lane,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2543.94,"endTime":2545.71,"body":"that's just life."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2545.71,"endTime":2547.78,"body":"So here we have NO2,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2547.78,"endTime":2549.28,"body":"and let's assume, over here,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2549.28,"endTime":2550.66,"body":"we have an acute endpoint,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2550.66,"endTime":2552.25,"body":"and this is important because, so far,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2552.25,"endTime":2553.15,"body":"I've talked about NCDs,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2553.15,"endTime":2556.15,"body":"and that's long-term"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2553.15,"endTime":2556.15,"body":"consequences of exposure,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2556.15,"endTime":2557.62,"body":"and actually, lots of toxicology"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2557.62,"endTime":2560.07,"body":"really focuses on what"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2557.62,"endTime":2560.07,"body":"happens in the short-term."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2561.4,"endTime":2562.33,"body":"Here we have NO2,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2562.33,"endTime":2563.5,"body":"it's a strong oxidant,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2563.5,"endTime":2565.81,"body":"it's a strong nitrating agent,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2565.81,"endTime":2570.04,"body":"so its molecular initiating"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2565.81,"endTime":2570.04,"body":"event is oxidation,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2570.04,"endTime":2573.1,"body":"driving, if you like, inflammation."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2573.1,"endTime":2574.78,"body":"But we're all different,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2574.78,"endTime":2577.27,"body":"and so the way we absorb NO2,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2577.27,"endTime":2580.15,"body":"the way in which the products"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2577.27,"endTime":2580.15,"body":"of NO2 oxidation in our body"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2580.15,"endTime":2581.32,"body":"are distributed,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2581.32,"endTime":2583.27,"body":"the way they're metabolized"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2581.32,"endTime":2583.27,"body":"and potentially eliminated"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2583.27,"endTime":2585.07,"body":"are going to vary for all of us,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2585.07,"endTime":2587.77,"body":"that would be some"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2585.07,"endTime":2587.77,"body":"underlying genetic variation."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2587.77,"endTime":2590.14,"body":"But ultimately, we get an acute endpoint,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2590.14,"endTime":2591.76,"body":"and in NO2,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2591.76,"endTime":2594.07,"body":"these are usually exacerbations"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2591.76,"endTime":2594.07,"body":"of preexisting disease,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2594.07,"endTime":2596.293,"body":"such as an asthma"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2594.07,"endTime":2596.293,"body":"exacerbation, for example."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2598.45,"endTime":2602.497,"body":"But we breathe this every single day,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2602.497,"endTime":2604.57,"body":"and so, actually, it's not a single day,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2604.57,"endTime":2609.57,"body":"it's a persistent irritation"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2604.57,"endTime":2609.57,"body":"over a long period of time."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2610.45,"endTime":2613.54,"body":"And the molecular initiating"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2610.45,"endTime":2613.54,"body":"event's not going to change,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2613.54,"endTime":2617.44,"body":"it's going to still be an"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2613.54,"endTime":2617.44,"body":"oxidizing and nitrating agent,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2617.44,"endTime":2619.27,"body":"but that constant irritation"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2619.27,"endTime":2622.363,"body":"is going to cause the"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2619.27,"endTime":2622.363,"body":"airway to subtly adapt,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2623.29,"endTime":2625.57,"body":"we're going to have airway remodeling,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2625.57,"endTime":2626.86,"body":"and associated with that,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2626.86,"endTime":2629.29,"body":"we'll have a loss of immune function,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2629.29,"endTime":2631.123,"body":"we'll have changes in lung volume."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2632.499,"endTime":2634.9,"body":"But again, what we're"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2632.499,"endTime":2634.9,"body":"looking at is persistent,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2634.9,"endTime":2639.703,"body":"so the actual pathway and the"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2634.9,"endTime":2639.703,"body":"endpoints begin to change."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2641.74,"endTime":2644.38,"body":"But it's more complicated than that again,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2644.38,"endTime":2647.26,"body":"'cause nobody just breathes NO2"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2647.26,"endTime":2649.84,"body":"as you're walking along Chancery Lane,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2649.84,"endTime":2652.21,"body":"you're breathing NO2 and the particles"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2652.21,"endTime":2654.25,"body":"coming from the exhausts"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2652.21,"endTime":2654.25,"body":"of the diesel buses"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2654.25,"endTime":2655.9,"body":"and the diesel gases,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2655.9,"endTime":2658.0,"body":"and they go up and down together"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2658.0,"endTime":2659.26,"body":"'cause they've got a common source,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2659.26,"endTime":2660.91,"body":"so they're very difficult to disentangle"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2660.91,"endTime":2662.26,"body":"from a health point of view,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2662.26,"endTime":2664.75,"body":"and that sits within a"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2662.26,"endTime":2664.75,"body":"cloud of other components"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2664.75,"endTime":2665.98,"body":"within the particles in the air"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2665.98,"endTime":2668.77,"body":"which are formed by secondary"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2665.98,"endTime":2668.77,"body":"processes in the atmosphere,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2668.77,"endTime":2671.95,"body":"secondary inorganic,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2668.77,"endTime":2671.95,"body":"secondary organic materials."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2671.95,"endTime":2674.08,"body":"And so, in reality,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2674.08,"endTime":2677.593,"body":"what we have over the"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2674.08,"endTime":2677.593,"body":"long-term is kind of a storm,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2678.55,"endTime":2680.47,"body":"multiple agents,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2680.47,"endTime":2684.07,"body":"each with variable"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2680.47,"endTime":2684.07,"body":"molecular initiating events,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2684.07,"endTime":2687.04,"body":"all handled differently"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2684.07,"endTime":2687.04,"body":"by the tissue in the body"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2687.04,"endTime":2688.68,"body":"in terms of their"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2687.04,"endTime":2688.68,"body":"absorption, distribution,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2688.68,"endTime":2691.87,"body":"metabolism, and elimination,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2691.87,"endTime":2696.19,"body":"and all of them acting"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2691.87,"endTime":2696.19,"body":"concertedly over numerous ways"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2696.19,"endTime":2698.65,"body":"to bring about their health effects."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2698.65,"endTime":2700.06,"body":"So that might be quite daunting,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2700.06,"endTime":2701.41,"body":"I'm going to say, really,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2701.41,"endTime":2702.85,"body":"you could have lots of question marks"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2702.85,"endTime":2705.64,"body":"about the combined mixture effect,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2705.64,"endTime":2707.5,"body":"but there are some commonalities"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2707.5,"endTime":2710.833,"body":"which map back to those hallmarks"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2707.5,"endTime":2710.833,"body":"of environmental disease:"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2711.79,"endTime":2714.01,"body":"you always get oxidative stress,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2714.01,"endTime":2716.41,"body":"you always get inflammation,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2716.41,"endTime":2719.14,"body":"you always get tissue damage."