{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.15,"endTime":2.22,"body":"- So, this is the story"},{"startTime":2.22,"endTime":7.22,"body":"of how I was entangled"},{"startTime":2.22,"endTime":7.22,"body":"in a conspiracy theory,"},{"startTime":7.89,"endTime":12.89,"body":"how my words were hijacked"},{"startTime":7.89,"endTime":12.89,"body":"to exploit people's fears,"},{"startTime":13.26,"endTime":17.43,"body":"and how I unwittingly"},{"startTime":13.26,"endTime":17.43,"body":"became a supporting voice"},{"startTime":17.43,"endTime":22.14,"body":"of the belief in a reptilian elite,"},{"startTime":22.14,"endTime":27.06,"body":"beings that have taken on"},{"startTime":22.14,"endTime":27.06,"body":"human form to control society,"},{"startTime":27.06,"endTime":29.46,"body":"and whose members are"},{"startTime":27.06,"endTime":29.46,"body":"said to have included"},{"startTime":29.46,"endTime":33.27,"body":"our late Queen, leading politicians,"},{"startTime":33.27,"endTime":37.953,"body":"company executives and"},{"startTime":33.27,"endTime":37.953,"body":"bankers, and Justin Bieber."},{"startTime":38.94,"endTime":41.04,"body":"It is a story that bear's testament"},{"startTime":41.04,"endTime":44.7,"body":"to the vulnerability of"},{"startTime":41.04,"endTime":44.7,"body":"our words and thoughts"},{"startTime":44.7,"endTime":46.29,"body":"to manipulation,"},{"startTime":46.29,"endTime":51.06,"body":"and to the importance of"},{"startTime":46.29,"endTime":51.06,"body":"understanding the context"},{"startTime":51.06,"endTime":52.953,"body":"of statements of fact."},{"startTime":54.72,"endTime":57.12,"body":"On the 4th of March, 2020,"},{"startTime":57.12,"endTime":60.12,"body":"I was asked to appear on \"Newsnight,\""},{"startTime":60.12,"endTime":62.28,"body":"and the eagle-eyed of you will notice"},{"startTime":62.28,"endTime":65.01,"body":"that they've already"},{"startTime":62.28,"endTime":65.01,"body":"committed a fake news sin"},{"startTime":65.01,"endTime":67.803,"body":"by spelling my name wrong on this segment."},{"startTime":69.247,"endTime":73.23,"body":"\"Newsnight\" is the BBC's late"},{"startTime":69.247,"endTime":73.23,"body":"night current affairs program,"},{"startTime":73.23,"endTime":75.0,"body":"and the topic for discussion"},{"startTime":75.0,"endTime":78.51,"body":"was the then very novel coronavirus,"},{"startTime":78.51,"endTime":82.83,"body":"and it was to be my last"},{"startTime":78.51,"endTime":82.83,"body":"in-person TV appearance"},{"startTime":82.83,"endTime":84.96,"body":"for some months."},{"startTime":84.96,"endTime":88.86,"body":"I raced up from a talk on cybersecurity"},{"startTime":88.86,"endTime":91.05,"body":"at a school in Bournemouth,"},{"startTime":91.05,"endTime":94.77,"body":"and I found myself backstage"},{"startTime":91.05,"endTime":94.77,"body":"at Broadcasting House"},{"startTime":94.77,"endTime":98.7,"body":"with a virus modeler"},{"startTime":94.77,"endTime":98.7,"body":"from a London University,"},{"startTime":98.7,"endTime":102.783,"body":"and someone who worked for a"},{"startTime":98.7,"endTime":102.783,"body":"fact checking organization."},{"startTime":104.04,"endTime":106.35,"body":"My job was to explain"},{"startTime":106.35,"endTime":109.95,"body":"what social media companies"},{"startTime":106.35,"endTime":109.95,"body":"and search engines were doing"},{"startTime":109.95,"endTime":113.91,"body":"to combat misinformation on COVID,"},{"startTime":113.91,"endTime":116.37,"body":"and when I was asked by the presenter"},{"startTime":116.37,"endTime":119.82,"body":"how easy it was for"},{"startTime":116.37,"endTime":119.82,"body":"platforms like Facebook"},{"startTime":119.82,"endTime":122.4,"body":"to take down this sort of material,"},{"startTime":122.4,"endTime":124.443,"body":"this is what I said."