{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.15,"endTime":3.69,"body":"- Well, dear friends, thank"},{"startTime":0.15,"endTime":3.69,"body":"you so much for coming today."},{"startTime":3.69,"endTime":5.4,"body":"The bravest of you are here"},{"startTime":5.4,"endTime":8.01,"body":"because it's such a"},{"startTime":5.4,"endTime":8.01,"body":"technical title, you know,"},{"startTime":8.01,"endTime":10.593,"body":"for which I have no apologies."},{"startTime":11.55,"endTime":15.15,"body":"The dominant seventh chord, you can see"},{"startTime":15.15,"endTime":17.91,"body":"this is the person, Jean Phillipe Rameau,"},{"startTime":17.91,"endTime":22.257,"body":"who was the first to"},{"startTime":17.91,"endTime":22.257,"body":"describe, theorize it."},{"startTime":22.257,"endTime":24.03,"body":"He called it something else,"},{"startTime":24.03,"endTime":27.42,"body":"which I'm going to tell you"},{"startTime":24.03,"endTime":27.42,"body":"about a little bit later,"},{"startTime":27.42,"endTime":30.657,"body":"but first we're going to hear"},{"startTime":27.42,"endTime":30.657,"body":"the dominant seventh chord,"},{"startTime":30.657,"endTime":32.833,"body":"and then you will see how exciting it is."},{"startTime":34.058,"endTime":39.058,"body":"(\"Twist and Shout\")"},{"startTime":34.058,"endTime":39.058,"body":"(crowd screaming)"},{"startTime":43.5,"endTime":44.97,"body":"You see everyone's screaming."},{"startTime":43.5,"endTime":44.97,"body":"(audience laughing)"},{"startTime":44.97,"endTime":47.82,"body":"That's how exciting the dominant"},{"startTime":44.97,"endTime":47.82,"body":"seventh chord is, right?"},{"startTime":49.701,"endTime":53.19,"body":"So what do we do? You know,"},{"startTime":49.701,"endTime":53.19,"body":"how do we get this score?"},{"startTime":53.19,"endTime":54.99,"body":"Well, you already know the major triad,"},{"startTime":54.99,"endTime":57.21,"body":"we were talking about it last time."},{"startTime":57.21,"endTime":58.58,"body":"So..."},{"startTime":58.58,"endTime":60.997,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":62.314,"endTime":64.44,"body":"That's all lovely."},{"startTime":64.44,"endTime":65.79,"body":"Yeah, that's a major triad."},{"startTime":65.79,"endTime":68.936,"body":"Add another third on top."},{"startTime":68.936,"endTime":70.71,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":70.71,"endTime":73.53,"body":"and that makes it a dissonant chord."},{"startTime":73.53,"endTime":76.413,"body":"I can't remember whether"},{"startTime":73.53,"endTime":76.413,"body":"I had time last time"},{"startTime":76.413,"endTime":77.82,"body":"to discuss consonance and dissonance,"},{"startTime":77.82,"endTime":80.01,"body":"but I will be very brief just to mention"},{"startTime":80.01,"endTime":82.86,"body":"that consonance intervals, or chords,"},{"startTime":82.86,"endTime":86.303,"body":"is something that blends"},{"startTime":82.86,"endTime":86.303,"body":"together very well,"},{"startTime":86.303,"endTime":88.56,"body":"and dissonant ones don't."},{"startTime":88.56,"endTime":92.7,"body":"So the only consonance that"},{"startTime":88.56,"endTime":92.7,"body":"everyone seems to agree on"},{"startTime":92.7,"endTime":96.99,"body":"in the world is this"},{"startTime":92.7,"endTime":96.99,"body":"one, which is an octave."},{"startTime":96.99,"endTime":101.123,"body":"So we agree on it so much that"},{"startTime":96.99,"endTime":101.123,"body":"we consider it the same note."},{"startTime":101.123,"endTime":102.903,"body":"So if it's soprano and the bass,"},{"startTime":103.8,"endTime":105.6,"body":"who are asked to sing the same note,"},{"startTime":105.6,"endTime":107.46,"body":"they will sing it probably an octave"},{"startTime":107.46,"endTime":109.71,"body":"or maybe two octaves apart."},{"startTime":109.71,"endTime":111.807,"body":"So that's the only one we agree on."},{"startTime":111.807,"endTime":114.6,"body":"Then there is this one, the fifth,"},{"startTime":114.6,"endTime":117.929,"body":"and that's already a cultural thing,"},{"startTime":117.929,"endTime":121.31,"body":"because not every culture"},{"startTime":117.929,"endTime":121.31,"body":"would necessarily recognize it"},{"startTime":121.31,"endTime":122.97,"body":"as something very pleasant,"},{"startTime":122.97,"endTime":125.82,"body":"or as notes blending together."},{"startTime":125.82,"endTime":130.82,"body":"But this note really creates some tension."},{"startTime":131.61,"endTime":133.95,"body":"It creates dissonance,"},{"startTime":133.95,"endTime":137.91,"body":"and it seems that we want to"},{"startTime":133.95,"endTime":137.91,"body":"do something with this chord."},{"startTime":137.91,"endTime":141.108,"body":"We cannot just leave it hanging."},{"startTime":141.108,"endTime":145.79,"body":"So the moment it was defined was in 1722"},{"startTime":145.79,"endTime":148.233,"body":"in the \"Harmonic Treatise\" by Rameau,"},{"startTime":149.4,"endTime":152.76,"body":"and he defines it immediately as something"},{"startTime":152.76,"endTime":154.86,"body":"that has to go to another chord."},{"startTime":154.86,"endTime":159.39,"body":"So actually what he calls"},{"startTime":154.86,"endTime":159.39,"body":"it is dominant tonic."},{"startTime":159.39,"endTime":160.86,"body":"It's a very confusing word."},{"startTime":160.86,"endTime":162.48,"body":"All the musical terms are actually"},{"startTime":162.48,"endTime":164.22,"body":"quite illogical and confusing,"},{"startTime":164.22,"endTime":167.547,"body":"because, so we are going to"},{"startTime":164.22,"endTime":167.547,"body":"call it the dominant seventh."},{"startTime":167.547,"endTime":172.2,"body":"The seventh because it has"},{"startTime":167.547,"endTime":172.2,"body":"this interval of the seventh"},{"startTime":172.2,"endTime":175.17,"body":"between the first and fourth note,"},{"startTime":175.17,"endTime":178.5,"body":"and dominant because it's"},{"startTime":175.17,"endTime":178.5,"body":"built on the fifth step"},{"startTime":178.5,"endTime":180.69,"body":"or fifth note of the scale."},{"startTime":180.69,"endTime":183.117,"body":"So if we can't..."},{"startTime":183.117,"endTime":185.617,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":186.882,"endTime":191.46,"body":"And why do we call it"},{"startTime":186.882,"endTime":191.46,"body":"dominant? Why is it dominant?"},{"startTime":191.46,"endTime":193.53,"body":"I've just told you that it's the tonic,"},{"startTime":193.53,"endTime":197.94,"body":"which is the most"},{"startTime":193.53,"endTime":197.94,"body":"domineering chord in the key."},{"startTime":197.94,"endTime":200.28,"body":"So that is a historical term,"},{"startTime":200.28,"endTime":204.36,"body":"and it comes from recitations"},{"startTime":200.28,"endTime":204.36,"body":"of biblical texts."},{"startTime":204.36,"endTime":207.78,"body":"So if you have a recitation in a liturgy,"},{"startTime":207.78,"endTime":210.63,"body":"you will have it usually on one note,"},{"startTime":210.63,"endTime":213.96,"body":"and that note usually was"},{"startTime":210.63,"endTime":213.96,"body":"note five of the mode."},{"startTime":213.96,"endTime":216.81,"body":"So traditionally it was called dominant"},{"startTime":216.81,"endTime":218.61,"body":"because it was domineering"},{"startTime":218.61,"endTime":221.67,"body":"within that passage of recitation."},{"startTime":221.67,"endTime":223.56,"body":"So basically, it's not dominant here,"},{"startTime":223.56,"endTime":225.78,"body":"but Rameau inherits the term,"},{"startTime":225.78,"endTime":227.4,"body":"so he calls it dominant tonic"},{"startTime":227.4,"endTime":230.07,"body":"because it actually has to go somewhere,"},{"startTime":230.07,"endTime":232.41,"body":"and he decides that it has to go"},{"startTime":232.41,"endTime":234.75,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":232.41,"endTime":234.75,"body":"into the tonic."},{"startTime":234.75,"endTime":238.05,"body":"So it's not a chord on its own,"},{"startTime":238.05,"endTime":240.51,"body":"it's part of what we call a progression,"},{"startTime":240.51,"endTime":243.03,"body":"not even succession of"},{"startTime":240.51,"endTime":243.03,"body":"chords, but progression,"},{"startTime":243.03,"endTime":246.66,"body":"because there is a need"},{"startTime":243.03,"endTime":246.66,"body":"for it to go somewhere."},{"startTime":246.66,"endTime":249.24,"body":"So there is an understanding"},{"startTime":246.66,"endTime":249.24,"body":"that because it's so dissonant,"},{"startTime":249.24,"endTime":251.49,"body":"it has to resolve."},{"startTime":251.49,"endTime":253.722,"body":"So that's what he does."},{"startTime":253.722,"endTime":257.096,"body":"I'm trying to read what he did here."},{"startTime":257.096,"endTime":260.01,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":260.01,"endTime":261.27,"body":"That's what he does."},{"startTime":261.27,"endTime":264.663,"body":"So that his dominant"},{"startTime":261.27,"endTime":264.663,"body":"tonic, dominant and tonic,"},{"startTime":265.86,"endTime":268.26,"body":"dominant seventh chord with a resolution,"},{"startTime":268.26,"endTime":273.26,"body":"or in the minor, it'll be the same chord."},{"startTime":273.57,"endTime":276.84,"body":"Right, so we've got a definition."},{"startTime":276.84,"endTime":279.903,"body":"Now let us hear it in practice."},{"startTime":281.04,"endTime":283.74,"body":"If we take the trio from the minuet"},{"startTime":283.74,"endTime":288.36,"body":"of Mozart's Symphony No. 41,"},{"startTime":283.74,"endTime":288.36,"body":"which is his last symphony,"},{"startTime":288.36,"endTime":291.0,"body":"he plays with that chord"},{"startTime":288.36,"endTime":291.0,"body":"and its resolution."},{"startTime":291.0,"endTime":295.905,"body":"So you'll hear it several times"},{"startTime":291.0,"endTime":295.905,"body":"very clearly in the horns."},{"startTime":295.905,"endTime":298.405,"body":"(brisk music)"},{"startTime":305.88,"endTime":306.862,"body":"Showtime"},{"startTime":306.862,"endTime":309.362,"body":"(brisk music)"},{"startTime":314.64,"endTime":318.69,"body":"So that's quite easy to hear."},{"startTime":318.69,"endTime":320.982,"body":"So, because we like so much to discover"},{"startTime":320.982,"endTime":325.11,"body":"the origins of something,"},{"startTime":320.982,"endTime":325.11,"body":"the origins of this chord."},{"startTime":325.11,"endTime":327.704,"body":"So who was the first to use it?"},{"startTime":327.704,"endTime":329.73,"body":"So people have been searching"},{"startTime":329.73,"endTime":332.82,"body":"and have been very"},{"startTime":329.73,"endTime":332.82,"body":"preoccupied by this question,"},{"startTime":332.82,"endTime":336.27,"body":"who was the first person to"},{"startTime":332.82,"endTime":336.27,"body":"use the dominant seventh?"},{"startTime":336.27,"endTime":339.81,"body":"Now if you just think"},{"startTime":336.27,"endTime":339.81,"body":"about it without a context"},{"startTime":339.81,"endTime":341.94,"body":"just as a combination of notes,"},{"startTime":341.94,"endTime":344.49,"body":"you can go back to the 14th century"},{"startTime":344.49,"endTime":346.71,"body":"and find that combination of notes,"},{"startTime":346.71,"endTime":349.56,"body":"but it won't necessarily"},{"startTime":346.71,"endTime":349.56,"body":"resolve into the tonic."},{"startTime":349.56,"endTime":352.898,"body":"So with the context that"},{"startTime":349.56,"endTime":352.898,"body":"we are familiar with,"},{"startTime":352.898,"endTime":357.24,"body":"we have to go to the"},{"startTime":352.898,"endTime":357.24,"body":"beginning of the 17th century"},{"startTime":357.24,"endTime":360.303,"body":"to the madrigals of Claudio Monteverdi,"},{"startTime":361.89,"endTime":366.09,"body":"and I'm going to play you"},{"startTime":361.89,"endTime":366.09,"body":"an example from a madrigal"},{"startTime":366.09,"endTime":369.173,"body":"on the second page of the score,"},{"startTime":369.173,"endTime":373.26,"body":"you will hopefully hear"},{"startTime":369.173,"endTime":373.26,"body":"that chord appearing,"},{"startTime":373.26,"endTime":376.68,"body":"and I'll make some gesture"},{"startTime":373.26,"endTime":376.68,"body":"to indicate where it comes."