},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2719.14,"endTime":2722.83,"body":"And I can illustrate how this"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2719.14,"endTime":2722.83,"body":"can be stitched together,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2722.83,"endTime":2725.83,"body":"using the exposome concept,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2725.83,"endTime":2728.92,"body":"with reference to one of the studies"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2728.92,"endTime":2730.81,"body":"which was recently performed,"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2730.81,"endTime":2734.473,"body":"which adopts a process"},{"speaker":"but I'm going to say it anyway","startTime":2730.81,"endTime":2734.473,"body":"called meet in the middle."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2738.52,"endTime":2741.7,"body":"if I know that A causes B,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2741.7,"endTime":2743.56,"body":"if I know that an environmental exposure"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2743.56,"endTime":2746.65,"body":"causes a disease, great."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2746.65,"endTime":2749.71,"body":"If there are samples from that population"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2749.71,"endTime":2752.26,"body":"before those individuals got the disease,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2752.26,"endTime":2755.11,"body":"and I can relate the"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2752.26,"endTime":2755.11,"body":"environmental exposure"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2755.11,"endTime":2757.03,"body":"to changes in those samples"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2757.03,"endTime":2759.007,"body":"before they have disease,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2759.007,"endTime":2760.75,"body":"and those changes I identify"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2760.75,"endTime":2762.04,"body":"can then be mapped"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2762.04,"endTime":2764.59,"body":"to the disease they"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2762.04,"endTime":2764.59,"body":"subsequently presented,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2764.59,"endTime":2766.78,"body":"I can triangulate,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2766.78,"endTime":2768.913,"body":"and that gives me a causal chain."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2769.87,"endTime":2771.97,"body":"This is a study which was conducted"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2771.97,"endTime":2776.97,"body":"on a small subset of individuals"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2771.97,"endTime":2776.97,"body":"within a large cohort"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2777.01,"endTime":2779.2,"body":"known as EPIC, in Italy,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2779.2,"endTime":2780.07,"body":"and in this study,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2780.07,"endTime":2782.53,"body":"they had already"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2780.07,"endTime":2782.53,"body":"demonstrated, very strongly,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2782.53,"endTime":2783.85,"body":"that air pollution exposures,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2783.85,"endTime":2786.49,"body":"to NO2, PM2.5, and PM10,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2786.49,"endTime":2790.393,"body":"was associated with a risk of"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2786.49,"endTime":2790.393,"body":"cardiovascular heart disease."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2791.98,"endTime":2793.48,"body":"But they had plasma samples"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2793.48,"endTime":2796.36,"body":"stored in one of those"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2793.48,"endTime":2796.36,"body":"bio-banks in a big cohort,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2796.36,"endTime":2797.5,"body":"from 17 years"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2797.5,"endTime":2799.807,"body":"before the earliest presentation"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2797.5,"endTime":2799.807,"body":"of cardiovascular disease,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2799.807,"endTime":2801.97,"body":"and so they were able to go back"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2801.97,"endTime":2805.12,"body":"and analyze that plasma with proteomics"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2805.12,"endTime":2806.83,"body":"to look at all the proteins,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2806.83,"endTime":2807.85,"body":"and isolate DNA"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2807.85,"endTime":2810.16,"body":"and look at changes in"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2807.85,"endTime":2810.16,"body":"the methylation status"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2810.16,"endTime":2814.09,"body":"to see if any of the genes"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2810.16,"endTime":2814.09,"body":"and pathways were perturbed."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2814.09,"endTime":2814.923,"body":"And when they did that,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2814.923,"endTime":2816.52,"body":"they found that air pollution"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2816.52,"endTime":2820.06,"body":"was associated with changes in"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2816.52,"endTime":2820.06,"body":"the expression of a cytokine"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2820.06,"endTime":2822.58,"body":"which drives very aggressive inflammation"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2822.58,"endTime":2824.89,"body":"known as interleukin 17,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2824.89,"endTime":2827.44,"body":"and that there are changes in pathways,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2827.44,"endTime":2829.39,"body":"which could be seen through methylation,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2829.39,"endTime":2834.39,"body":"to do with oxidative stress"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2829.39,"endTime":2834.39,"body":"and antioxidant responses."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2835.72,"endTime":2838.45,"body":"And certainly, interleukin"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2835.72,"endTime":2838.45,"body":"17 and oxidative stress,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2838.45,"endTime":2839.68,"body":"if you looked at them in isolation"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2839.68,"endTime":2842.53,"body":"in the individuals who had"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2839.68,"endTime":2842.53,"body":"cardiovascular disease,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2842.53,"endTime":2844.69,"body":"were significantly associated,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2844.69,"endTime":2846.61,"body":"so you get a loop."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2846.61,"endTime":2849.76,"body":"Air pollution causes"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2846.61,"endTime":2849.76,"body":"cardiovascular disease,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2849.76,"endTime":2852.43,"body":"the roots of cardiovascular"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2849.76,"endTime":2852.43,"body":"disease in that group"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2852.43,"endTime":2853.72,"body":"are caused by air pollution"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2853.72,"endTime":2856.78,"body":"causing oxidative stress and"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2853.72,"endTime":2856.78,"body":"inflammation over many years"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2856.78,"endTime":2858.43,"body":"within that cohort,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2858.43,"endTime":2860.743,"body":"that's the way the logic goes."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2863.38,"endTime":2866.53,"body":"But that's still putting an"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2863.38,"endTime":2866.53,"body":"exposure on those individuals,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2866.53,"endTime":2868.93,"body":"and those exposures are modeled,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2868.93,"endTime":2870.94,"body":"you say, how was he"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2868.93,"endTime":2870.94,"body":"exposed to air pollution?"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2870.94,"endTime":2871.773,"body":"He lives here,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2871.773,"endTime":2873.94,"body":"I have a map, we've estimated it."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2873.94,"endTime":2876.31,"body":"We could do better than that potentially,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2876.31,"endTime":2878.14,"body":"because we can give people devices"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2878.14,"endTime":2881.71,"body":"which allow us to look at their"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2878.14,"endTime":2881.71,"body":"personal external exposome."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2881.71,"endTime":2883.15,"body":"This is a study performed"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2883.15,"endTime":2885.97,"body":"by my colleagues Ben"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2883.15,"endTime":2885.97,"body":"Barratt and Jenny Quint,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2885.97,"endTime":2887.62,"body":"and this is an air pollution monitor"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2887.62,"endTime":2889.54,"body":"which you can carry on your shoulder."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2889.54,"endTime":2890.59,"body":"And in this study,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2890.59,"endTime":2894.25,"body":"it was carried by individuals"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2890.59,"endTime":2894.25,"body":"who had COPD for months,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2894.25,"endTime":2896.17,"body":"recording air pollution changes,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2896.17,"endTime":2898.0,"body":"temperature and noise changes"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2898.0,"endTime":2900.577,"body":"day by day over an"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2898.0,"endTime":2900.577,"body":"extended period of time."