},{"startTime":125.49,"endTime":126.45,"body":"From what I understand"},{"startTime":126.45,"endTime":128.46,"body":"and from what we've seen reporting,"},{"startTime":128.46,"endTime":131.37,"body":"and taking down the material"},{"startTime":128.46,"endTime":131.37,"body":"when it's been reported,"},{"startTime":131.37,"endTime":132.57,"body":"is just one of the measures"},{"startTime":132.57,"endTime":133.68,"body":"that companies like Facebook,"},{"startTime":133.68,"endTime":135.18,"body":"and I would say also Google,"},{"startTime":135.18,"endTime":136.89,"body":"with Google Search and with YouTube,"},{"startTime":136.89,"endTime":139.41,"body":"that they're taking at the moment."},{"startTime":139.41,"endTime":141.96,"body":"They're working with the"},{"startTime":139.41,"endTime":141.96,"body":"World Health Organization"},{"startTime":141.96,"endTime":142.86,"body":"and with the NHS,"},{"startTime":142.86,"endTime":145.38,"body":"so they have a hotline, if you like,"},{"startTime":145.38,"endTime":147.24,"body":"from those official sources,"},{"startTime":147.24,"endTime":150.03,"body":"but they're also promoting"},{"startTime":147.24,"endTime":150.03,"body":"those official sources."},{"startTime":150.03,"endTime":152.58,"body":"So people logging into Facebook today"},{"startTime":152.58,"endTime":154.35,"body":"and using Google Search today"},{"startTime":154.35,"endTime":157.14,"body":"will have noticed that"},{"startTime":154.35,"endTime":157.14,"body":"there are SOS alerts"},{"startTime":157.14,"endTime":158.7,"body":"at the top of their news feeds"},{"startTime":158.7,"endTime":159.78,"body":"and on their search pages"},{"startTime":159.78,"endTime":161.76,"body":"when they search for coronavirus."},{"startTime":161.76,"endTime":162.99,"body":"Then, behind the scenes,"},{"startTime":162.99,"endTime":165.69,"body":"there will also be another approach"},{"startTime":165.69,"endTime":168.87,"body":"to try and investigate,"},{"startTime":165.69,"endTime":168.87,"body":"identify, and remove"},{"startTime":168.87,"endTime":172.29,"body":"some possible sources of"},{"startTime":168.87,"endTime":172.29,"body":"coordinated disinformation,"},{"startTime":172.29,"endTime":174.78,"body":"which is something that"},{"startTime":172.29,"endTime":174.78,"body":"President Putin, of course,"},{"startTime":174.78,"endTime":176.31,"body":"has alluded to today."},{"startTime":176.31,"endTime":179.28,"body":"It's not impossible that hostile actors"},{"startTime":179.28,"endTime":182.583,"body":"will be looking to sow"},{"startTime":179.28,"endTime":182.583,"body":"disinformation deliberately."},{"startTime":183.45,"endTime":187.59,"body":"Now, my intention was to reassure viewers"},{"startTime":187.59,"endTime":189.48,"body":"that tech companies were taking steps"},{"startTime":189.48,"endTime":192.0,"body":"to promote trustworthy information"},{"startTime":192.0,"endTime":196.65,"body":"and to counter the misuse"},{"startTime":192.0,"endTime":196.65,"body":"of their platforms."},{"startTime":196.65,"endTime":201.21,"body":"Barring a fairly memorable"},{"startTime":196.65,"endTime":201.21,"body":"trip in a black London cab"},{"startTime":201.21,"endTime":202.77,"body":"through the New Forest,"},{"startTime":202.77,"endTime":206.64,"body":"in the pitch dark, in"},{"startTime":202.77,"endTime":206.64,"body":"the middle of the night,"},{"startTime":206.64,"endTime":209.31,"body":"this evening, faded from my memory,"},{"startTime":209.31,"endTime":211.53,"body":"overtaken like yours,"},{"startTime":211.53,"endTime":213.84,"body":"by a global public health emergency"},{"startTime":213.84,"endTime":216.333,"body":"and a national lockdown,"},{"startTime":217.17,"endTime":220.56,"body":"until the 20th of August that year,"},{"startTime":220.56,"endTime":223.44,"body":"when I received a message from my brother"},{"startTime":223.44,"endTime":225.99,"body":"that a friend of his had spotted me"},{"startTime":225.99,"endTime":230.98,"body":"in a documentary called"},{"startTime":225.99,"endTime":230.98,"body":"\"Plandemic: Indoctornation,\""},{"startTime":232.14,"endTime":234.99,"body":"and what I had said on"},{"startTime":232.14,"endTime":234.99,"body":"\"Newsnight\" five months earlier"},{"startTime":234.99,"endTime":237.09,"body":"had been repurposed"},{"startTime":237.09,"endTime":240.6,"body":"to support the theory that"},{"startTime":237.09,"endTime":240.6,"body":"tech companies and governments"},{"startTime":240.6,"endTime":245.6,"body":"were conspiring to bury"},{"startTime":240.6,"endTime":245.6,"body":"the truth about COVID-19,"},{"startTime":246.42,"endTime":249.03,"body":"and that Microsoft founder Bill Gates"},{"startTime":249.03,"endTime":253.26,"body":"was attempting to microchip"},{"startTime":249.03,"endTime":253.26,"body":"the world's population,"},{"startTime":253.26,"endTime":256.353,"body":"and this is the clip they used."