},{"startTime":376.68,"endTime":378.535,"body":"It's a very beautiful piece."},{"startTime":378.535,"endTime":380.952,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":416.01,"endTime":416.843,"body":"So this."},{"startTime":417.698,"endTime":420.236,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":420.236,"endTime":421.26,"body":"They're singing it on a different key,"},{"startTime":421.26,"endTime":425.19,"body":"but nevertheless, you picked"},{"startTime":421.26,"endTime":425.19,"body":"up, this is where it appears,"},{"startTime":425.19,"endTime":428.34,"body":"and it appears kind of"},{"startTime":425.19,"endTime":428.34,"body":"without preparation."},{"startTime":428.34,"endTime":429.84,"body":"Monteverdi actually breaks"},{"startTime":429.84,"endTime":432.549,"body":"the rules of counterpoint deliberately"},{"startTime":432.549,"endTime":437.549,"body":"and introduces this seventh,"},{"startTime":432.549,"endTime":437.549,"body":"this dissonant note on top,"},{"startTime":438.06,"endTime":441.639,"body":"with the leap, not even"},{"startTime":438.06,"endTime":441.639,"body":"preparing it in any way,"},{"startTime":441.639,"endTime":446.639,"body":"and why we know that it actually"},{"startTime":441.639,"endTime":446.639,"body":"did cause consternation,"},{"startTime":447.27,"endTime":451.35,"body":"because another musician"},{"startTime":447.27,"endTime":451.35,"body":"who was called Artusi"},{"startTime":451.35,"endTime":454.68,"body":"started criticizing him for"},{"startTime":451.35,"endTime":454.68,"body":"that, and saying, you know,"},{"startTime":454.68,"endTime":457.112,"body":"you're introducing all"},{"startTime":454.68,"endTime":457.112,"body":"these kinds of things,"},{"startTime":457.112,"endTime":460.41,"body":"all these strange sonorities"},{"startTime":457.112,"endTime":460.41,"body":"that we don't want,"},{"startTime":460.41,"endTime":461.73,"body":"they're unpleasant,"},{"startTime":461.73,"endTime":464.22,"body":"and Monteverdi republished his madrigals"},{"startTime":464.22,"endTime":468.0,"body":"with a note that that's"},{"startTime":464.22,"endTime":468.0,"body":"exactly what I mean to do."},{"startTime":468.0,"endTime":471.33,"body":"This is the new style,"},{"startTime":468.0,"endTime":471.33,"body":"so tough, basically."},{"startTime":471.33,"endTime":472.755,"body":"Accept this."},{"startTime":472.755,"endTime":475.26,"body":"But you shouldn't imagine"},{"startTime":472.755,"endTime":475.26,"body":"that after Monteverdi,"},{"startTime":475.26,"endTime":478.38,"body":"then people immediately"},{"startTime":475.26,"endTime":478.38,"body":"started using this chord."},{"startTime":478.38,"endTime":480.42,"body":"So it, it happened very gradually,"},{"startTime":480.42,"endTime":483.21,"body":"and in fact, in the 17th century,"},{"startTime":483.21,"endTime":484.53,"body":"in the middle of 17th century,"},{"startTime":484.53,"endTime":486.36,"body":"there's a kind of gap in music history."},{"startTime":486.36,"endTime":491.36,"body":"We're not quite sure what"},{"startTime":486.36,"endTime":491.36,"body":"happens and how it happens."},{"startTime":491.55,"endTime":496.2,"body":"But if we go towards"},{"startTime":491.55,"endTime":496.2,"body":"the end of the century,"},{"startTime":496.2,"endTime":500.88,"body":"we can find that in Lully, for"},{"startTime":496.2,"endTime":500.88,"body":"example, in Lully's \"Te Deum\""},{"startTime":500.88,"endTime":503.34,"body":"there's quite a lot of alternation"},{"startTime":503.34,"endTime":506.25,"body":"between dominant and"},{"startTime":503.34,"endTime":506.25,"body":"tonic, but not the seventh."},{"startTime":506.25,"endTime":509.451,"body":"So you will hear something like this."},{"startTime":509.451,"endTime":512.07,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":512.07,"endTime":514.29,"body":"Yeah, So the bass goes like this."},{"startTime":514.29,"endTime":516.3,"body":"Yeah. 1 5, 1 5."},{"startTime":516.3,"endTime":518.49,"body":"But it's still not the seventh,"},{"startTime":518.49,"endTime":520.11,"body":"it's just two triads."},{"startTime":520.11,"endTime":521.073,"body":"So let's hear it."},{"startTime":521.926,"endTime":524.759,"body":"(energetic music)"},{"startTime":549.75,"endTime":553.091,"body":"So it's sort of there"},{"startTime":549.75,"endTime":553.091,"body":"and the seventh appears."},{"startTime":553.091,"endTime":555.146,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":555.146,"endTime":557.94,"body":"They play everything in a different,"},{"startTime":557.94,"endTime":559.41,"body":"in a different tuning,"},{"startTime":559.41,"endTime":562.747,"body":"so that's why we end"},{"startTime":559.41,"endTime":562.747,"body":"up in a different key."},{"startTime":562.747,"endTime":564.937,"body":"So this is the seventh."},{"startTime":564.937,"endTime":567.354,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":570.54,"endTime":573.65,"body":"In the end, it ends up just"},{"startTime":570.54,"endTime":573.65,"body":"being without the seventh."},{"startTime":573.65,"endTime":576.21,"body":"So he uses it very, very sparingly."},{"startTime":576.21,"endTime":581.19,"body":"But if we go to just a few decades later,"},{"startTime":581.19,"endTime":583.2,"body":"so the beginning of the 18th century,"},{"startTime":583.2,"endTime":587.73,"body":"and we have Corelli, and here"},{"startTime":583.2,"endTime":587.73,"body":"we have it just in plain view,"},{"startTime":587.73,"endTime":591.273,"body":"the dominant seventh, at"},{"startTime":587.73,"endTime":591.273,"body":"least two on the first page,"},{"startTime":592.17,"endTime":597.17,"body":"and I'm going to play"},{"startTime":592.17,"endTime":597.17,"body":"this and let you hear it."},{"startTime":598.729,"endTime":601.146,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":615.84,"endTime":619.92,"body":"You might might have noticed"},{"startTime":615.84,"endTime":619.92,"body":"that he has all these figures"},{"startTime":619.92,"endTime":622.95,"body":"in between the musical lines."},{"startTime":622.95,"endTime":623.97,"body":"So what do they mean?"},{"startTime":623.97,"endTime":625.83,"body":"Some of them are sevenths, and in fact,"},{"startTime":625.83,"endTime":629.67,"body":"the ones that I showed pointed"},{"startTime":625.83,"endTime":629.67,"body":"out as the dominant sevenths"},{"startTime":629.67,"endTime":631.83,"body":"were also marked by a seventh."},{"startTime":631.83,"endTime":635.46,"body":"So that was the practice of"},{"startTime":631.83,"endTime":635.46,"body":"the so-called Basso Continuo,"},{"startTime":635.46,"endTime":637.83,"body":"or thoroughbass, or figured bass"},{"startTime":637.83,"endTime":640.29,"body":"as it was written in the score."},{"startTime":640.29,"endTime":644.43,"body":"So this practice actually"},{"startTime":640.29,"endTime":644.43,"body":"arose in Monteverdi's time,"},{"startTime":644.43,"endTime":647.04,"body":"but at first it was just to indicate"},{"startTime":647.04,"endTime":649.38,"body":"for, say, an accompanying harpsichord"},{"startTime":649.38,"endTime":651.15,"body":"which note they had to add,"},{"startTime":651.15,"endTime":653.55,"body":"which note they exactly they had to play,"},{"startTime":653.55,"endTime":655.8,"body":"so there were figures like figure 15,"},{"startTime":655.8,"endTime":658.68,"body":"and then you would have to cancel 15 notes"},{"startTime":658.68,"endTime":660.9,"body":"and play exactly that note,"},{"startTime":660.9,"endTime":663.69,"body":"but gradually this practice helps people"},{"startTime":663.69,"endTime":667.44,"body":"to think of course, as"},{"startTime":663.69,"endTime":667.44,"body":"these abstract units."},{"startTime":667.44,"endTime":669.51,"body":"So if it says seventh,"},{"startTime":669.51,"endTime":672.24,"body":"it can be this,"},{"startTime":669.51,"endTime":672.24,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":672.24,"endTime":673.798,"body":"or it can be this,"},{"startTime":672.24,"endTime":673.798,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":673.798,"endTime":676.84,"body":"or it can be a..."},{"startTime":673.798,"endTime":676.84,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":676.84,"endTime":679.29,"body":"Yeah, the harpsichordist can improvise,"},{"startTime":679.29,"endTime":682.41,"body":"but it will be still"},{"startTime":679.29,"endTime":682.41,"body":"consisting of the same notes,"},{"startTime":682.41,"endTime":685.56,"body":"and the main thing is the"},{"startTime":682.41,"endTime":685.56,"body":"bass will always be the same,"},{"startTime":685.56,"endTime":690.56,"body":"so all the notes are at the"},{"startTime":685.56,"endTime":690.56,"body":"disposal of the harpsichordist,"},{"startTime":690.6,"endTime":692.79,"body":"but he knows that they have"},{"startTime":690.6,"endTime":692.79,"body":"to belong to the seventh."},{"startTime":692.79,"endTime":696.06,"body":"So that practice actually"},{"startTime":692.79,"endTime":696.06,"body":"helped established chords"},{"startTime":696.06,"endTime":697.68,"body":"as these kind of abstract things"},{"startTime":697.68,"endTime":700.29,"body":"that people could think of as, you know,"},{"startTime":700.29,"endTime":703.83,"body":"well, despite all the"},{"startTime":700.29,"endTime":703.83,"body":"decorations around it,"},{"startTime":703.83,"endTime":707.579,"body":"I can still hear that it's"},{"startTime":703.83,"endTime":707.579,"body":"the dominant seventh chord."},{"startTime":707.579,"endTime":712.579,"body":"So Corelli, I mean, we don't"},{"startTime":707.579,"endTime":712.579,"body":"talk about him that much."},{"startTime":712.74,"endTime":715.74,"body":"We don't remember him as"},{"startTime":712.74,"endTime":715.74,"body":"much as we do Beethoven,"},{"startTime":715.74,"endTime":718.56,"body":"for example, or Mozart, but at the time,"},{"startTime":718.56,"endTime":722.4,"body":"what he did was extremely interesting"},{"startTime":722.4,"endTime":727.02,"body":"and pleasing for people,"},{"startTime":722.4,"endTime":727.02,"body":"and this is, for example,"},{"startTime":727.02,"endTime":730.05,"body":"what Francesco Gasparini said about him,"},{"startTime":730.05,"endTime":732.99,"body":"that \"This practice followed"},{"startTime":730.05,"endTime":732.99,"body":"by the better modern composers"},{"startTime":732.99,"endTime":736.08,"body":"is found particularly in the"},{"startTime":732.99,"endTime":736.08,"body":"extremely delightful symphony"},{"startTime":736.08,"endTime":739.47,"body":"of Arcangelo Corelli, supreme"},{"startTime":736.08,"endTime":739.47,"body":"virtuoso of the violin,"},{"startTime":739.47,"endTime":743.55,"body":"true Orpheus of our time, who"},{"startTime":739.47,"endTime":743.55,"body":"moves and shifts his basses"},{"startTime":743.55,"endTime":746.19,"body":"with so much artfulness care and grace"},{"startTime":746.19,"endTime":747.96,"body":"using these ties and dissonances"},{"startTime":747.96,"endTime":749.79,"body":"so well controlled and resolved"},{"startTime":749.79,"endTime":753.21,"body":"and so well interwoven"},{"startTime":749.79,"endTime":753.21,"body":"with a variety of themes"},{"startTime":753.21,"endTime":754.35,"body":"that one may well say"},{"startTime":754.35,"endTime":757.62,"body":"he has rediscovered the"},{"startTime":754.35,"endTime":757.62,"body":"perfection of ravishing harmony.\""},{"startTime":757.62,"endTime":759.72,"body":"So people felt that this was something new"},{"startTime":759.72,"endTime":761.94,"body":"and something extremely beautiful."},{"startTime":761.94,"endTime":763.65,"body":"They liked it, what they did."