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2900.577,"endTime":2902.62,"body":"And because it's a cheaper monitor,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2902.62,"endTime":2904.48,"body":"you have to validate that it works"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2904.48,"endTime":2905.65,"body":"and that it performs as well"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2905.65,"endTime":2907.51,"body":"as the best, most expensive equipment,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2907.51,"endTime":2909.64,"body":"and that's what being shown there."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2909.64,"endTime":2911.56,"body":"This is representative data."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2911.56,"endTime":2912.7,"body":"In this study,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2912.7,"endTime":2915.34,"body":"noise, temperature, carbon monoxide,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2915.34,"endTime":2918.79,"body":"PM1, PM2.5, particulate"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2915.34,"endTime":2918.79,"body":"matter, particles in the air,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2918.79,"endTime":2923.38,"body":"but also you have recorded"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2918.79,"endTime":2923.38,"body":"symptoms in these individuals,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2923.38,"endTime":2925.15,"body":"peak flow measurements,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2925.15,"endTime":2927.22,"body":"whether they where wheezy,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2925.15,"endTime":2927.22,"body":"whether they were breathless,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2927.22,"endTime":2929.11,"body":"did they have cough,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2927.22,"endTime":2929.11,"body":"did they produce sputum,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2929.11,"endTime":2932.413,"body":"symptoms of COPD exacerbation."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2933.64,"endTime":2935.68,"body":"And when you look at this data,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2935.68,"endTime":2938.2,"body":"the actual measurement"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2935.68,"endTime":2938.2,"body":"reflects the individual,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2938.2,"endTime":2940.54,"body":"it isn't just an estimate"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2938.2,"endTime":2940.54,"body":"of where they lived,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2940.54,"endTime":2941.373,"body":"and let's face it,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2941.373,"endTime":2943.63,"body":"nobody spends 24 hours"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2941.373,"endTime":2943.63,"body":"a day, 7 days a week"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2943.63,"endTime":2945.55,"body":"sitting on their doorstep."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2945.55,"endTime":2947.71,"body":"Again what you see is,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2947.71,"endTime":2948.883,"body":"this is NO2,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2950.02,"endTime":2952.48,"body":"here, we're looking at"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2950.02,"endTime":2952.48,"body":"exacerbation frequency,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2952.48,"endTime":2954.19,"body":"and exacerbations are particularly harsh"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2954.19,"endTime":2955.84,"body":"for individuals with COPD,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2955.84,"endTime":2958.09,"body":"we can see the NO2 on the day"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2958.09,"endTime":2960.07,"body":"was associated with an exacerbation,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2960.07,"endTime":2962.11,"body":"but actually, it persisted"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2962.11,"endTime":2964.123,"body":"for about three days after the effect."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2964.96,"endTime":2966.61,"body":"So having that measurement,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2966.61,"endTime":2968.62,"body":"which is your own personal assessment"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2968.62,"endTime":2970.48,"body":"of the NO2 you were breathing,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2970.48,"endTime":2973.69,"body":"which follows you around"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2970.48,"endTime":2973.69,"body":"outdoors, indoors,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2973.69,"endTime":2976.483,"body":"in the train, going backwards, helps."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2977.41,"endTime":2978.243,"body":"And in fact,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2978.243,"endTime":2979.42,"body":"you can see something of symptoms here."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2979.42,"endTime":2980.59,"body":"So again, we're looking at symptoms,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2980.59,"endTime":2981.43,"body":"we're looking for effects"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2981.43,"endTime":2982.84,"body":"which are above this central line"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2982.84,"endTime":2984.25,"body":"to see if they're significant,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2984.25,"endTime":2986.68,"body":"and we can see there are"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2984.25,"endTime":2986.68,"body":"associations with cough"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2986.68,"endTime":2988.78,"body":"and some associations"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2986.68,"endTime":2988.78,"body":"with sputum production,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2988.78,"endTime":2989.65,"body":"a bit borderline,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2989.65,"endTime":2991.96,"body":"but you're looking at"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2989.65,"endTime":2991.96,"body":"hundreds of subjects here,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2991.96,"endTime":2993.82,"body":"not tens of thousands."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2993.82,"endTime":2995.62,"body":"So personal monitoring is another way"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2995.62,"endTime":2998.713,"body":"we can improve that understanding"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2995.62,"endTime":2998.713,"body":"of the external exposome."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":2999.55,"endTime":3000.99,"body":"But we do have a fundamental problem,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3000.99,"endTime":3004.35,"body":"which is, that doesn't map"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3000.99,"endTime":3004.35,"body":"to thousands of individuals,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3004.35,"endTime":3006.81,"body":"and our bio-banks have"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3004.35,"endTime":3006.81,"body":"thousands of individuals,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3006.81,"endTime":3007.83,"body":"and in my lifetime,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3007.83,"endTime":3010.08,"body":"I don't think we're going"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3007.83,"endTime":3010.08,"body":"to be in a situation"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3010.08,"endTime":3011.46,"body":"where everybody has a small device"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3011.46,"endTime":3014.67,"body":"which measures the air"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3011.46,"endTime":3014.67,"body":"pollution that we breathe,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3014.67,"endTime":3017.04,"body":"so modeling does matter."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3017.04,"endTime":3019.14,"body":"And there are different"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3017.04,"endTime":3019.14,"body":"types of models you can use,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3019.14,"endTime":3020.97,"body":"this is a model which uses measurements"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3020.97,"endTime":3022.41,"body":"and measurement campaigns,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3022.41,"endTime":3024.27,"body":"and then relates those"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3022.41,"endTime":3024.27,"body":"measurements of pollution"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3024.27,"endTime":3025.68,"body":"to geographical features,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3025.68,"endTime":3027.42,"body":"land use within cities,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3027.42,"endTime":3029.01,"body":"creates a regression model,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3029.01,"endTime":3030.54,"body":"produces a map."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3030.54,"endTime":3032.13,"body":"And over here, this is"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3030.54,"endTime":3032.13,"body":"a different type of map"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3032.13,"endTime":3035.46,"body":"which looks at the pollution"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3032.13,"endTime":3035.46,"body":"from all sources in the air"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3035.46,"endTime":3037.77,"body":"and then deals with dispersion,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3037.77,"endTime":3040.44,"body":"deals with meteorology,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3037.77,"endTime":3040.44,"body":"deals with chemistry."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3040.44,"endTime":3041.273,"body":"And this model,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3041.273,"endTime":3044.82,"body":"which was produced by a member"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3041.273,"endTime":3044.82,"body":"of our team, Sean Beevers,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3044.82,"endTime":3048.453,"body":"actually gives you 20 meters"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3044.82,"endTime":3048.453,"body":"by 20 meters resolution,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3049.77,"endTime":3052.29,"body":"minute by minute,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3052.29,"endTime":3054.87,"body":"so you can begin to actually"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3052.29,"endTime":3054.87,"body":"do really good exposures"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3054.87,"endTime":3056.973,"body":"at residential address, at post code,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3058.41,"endTime":3060.66,"body":"but it's not as good"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3058.41,"endTime":3060.66,"body":"as personal monitoring,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3060.66,"endTime":3063.303,"body":"because it's not capturing"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3060.66,"endTime":3063.303,"body":"the totality of exposure."