},{"startTime":257.34,"endTime":259.92,"body":"They're working with the"},{"startTime":257.34,"endTime":259.92,"body":"World Health Organization"},{"startTime":259.92,"endTime":260.82,"body":"and with the NHS,"},{"startTime":260.82,"endTime":263.34,"body":"so they have a hotline, if you like,"},{"startTime":263.34,"endTime":265.17,"body":"from those official sources,"},{"startTime":265.17,"endTime":268.53,"body":"but they're also promoting"},{"startTime":265.17,"endTime":268.53,"body":"those official sources."},{"startTime":268.53,"endTime":272.37,"body":"Now, I did actually say"},{"startTime":268.53,"endTime":272.37,"body":"those words, didn't I,"},{"startTime":272.37,"endTime":275.85,"body":"the sentences themselves weren't fake,"},{"startTime":275.85,"endTime":278.55,"body":"but they had been taken out of context"},{"startTime":278.55,"endTime":283.55,"body":"and reproduced as evidence of"},{"startTime":278.55,"endTime":283.55,"body":"something that wasn't true,"},{"startTime":283.71,"endTime":285.96,"body":"and I don't believe."},{"startTime":285.96,"endTime":288.09,"body":"And I found this somewhat ironic"},{"startTime":288.09,"endTime":292.26,"body":"given that the interview was"},{"startTime":288.09,"endTime":292.26,"body":"itself about misinformation."},{"startTime":292.26,"endTime":294.12,"body":"And it set me thinking"},{"startTime":294.12,"endTime":298.26,"body":"how on earth, despite"},{"startTime":294.12,"endTime":298.26,"body":"my very best intentions,"},{"startTime":298.26,"endTime":302.43,"body":"had I become a purveyor"},{"startTime":298.26,"endTime":302.43,"body":"of false information,"},{"startTime":302.43,"endTime":306.213,"body":"and was there anything that I"},{"startTime":302.43,"endTime":306.213,"body":"could have done differently?"},{"startTime":307.68,"endTime":310.47,"body":"False information of various kinds"},{"startTime":310.47,"endTime":313.65,"body":"is popularly known as fake news,"},{"startTime":313.65,"endTime":316.44,"body":"but I and other researchers would argue"},{"startTime":316.44,"endTime":319.53,"body":"that it's actually quite an unhelpful term"},{"startTime":319.53,"endTime":321.36,"body":"as it bundles together"},{"startTime":321.36,"endTime":324.9,"body":"several different types"},{"startTime":321.36,"endTime":324.9,"body":"of content and behavior"},{"startTime":324.9,"endTime":328.71,"body":"that have different aims,"},{"startTime":324.9,"endTime":328.71,"body":"tactics, and impacts,"},{"startTime":328.71,"endTime":332.94,"body":"and may therefore require"},{"startTime":328.71,"endTime":332.94,"body":"different countermeasures."},{"startTime":332.94,"endTime":335.61,"body":"Firstly, there is disinformation,"},{"startTime":335.61,"endTime":337.38,"body":"and this is the dissemination"},{"startTime":337.38,"endTime":341.01,"body":"of deliberately false information"},{"startTime":341.01,"endTime":342.12,"body":"with the intention"},{"startTime":342.12,"endTime":345.3,"body":"of influencing the"},{"startTime":342.12,"endTime":345.3,"body":"policies and the opinions"},{"startTime":345.3,"endTime":347.34,"body":"of those who receive it."},{"startTime":347.34,"endTime":350.46,"body":"Disinformation is sometimes referred to"},{"startTime":350.46,"endTime":355.46,"body":"as information warfare"},{"startTime":350.46,"endTime":355.46,"body":"or influence operations."