},{"startTime":763.65,"endTime":767.97,"body":"Charles Burney, who wrote"},{"startTime":763.65,"endTime":767.97,"body":"his history of music in 1776,"},{"startTime":768.987,"endTime":773.686,"body":"and between 1776 and '88,"},{"startTime":768.987,"endTime":773.686,"body":"or something like that,"},{"startTime":773.686,"endTime":776.67,"body":"he said, \"Scarce a"},{"startTime":773.686,"endTime":776.67,"body":"contemporary musical writer,"},{"startTime":776.67,"endTime":779.49,"body":"historian or poet neglected to celebrate"},{"startTime":779.49,"endTime":782.82,"body":"his genius and talents,"},{"startTime":779.49,"endTime":782.82,"body":"and his productions"},{"startTime":782.82,"endTime":785.64,"body":"have contributed longer to"},{"startTime":782.82,"endTime":785.64,"body":"charm the lovers of music"},{"startTime":785.64,"endTime":788.07,"body":"by the mere powers of the bow,"},{"startTime":788.07,"endTime":790.65,"body":"without the assistance of the human voice"},{"startTime":790.65,"endTime":793.71,"body":"than those of any composer"},{"startTime":790.65,"endTime":793.71,"body":"that has yet existed.\""},{"startTime":793.71,"endTime":795.872,"body":"And I think this is a"},{"startTime":793.71,"endTime":795.872,"body":"very interesting point."},{"startTime":795.872,"endTime":797.97,"body":"\"By the mere power of the bow"},{"startTime":797.97,"endTime":800.88,"body":"without the assistance"},{"startTime":797.97,"endTime":800.88,"body":"of the human voice,\""},{"startTime":800.88,"endTime":804.15,"body":"which means that Corelli played his role"},{"startTime":804.15,"endTime":807.33,"body":"in the development of"},{"startTime":804.15,"endTime":807.33,"body":"instrumental music without text."},{"startTime":807.33,"endTime":810.24,"body":"Without the voice, which"},{"startTime":807.33,"endTime":810.24,"body":"means without text."},{"startTime":810.24,"endTime":812.73,"body":"So usually, if we have the text,"},{"startTime":812.73,"endTime":816.78,"body":"we don't have to worry so"},{"startTime":812.73,"endTime":816.78,"body":"much where the music moves"},{"startTime":816.78,"endTime":819.09,"body":"because the text binds it all together."},{"startTime":819.09,"endTime":820.689,"body":"We're interested in the text."},{"startTime":820.689,"endTime":825.0,"body":"But if you don't have the"},{"startTime":820.689,"endTime":825.0,"body":"text, we need something else,"},{"startTime":825.0,"endTime":827.73,"body":"which makes us sit on"},{"startTime":825.0,"endTime":827.73,"body":"the edge of our seat,"},{"startTime":827.73,"endTime":829.631,"body":"and ask, \"What next? What's next?"},{"startTime":829.631,"endTime":830.82,"body":"Where are you, where are we going?\""},{"startTime":830.82,"endTime":834.54,"body":"So it's the power of this dominant seventh"},{"startTime":834.54,"endTime":836.13,"body":"which propels us forward."},{"startTime":836.13,"endTime":838.56,"body":"It's because we want to resolve it."},{"startTime":838.56,"endTime":842.4,"body":"So why indeed we want to resolve it?"},{"startTime":842.4,"endTime":845.038,"body":"Why is it if I play this to you"},{"startTime":845.038,"endTime":846.702,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":845.038,"endTime":846.702,"body":"and just walk off,"},{"startTime":846.702,"endTime":849.9,"body":"you will feel unsatisfied."},{"startTime":849.9,"endTime":850.923,"body":"Why is this?"},{"startTime":853.14,"endTime":856.26,"body":"People talk about the"},{"startTime":853.14,"endTime":856.26,"body":"gravitational pull of the tonic."},{"startTime":856.26,"endTime":859.94,"body":"Somehow it just wants,"},{"startTime":856.26,"endTime":859.94,"body":"wants to resolve there."},{"startTime":859.94,"endTime":861.93,"body":"It is a metaphor, obviously,"},{"startTime":861.93,"endTime":865.11,"body":"but Rameau actually being one of these"},{"startTime":865.11,"endTime":866.79,"body":"great enlightenment scholars"},{"startTime":866.79,"endTime":869.55,"body":"believed that he's made"},{"startTime":866.79,"endTime":869.55,"body":"a scientific discovery,"},{"startTime":869.55,"endTime":872.13,"body":"that he discovered a law of nature,"},{"startTime":872.13,"endTime":874.443,"body":"that this is how things are in nature,"},{"startTime":874.443,"endTime":878.04,"body":"that the dominant seventh has"},{"startTime":874.443,"endTime":878.04,"body":"to resolve into the tonic."},{"startTime":878.04,"endTime":879.87,"body":"Well, this has been disproven,"},{"startTime":879.87,"endTime":882.09,"body":"because actually if"},{"startTime":879.87,"endTime":882.09,"body":"you play it to somebody"},{"startTime":882.09,"endTime":884.76,"body":"who has never heard Western music at all,"},{"startTime":884.76,"endTime":889.52,"body":"to some kind of remote, say remote hermit"},{"startTime":889.52,"endTime":893.07,"body":"living somewhere in the midst of Siberia,"},{"startTime":893.07,"endTime":894.84,"body":"or in the Amazonian jungle,"},{"startTime":894.84,"endTime":897.21,"body":"they might not necessarily"},{"startTime":894.84,"endTime":897.21,"body":"want to resolve it."},{"startTime":897.21,"endTime":898.92,"body":"So it's really a cultural thing."},{"startTime":898.92,"endTime":902.79,"body":"It's a thing that we developed"},{"startTime":898.92,"endTime":902.79,"body":"as a result of practice"},{"startTime":902.79,"endTime":903.873,"body":"of Western music."},{"startTime":906.51,"endTime":911.043,"body":"So let's talk about this"},{"startTime":906.51,"endTime":911.043,"body":"chord as a questioning chord."},{"startTime":912.69,"endTime":916.47,"body":"For this, I've chosen the"},{"startTime":912.69,"endTime":916.47,"body":"small piece here by Chopin,"},{"startTime":916.47,"endTime":918.12,"body":"which is very familiar to you."},{"startTime":918.12,"endTime":920.04,"body":"So you will hear the first little phrase,"},{"startTime":920.04,"endTime":922.77,"body":"which stops on the dominant seventh,"},{"startTime":922.77,"endTime":926.34,"body":"and then it sounds like a"},{"startTime":922.77,"endTime":926.34,"body":"question, it sounds incomplete."},{"startTime":926.34,"endTime":929.79,"body":"And then the second phrase"},{"startTime":926.34,"endTime":929.79,"body":"which seems to answer it."},{"startTime":929.79,"endTime":932.76,"body":"And then he alternates between them."},{"startTime":932.76,"endTime":937.14,"body":"He keeps sort of asking"},{"startTime":932.76,"endTime":937.14,"body":"you questions with music"},{"startTime":937.14,"endTime":940.38,"body":"and providing some reassurance,"},{"startTime":940.38,"endTime":942.54,"body":"and then towards the end"},{"startTime":940.38,"endTime":942.54,"body":"of this little piece,"},{"startTime":942.54,"endTime":945.39,"body":"he asks you the question"},{"startTime":942.54,"endTime":945.39,"body":"even more intensely"},{"startTime":945.39,"endTime":946.98,"body":"by using a dominant seventh,"},{"startTime":946.98,"endTime":948.87,"body":"which leads you into a different key,"},{"startTime":948.87,"endTime":951.78,"body":"but actually it doesn't go"},{"startTime":948.87,"endTime":951.78,"body":"there, but you will see,"},{"startTime":951.78,"endTime":956.78,"body":"you will feel this level"},{"startTime":951.78,"endTime":956.78,"body":"of intensity rising,"},{"startTime":957.09,"endTime":959.31,"body":"and then it all resorts to the tonic."},{"startTime":959.31,"endTime":962.1,"body":"So let us hear it from that point of view."},{"startTime":967.192,"endTime":969.692,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":1012.42,"endTime":1013.82,"body":"Okay. Does it make sense?"},{"startTime":1013.82,"endTime":1014.653,"body":"Yeah?"},{"startTime":1014.653,"endTime":1017.57,"body":"So there's a further"},{"startTime":1014.653,"endTime":1017.57,"body":"level of complexity here"},{"startTime":1017.57,"endTime":1019.37,"body":"that I don't want to go into,"},{"startTime":1019.37,"endTime":1024.37,"body":"it's about that climactic,"},{"startTime":1019.37,"endTime":1024.37,"body":"most intense dominant seventh,"},{"startTime":1024.41,"endTime":1027.59,"body":"but let's stop here for a moment."},{"startTime":1027.59,"endTime":1031.46,"body":"So now I would like to invite our quartet,"},{"startTime":1031.46,"endTime":1032.75,"body":"the Bodman Quartet,"},{"startTime":1032.75,"endTime":1037.22,"body":"to actually illustrate something for us."},{"startTime":1037.22,"endTime":1040.43,"body":"So if we can have them,"},{"startTime":1040.43,"endTime":1043.707,"body":"please give them a little bit of applause."},{"startTime":1043.707,"endTime":1046.957,"body":"(audience applauding)"},{"startTime":1050.321,"endTime":1051.893,"body":"So what I wanted to demonstrate"},{"startTime":1051.893,"endTime":1053.78,"body":"with the help of the Bodman Quartet"},{"startTime":1053.78,"endTime":1057.29,"body":"is we're going to go to the"},{"startTime":1053.78,"endTime":1057.29,"body":"finale of a Haydn quartet,"},{"startTime":1057.29,"endTime":1060.56,"body":"the Opus 9 No. 5, and"},{"startTime":1057.29,"endTime":1060.56,"body":"it's an interesting piece"},{"startTime":1060.56,"endTime":1063.92,"body":"because actually uses"},{"startTime":1060.56,"endTime":1063.92,"body":"this questioning chord"},{"startTime":1063.92,"endTime":1065.21,"body":"on a different level."},{"startTime":1065.21,"endTime":1068.028,"body":"So you hear quite a long passage of music,"},{"startTime":1068.028,"endTime":1073.028,"body":"which then suddenly stops"},{"startTime":1068.028,"endTime":1073.028,"body":"on the dominant seventh."},{"startTime":1073.413,"endTime":1077.12,"body":"So if you could illustrate for"},{"startTime":1073.413,"endTime":1077.12,"body":"us just that little passage"},{"startTime":1077.12,"endTime":1079.17,"body":"so that you remember it when you hear it."},{"startTime":1080.946,"endTime":1083.363,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":1094.52,"endTime":1096.86,"body":"So where do we go from there?"},{"startTime":1096.86,"endTime":1097.85,"body":"Where do we go from there?"},{"startTime":1097.85,"endTime":1099.2,"body":"Well, the first time, yeah,"},{"startTime":1099.2,"endTime":1101.9,"body":"we are actually going"},{"startTime":1099.2,"endTime":1101.9,"body":"to go back to the start,"},{"startTime":1101.9,"endTime":1104.45,"body":"because it's a repeat"},{"startTime":1101.9,"endTime":1104.45,"body":"of that whole section,"},{"startTime":1104.45,"endTime":1106.85,"body":"and the second time"},{"startTime":1104.45,"endTime":1106.85,"body":"when we hear this chord,"},{"startTime":1106.85,"endTime":1109.34,"body":"he will take us somewhere else,"},{"startTime":1109.34,"endTime":1111.59,"body":"because we're going into"},{"startTime":1109.34,"endTime":1111.59,"body":"the development section"},{"startTime":1111.59,"endTime":1115.133,"body":"where he will go to in other"},{"startTime":1111.59,"endTime":1115.133,"body":"keys, and even to the minor."},{"startTime":1116.72,"endTime":1119.24,"body":"And every time you hear this question,"},{"startTime":1119.24,"endTime":1120.59,"body":"you hear this dominant seventh,"},{"startTime":1120.59,"endTime":1123.704,"body":"you realize that this is"},{"startTime":1120.59,"endTime":1123.704,"body":"another section finished,"},{"startTime":1123.704,"endTime":1128.704,"body":"and eventually we will end up"},{"startTime":1123.704,"endTime":1128.704,"body":"with resolving it, hopefully,"},{"startTime":1130.25,"endTime":1131.66,"body":"in the home key."},{"startTime":1131.66,"endTime":1135.59,"body":"So now I would like you to"},{"startTime":1131.66,"endTime":1135.59,"body":"perform the whole of the finale."},{"startTime":1135.59,"endTime":1136.73,"body":"I'm just going to sit down,"},{"startTime":1136.73,"endTime":1139.25,"body":"so let's enjoy a little musical break"},{"startTime":1139.25,"endTime":1143.564,"body":"and listen for this"},{"startTime":1139.25,"endTime":1143.564,"body":"wonderful dominant seventh."},{"startTime":1143.564,"endTime":1146.314,"body":"(vigorous music)"},{"startTime":1409.996,"endTime":1413.163,"body":"(audience applauding)"},{"startTime":1420.15,"endTime":1422.24,"body":"Thank you very much."},{"startTime":1422.24,"endTime":1424.22,"body":"Hayden liked inventing these things."},{"startTime":1424.22,"endTime":1426.14,"body":"You can imagine that he was, you know,"},{"startTime":1426.14,"endTime":1428.14,"body":"when he was working for Count Esterhazy,"},{"startTime":1428.981,"endTime":1432.86,"body":"and he wanted to do something"},{"startTime":1428.981,"endTime":1432.86,"body":"new every single time."