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3064.14,"endTime":3066.34,"body":"But perhaps you can do"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3064.14,"endTime":3066.34,"body":"something about that:"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3067.92,"endTime":3069.69,"body":"this is the flux,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3069.69,"endTime":3070.83,"body":"there's a little clock here,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3070.83,"endTime":3073.44,"body":"starting in the morning,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3070.83,"endTime":3073.44,"body":"going through to the evening,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3073.44,"endTime":3074.91,"body":"this is the flux of people"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3074.91,"endTime":3077.22,"body":"coming into London in the morning,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3077.22,"endTime":3079.38,"body":"milling around in London during the day,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3079.38,"endTime":3080.28,"body":"and going home."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3080.28,"endTime":3083.16,"body":"You'll see it pulse in the morning"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3083.16,"endTime":3085.86,"body":"and then pulse at about five,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3083.16,"endTime":3085.86,"body":"six o'clock, seven o'clock"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3085.86,"endTime":3086.883,"body":"as everybody leaves."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3087.72,"endTime":3089.67,"body":"It's derived from Transport for London's"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3089.67,"endTime":3091.5,"body":"Travel Demand Survey,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3091.5,"endTime":3092.79,"body":"and it represents a snapshot"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3092.79,"endTime":3096.39,"body":"of how people move throughout the city."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3096.39,"endTime":3098.25,"body":"So it's not everybody,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3098.25,"endTime":3099.21,"body":"but if you have a questionnaire,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3099.21,"endTime":3101.49,"body":"and you can see that some people"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3099.21,"endTime":3101.49,"body":"behave in a particular way,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3101.49,"endTime":3102.9,"body":"you can begin to use this information"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3102.9,"endTime":3105.9,"body":"to refine those exposure estimates."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3105.9,"endTime":3107.37,"body":"You can say,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3107.37,"endTime":3109.2,"body":"people spend, on average,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3109.2,"endTime":3111.66,"body":"eight hours outside in London,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3111.66,"endTime":3114.24,"body":"they spend, on average,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3111.66,"endTime":3114.24,"body":"50 minutes on the Tube,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3114.24,"endTime":3118.62,"body":"maybe they take a car,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3114.24,"endTime":3118.62,"body":"maybe they take a taxi,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3118.62,"endTime":3121.17,"body":"and you can maybe do"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3118.62,"endTime":3121.17,"body":"measurements on the Tube"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3121.17,"endTime":3123.51,"body":"to find out how much"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3121.17,"endTime":3123.51,"body":"pollution is in the Tube,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3123.51,"endTime":3125.64,"body":"and you can do measurements"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3123.51,"endTime":3125.64,"body":"as people cycle,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3125.64,"endTime":3126.99,"body":"or measurements in the vehicles"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3126.99,"endTime":3128.64,"body":"as people drive to work,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3128.64,"endTime":3131.28,"body":"and you can even do"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3128.64,"endTime":3131.28,"body":"measurements in the home,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3131.28,"endTime":3132.113,"body":"where the exposures"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3132.113,"endTime":3133.41,"body":"are going to be very"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3132.113,"endTime":3133.41,"body":"different from outside,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3133.41,"endTime":3135.87,"body":"to get a totality of exposure."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3135.87,"endTime":3137.43,"body":"And then you don't treat an individual"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3137.43,"endTime":3139.38,"body":"as an individual with a monitor,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3139.38,"endTime":3142.29,"body":"you treat human beings like ants,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3142.29,"endTime":3144.06,"body":"who you can cluster together into groups"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3144.06,"endTime":3145.5,"body":"because, generally speaking,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3145.5,"endTime":3147.87,"body":"they do the same thing every day"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3147.87,"endTime":3149.64,"body":"when they're at certain"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3147.87,"endTime":3149.64,"body":"stages of their life,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3149.64,"endTime":3151.32,"body":"and you can begin to refine the models,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3151.32,"endTime":3152.25,"body":"and that's another way"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3152.25,"endTime":3155.37,"body":"of trying to improve this"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3152.25,"endTime":3155.37,"body":"estimate of the external exposome."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3155.37,"endTime":3156.48,"body":"I'm using air pollution,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3156.48,"endTime":3157.313,"body":"I'm not apologizing,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3157.313,"endTime":3158.76,"body":"I'm an air pollution person,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3158.76,"endTime":3161.1,"body":"but these approaches can be rolled out"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3161.1,"endTime":3163.05,"body":"for other chemicals in the environment."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3164.13,"endTime":3165.723,"body":"And again, we get back to this,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3167.406,"endTime":3168.87,"body":"the exposome can help us here as well."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3168.87,"endTime":3170.097,"body":"I told you it's very complicated"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3170.097,"endTime":3172.68,"body":"and we can't unpick things,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3172.68,"endTime":3174.3,"body":"so maybe, let's think about that."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3174.3,"endTime":3177.21,"body":"We can improve our exposure estimates,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3177.21,"endTime":3178.043,"body":"but, do you know,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3178.043,"endTime":3182.07,"body":"the most, I want to say,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3178.043,"endTime":3182.07,"body":"the best monitor we have"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3182.07,"endTime":3186.54,"body":"of air pollution, or"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3182.07,"endTime":3186.54,"body":"any chemical challenge,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3186.54,"endTime":3187.443,"body":"is the human,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3188.31,"endTime":3190.743,"body":"the human is the best sensor."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3191.61,"endTime":3194.01,"body":"If we can capture measurements"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3191.61,"endTime":3194.01,"body":"within that individual"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3194.01,"endTime":3197.176,"body":"which tell us something"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3194.01,"endTime":3197.176,"body":"about their exposure."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3197.176,"endTime":3198.009,"body":"And I'll give you an illustration"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3198.009,"endTime":3201.24,"body":"of how this can help"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3198.009,"endTime":3201.24,"body":"unpick that difficulty"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3201.24,"endTime":3203.74,"body":"when things go up and down"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3201.24,"endTime":3203.74,"body":"together in complexity."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3204.78,"endTime":3207.54,"body":"This is a study which was performed"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3207.54,"endTime":3211.23,"body":"in which individuals with"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3207.54,"endTime":3211.23,"body":"ischemic heart disease,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3211.23,"endTime":3212.4,"body":"COPD, healthy individuals,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3212.4,"endTime":3215.34,"body":"were exposed in London, twice."