},{"startTime":356.01,"endTime":359.73,"body":"Misinformation is wrong"},{"startTime":356.01,"endTime":359.73,"body":"or misleading information"},{"startTime":359.73,"endTime":364.73,"body":"that is not always strictly"},{"startTime":359.73,"endTime":364.73,"body":"intended to mislead."},{"startTime":364.8,"endTime":368.94,"body":"It may be uncoordinated"},{"startTime":364.8,"endTime":368.94,"body":"or spread organically,"},{"startTime":368.94,"endTime":372.75,"body":"and it's more likely to"},{"startTime":368.94,"endTime":372.75,"body":"be shared in good faith"},{"startTime":372.75,"endTime":374.46,"body":"or out of fear."},{"startTime":374.46,"endTime":379.46,"body":"It is the massively distributed"},{"startTime":374.46,"endTime":379.46,"body":"social media era version"},{"startTime":379.92,"endTime":382.59,"body":"of gossip or rumor,"},{"startTime":382.59,"endTime":386.46,"body":"conspiracy theories such as"},{"startTime":382.59,"endTime":386.46,"body":"those about COVID's origins,"},{"startTime":386.46,"endTime":391.46,"body":"vaccines, 5G mobile phone"},{"startTime":386.46,"endTime":391.46,"body":"technology, the deep state"},{"startTime":391.65,"endTime":394.71,"body":"often fall into this category."},{"startTime":394.71,"endTime":398.34,"body":"And there are related"},{"startTime":394.71,"endTime":398.34,"body":"concepts of propaganda,"},{"startTime":398.34,"endTime":400.35,"body":"whether that's produced and distributed"},{"startTime":400.35,"endTime":403.2,"body":"by another state or our own,"},{"startTime":403.2,"endTime":406.71,"body":"and low quality junk news content"},{"startTime":406.71,"endTime":411.24,"body":"that also may merit"},{"startTime":406.71,"endTime":411.24,"body":"consideration as fake news."},{"startTime":411.24,"endTime":414.15,"body":"There's the phenomenon of clickbait,"},{"startTime":414.15,"endTime":416.76,"body":"salacious online content"},{"startTime":416.76,"endTime":420.87,"body":"that encourages users to"},{"startTime":416.76,"endTime":420.87,"body":"follow often dubious web links,"},{"startTime":420.87,"endTime":425.463,"body":"and it relies on our appetite"},{"startTime":420.87,"endTime":425.463,"body":"for junk news and gossip."},{"startTime":426.36,"endTime":430.11,"body":"And of course, for one"},{"startTime":426.36,"endTime":430.11,"body":"former president of the US,"},{"startTime":430.11,"endTime":432.96,"body":"fake news has become shorthand"},{"startTime":432.96,"endTime":436.11,"body":"for representations in"},{"startTime":432.96,"endTime":436.11,"body":"the mainstream media"},{"startTime":436.11,"endTime":438.573,"body":"that are simply unfavorable."},{"startTime":439.62,"endTime":442.5,"body":"Against the backdrop"},{"startTime":439.62,"endTime":442.5,"body":"of political populism,"},{"startTime":442.5,"endTime":447.5,"body":"concepts such as alternative"},{"startTime":442.5,"endTime":447.5,"body":"facts have gained legitimacy,"},{"startTime":448.14,"endTime":450.87,"body":"and there is justifiable concern"},{"startTime":450.87,"endTime":455.22,"body":"that we are now living"},{"startTime":450.87,"endTime":455.22,"body":"in a post-truth society,"},{"startTime":455.22,"endTime":459.15,"body":"where objective fact is harder to identify"},{"startTime":459.15,"endTime":461.883,"body":"and allegedly less important."},{"startTime":462.9,"endTime":467.16,"body":"As well as presenting information"},{"startTime":462.9,"endTime":467.16,"body":"that is simply untrue,"},{"startTime":467.16,"endTime":470.22,"body":"the fake news ecosystem abounds"},{"startTime":470.22,"endTime":474.09,"body":"in the practices of"},{"startTime":470.22,"endTime":474.09,"body":"manipulation and distortion."