},{"startTime":1432.86,"endTime":1435.882,"body":"So you can imagine people"},{"startTime":1432.86,"endTime":1435.882,"body":"would be sitting there"},{"startTime":1435.882,"endTime":1437.93,"body":"hearing this for the first time"},{"startTime":1437.93,"endTime":1441.56,"body":"and were really excited about"},{"startTime":1437.93,"endTime":1441.56,"body":"these questioning phrases,"},{"startTime":1441.56,"endTime":1444.143,"body":"because nobody had done that before."},{"startTime":1444.98,"endTime":1447.65,"body":"So stay with us for a little bit."},{"startTime":1447.65,"endTime":1451.19,"body":"I'm just going to talk a"},{"startTime":1447.65,"endTime":1451.19,"body":"little bit about other pieces"},{"startTime":1451.19,"endTime":1454.91,"body":"which also have these questions."},{"startTime":1454.91,"endTime":1457.64,"body":"Once we've established that"},{"startTime":1454.91,"endTime":1457.64,"body":"it's a questioning chord,"},{"startTime":1457.64,"endTime":1461.39,"body":"you can use it in a very"},{"startTime":1457.64,"endTime":1461.39,"body":"subtle way in pieces with text,"},{"startTime":1461.39,"endTime":1462.98,"body":"which is what Schumann does"},{"startTime":1462.98,"endTime":1466.454,"body":"in the first song of his"},{"startTime":1462.98,"endTime":1466.454,"body":"\"Dichterliebe\" cycle,"},{"startTime":1466.454,"endTime":1468.5,"body":"which is \"The Poets Love\"."},{"startTime":1468.5,"endTime":1472.107,"body":"Yeah, so the poet falls in love"},{"startTime":1468.5,"endTime":1472.107,"body":"and asks this big question,"},{"startTime":1472.107,"endTime":1473.746,"body":"\"Will she love me?\""},{"startTime":1473.746,"endTime":1477.147,"body":"And what he does the most amazing thing,"},{"startTime":1477.147,"endTime":1480.05,"body":"he basically centers this whole piece"},{"startTime":1480.05,"endTime":1484.61,"body":"around the dominant seventh"},{"startTime":1480.05,"endTime":1484.61,"body":"and doesn't resolve it."},{"startTime":1484.61,"endTime":1487.04,"body":"Then of course, the second song will come."},{"startTime":1487.04,"endTime":1490.49,"body":"So it's not that fatal,"},{"startTime":1487.04,"endTime":1490.49,"body":"right, that it's not resolved,"},{"startTime":1490.49,"endTime":1494.69,"body":"but it gives us a sense that"},{"startTime":1490.49,"endTime":1494.69,"body":"the question hangs in there."},{"startTime":1494.69,"endTime":1497.03,"body":"The question will be resolved."},{"startTime":1497.03,"endTime":1499.463,"body":"You can guess it's not going to be good."},{"startTime":1501.05,"endTime":1503.467,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":1514.075,"endTime":1516.908,"body":"(gentle singing)"},{"startTime":1587.243,"endTime":1590.18,"body":"Literally the question hanging in the air,"},{"startTime":1590.18,"endTime":1592.7,"body":"and association of the dominant seventh"},{"startTime":1592.7,"endTime":1595.91,"body":"with this unquenchable longing"},{"startTime":1595.91,"endTime":1600.91,"body":"might have come from one of"},{"startTime":1595.91,"endTime":1600.91,"body":"the favorite poets by Schumann,"},{"startTime":1604.13,"endTime":1608.36,"body":"ETA Hoffmann, who describes,"},{"startTime":1604.13,"endTime":1608.36,"body":"I'm not sure whether I,"},{"startTime":1608.36,"endTime":1609.955,"body":"yeah, I have it here, sorry."},{"startTime":1609.955,"endTime":1612.95,"body":"Just lost my place."},{"startTime":1612.95,"endTime":1616.513,"body":"Where he describes in one"},{"startTime":1612.95,"endTime":1616.513,"body":"of his little novellas,"},{"startTime":1616.513,"endTime":1620.24,"body":"hearing a dominant seventh in nature."},{"startTime":1620.24,"endTime":1623.037,"body":"The wind is blowing a gale, and he says,"},{"startTime":1623.037,"endTime":1624.77,"body":"\"It was in the depth of autumn,"},{"startTime":1624.77,"endTime":1626.182,"body":"and in the calm of the night,"},{"startTime":1626.182,"endTime":1628.76,"body":"wafted in by a light breeze,"},{"startTime":1628.76,"endTime":1631.58,"body":"I could clearly perceive"},{"startTime":1628.76,"endTime":1631.58,"body":"long sustained notes"},{"startTime":1631.58,"endTime":1633.98,"body":"sometimes like a muffled organ pipe"},{"startTime":1633.98,"endTime":1636.98,"body":"at other times like the"},{"startTime":1633.98,"endTime":1636.98,"body":"tolling of a distant bell,"},{"startTime":1636.98,"endTime":1638.87,"body":"I could often distinguish clearly"},{"startTime":1638.87,"endTime":1643.07,"body":"between a low F and the fifth, C,"},{"startTime":1643.07,"endTime":1646.637,"body":"sometimes an E flat was"},{"startTime":1643.07,"endTime":1646.637,"body":"added a third above.\""},{"startTime":1648.03,"endTime":1651.26,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":1651.26,"endTime":1652.971,"body":"That's what he's describing."},{"startTime":1652.971,"endTime":1656.45,"body":"\"The notes producing"},{"startTime":1652.971,"endTime":1656.45,"body":"piercing seventh chord"},{"startTime":1656.45,"endTime":1660.53,"body":"whose a of deep lament suffused"},{"startTime":1656.45,"endTime":1660.53,"body":"my soul with melancholy"},{"startTime":1660.53,"endTime":1662.423,"body":"and even horror.\""},{"startTime":1662.423,"endTime":1664.49,"body":"So maybe bit too much,"},{"startTime":1664.49,"endTime":1668.39,"body":"but if you imagine that if this"},{"startTime":1664.49,"endTime":1668.39,"body":"was a triad, a major triad,"},{"startTime":1668.39,"endTime":1672.11,"body":"and he would've heard"},{"startTime":1668.39,"endTime":1672.11,"body":"it produced by the wind,"},{"startTime":1672.11,"endTime":1673.52,"body":"he would've been delighted,"},{"startTime":1673.52,"endTime":1675.17,"body":"because that's the chord of nature."},{"startTime":1675.17,"endTime":1677.63,"body":"Everything is good, everything is well,"},{"startTime":1677.63,"endTime":1679.823,"body":"but if nature gives you a dissonant chord"},{"startTime":1679.823,"endTime":1682.37,"body":"then there's something is not good"},{"startTime":1682.37,"endTime":1683.96,"body":"with the harmony of the spheres."},{"startTime":1683.96,"endTime":1686.81,"body":"Something is really disturbing happening."},{"startTime":1686.81,"endTime":1689.93,"body":"So this is a kind of"},{"startTime":1686.81,"endTime":1689.93,"body":"romantic attitude to life"},{"startTime":1689.93,"endTime":1694.159,"body":"that Schumann also wanted to portray."},{"startTime":1694.159,"endTime":1695.99,"body":"But for another example,"},{"startTime":1695.99,"endTime":1698.738,"body":"I wanted to show you another"},{"startTime":1695.99,"endTime":1698.738,"body":"piece which also ends"},{"startTime":1698.738,"endTime":1702.62,"body":"with a dominant seventh,"},{"startTime":1698.738,"endTime":1702.62,"body":"but in a very different way."},{"startTime":1702.62,"endTime":1704.99,"body":"It's Chopin's \"Prelude in F Major\","},{"startTime":1704.99,"endTime":1707.17,"body":"and he adds this seventh,"},{"startTime":1707.17,"endTime":1709.73,"body":"it almost ends like on a normal triad,"},{"startTime":1709.73,"endTime":1712.629,"body":"but he adds this seventh very high up,"},{"startTime":1712.629,"endTime":1717.629,"body":"and if you remember what I"},{"startTime":1712.629,"endTime":1717.629,"body":"was telling you last time"},{"startTime":1718.01,"endTime":1719.6,"body":"about the harmonic series,"},{"startTime":1719.6,"endTime":1723.47,"body":"actually the \"Overture No."},{"startTime":1719.6,"endTime":1723.47,"body":"7\", harmonic number seven"},{"startTime":1723.47,"endTime":1726.29,"body":"is actually very close to the seventh."},{"startTime":1726.29,"endTime":1728.87,"body":"It's not quite exactly"},{"startTime":1726.29,"endTime":1728.87,"body":"what you get on the piano,"},{"startTime":1728.87,"endTime":1731.09,"body":"but it's close, it's"},{"startTime":1728.87,"endTime":1731.09,"body":"slightly less dissonant"},{"startTime":1731.09,"endTime":1733.122,"body":"than the one on the piano."},{"startTime":1733.122,"endTime":1736.31,"body":"So I think Chopin is trying to pretend"},{"startTime":1736.31,"endTime":1738.53,"body":"that it's actually a"},{"startTime":1736.31,"endTime":1738.53,"body":"stable chord at the end,"},{"startTime":1738.53,"endTime":1740.471,"body":"because it's kind of harmonic series."},{"startTime":1740.471,"endTime":1742.888,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":1753.83,"endTime":1755.72,"body":"Yeah? Sounds good?"},{"startTime":1756.59,"endTime":1757.97,"body":"It depends on performance very much."},{"startTime":1757.97,"endTime":1761.933,"body":"I've chosen the one where"},{"startTime":1757.97,"endTime":1761.933,"body":"it is not too prominent."},{"startTime":1763.369,"endTime":1768.369,"body":"So he is trying to make it a"},{"startTime":1763.369,"endTime":1768.369,"body":"more kind of natural chord."},{"startTime":1770.57,"endTime":1771.71,"body":"In another piece,"},{"startTime":1771.71,"endTime":1773.975,"body":"which also ends on the"},{"startTime":1771.71,"endTime":1773.975,"body":"dominant seventh chord,"},{"startTime":1773.975,"endTime":1778.04,"body":"it's a kind of comedy"},{"startTime":1773.975,"endTime":1778.04,"body":"piece by Tchaikovsky,"},{"startTime":1778.04,"endTime":1781.22,"body":"which he tried to represent a"},{"startTime":1778.04,"endTime":1781.22,"body":"peasant playing the accordion,"},{"startTime":1781.22,"endTime":1784.07,"body":"or a very primitive"},{"startTime":1781.22,"endTime":1784.07,"body":"accordion, a concertina."},{"startTime":1784.07,"endTime":1788.69,"body":"So there are only two"},{"startTime":1784.07,"endTime":1788.69,"body":"chords that he uses there,"},{"startTime":1788.69,"endTime":1791.03,"body":"and he ends on the dominant"},{"startTime":1788.69,"endTime":1791.03,"body":"seventh because, well,"},{"startTime":1791.03,"endTime":1793.58,"body":"maybe he's just moved"},{"startTime":1791.03,"endTime":1793.58,"body":"out of view, you know,"},{"startTime":1793.58,"endTime":1797.87,"body":"or maybe he doesn't realize"},{"startTime":1793.58,"endTime":1797.87,"body":"that he have to resolve it."},{"startTime":1797.87,"endTime":1798.997,"body":"Right."},{"startTime":1798.997,"endTime":1801.914,"body":"(energetic music)"},{"startTime":1825.753,"endTime":1826.586,"body":"Right?"},{"startTime":1828.285,"endTime":1829.85,"body":"Now to the next chapter,"},{"startTime":1829.85,"endTime":1832.31,"body":"which is how do you change direction?"},{"startTime":1832.31,"endTime":1834.35,"body":"So if you have just a dominant tonic,"},{"startTime":1834.35,"endTime":1835.88,"body":"which is what you've just heard,"},{"startTime":1835.88,"endTime":1837.56,"body":"it would be a very boring piece,"},{"startTime":1837.56,"endTime":1841.52,"body":"so you need to do something"},{"startTime":1837.56,"endTime":1841.52,"body":"else to create interest"},{"startTime":1841.52,"endTime":1845.75,"body":"and kind of diverse progressions."},{"startTime":1845.75,"endTime":1849.59,"body":"So if you imagine that"},{"startTime":1845.75,"endTime":1849.59,"body":"our tonality in a piece"},{"startTime":1849.59,"endTime":1851.3,"body":"is like an apartment."},{"startTime":1851.3,"endTime":1852.74,"body":"Well, for example, this is the plan"},{"startTime":1852.74,"endTime":1854.773,"body":"of Mozart's apartment in Vienna."},{"startTime":1854.773,"endTime":1856.64,"body":"So there is a central room"},{"startTime":1856.64,"endTime":1859.67,"body":"from which you can go"},{"startTime":1856.64,"endTime":1859.67,"body":"in a number of places."},{"startTime":1859.67,"endTime":1863.78,"body":"So imagine that you're kind of"},{"startTime":1859.67,"endTime":1863.78,"body":"gliding through these rooms,"},{"startTime":1863.78,"endTime":1865.67,"body":"and you might come back"},{"startTime":1863.78,"endTime":1865.67,"body":"to the central room"},{"startTime":1865.67,"endTime":1866.99,"body":"from a different side."},{"startTime":1866.99,"endTime":1869.96,"body":"You don't have to to"},{"startTime":1866.99,"endTime":1869.96,"body":"come back the same way."},{"startTime":1869.96,"endTime":1872.6,"body":"You can see it in 3D as well."