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3215.34,"endTime":3218.16,"body":"Once, they walked up"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3215.34,"endTime":3218.16,"body":"and down Oxford Street,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3218.16,"endTime":3219.3,"body":"because it's a ginormous"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3219.3,"endTime":3222.06,"body":"outdoor diesel chamber, effectively,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3222.06,"endTime":3222.93,"body":"and then, once,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3222.93,"endTime":3226.8,"body":"they walked around the"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3222.93,"endTime":3226.8,"body":"Round Pond in Hyde Park,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3226.8,"endTime":3229.38,"body":"lower exposure, further"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3226.8,"endTime":3229.38,"body":"away from the traffic."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3229.38,"endTime":3232.65,"body":"And they took blood samples at"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3229.38,"endTime":3232.65,"body":"various points in that study,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3232.65,"endTime":3233.97,"body":"and in that blood,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3233.97,"endTime":3235.56,"body":"they sequenced the blood"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3235.56,"endTime":3238.14,"body":"to look at circulating RNAs,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3238.14,"endTime":3239.55,"body":"these are species which are in your blood"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3239.55,"endTime":3241.44,"body":"which are potentially"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3239.55,"endTime":3241.44,"body":"useful as biomarkers,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3241.44,"endTime":3242.273,"body":"they tell us something"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3242.273,"endTime":3244.983,"body":"about whether organ"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3242.273,"endTime":3244.983,"body":"systems are under stress."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3246.27,"endTime":3248.25,"body":"And what they found was"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3248.25,"endTime":3252.24,"body":"some of them went up,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3248.25,"endTime":3252.24,"body":"some of them went down,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3252.24,"endTime":3253.77,"body":"go figure,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3253.77,"endTime":3257.13,"body":"but some of them were"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3253.77,"endTime":3257.13,"body":"associated with adverse effects"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3257.13,"endTime":3258.66,"body":"in particular tissues."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3258.66,"endTime":3262.5,"body":"So they saw changes in"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3258.66,"endTime":3262.5,"body":"certain small circulating RNAs"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3262.5,"endTime":3263.88,"body":"which are related to adverse effects"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3263.88,"endTime":3265.65,"body":"in the heart, the brain, the pancreas,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3265.65,"endTime":3267.03,"body":"so you can see that the air pollution"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3267.03,"endTime":3269.37,"body":"was having an effect beyond the lung"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3269.37,"endTime":3270.203,"body":"in these individuals,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3270.203,"endTime":3271.036,"body":"very subtly."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3271.95,"endTime":3274.68,"body":"But that's not the most important bit,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3274.68,"endTime":3276.96,"body":"the next picture's a Venn diagram,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3276.96,"endTime":3277.89,"body":"and you'll remember them at school,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3277.89,"endTime":3279.0,"body":"they were very simple,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3279.0,"endTime":3280.25,"body":"this just looks prettier."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3282.06,"endTime":3282.893,"body":"And what you have here"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3282.893,"endTime":3284.37,"body":"are different pollutants"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3284.37,"endTime":3286.08,"body":"which were measured on those individuals"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3286.08,"endTime":3287.01,"body":"by personal monitoring"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3287.01,"endTime":3288.213,"body":"as they did the walks."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3289.05,"endTime":3292.47,"body":"PM2.5 particles, less than 2.5 microns,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3292.47,"endTime":3293.34,"body":"black carbon,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3293.34,"endTime":3295.68,"body":"the small elemental carbon"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3293.34,"endTime":3295.68,"body":"particles you get from exhausts,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3295.68,"endTime":3296.88,"body":"PM10,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3296.88,"endTime":3301.29,"body":"PM2.5 with other bits from road"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3296.88,"endTime":3301.29,"body":"wear, tire wear, brake wear,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3301.29,"endTime":3302.94,"body":"NO2, we've talked about that a lot,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3302.94,"endTime":3304.32,"body":"emitted from diesel engines,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3304.32,"endTime":3305.61,"body":"and ultra-fine particles,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3305.61,"endTime":3308.28,"body":"particles less than 100 nanometers."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3308.28,"endTime":3310.17,"body":"If I was putting these"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3308.28,"endTime":3310.17,"body":"together and saying,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3310.17,"endTime":3312.99,"body":"does that cause an ill"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3310.17,"endTime":3312.99,"body":"effect on a population,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3312.99,"endTime":3314.25,"body":"it would show that they all did"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3314.25,"endTime":3317.1,"body":"and it would be impossible"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3314.25,"endTime":3317.1,"body":"for me to pull them apart,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3317.1,"endTime":3317.97,"body":"but what's important here"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3317.97,"endTime":3320.13,"body":"is when you look at the association"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3320.13,"endTime":3321.69,"body":"between these pollutants"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3321.69,"endTime":3323.97,"body":"and the circulating small RNAs,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3323.97,"endTime":3325.98,"body":"they're completely different."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3325.98,"endTime":3326.813,"body":"And this is telling us"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3326.813,"endTime":3328.77,"body":"that the internal exposome"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3328.77,"endTime":3332.4,"body":"is discriminating between these components"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3332.4,"endTime":3334.71,"body":"which are correlated in the air,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3334.71,"endTime":3336.15,"body":"and giving us information"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3336.15,"endTime":3337.35,"body":"to begin to pull apart"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3337.35,"endTime":3338.94,"body":"their relative contribution to health."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3338.94,"endTime":3340.53,"body":"And this matters,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3340.53,"endTime":3343.53,"body":"understanding which bits of"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3340.53,"endTime":3343.53,"body":"air pollution are harmful"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3343.53,"endTime":3345.36,"body":"is going to be a really"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3343.53,"endTime":3345.36,"body":"important thing to do,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3345.36,"endTime":3346.38,"body":"'cause, currently,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3346.38,"endTime":3348.15,"body":"we regulate air pollution in the air"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3348.15,"endTime":3351.66,"body":"based on simply how much"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3348.15,"endTime":3351.66,"body":"stuff is floating in the air,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3351.66,"endTime":3353.22,"body":"which is a bit strange,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3351.66,"endTime":3353.22,"body":"if you think about it,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3353.22,"endTime":3355.05,"body":"in this day and age."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3355.05,"endTime":3356.67,"body":"So I've got some challenges here,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3356.67,"endTime":3357.9,"body":"I'm going to go through these quickly,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3357.9,"endTime":3360.12,"body":"in terms of taking this forward."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3360.12,"endTime":3360.96,"body":"Do you know what?"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3360.96,"endTime":3364.38,"body":"We really need to do more"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3360.96,"endTime":3364.38,"body":"measurements of contamination,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3364.38,"endTime":3366.33,"body":"and we need to make sure"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3364.38,"endTime":3366.33,"body":"that our measurements work"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3366.33,"endTime":3367.35,"body":"and that we can validate them."