},{"startTime":1872.6,"endTime":1875.63,"body":"So if you imagine that these"},{"startTime":1872.6,"endTime":1875.63,"body":"rooms are different keys,"},{"startTime":1875.63,"endTime":1878.72,"body":"and the central room is our home key,"},{"startTime":1878.72,"endTime":1881.48,"body":"so you will realize this"},{"startTime":1878.72,"endTime":1881.48,"body":"is how modulation works"},{"startTime":1881.48,"endTime":1882.313,"body":"on the piece."},{"startTime":1882.313,"endTime":1885.35,"body":"So when we want to change direction,"},{"startTime":1885.35,"endTime":1886.91,"body":"we'll go into another room,"},{"startTime":1886.91,"endTime":1888.53,"body":"and the best thing that we can do,"},{"startTime":1888.53,"endTime":1891.14,"body":"the most effective way to"},{"startTime":1888.53,"endTime":1891.14,"body":"move from one room to another"},{"startTime":1891.14,"endTime":1893.24,"body":"is to use a dominant seventh chord"},{"startTime":1893.24,"endTime":1895.22,"body":"that belongs already to the other room."},{"startTime":1895.22,"endTime":1897.5,"body":"That really sort of shoots us in,"},{"startTime":1897.5,"endTime":1900.2,"body":"because you get the new gravitational pull"},{"startTime":1900.2,"endTime":1902.213,"body":"of the tonic that we haven't yet heard."},{"startTime":1903.53,"endTime":1908.53,"body":"So what I would like you"},{"startTime":1903.53,"endTime":1908.53,"body":"now to do is to play as the,"},{"startTime":1909.98,"endTime":1912.8,"body":"it'll be from the same Haydn"},{"startTime":1909.98,"endTime":1912.8,"body":"quartet that we have heard,"},{"startTime":1912.8,"endTime":1916.97,"body":"but the first movement, and"},{"startTime":1912.8,"endTime":1916.97,"body":"it's a theme which the first,"},{"startTime":1916.97,"endTime":1921.2,"body":"well the first phrase"},{"startTime":1916.97,"endTime":1921.2,"body":"ends with a modulation,"},{"startTime":1921.2,"endTime":1925.19,"body":"basically ends in another"},{"startTime":1921.2,"endTime":1925.19,"body":"room, and it's precisely,"},{"startTime":1925.19,"endTime":1927.98,"body":"you will hear this kind"},{"startTime":1925.19,"endTime":1927.98,"body":"of slightly alien chord"},{"startTime":1927.98,"endTime":1929.51,"body":"which takes us there."},{"startTime":1929.51,"endTime":1932.273,"body":"So if you could just play"},{"startTime":1929.51,"endTime":1932.273,"body":"us this first phrase."},{"startTime":1936.967,"endTime":1939.384,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":1961.95,"endTime":1963.71,"body":"So if we just end it here,"},{"startTime":1963.71,"endTime":1966.083,"body":"although it ends on a major triad,"},{"startTime":1967.1,"endTime":1968.39,"body":"I think you already, you know,"},{"startTime":1968.39,"endTime":1970.64,"body":"should feel a little"},{"startTime":1968.39,"endTime":1970.64,"body":"bit of dissatisfaction."},{"startTime":1970.64,"endTime":1973.91,"body":"You are somehow not home."},{"startTime":1970.64,"endTime":1973.91,"body":"You have to get home."},{"startTime":1973.91,"endTime":1975.47,"body":"And it's the second phrase"},{"startTime":1975.47,"endTime":1977.45,"body":"that is going to reverse the process"},{"startTime":1977.45,"endTime":1978.68,"body":"and get you back in,"},{"startTime":1978.68,"endTime":1981.62,"body":"but before that you will"},{"startTime":1978.68,"endTime":1981.62,"body":"go to some other rooms,"},{"startTime":1981.62,"endTime":1983.153,"body":"before you come back home."},{"startTime":1987.418,"endTime":1989.835,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":2022.16,"endTime":2024.55,"body":"That's better, isn't it? Yeah."},{"startTime":2024.55,"endTime":2027.85,"body":"It brings us to the room"},{"startTime":2024.55,"endTime":2027.85,"body":"where we've started out from."},{"startTime":2027.85,"endTime":2030.4,"body":"Now I'm going to let them go for a moment."},{"startTime":2030.4,"endTime":2032.8,"body":"They're going to come"},{"startTime":2030.4,"endTime":2032.8,"body":"back in about 20 minutes."},{"startTime":2032.8,"endTime":2033.992,"body":"So thank you very much."},{"startTime":2033.992,"endTime":2037.242,"body":"(audience applauding)"},{"startTime":2041.77,"endTime":2044.347,"body":"In the meantime, I'm going"},{"startTime":2041.77,"endTime":2044.347,"body":"to show you another way"},{"startTime":2044.347,"endTime":2048.34,"body":"of playing with this,"},{"startTime":2044.347,"endTime":2048.34,"body":"the same kind of idea."},{"startTime":2048.34,"endTime":2050.44,"body":"Yeah, so you already heard"},{"startTime":2048.34,"endTime":2050.44,"body":"these notes at symphony,"},{"startTime":2050.44,"endTime":2052.24,"body":"you heard this dominant seventh chord."},{"startTime":2052.24,"endTime":2054.67,"body":"We'll now see where he goes next."},{"startTime":2054.67,"endTime":2055.93,"body":"So he goes to another room."},{"startTime":2055.93,"endTime":2058.99,"body":"Again, to a minor key, it's loud music,"},{"startTime":2058.99,"endTime":2062.17,"body":"and then pay attention"},{"startTime":2058.99,"endTime":2062.17,"body":"to how he comes back."},{"startTime":2062.17,"endTime":2063.362,"body":"That's very interesting."},{"startTime":2063.362,"endTime":2066.195,"body":"(energetic music)"},{"startTime":2103.77,"endTime":2105.61,"body":"So I dunno whether you've noticed,"},{"startTime":2105.61,"endTime":2109.63,"body":"but he actually made a few"},{"startTime":2105.61,"endTime":2109.63,"body":"false moves before he came back."},{"startTime":2109.63,"endTime":2112.63,"body":"He used the same chords,"},{"startTime":2109.63,"endTime":2112.63,"body":"chord progression,"},{"startTime":2112.63,"endTime":2115.66,"body":"dominant and tonic, but in the wrong key,"},{"startTime":2115.66,"endTime":2118.6,"body":"so ended up in two wrong rooms"},{"startTime":2118.6,"endTime":2122.266,"body":"and then finally he gets back."},{"startTime":2122.266,"endTime":2124.683,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":2128.18,"endTime":2131.92,"body":"Yeah, and he emphasizes this,"},{"startTime":2128.18,"endTime":2131.92,"body":"but using the horns again,"},{"startTime":2131.92,"endTime":2135.103,"body":"so which remind you that"},{"startTime":2131.92,"endTime":2135.103,"body":"this is your home now."},{"startTime":2136.18,"endTime":2140.59,"body":"Now, here is a another sort"},{"startTime":2136.18,"endTime":2140.59,"body":"of slightly jokey example,"},{"startTime":2140.59,"endTime":2143.68,"body":"but it shows you the power"},{"startTime":2140.59,"endTime":2143.68,"body":"of the dominant seventh"},{"startTime":2143.68,"endTime":2146.41,"body":"and how much we care about harmony."},{"startTime":2146.41,"endTime":2150.4,"body":"So Stravinsky in around 1944"},{"startTime":2146.41,"endTime":2150.4,"body":"was given this commission"},{"startTime":2150.4,"endTime":2154.48,"body":"to harmonize the American national anthem"},{"startTime":2154.48,"endTime":2157.36,"body":"and he did it in his own"},{"startTime":2154.48,"endTime":2157.36,"body":"Stravinskian way, right."},{"startTime":2157.36,"endTime":2160.967,"body":"So it's a little bit maybe jokey at times,"},{"startTime":2160.967,"endTime":2164.2,"body":"but it offended them so much"},{"startTime":2164.2,"endTime":2166.03,"body":"that they actually called the police."},{"startTime":2166.03,"endTime":2170.41,"body":"So he played it with the Boston Orchestra"},{"startTime":2170.41,"endTime":2173.8,"body":"and then the Massachusetts"},{"startTime":2170.41,"endTime":2173.8,"body":"police were investigating him"},{"startTime":2173.8,"endTime":2175.6,"body":"for misappropriating the anthem."},{"startTime":2175.6,"endTime":2177.94,"body":"So what did he do?"},{"startTime":2177.94,"endTime":2179.653,"body":"So you will notice that,"},{"startTime":2179.653,"endTime":2181.36,"body":"well you know that the music,"},{"startTime":2181.36,"endTime":2183.333,"body":"so you know when it's"},{"startTime":2181.36,"endTime":2183.333,"body":"supposed to come home."},{"startTime":2183.333,"endTime":2186.879,"body":"Yes, so you already"},{"startTime":2183.333,"endTime":2186.879,"body":"expect it in a, you know,"},{"startTime":2186.879,"endTime":2188.53,"body":"in a funeral still left,"},{"startTime":2188.53,"endTime":2190.12,"body":"but you already know you're coming home,"},{"startTime":2190.12,"endTime":2193.57,"body":"so you're expecting the"},{"startTime":2190.12,"endTime":2193.57,"body":"harmonic movement towards home,"},{"startTime":2193.57,"endTime":2196.18,"body":"and at that point, you"},{"startTime":2193.57,"endTime":2196.18,"body":"know, he derails it,"},{"startTime":2196.18,"endTime":2199.72,"body":"because he uses the dominant"},{"startTime":2196.18,"endTime":2199.72,"body":"seventh chord from another key,"},{"startTime":2199.72,"endTime":2202.42,"body":"and that pushes us away from the home key"},{"startTime":2202.42,"endTime":2206.98,"body":"and we are horrified"},{"startTime":2202.42,"endTime":2206.98,"body":"because it sounds wrong."},{"startTime":2206.98,"endTime":2208.156,"body":"So let's test this."},{"startTime":2208.156,"endTime":2210.656,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":2222.135,"endTime":2224.968,"body":"(energetic music)"},{"startTime":2254.65,"endTime":2255.95,"body":"So that phrase, (singing)."},{"startTime":2257.512,"endTime":2260.38,"body":"Now that the harmony that"},{"startTime":2257.512,"endTime":2260.38,"body":"people didn't expect."},{"startTime":2260.38,"endTime":2263.41,"body":"So that really was so powerful"},{"startTime":2263.41,"endTime":2264.67,"body":"that they had to call the police"},{"startTime":2264.67,"endTime":2265.9,"body":"because they felt it was wrong."},{"startTime":2265.9,"endTime":2268.213,"body":"That's how much we care about harmony."},{"startTime":2269.71,"endTime":2273.329,"body":"Now there is another"},{"startTime":2269.71,"endTime":2273.329,"body":"way to play with this,"},{"startTime":2273.329,"endTime":2275.48,"body":"and imagine that the composer"},{"startTime":2276.82,"endTime":2280.48,"body":"hovers on this threshold"},{"startTime":2276.82,"endTime":2280.48,"body":"between the two rooms,"},{"startTime":2280.48,"endTime":2282.94,"body":"and then decides to do something else,"},{"startTime":2282.94,"endTime":2287.44,"body":"and this chord turns into"},{"startTime":2282.94,"endTime":2287.44,"body":"not just a threshold,"},{"startTime":2287.44,"endTime":2290.5,"body":"but a portal, and takes"},{"startTime":2287.44,"endTime":2290.5,"body":"us to another room,"},{"startTime":2290.5,"endTime":2293.32,"body":"another dimension, you don't"},{"startTime":2290.5,"endTime":2293.32,"body":"expect to get get here."},{"startTime":2293.32,"endTime":2295.93,"body":"You step over, you are"},{"startTime":2293.32,"endTime":2295.93,"body":"in a magical kingdom,"},{"startTime":2295.93,"endTime":2298.6,"body":"somewhere else where"},{"startTime":2295.93,"endTime":2298.6,"body":"you didn't expect to be."},{"startTime":2298.6,"endTime":2300.43,"body":"So this is what Hayden, again,"},{"startTime":2300.43,"endTime":2303.58,"body":"Hayden does in his Symphony No. 55,"},{"startTime":2303.58,"endTime":2306.97,"body":"and for that he has to respell this chord."},{"startTime":2306.97,"endTime":2309.372,"body":"He has to rename one of the notes."},{"startTime":2309.372,"endTime":2310.63,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":2310.63,"endTime":2315.269,"body":"So he goes on with this, and"},{"startTime":2310.63,"endTime":2315.269,"body":"you expect it to go here."},{"startTime":2315.269,"endTime":2317.489,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":2317.489,"endTime":2318.322,"body":"And then here it says,"},{"startTime":2318.322,"endTime":2320.83,"body":"\"Well this is not actually"},{"startTime":2318.322,"endTime":2320.83,"body":"a D flat, it's a C sharp."},{"startTime":2320.83,"endTime":2323.14,"body":"It's the same note, yeah, different name,"},{"startTime":2323.14,"endTime":2324.538,"body":"but then it has to go up,"},{"startTime":2324.538,"endTime":2326.59,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":2326.59,"endTime":2328.21,"body":"and it goes into the minor."},{"startTime":2328.21,"endTime":2329.56,"body":"So you didn't expect this."},{"startTime":2329.56,"endTime":2332.71,"body":"He was the first person"},{"startTime":2329.56,"endTime":2332.71,"body":"to sort of try these out,"},{"startTime":2332.71,"endTime":2335.59,"body":"and then a few moments later he comes back"},{"startTime":2335.59,"endTime":2338.004,"body":"through the same trick,"},{"startTime":2335.59,"endTime":2338.004,"body":"again through the portal,"},{"startTime":2338.004,"endTime":2340.54,"body":"not through the normal course."},{"startTime":2340.54,"endTime":2342.25,"body":"This is quite hard to hear, but I will,"},{"startTime":2342.25,"endTime":2344.32,"body":"I'm going to test you anyway."},{"startTime":2344.32,"endTime":2347.07,"body":"(vigorous music)"},{"startTime":2367.26,"endTime":2368.92,"body":"And he comes back. Yeah."},{"startTime":2368.92,"endTime":2371.879,"body":"But it's again this, he"},{"startTime":2368.92,"endTime":2371.879,"body":"pauses on this chord,"},{"startTime":2371.879,"endTime":2373.529,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":2373.529,"endTime":2376.33,"body":"and we don't know where it's going to go."},{"startTime":2376.33,"endTime":2378.01,"body":"It comes back."},{"startTime":2378.01,"endTime":2380.92,"body":"So, you know, they were"},{"startTime":2378.01,"endTime":2380.92,"body":"playing with us a lot."},{"startTime":2380.92,"endTime":2385.92,"body":"In the most magical way,"},{"startTime":2380.92,"endTime":2385.92,"body":"Tchaikovsky used this device"},{"startTime":2386.17,"endTime":2388.12,"body":"in his \"Romeo \u0026 Juliet\"."},{"startTime":2388.12,"endTime":2391.42,"body":"So just before the wonderful"},{"startTime":2388.12,"endTime":2391.42,"body":"magical love theme,"},{"startTime":2391.42,"endTime":2394.0,"body":"he establishes this chord,"},{"startTime":2394.0,"endTime":2395.591,"body":"which is the dominant seventh."},{"startTime":2395.591,"endTime":2398.008,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":2400.66,"endTime":2402.611,"body":"Holds it for a long time."},{"startTime":2402.611,"endTime":2405.191,"body":"And you know, well you"},{"startTime":2402.611,"endTime":2405.191,"body":"think it's going to go"},{"startTime":2405.191,"endTime":2407.68,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":2405.191,"endTime":2407.68,"body":"in there,"},{"startTime":2407.68,"endTime":2409.42,"body":"but it goes somewhere else."},{"startTime":2409.42,"endTime":2411.029,"body":"So it goes actually"},{"startTime":2411.029,"endTime":2413.41,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":2411.029,"endTime":2413.41,"body":"in a magical key."},{"startTime":2413.41,"endTime":2415.63,"body":"He goes through the really magical portal."},{"startTime":2415.63,"endTime":2417.574,"body":"So it's a wonderful moment."},{"startTime":2417.574,"endTime":2420.074,"body":"(tense music)"},{"startTime":2457.98,"endTime":2460.99,"body":"So it actually ends up in the"},{"startTime":2457.98,"endTime":2460.99,"body":"key which is a semitone lower,"},{"startTime":2460.99,"endTime":2462.957,"body":"where he was heading, than he was heading,"},{"startTime":2462.957,"endTime":2465.13,"body":"and it feels like you"},{"startTime":2462.957,"endTime":2465.13,"body":"are in another world."},{"startTime":2465.13,"endTime":2468.28,"body":"You're elevated, because"},{"startTime":2465.13,"endTime":2468.28,"body":"it's a love theme."},{"startTime":2468.28,"endTime":2469.84,"body":"And what happens next,"},{"startTime":2469.84,"endTime":2473.02,"body":"I don't know whether you've"},{"startTime":2469.84,"endTime":2473.02,"body":"noticed from the diagram,"},{"startTime":2473.02,"endTime":2475.24,"body":"but in the second line of this,"},{"startTime":2475.24,"endTime":2478.06,"body":"there are several of these"},{"startTime":2475.24,"endTime":2478.06,"body":"dominant seventh chords"},{"startTime":2478.06,"endTime":2482.367,"body":"that actually do not resolve"},{"startTime":2478.06,"endTime":2482.367,"body":"at all, but follow each other."},{"startTime":2482.367,"endTime":2484.867,"body":"(lush music)."},{"startTime":2490.42,"endTime":2492.0,"body":"Yeah, and so on,"},{"startTime":2492.0,"endTime":2495.4,"body":"and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 of them,"},{"startTime":2495.4,"endTime":2497.02,"body":"which means that you are not actually,"},{"startTime":2497.02,"endTime":2499.9,"body":"you're just gliding, like"},{"startTime":2497.02,"endTime":2499.9,"body":"through an awful lot of rooms,"},{"startTime":2499.9,"endTime":2503.167,"body":"like in a palace."},{"startTime":2503.167,"endTime":2506.593,"body":"You just sort of, without"},{"startTime":2503.167,"endTime":2506.593,"body":"stopping, you go through them."},{"startTime":2507.61,"endTime":2509.56,"body":"So now of course the next thing"},{"startTime":2509.56,"endTime":2512.32,"body":"is how to lose direction with"},{"startTime":2509.56,"endTime":2512.32,"body":"the dominant seventh chord."},{"startTime":2512.32,"endTime":2515.17,"body":"So imagine that you have two of them"},{"startTime":2515.17,"endTime":2516.64,"body":"and you alternate between them."},{"startTime":2516.64,"endTime":2518.41,"body":"One pulls you into one place,"},{"startTime":2518.41,"endTime":2522.28,"body":"another one pulls you"},{"startTime":2518.41,"endTime":2522.28,"body":"into the other place,"},{"startTime":2522.28,"endTime":2524.74,"body":"and you are undecided."},{"startTime":2524.74,"endTime":2526.57,"body":"You have these equal forces"},{"startTime":2526.57,"endTime":2528.776,"body":"pulling you in different directions."},{"startTime":2528.776,"endTime":2531.61,"body":"So one of the first people to try this out"},{"startTime":2531.61,"endTime":2533.37,"body":"was Mikhail Glinka, and he did it"},{"startTime":2533.37,"endTime":2535.18,"body":"in his opera \"Ruslan and Ljudmila\","},{"startTime":2535.18,"endTime":2539.68,"body":"at the moment when the bride was abducted"},{"startTime":2539.68,"endTime":2541.33,"body":"from the wedding feast."},{"startTime":2541.33,"endTime":2544.607,"body":"So everyone is so flabbergasted by this"},{"startTime":2544.607,"endTime":2547.45,"body":"that they lose, you know,"},{"startTime":2544.607,"endTime":2547.45,"body":"they're under this spell,"},{"startTime":2547.45,"endTime":2549.31,"body":"they lose their sense of direction,"},{"startTime":2549.31,"endTime":2552.344,"body":"and you hear these chords,"},{"startTime":2549.31,"endTime":2552.344,"body":"these magical chords."},{"startTime":2552.344,"endTime":2554.927,"body":"(serene music)"},{"startTime":2575.87,"endTime":2577.45,"body":"That goes somewhere else."},{"startTime":2577.45,"endTime":2578.5,"body":"By the time they wake up,"},{"startTime":2578.5,"endTime":2580.15,"body":"the bride is far away, right,"},{"startTime":2580.15,"endTime":2584.059,"body":"so the chord have kept"},{"startTime":2580.15,"endTime":2584.059,"body":"them under the spell."},{"startTime":2584.059,"endTime":2588.91,"body":"And Mussorgsky, in \"Boris"},{"startTime":2584.059,"endTime":2588.91,"body":"Godunov\", does a similar thing,"},{"startTime":2588.91,"endTime":2590.53,"body":"but for a different reason."},{"startTime":2590.53,"endTime":2594.76,"body":"He presents you with a"},{"startTime":2590.53,"endTime":2594.76,"body":"orchestral representation"},{"startTime":2594.76,"endTime":2595.593,"body":"of the bells."},{"startTime":2595.593,"endTime":2598.09,"body":"Yes, he thinks, \"Well how"},{"startTime":2595.593,"endTime":2598.09,"body":"do I present these bells?\""},{"startTime":2598.09,"endTime":2600.34,"body":"Russian bells are not tuned."},{"startTime":2600.34,"endTime":2601.69,"body":"Deliberately not tuned."},{"startTime":2601.69,"endTime":2604.06,"body":"It was actually an offense to tune a bell,"},{"startTime":2604.06,"endTime":2606.16,"body":"because it has to have a character,"},{"startTime":2606.16,"endTime":2608.424,"body":"this completely sort of multiphonic,"},{"startTime":2608.424,"endTime":2611.68,"body":"very complex harmonic spectrum."},{"startTime":2611.68,"endTime":2614.65,"body":"So he presents it with"},{"startTime":2611.68,"endTime":2614.65,"body":"two dominant sevenths,"},{"startTime":2614.65,"endTime":2618.43,"body":"which are also just"},{"startTime":2614.65,"endTime":2618.43,"body":"alternating and not resolving."},{"startTime":2618.43,"endTime":2621.1,"body":"So for quite a long"},{"startTime":2618.43,"endTime":2621.1,"body":"stretch, you have no key."},{"startTime":2621.1,"endTime":2622.72,"body":"There is no tonality,"},{"startTime":2622.72,"endTime":2625.09,"body":"and it sounds a little bit foreboding,"},{"startTime":2625.09,"endTime":2628.36,"body":"because this is the coronation"},{"startTime":2625.09,"endTime":2628.36,"body":"scene from \"Boris Godunov\","},{"startTime":2628.36,"endTime":2630.547,"body":"and he's not going to end well, right."},{"startTime":2630.547,"endTime":2633.297,"body":"(sinister music)"},{"startTime":2669.38,"endTime":2671.77,"body":"All that time, there was no key,"},{"startTime":2671.77,"endTime":2673.81,"body":"it was an eternal passage,"},{"startTime":2673.81,"endTime":2676.963,"body":"because you were pulled in"},{"startTime":2673.81,"endTime":2676.963,"body":"two different directions."},{"startTime":2678.01,"endTime":2683.01,"body":"Now here I would like to"},{"startTime":2678.01,"endTime":2683.01,"body":"introduce the idea of inversion."},{"startTime":2683.8,"endTime":2686.392,"body":"So the dominant seventh chord,"},{"startTime":2686.392,"endTime":2688.39,"body":"you can do various things with it."},{"startTime":2688.39,"endTime":2690.97,"body":"So imagine that these are the four notes,"},{"startTime":2690.97,"endTime":2694.81,"body":"and the one at the bottom"},{"startTime":2690.97,"endTime":2694.81,"body":"is the, the black one,"},{"startTime":2694.81,"endTime":2696.25,"body":"is the root, we call it the root."},{"startTime":2696.25,"endTime":2699.25,"body":"Yeah. Root, the third,"},{"startTime":2696.25,"endTime":2699.25,"body":"the fifth and the seventh."},{"startTime":2699.25,"endTime":2704.083,"body":"So what if you then take this"},{"startTime":2699.25,"endTime":2704.083,"body":"root and put it an octave up?"},{"startTime":2705.94,"endTime":2708.76,"body":"Is it the same chord or a different chord?"},{"startTime":2708.76,"endTime":2711.942,"body":"And then you can do the"},{"startTime":2708.76,"endTime":2711.942,"body":"same with the next note."},{"startTime":2711.942,"endTime":2714.04,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":2714.04,"endTime":2715.87,"body":"And again."},{"startTime":2714.04,"endTime":2715.87,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":2715.87,"endTime":2719.68,"body":"Until you rotate it back"},{"startTime":2715.87,"endTime":2719.68,"body":"to the dominant seventh."},{"startTime":2719.68,"endTime":2723.22,"body":"Yeah, so it has three"},{"startTime":2719.68,"endTime":2723.22,"body":"different inversions."},{"startTime":2723.22,"endTime":2725.35,"body":"Again, inversions is not a good term."},{"startTime":2725.35,"endTime":2728.05,"body":"We should really have called"},{"startTime":2725.35,"endTime":2728.05,"body":"it rotations or something."},{"startTime":2728.05,"endTime":2729.85,"body":"Like, we have to stick with it."},{"startTime":2729.85,"endTime":2732.04,"body":"So inversions."},{"startTime":2732.04,"endTime":2735.88,"body":"Now, the interesting"},{"startTime":2732.04,"endTime":2735.88,"body":"thing is that they form"},{"startTime":2735.88,"endTime":2739.27,"body":"these kind of different,"},{"startTime":2735.88,"endTime":2739.27,"body":"slightly different sound."},{"startTime":2739.27,"endTime":2741.13,"body":"They have their own character,"},{"startTime":2741.13,"endTime":2746.13,"body":"because if the dominant"},{"startTime":2741.13,"endTime":2746.13,"body":"seventh just have the thirds,"},{"startTime":2746.62,"endTime":2748.75,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":2746.62,"endTime":2748.75,"body":"then the other one,"},{"startTime":2748.75,"endTime":2751.003,"body":"the other the ones all have a second."