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3367.35,"endTime":3369.48,"body":"There's a thing here"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3367.35,"endTime":3369.48,"body":"called measurement error,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3369.48,"endTime":3372.09,"body":"measurement error is just"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3369.48,"endTime":3372.09,"body":"a fancy way of saying"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3372.09,"endTime":3372.923,"body":"that, actually,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3372.923,"endTime":3375.34,"body":"we're not very good at"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3372.923,"endTime":3375.34,"body":"estimating individuals' exposure."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3376.38,"endTime":3378.54,"body":"We need to think about mixtures"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3378.54,"endTime":3380.28,"body":"and how we unpick them,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3380.28,"endTime":3383.31,"body":"we need to understand"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3380.28,"endTime":3383.31,"body":"dose-response relationships,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3383.31,"endTime":3384.87,"body":"not just whether something is bad,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3384.87,"endTime":3386.85,"body":"we need to understand"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3384.87,"endTime":3386.85,"body":"the shape of that curve,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3386.85,"endTime":3387.683,"body":"so we work out"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3387.683,"endTime":3389.49,"body":"if we reduce X by so much,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3389.49,"endTime":3390.78,"body":"does it produce a health benefit,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3390.78,"endTime":3393.15,"body":"that really is important."},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3393.15,"endTime":3395.97,"body":"We need to do more of this"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3393.15,"endTime":3395.97,"body":"meet in the middle type science"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3395.97,"endTime":3399.84,"body":"to understand how environmental"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3395.97,"endTime":3399.84,"body":"exposures cause disease,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3399.84,"endTime":3402.54,"body":"early, not once the"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3399.84,"endTime":3402.54,"body":"disease is established,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3402.54,"endTime":3406.5,"body":"and we need better"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3402.54,"endTime":3406.5,"body":"methods, better validation,"},{"speaker":"Meet in the middle simply works like this","startTime":3406.5,"endTime":3408.57,"body":"and validation of what we find."},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3411.39,"endTime":3414.39,"body":"we really need some longer"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3411.39,"endTime":3414.39,"body":"term biomarkers of exposure,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3414.39,"endTime":3415.86,"body":"we really don't have them,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3415.86,"endTime":3417.33,"body":"to be quite honest,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3417.33,"endTime":3420.09,"body":"our biomarkers reflect maybe a day."},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3420.09,"endTime":3421.83,"body":"We can measure adducts in blood,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3421.83,"endTime":3424.38,"body":"that's albumin with covalent modifications"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3424.38,"endTime":3425.73,"body":"of chemicals attached to it,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3425.73,"endTime":3428.46,"body":"that maybe gives us an"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3425.73,"endTime":3428.46,"body":"insight of about a month,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3428.46,"endTime":3429.66,"body":"we can look at epigenetics,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3429.66,"endTime":3431.67,"body":"different patterns in"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3429.66,"endTime":3431.67,"body":"DNA from methylation,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3431.67,"endTime":3433.89,"body":"that might give us some help,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3433.89,"endTime":3435.36,"body":"we can look at biological aging,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3435.36,"endTime":3437.79,"body":"I think there's a lot"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3435.36,"endTime":3437.79,"body":"to be done in that area,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3437.79,"endTime":3440.7,"body":"and we can look at accumulative tissues,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3440.7,"endTime":3442.77,"body":"like bone,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3442.77,"endTime":3444.27,"body":"through imaging, we can look in bone,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3444.27,"endTime":3446.85,"body":"and see, perhaps, metal accumulation,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3446.85,"endTime":3448.29,"body":"we could look in lymph nodes,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3448.29,"endTime":3451.113,"body":"which accumulate material in the body,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3452.1,"endTime":3454.83,"body":"but I would included here hair,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3454.83,"endTime":3456.51,"body":"one centimeter per month,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3456.51,"endTime":3458.73,"body":"the chronology of your chemical exposures"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3458.73,"endTime":3461.55,"body":"locked in the cortex of your hair,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3461.55,"endTime":3464.04,"body":"teeth, there are archives"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3461.55,"endTime":3464.04,"body":"of babies' milk teeth"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3464.04,"endTime":3464.873,"body":"that can be used"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3464.873,"endTime":3467.19,"body":"to look at chemical"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3464.873,"endTime":3467.19,"body":"exposures in those children,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3467.19,"endTime":3468.12,"body":"and I'm going to say it,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3468.12,"endTime":3469.29,"body":"because they do exist,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3469.29,"endTime":3472.44,"body":"there are toenail clipping archives,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3472.44,"endTime":3476.043,"body":"where you can look at chemical"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3472.44,"endTime":3476.043,"body":"accumulation in toenails."},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3477.3,"endTime":3479.64,"body":"The other good thing is"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3477.3,"endTime":3479.64,"body":"that we have bio-banks,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3479.64,"endTime":3480.87,"body":"and we have big bio-banks"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3480.87,"endTime":3482.73,"body":"with resources which"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3480.87,"endTime":3482.73,"body":"would allow us to do this,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3482.73,"endTime":3484.5,"body":"and as of this week,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3484.5,"endTime":3488.673,"body":"they are recruiting for"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3484.5,"endTime":3488.673,"body":"this new cohort study,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3489.6,"endTime":3491.28,"body":"I'll have to read this correctly,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3491.28,"endTime":3493.05,"body":"Our Future Health."},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3493.05,"endTime":3495.3,"body":"The UK Biobank was half a million,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3495.3,"endTime":3498.72,"body":"they want to recruit"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3495.3,"endTime":3498.72,"body":"5 million individuals,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3498.72,"endTime":3502.35,"body":"genotype information,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3498.72,"endTime":3502.35,"body":"linkage to health records,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3502.35,"endTime":3505.5,"body":"bio-samples collected through time"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3505.5,"endTime":3507.69,"body":"to look at early biomarkers of disease,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3507.69,"endTime":3509.1,"body":"fantastic opportunity"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3509.1,"endTime":3512.913,"body":"to really expand research in this area."},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3513.75,"endTime":3514.8,"body":"And with that, I'm going"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3513.75,"endTime":3514.8,"body":"to come to the end,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3514.8,"endTime":3518.88,"body":"but I just wanted to"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3514.8,"endTime":3518.88,"body":"end by saying something,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3518.88,"endTime":3522.033,"body":"just trying to pull things"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3518.88,"endTime":3522.033,"body":"together a little bit."},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3523.08,"endTime":3526.383,"body":"I think the exposome has arrived."},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3528.18,"endTime":3529.38,"body":"Some science has been done,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3529.38,"endTime":3531.63,"body":"I've scratched the surface,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3531.63,"endTime":3532.8,"body":"it's really beginning,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3532.8,"endTime":3533.97,"body":"it's beginning to take off,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3533.97,"endTime":3535.65,"body":"and it's going to be incredibly important"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3535.65,"endTime":3539.34,"body":"in understanding serious"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3535.65,"endTime":3539.34,"body":"disease risks in our population."