},{"startTime":2751.927,"endTime":2753.85,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":2753.85,"endTime":2757.48,"body":"It's a different interval,"},{"startTime":2753.85,"endTime":2757.48,"body":"and actually sounds harshly,"},{"startTime":2757.48,"endTime":2759.398,"body":"and if you have it in the bass,"},{"startTime":2759.398,"endTime":2762.28,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":2759.398,"endTime":2762.28,"body":"it sounds different,"},{"startTime":2762.28,"endTime":2765.1,"body":"it has its own character."},{"startTime":2765.1,"endTime":2769.51,"body":"So, and again, Charles Burney tells us"},{"startTime":2769.51,"endTime":2774.51,"body":"that somebody who uses or invented"},{"startTime":2774.55,"endTime":2776.147,"body":"inversions of the dominant seventh"},{"startTime":2776.147,"endTime":2778.39,"body":"\"Conferred as refreshing a benefit"},{"startTime":2778.39,"endTime":2780.1,"body":"on the craving lovers of music"},{"startTime":2780.1,"endTime":2782.89,"body":"as Moses on the thirsty Israelites"},{"startTime":2782.89,"endTime":2785.23,"body":"in producing water with his wand"},{"startTime":2785.23,"endTime":2787.0,"body":"from the rock on Mount Horeb.\""},{"startTime":2787.0,"endTime":2791.38,"body":"So a very lovely kind of description"},{"startTime":2791.38,"endTime":2795.122,"body":"of all the diversity these chords give us."},{"startTime":2795.122,"endTime":2800.122,"body":"So for example, we can start"},{"startTime":2795.122,"endTime":2800.122,"body":"with the first inversion,"},{"startTime":2801.22,"endTime":2803.23,"body":"and Mendelssohn's \"Song Without Words\""},{"startTime":2803.23,"endTime":2806.77,"body":"starts as if we are kind of just walked in"},{"startTime":2806.77,"endTime":2808.12,"body":"on somebody improvising."},{"startTime":2808.12,"endTime":2809.765,"body":"It starts in medias res."},{"startTime":2809.765,"endTime":2812.8,"body":"It's as if it's not the"},{"startTime":2809.765,"endTime":2812.8,"body":"beginning of the piece."},{"startTime":2812.8,"endTime":2816.907,"body":"It's a lovely, lovely device."},{"startTime":2816.907,"endTime":2819.324,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":2829.33,"endTime":2831.01,"body":"So that was the first inversion."},{"startTime":2831.01,"endTime":2832.96,"body":"So it also wants to resolve,"},{"startTime":2832.96,"endTime":2837.135,"body":"but it doesn't have this"},{"startTime":2832.96,"endTime":2837.135,"body":"very definite final kind of,"},{"startTime":2837.135,"endTime":2839.77,"body":"you know, move of the bass."},{"startTime":2839.77,"endTime":2841.03,"body":"It's much gentler,"},{"startTime":2841.03,"endTime":2845.26,"body":"so it leads us into the"},{"startTime":2841.03,"endTime":2845.26,"body":"piece in a very gentle way,"},{"startTime":2845.26,"endTime":2848.26,"body":"but I'm particularly interested"},{"startTime":2845.26,"endTime":2848.26,"body":"in the third inversion,"},{"startTime":2848.26,"endTime":2850.44,"body":"and this is is the one"},{"startTime":2848.26,"endTime":2850.44,"body":"that I played to you."},{"startTime":2850.44,"endTime":2851.44,"body":"(vigorous music)"},{"startTime":2851.44,"endTime":2856.42,"body":"Because it has a very interesting function"},{"startTime":2856.42,"endTime":2861.42,"body":"in Western music, that of"},{"startTime":2856.42,"endTime":2861.42,"body":"a turning point very often."},{"startTime":2861.55,"endTime":2865.3,"body":"So, well how to get it?"},{"startTime":2865.3,"endTime":2867.19,"body":"We get basically,"},{"startTime":2867.19,"endTime":2869.86,"body":"at the beginning of"},{"startTime":2867.19,"endTime":2869.86,"body":"Saint-Saens' 1st Concerto,"},{"startTime":2869.86,"endTime":2874.86,"body":"we get first very familiar"},{"startTime":2869.86,"endTime":2874.86,"body":"to you, major triad,"},{"startTime":2875.89,"endTime":2878.77,"body":"and then one note is added to it,"},{"startTime":2878.77,"endTime":2880.977,"body":"but it's added in the bass."},{"startTime":2880.977,"endTime":2883.394,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":2884.44,"endTime":2887.62,"body":"And the moment you hear it,"},{"startTime":2884.44,"endTime":2887.62,"body":"you almost don't hear it,"},{"startTime":2887.62,"endTime":2888.61,"body":"that's in the strings,"},{"startTime":2888.61,"endTime":2891.49,"body":"but it creates this sense of foreboding"},{"startTime":2891.49,"endTime":2896.341,"body":"and you realize, well we"},{"startTime":2891.49,"endTime":2896.341,"body":"have a long story to tell."},{"startTime":2896.341,"endTime":2897.517,"body":"Right."},{"startTime":2897.517,"endTime":2899.934,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":2956.88,"endTime":2958.93,"body":"Great chord to start with. Yeah."},{"startTime":2958.93,"endTime":2963.93,"body":"As if you're just, you"},{"startTime":2958.93,"endTime":2963.93,"body":"know, entering a new world."},{"startTime":2964.36,"endTime":2966.403,"body":"A world, yeah. Once upon a time."},{"startTime":2967.783,"endTime":2970.34,"body":"Again, Haydn did the thing"},{"startTime":2971.35,"endTime":2974.44,"body":"of starting the whole"},{"startTime":2971.35,"endTime":2974.44,"body":"quartet with this chord,"},{"startTime":2974.44,"endTime":2977.563,"body":"in a very, again, witty"},{"startTime":2974.44,"endTime":2977.563,"body":"way, as he always does."},{"startTime":2979.242,"endTime":2981.992,"body":"(vigorous music)"},{"startTime":2988.725,"endTime":2991.51,"body":"Yeah, so again, a moment of surprise,"},{"startTime":2991.51,"endTime":2994.603,"body":"you don't expect it to be"},{"startTime":2991.51,"endTime":2994.603,"body":"the first chord in a piece."},{"startTime":2995.92,"endTime":3000.21,"body":"Mendelssohn, in his \"Italian"},{"startTime":2995.92,"endTime":3000.21,"body":"Symphony\", in the minuet,"},{"startTime":3000.21,"endTime":3004.92,"body":"he actually uses this chord as"},{"startTime":3000.21,"endTime":3004.92,"body":"a kind of focus of attention."},{"startTime":3004.92,"endTime":3006.18,"body":"He repeats it all the time."},{"startTime":3006.18,"endTime":3008.64,"body":"It becomes a very romantic question,"},{"startTime":3008.64,"endTime":3011.091,"body":"again, in the sound of the horns."},{"startTime":3011.091,"endTime":3013.591,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":3041.063,"endTime":3042.46,"body":"Goes back to it. Yeah."},{"startTime":3042.46,"endTime":3044.07,"body":"So it really features it,"},{"startTime":3044.07,"endTime":3048.66,"body":"and there's a lovely horn sound."},{"startTime":3048.66,"endTime":3050.88,"body":"Now Beethoven loved using it"},{"startTime":3050.88,"endTime":3054.54,"body":"because it creates a lot"},{"startTime":3050.88,"endTime":3054.54,"body":"of disturbance in the bass,"},{"startTime":3054.54,"endTime":3057.93,"body":"and Beethoven loved this"},{"startTime":3054.54,"endTime":3057.93,"body":"sort of slightly ugly sound,"},{"startTime":3057.93,"endTime":3061.05,"body":"so there is a moment in \"Symphony No. 7\""},{"startTime":3061.05,"endTime":3063.609,"body":"when he uses just two notes there,"},{"startTime":3063.609,"endTime":3068.01,"body":"and they create in the bass,"},{"startTime":3068.01,"endTime":3071.04,"body":"they create a moment, you know,"},{"startTime":3068.01,"endTime":3071.04,"body":"he doesn't quite resolve it."},{"startTime":3071.04,"endTime":3073.23,"body":"He resolves it on a weak beat."},{"startTime":3073.23,"endTime":3077.28,"body":"So he keeps going to this third"},{"startTime":3073.23,"endTime":3077.28,"body":"inversion dominant seventh,"},{"startTime":3077.28,"endTime":3080.61,"body":"and the sense is that it's like a needle"},{"startTime":3080.61,"endTime":3082.35,"body":"that's got stuck on the record,"},{"startTime":3082.35,"endTime":3085.233,"body":"if anyone of you remembers what that is."},{"startTime":3086.562,"endTime":3088.32,"body":"So we really feel disturbed."},{"startTime":3088.32,"endTime":3089.73,"body":"We cannot get off."},{"startTime":3089.73,"endTime":3092.04,"body":"And the moment then when"},{"startTime":3089.73,"endTime":3092.04,"body":"it resolves properly,"},{"startTime":3092.04,"endTime":3094.406,"body":"we all have a sense of relief."},{"startTime":3094.406,"endTime":3096.906,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":3133.72,"endTime":3134.994,"body":"Power of home."},{"startTime":3134.994,"endTime":3137.4,"body":"Do you feel like, you know,"},{"startTime":3134.994,"endTime":3137.4,"body":"you are really stuck in it."},{"startTime":3137.4,"endTime":3140.673,"body":"Beethoven loves creating"},{"startTime":3137.4,"endTime":3140.673,"body":"these moments of tension."},{"startTime":3141.93,"endTime":3145.29,"body":"Now, I would say that this"},{"startTime":3141.93,"endTime":3145.29,"body":"chord is particularly typical"},{"startTime":3145.29,"endTime":3149.07,"body":"of recitatives, so if you actually"},{"startTime":3149.07,"endTime":3151.68,"body":"look at various operatic recitatives,"},{"startTime":3151.68,"endTime":3153.93,"body":"or recitatives in oratorio,"},{"startTime":3153.93,"endTime":3156.93,"body":"there's always some kind of"},{"startTime":3153.93,"endTime":3156.93,"body":"question and answer going on."},{"startTime":3156.93,"endTime":3159.607,"body":"Sometimes the character will"},{"startTime":3156.93,"endTime":3159.607,"body":"talk to themselves, and say,"},{"startTime":3159.607,"endTime":3162.15,"body":"\"Well, should I do this"},{"startTime":3159.607,"endTime":3162.15,"body":"or should I do that?"},{"startTime":3162.15,"endTime":3164.28,"body":"Oh, okay, yeah. I'm"},{"startTime":3162.15,"endTime":3164.28,"body":"going to sing an aria.\""},{"startTime":3164.28,"endTime":3168.78,"body":"So there's always some kind"},{"startTime":3164.28,"endTime":3168.78,"body":"of inner dialogue going on."},{"startTime":3168.78,"endTime":3172.632,"body":"Well, in very often this particular chord"},{"startTime":3172.632,"endTime":3175.98,"body":"acts as a turning point,"},{"startTime":3175.98,"endTime":3180.161,"body":"but, however, so I, it"},{"startTime":3175.98,"endTime":3180.161,"body":"didn't take me very long..."},{"startTime":3180.161,"endTime":3180.994,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":3180.161,"endTime":3180.994,"body":"Sorry."},{"startTime":3180.994,"endTime":3183.39,"body":"It doesn't take me very"},{"startTime":3180.994,"endTime":3183.39,"body":"long to find the moment"},{"startTime":3183.39,"endTime":3187.777,"body":"where it actually accentuates"},{"startTime":3183.39,"endTime":3187.777,"body":"the word but, aber,"},{"startTime":3187.777,"endTime":3190.05,"body":"in Matthew Passion."},{"startTime":3190.05,"endTime":3193.417,"body":"So with the recitative"},{"startTime":3190.05,"endTime":3193.417,"body":"by Jesus, and he says,"},{"startTime":3193.417,"endTime":3198.417,"body":"\"Well, you haven't arrested me so far,"},{"startTime":3198.66,"endTime":3201.207,"body":"I've been sitting there for a long time.\""},{"startTime":3204.45,"endTime":3206.04,"body":"But he said, \"Aber.\" Yeah."},{"startTime":3206.04,"endTime":3209.52,"body":"But it's all how it has to be,"},{"startTime":3209.52,"endTime":3211.77,"body":"how it's written in the scriptures."},{"startTime":3211.77,"endTime":3213.84,"body":"So let's hear that moment,"},{"startTime":3213.84,"endTime":3218.072,"body":"just a little bit before the"},{"startTime":3213.84,"endTime":3218.072,"body":"aber, and then that chord."},{"startTime":3218.072,"endTime":3220.572,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":3230.793,"endTime":3233.64,"body":"Yeah, so it's a turning point."},{"startTime":3233.64,"endTime":3235.26,"body":"And people started using,"},{"startTime":3235.26,"endTime":3237.63,"body":"and Tchaikovsky uses it"},{"startTime":3235.26,"endTime":3237.63,"body":"quite a lot in his operas,"},{"startTime":3237.63,"endTime":3241.2,"body":"as the moment, here's the"},{"startTime":3237.63,"endTime":3241.2,"body":"moment that duet is ending"},{"startTime":3241.2,"endTime":3242.76,"body":"of Olga and Lensky."},{"startTime":3242.76,"endTime":3245.46,"body":"They are in love with each other,"},{"startTime":3245.46,"endTime":3248.43,"body":"and then the chord warns"},{"startTime":3245.46,"endTime":3248.43,"body":"them that someone else"},{"startTime":3248.43,"endTime":3249.795,"body":"is going to come in."},{"startTime":3249.795,"endTime":3252.06,"body":"They don't yet see them,"},{"startTime":3252.06,"endTime":3255.06,"body":"but the chord already"},{"startTime":3252.06,"endTime":3255.06,"body":"tells both us and them"},{"startTime":3255.06,"endTime":3257.19,"body":"that someone else is going to enter."},{"startTime":3257.19,"endTime":3259.29,"body":"Unfortunately the"},{"startTime":3257.19,"endTime":3259.29,"body":"applause interferes here,"},{"startTime":3259.29,"endTime":3260.962,"body":"so it doesn't work quite so well."},{"startTime":3260.962,"endTime":3263.379,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":3270.605,"endTime":3273.855,"body":"(audience applauding)"},{"startTime":3278.616,"endTime":3281.555,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":3281.555,"endTime":3284.4,"body":"They have to do something,"},{"startTime":3284.4,"endTime":3287.37,"body":"because the chord came"},{"startTime":3284.4,"endTime":3287.37,"body":"in, the third inversion."},{"startTime":3287.37,"endTime":3289.759,"body":"Now we're still in \"The Queen of Spades\""},{"startTime":3289.759,"endTime":3292.74,"body":"when Herman and Liza"},{"startTime":3289.759,"endTime":3292.74,"body":"are singing their duet"},{"startTime":3292.74,"endTime":3295.867,"body":"and everything seems to"},{"startTime":3292.74,"endTime":3295.867,"body":"be fine, and then says,"},{"startTime":3295.867,"endTime":3298.2,"body":"\"I will run away anywhere with you,"},{"startTime":3298.2,"endTime":3299.497,"body":"anywhere you like,\" and he says."},{"startTime":3299.497,"endTime":3301.71,"body":"\"Of course, where are we"},{"startTime":3299.497,"endTime":3301.71,"body":"going to go,\" she says,"},{"startTime":3301.71,"endTime":3304.24,"body":"and he says, \"Of course,"},{"startTime":3301.71,"endTime":3304.24,"body":"to the gambling house.\""},{"startTime":3304.24,"endTime":3306.48,"body":"And that's a terrible moment"},{"startTime":3306.48,"endTime":3308.94,"body":"because she realizes he's mad,"},{"startTime":3308.94,"endTime":3310.77,"body":"he's kind of addicted to gambling,"},{"startTime":3310.77,"endTime":3312.748,"body":"and she doesn't matter to him."},{"startTime":3312.748,"endTime":3315.165,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":3320.972,"endTime":3323.889,"body":"(energetic music)"},{"startTime":3343.36,"endTime":3347.25,"body":"That's a really terrible turning point,"},{"startTime":3347.25,"endTime":3348.873,"body":"but that chord again."},{"startTime":3350.46,"endTime":3352.563,"body":"Right, I'm going to miss that out,"},{"startTime":3352.563,"endTime":3355.8,"body":"because I feel like I'm"},{"startTime":3352.563,"endTime":3355.8,"body":"running out of time,"},{"startTime":3355.8,"endTime":3359.43,"body":"and just a little kind of epilogue to that"},{"startTime":3359.43,"endTime":3362.61,"body":"will be the move against"},{"startTime":3359.43,"endTime":3362.61,"body":"the dominant seventh."},{"startTime":3362.61,"endTime":3366.21,"body":"So who would want to go"},{"startTime":3362.61,"endTime":3366.21,"body":"against such a lovely chord?"},{"startTime":3366.21,"endTime":3371.21,"body":"So Russian composers, Russian"},{"startTime":3366.21,"endTime":3371.21,"body":"polymath Vladimir Odoevsky"},{"startTime":3373.02,"endTime":3375.27,"body":"felt that for Russian composers,"},{"startTime":3375.27,"endTime":3379.32,"body":"they had to get away from these"},{"startTime":3375.27,"endTime":3379.32,"body":"dominant tonic relationships"},{"startTime":3379.32,"endTime":3381.03,"body":"and especially from the dominant seventh"},{"startTime":3381.03,"endTime":3384.36,"body":"because they wanted to be"},{"startTime":3381.03,"endTime":3384.36,"body":"different from Western composers."},{"startTime":3384.36,"endTime":3387.87,"body":"So this is where they start"},{"startTime":3384.36,"endTime":3387.87,"body":"to want to be original"},{"startTime":3387.87,"endTime":3390.96,"body":"and he feels that this"},{"startTime":3387.87,"endTime":3390.96,"body":"dominant tonic relationship"},{"startTime":3390.96,"endTime":3392.31,"body":"is already too banal."},{"startTime":3392.31,"endTime":3394.92,"body":"You have to think of something else."},{"startTime":3394.92,"endTime":3398.67,"body":"So he says actually that Monteverdi,"},{"startTime":3398.67,"endTime":3400.705,"body":"with Monteverdi, as the seventh chord,"},{"startTime":3400.705,"endTime":3404.381,"body":"removed the firm foundation from music."},{"startTime":3404.381,"endTime":3408.147,"body":"And he says it's kind of"},{"startTime":3404.381,"endTime":3408.147,"body":"a sign of degradation,"},{"startTime":3408.147,"endTime":3409.71,"body":"rather than progress."},{"startTime":3409.71,"endTime":3412.65,"body":"So we have to go back to the roots,"},{"startTime":3412.65,"endTime":3414.93,"body":"to the church modes, possibly,"},{"startTime":3414.93,"endTime":3419.93,"body":"and rediscover something that we had lost,"},{"startTime":3420.3,"endTime":3421.89,"body":"and he suggests even, you know,"},{"startTime":3421.89,"endTime":3425.897,"body":"the way to harmonize a"},{"startTime":3421.89,"endTime":3425.897,"body":"scale without it at all."},{"startTime":3425.897,"endTime":3428.314,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":3431.54,"endTime":3433.878,"body":"Yeah. Something like that."},{"startTime":3433.878,"endTime":3435.03,"body":"Yeah. Avoiding it."},{"startTime":3435.03,"endTime":3438.39,"body":"Yes, he basically tries to suggest ways"},{"startTime":3438.39,"endTime":3441.66,"body":"of harmonize it without using it,"},{"startTime":3441.66,"endTime":3444.75,"body":"and Glinka does exactly that"},{"startTime":3444.75,"endTime":3448.8,"body":"at the very beginning of his"},{"startTime":3444.75,"endTime":3448.8,"body":"overture \"Ruslan and Ljudmila\","},{"startTime":3448.8,"endTime":3452.534,"body":"although the gesture is"},{"startTime":3448.8,"endTime":3452.534,"body":"very much something like,"},{"startTime":3452.534,"endTime":3456.81,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":3452.534,"endTime":3456.81,"body":"but he uses a different chord"},{"startTime":3456.81,"endTime":3459.3,"body":"just to avoid that dominant seventh,"},{"startTime":3459.3,"endTime":3460.83,"body":"and it sounds slightly different,"},{"startTime":3460.83,"endTime":3463.845,"body":"but it passes so quickly"},{"startTime":3460.83,"endTime":3463.845,"body":"you won't even notice."},{"startTime":3463.845,"endTime":3465.78,"body":"(energetic music)"},{"startTime":3465.78,"endTime":3469.143,"body":"Yeah, it could be the"},{"startTime":3465.78,"endTime":3469.143,"body":"same, but it is different."},{"startTime":3469.143,"endTime":3471.601,"body":"It's the alternative,"},{"startTime":3469.143,"endTime":3471.601,"body":"it's the Russian chord."},{"startTime":3471.601,"endTime":3474.72,"body":"Right. We wanted to do things differently."},{"startTime":3474.72,"endTime":3479.72,"body":"And Mussorgsky again, you know,"},{"startTime":3474.72,"endTime":3479.72,"body":"while harmonizing the tune"},{"startTime":3480.78,"endTime":3484.95,"body":"which could be easily harmonized"},{"startTime":3480.78,"endTime":3484.95,"body":"with the dominant seventh."},{"startTime":3484.95,"endTime":3487.367,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":3489.15,"endTime":3490.1,"body":"Something like that."},{"startTime":3490.1,"endTime":3492.24,"body":"In the liturgical music in Russia,"},{"startTime":3492.24,"endTime":3494.88,"body":"this is exactly what would have been used,"},{"startTime":3494.88,"endTime":3497.204,"body":"but he invents a very different..."},{"startTime":3497.204,"endTime":3499.704,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":3516.43,"endTime":3518.755,"body":"Yeah, So he, instead of doing that,"},{"startTime":3518.755,"endTime":3521.172,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":3522.96,"endTime":3524.064,"body":"so he goes,"},{"startTime":3524.064,"endTime":3526.564,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":3529.38,"endTime":3530.4,"body":"something like that."},{"startTime":3530.4,"endTime":3534.723,"body":"Very unusually, and it creates"},{"startTime":3530.4,"endTime":3534.723,"body":"this very archaic color."},{"startTime":3536.88,"endTime":3541.88,"body":"And finally, yeah, for"},{"startTime":3536.88,"endTime":3541.88,"body":"our final little recital,"},{"startTime":3542.37,"endTime":3546.58,"body":"I've chosen a movement from"},{"startTime":3542.37,"endTime":3546.58,"body":"Shostakovich's \"Quartet\","},{"startTime":3546.58,"endTime":3548.34,"body":"which is very unusual."},{"startTime":3548.34,"endTime":3549.51,"body":"So Shostakovich, of course,"},{"startTime":3549.51,"endTime":3552.36,"body":"writes already in the 20th century"},{"startTime":3552.36,"endTime":3555.93,"body":"and he uses all kinds of harmonies,"},{"startTime":3555.93,"endTime":3560.46,"body":"so it can be very difficult"},{"startTime":3555.93,"endTime":3560.46,"body":"harmonic progressions,"},{"startTime":3560.46,"endTime":3562.44,"body":"but this chord, this movement"},{"startTime":3562.44,"endTime":3566.694,"body":"is mainly based on this third"},{"startTime":3562.44,"endTime":3566.694,"body":"inversion dominant seventh,"},{"startTime":3566.694,"endTime":3571.694,"body":"and you will hear that"},{"startTime":3566.694,"endTime":3571.694,"body":"three of the musicians"},{"startTime":3574.08,"endTime":3577.113,"body":"will be almost constantly holding it,"},{"startTime":3578.16,"endTime":3582.0,"body":"and the violin will be reacting to it"},{"startTime":3582.0,"endTime":3585.72,"body":"by way of producing her recitative."},{"startTime":3585.72,"endTime":3587.85,"body":"So it's imitation already,"},{"startTime":3587.85,"endTime":3592.85,"body":"a kind of neoclassical rendition"},{"startTime":3587.85,"endTime":3592.85,"body":"of recitative by a quartet,"},{"startTime":3592.95,"endTime":3595.56,"body":"and you will hear how these chords,"},{"startTime":3595.56,"endTime":3597.6,"body":"familiar from the 18th century,"},{"startTime":3597.6,"endTime":3600.9,"body":"sound very different in this context,"},{"startTime":3600.9,"endTime":3603.81,"body":"and these recitatives"},{"startTime":3600.9,"endTime":3603.81,"body":"become incredibly intense"},{"startTime":3603.81,"endTime":3605.194,"body":"and incredibly moving,"},{"startTime":3605.194,"endTime":3607.74,"body":"and only at the very end,"},{"startTime":3607.74,"endTime":3610.11,"body":"almost going into this"},{"startTime":3607.74,"endTime":3610.11,"body":"kind of churchy mode,"},{"startTime":3610.11,"endTime":3612.27,"body":"he's going to resolve"},{"startTime":3610.11,"endTime":3612.27,"body":"this dominant seventh."},{"startTime":3612.27,"endTime":3614.703,"body":"It's almost like Amen at the end."},{"startTime":3615.57,"endTime":3620.01,"body":"So with this, I will finish my"},{"startTime":3615.57,"endTime":3620.01,"body":"story and invite the quartet"},{"startTime":3620.01,"endTime":3622.143,"body":"to play this wonderful movement for you."},{"startTime":3623.933,"endTime":3627.1,"body":"(audience applauding)"},{"startTime":3641.101,"endTime":3643.518,"body":"(lush music)"},{"startTime":4458.037,"endTime":4461.204,"body":"(audience applauding)"},{"startTime":4480.09,"endTime":4481.34,"body":"- I hope you can all join us"},{"startTime":4481.34,"endTime":4483.47,"body":"for Marina's next lecture in the series,"},{"startTime":4483.47,"endTime":4488.402,"body":"which will be on musical"},{"startTime":4483.47,"endTime":4488.402,"body":"cadences, on 22nd January."},{"startTime":4488.402,"endTime":4491.0,"body":"Please join me once"},{"startTime":4488.402,"endTime":4491.0,"body":"again in thanking Marina"},{"startTime":4491.0,"endTime":4493.85,"body":"and the Bodman Quartet for"},{"startTime":4491.0,"endTime":4493.85,"body":"such a wonderful performance."},{"startTime":4493.85,"endTime":4494.684,"body":"Thank you all."},{"startTime":4494.684,"endTime":4496.112,"body":"(audience applauding)"},{"startTime":4496.112,"endTime":4497.195,"body":"- Thank you."}]}