},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3539.34,"endTime":3541.92,"body":"There are challenges methodologically,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3541.92,"endTime":3544.08,"body":"it's challenging in terms of scale,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3544.08,"endTime":3546.18,"body":"we need long-term biomarkers,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3546.18,"endTime":3551.18,"body":"but I wanted to just leave"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3546.18,"endTime":3551.18,"body":"you with one final message"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3551.94,"endTime":3554.973,"body":"to illustrate why this matters."},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3558.18,"endTime":3560.79,"body":"The United Kingdom is the fifth,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3560.79,"endTime":3561.81,"body":"depends on the day of the week,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3561.81,"endTime":3565.533,"body":"it's the sixth largest"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3561.81,"endTime":3565.533,"body":"economy in the world,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3566.97,"endTime":3571.97,"body":"and there's almost 20 years"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3566.97,"endTime":3571.97,"body":"of difference in healthy life"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3574.29,"endTime":3579.29,"body":"between the poorest 10%"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3574.29,"endTime":3579.29,"body":"and the most affluent 10%,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3581.22,"endTime":3586.05,"body":"and that reflects the totality"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3581.22,"endTime":3586.05,"body":"of their lived experience,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3586.05,"endTime":3590.52,"body":"their lifestyles and their"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3586.05,"endTime":3590.52,"body":"environmental exposures,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3590.52,"endTime":3595.05,"body":"and so the exposome"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3590.52,"endTime":3595.05,"body":"really matters to them,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3595.05,"endTime":3596.397,"body":"it should matter to everybody"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3596.397,"endTime":3600.36,"body":"who has any policy or responsibility"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3600.36,"endTime":3603.06,"body":"for improving public"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3600.36,"endTime":3603.06,"body":"health in this country,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3603.06,"endTime":3605.22,"body":"even if, until today,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3605.22,"endTime":3607.32,"body":"they never knew the word existed."},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3607.32,"endTime":3608.321,"body":"Thank you."},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3608.321,"endTime":3611.321,"body":"(audience applauds)"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3612.878,"endTime":3613.711,"body":"- [Questioner] I'm curious"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3613.711,"endTime":3616.74,"body":"as to how you manage"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3613.711,"endTime":3616.74,"body":"the policy engagement,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3616.74,"endTime":3618.57,"body":"because you cut across, clearly,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3618.57,"endTime":3620.223,"body":"so many departments,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3623.317,"endTime":3626.1,"body":"how do you approach it,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3623.317,"endTime":3626.1,"body":"how does it work today,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3626.1,"endTime":3628.41,"body":"and how do you think it"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3626.1,"endTime":3628.41,"body":"should work in future"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3628.41,"endTime":3629.493,"body":"to be effective?"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3631.05,"endTime":3632.67,"body":"- I can answer the question"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3632.67,"endTime":3636.6,"body":"not with a complete exposome hat on,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3636.6,"endTime":3638.73,"body":"but I can talk about air pollution,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3638.73,"endTime":3642.33,"body":"and how you can do"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3638.73,"endTime":3642.33,"body":"policy in air pollution,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3642.33,"endTime":3644.193,"body":"and I think it works two ways."},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3645.69,"endTime":3647.58,"body":"The boring stuff is you publish papers,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3647.58,"endTime":3648.57,"body":"it gets peer reviewed,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3648.57,"endTime":3651.36,"body":"you sit on government committees,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3648.57,"endTime":3651.36,"body":"you give them information,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3651.36,"endTime":3653.073,"body":"and that is part of the job,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3654.09,"endTime":3656.04,"body":"but if you really want to shift policy,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3656.04,"endTime":3658.17,"body":"you have to educate the public."},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3658.17,"endTime":3660.06,"body":"The public education is really important,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3660.06,"endTime":3661.17,"body":"because, to be quite frank,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3661.17,"endTime":3665.673,"body":"it's the public who motivate"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3661.17,"endTime":3665.673,"body":"politicians to make change,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3666.84,"endTime":3668.927,"body":"the scientists just create the background,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3668.927,"endTime":3672.99,"body":"and so I think that's really"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3668.927,"endTime":3672.99,"body":"where the critical issue is,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3672.99,"endTime":3674.43,"body":"I think people do need to know this."},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3674.43,"endTime":3675.263,"body":"But, I mean,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3675.263,"endTime":3676.23,"body":"how many people in this room"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3676.23,"endTime":3679.17,"body":"knew the 20 years of"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3676.23,"endTime":3679.17,"body":"healthy life difference"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3679.17,"endTime":3680.91,"body":"between the poorest and"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3679.17,"endTime":3680.91,"body":"the wealthiest person"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3680.91,"endTime":3682.5,"body":"in the United Kingdom?"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3682.5,"endTime":3685.95,"body":"I could argue the best way"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3682.5,"endTime":3685.95,"body":"to resolve that inequity"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3685.95,"endTime":3687.24,"body":"is if we gave everything"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3687.24,"endTime":3689.49,"body":"which belongs to the 10%"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3687.24,"endTime":3689.49,"body":"of the wealthiest people"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3689.49,"endTime":3690.69,"body":"to the poorest people,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3690.69,"endTime":3693.72,"body":"we would gain that almost 20"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3690.69,"endTime":3693.72,"body":"years of healthy life back,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3693.72,"endTime":3696.22,"body":"so we've got some big"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3693.72,"endTime":3696.22,"body":"issues we have to deal with."},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3697.894,"endTime":3699.24,"body":"- It's a very interesting question,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3699.24,"endTime":3704.24,"body":"because we have a lot of"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3699.24,"endTime":3704.24,"body":"people with PPE degrees"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3704.58,"endTime":3705.54,"body":"running our governments,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3705.54,"endTime":3707.79,"body":"and very few with science"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3705.54,"endTime":3707.79,"body":"degrees running out governments,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3707.79,"endTime":3711.54,"body":"do you think there's an input"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3707.79,"endTime":3711.54,"body":"error that we could correct"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3711.54,"endTime":3714.423,"body":"by altering the type of"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3711.54,"endTime":3714.423,"body":"people who govern us?"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3717.15,"endTime":3719.58,"body":"- We had a lecture by Patrick Vallance"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3719.58,"endTime":3722.04,"body":"in our center recently,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3722.04,"endTime":3723.96,"body":"and in it, he made the observation"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3723.96,"endTime":3725.4,"body":"that when he took over his role"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3725.4,"endTime":3727.11,"body":"as the chief scientific advisor,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3727.11,"endTime":3730.83,"body":"he did an audit of scientific advice"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3730.83,"endTime":3733.5,"body":"throughout the departments of government,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3733.5,"endTime":3734.94,"body":"and unsurprisingly,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3734.94,"endTime":3736.89,"body":"he realized that there"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3734.94,"endTime":3736.89,"body":"were whole departments"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3736.89,"endTime":3740.67,"body":"which were a desert in"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3736.89,"endTime":3740.67,"body":"terms of scientific advice"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3740.67,"endTime":3742.56,"body":"because they're largely populated"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3742.56,"endTime":3746.76,"body":"by humanity students or"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3742.56,"endTime":3746.76,"body":"people with PPE, as you say,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3746.76,"endTime":3749.01,"body":"and so part of his remit,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3749.01,"endTime":3750.27,"body":"one of the things he was driving forward,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3750.27,"endTime":3752.73,"body":"was trying to improve, if you like,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3752.73,"endTime":3755.67,"body":"the scientific engagement with Parliament."},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3755.67,"endTime":3757.65,"body":"And there are people doing"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3755.67,"endTime":3757.65,"body":"it from the outside as well,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3757.65,"endTime":3760.5,"body":"there's an organization"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3757.65,"endTime":3760.5,"body":"called Sense for Science,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3760.5,"endTime":3763.32,"body":"who have regular evidence weeks,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3763.32,"endTime":3765.21,"body":"they've had one up in"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3763.32,"endTime":3765.21,"body":"Scotland, in Holyrood,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3765.21,"endTime":3767.37,"body":"they have them coming up in London,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3767.37,"endTime":3771.09,"body":"where they get scientists to"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3767.37,"endTime":3771.09,"body":"actually go to the chambers"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3771.09,"endTime":3772.05,"body":"and actually be there"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3772.05,"endTime":3774.03,"body":"so that the politicians can go up to them"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3774.03,"endTime":3775.467,"body":"and ask them questions about evidence,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3775.467,"endTime":3778.02,"body":"and that personal contact, I think,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3778.02,"endTime":3779.07,"body":"is critically important."},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3779.07,"endTime":3779.91,"body":"But you're right,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3779.91,"endTime":3782.19,"body":"there is a deficit within government."},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3782.19,"endTime":3784.2,"body":"And the other thing which I've noticed"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3784.2,"endTime":3788.493,"body":"is that science always has to"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3784.2,"endTime":3788.493,"body":"fulfill evidential hurdles,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3789.48,"endTime":3792.42,"body":"we always have to be transparent,"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3792.42,"endTime":3794.22,"body":"we have to explain our decisions;"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3794.22,"endTime":3796.29,"body":"the counter decisions"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3796.29,"endTime":3799.14,"body":"don't have to go through"},{"speaker":"But there are some holy grails here","startTime":3796.29,"endTime":3799.14,"body":"the same level of scrutiny."},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3802.41,"endTime":3804.18,"body":"this should be happening,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3802.41,"endTime":3804.18,"body":"but it's not happening,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3804.18,"endTime":3806.49,"body":"it's not happening 'cause"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3804.18,"endTime":3806.49,"body":"there's an economic imperative,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3806.49,"endTime":3808.17,"body":"where's the evidence on the economics?"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3808.17,"endTime":3809.37,"body":"Just trust us on that,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3809.37,"endTime":3811.17,"body":"so you get into that sort of debate."},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3812.01,"endTime":3813.51,"body":"- I remember, a few years ago,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3815.007,"endTime":3817.68,"body":"a government minister discovered"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3817.68,"endTime":3821.79,"body":"that half the pediatric"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3817.68,"endTime":3821.79,"body":"cardiac surgeons in England"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3821.79,"endTime":3822.81,"body":"were below average,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3822.81,"endTime":3824.493,"body":"and this has to stop,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3825.9,"endTime":3828.72,"body":"it just gets to the nubbins"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3825.9,"endTime":3828.72,"body":"of statistical problems."},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3828.72,"endTime":3829.89,"body":"Last question, I'm afraid,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3829.89,"endTime":3831.04,"body":"'cause we're over time."},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3832.47,"endTime":3833.76,"body":"- [Questioner] There are various companies"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3833.76,"endTime":3835.5,"body":"that offer screening tests"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3835.5,"endTime":3838.47,"body":"to test your susceptibility"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3835.5,"endTime":3838.47,"body":"to disease in later life."},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3838.47,"endTime":3840.273,"body":"Is it worth paying for this?"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3843.63,"endTime":3845.4,"body":"- Probably not."},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3845.4,"endTime":3846.63,"body":"I'll probably, now,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3846.63,"endTime":3848.79,"body":"as it's recorded online, be sued,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3848.79,"endTime":3850.77,"body":"but what they're telling you"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3850.77,"endTime":3855.06,"body":"is your probability of an"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3850.77,"endTime":3855.06,"body":"increased disease risk,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3855.06,"endTime":3858.93,"body":"only looking at your genetic complement,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3858.93,"endTime":3861.12,"body":"so what they're giving"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3858.93,"endTime":3861.12,"body":"you is some information"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3861.12,"endTime":3862.047,"body":"that you might be at greater risk."},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3862.047,"endTime":3864.0,"body":"And if, for example,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3864.0,"endTime":3867.27,"body":"I had a family history of"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3864.0,"endTime":3867.27,"body":"cancers of a particularly type,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3867.27,"endTime":3869.25,"body":"that would be an incredibly"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3867.27,"endTime":3869.25,"body":"valuable piece of information"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3869.25,"endTime":3870.083,"body":"for me to have"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3870.083,"endTime":3872.34,"body":"to make sensible decisions,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3872.34,"endTime":3875.58,"body":"but if they were talking"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3872.34,"endTime":3875.58,"body":"about thing such as,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3875.58,"endTime":3876.69,"body":"do you have an increased risk"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3876.69,"endTime":3878.05,"body":"of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3878.05,"endTime":3879.81,"body":"Well, I know the answer to your question,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3879.81,"endTime":3880.71,"body":"just don't smoke,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3880.71,"endTime":3882.57,"body":"avoid people who are smoking,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3882.57,"endTime":3885.03,"body":"if you've got a history"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3882.57,"endTime":3885.03,"body":"of cardiovascular disease,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3885.03,"endTime":3886.29,"body":"there may be a genetic risk,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3886.29,"endTime":3888.96,"body":"but be lean, be fit, be healthy"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3888.96,"endTime":3891.183,"body":"would be my take-home message."},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3892.05,"endTime":3894.51,"body":"People want that information,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3894.51,"endTime":3896.19,"body":"they really want that information,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3896.19,"endTime":3898.29,"body":"but I think the information, sometimes,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3898.29,"endTime":3900.39,"body":"is less helpful than you think it is."},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3900.39,"endTime":3901.5,"body":"- [Questioner] Thank you."},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3901.5,"endTime":3903.54,"body":"- I'm very sorry to cut the questions off,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3903.54,"endTime":3904.71,"body":"we have to give the hall back,"},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3904.71,"endTime":3906.9,"body":"and it's very nice of you all to turn up."},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3906.9,"endTime":3908.732,"body":"Thank you, Ian Mudway."},{"speaker":"And that can result in some very strange","startTime":3908.732,"endTime":3911.699,"body":"(audience applauds)"}]}