},{"startTime":474.09,"endTime":478.38,"body":"My comments on \"Newsnight\" are"},{"startTime":474.09,"endTime":478.38,"body":"an example of precisely this,"},{"startTime":478.38,"endTime":482.55,"body":"because for most viewers"},{"startTime":478.38,"endTime":482.55,"body":"of a quality news program,"},{"startTime":482.55,"endTime":485.52,"body":"public health organizations"},{"startTime":482.55,"endTime":485.52,"body":"and tech companies"},{"startTime":485.52,"endTime":486.96,"body":"working together"},{"startTime":486.96,"endTime":490.11,"body":"can be a source of reassurance,"},{"startTime":490.11,"endTime":492.27,"body":"but for those choosing to watch a movie"},{"startTime":492.27,"endTime":494.88,"body":"that promotes conspiracy theories,"},{"startTime":494.88,"endTime":498.06,"body":"it is evidence of their worst fears,"},{"startTime":498.06,"endTime":502.23,"body":"of collusion between governments"},{"startTime":498.06,"endTime":502.23,"body":"and technology providers"},{"startTime":502.23,"endTime":504.393,"body":"to suppress the truth."},{"startTime":506.02,"endTime":510.243,"body":"Okay, so let's take a closer"},{"startTime":506.02,"endTime":510.243,"body":"look at disinformation."},{"startTime":511.41,"endTime":512.67,"body":"The Russian word,"},{"startTime":512.67,"endTime":515.46,"body":"and it's no coincidence"},{"startTime":512.67,"endTime":515.46,"body":"that it's a Russian word,"},{"startTime":515.46,"endTime":517.26,"body":"dezinformatsiya,"},{"startTime":517.26,"endTime":519.48,"body":"denotes the established practice"},{"startTime":519.48,"endTime":521.58,"body":"of injecting false information"},{"startTime":521.58,"endTime":524.01,"body":"into foreign intelligence holdings."},{"startTime":524.01,"endTime":525.18,"body":"And over time,"},{"startTime":525.18,"endTime":528.75,"body":"that has evolved into the"},{"startTime":525.18,"endTime":528.75,"body":"injection of false information"},{"startTime":528.75,"endTime":530.37,"body":"into public discourse,"},{"startTime":530.37,"endTime":532.443,"body":"including social media."},{"startTime":533.91,"endTime":535.92,"body":"In November, 2016,"},{"startTime":535.92,"endTime":538.38,"body":"Facebook's founder Mark Zuckerberg"},{"startTime":538.38,"endTime":541.98,"body":"dismissed as a pretty crazy idea"},{"startTime":541.98,"endTime":544.74,"body":"the notion that fake news on social media"},{"startTime":544.74,"endTime":549.63,"body":"had influenced the outcome of"},{"startTime":544.74,"endTime":549.63,"body":"the US elections that year,"},{"startTime":549.63,"endTime":550.62,"body":"but a year later,"},{"startTime":550.62,"endTime":553.32,"body":"the company revealed that"},{"startTime":550.62,"endTime":553.32,"body":"it had found evidence"},{"startTime":553.32,"endTime":556.02,"body":"of fake accounts using the platform"},{"startTime":556.02,"endTime":558.45,"body":"to share and amplify data"},{"startTime":558.45,"endTime":559.71,"body":"that had been stolen"},{"startTime":559.71,"endTime":563.79,"body":"from the Democratic National"},{"startTime":559.71,"endTime":563.79,"body":"Committee's email accounts."},{"startTime":563.79,"endTime":565.71,"body":"A few months after that,"},{"startTime":565.71,"endTime":568.53,"body":"the company's chief"},{"startTime":565.71,"endTime":568.53,"body":"security officer detailed"},{"startTime":568.53,"endTime":573.53,"body":"how 470 fake accounts"},{"startTime":568.53,"endTime":573.53,"body":"had spent around $100,000"},{"startTime":575.25,"endTime":577.53,"body":"on 3,000 ads,"},{"startTime":577.53,"endTime":580.47,"body":"and concluded that"},{"startTime":577.53,"endTime":580.47,"body":"these accounts and pages"},{"startTime":580.47,"endTime":582.87,"body":"were affiliated with one another,"},{"startTime":582.87,"endTime":586.413,"body":"and likely operated out of Russia."},{"startTime":587.58,"endTime":589.32,"body":"As you might imagine,"},{"startTime":589.32,"endTime":592.53,"body":"a fair amount of Russian"},{"startTime":589.32,"endTime":592.53,"body":"disinformation at the time"},{"startTime":592.53,"endTime":595.71,"body":"focused on discrediting"},{"startTime":592.53,"endTime":595.71,"body":"the Democrat candidate,"},{"startTime":595.71,"endTime":597.6,"body":"Hillary Clinton,"},{"startTime":597.6,"endTime":599.52,"body":"but Facebook's analysis found"},{"startTime":599.52,"endTime":602.82,"body":"that the vast majority of"},{"startTime":599.52,"endTime":602.82,"body":"the ads on its platform"},{"startTime":602.82,"endTime":607.38,"body":"focused instead on sowing"},{"startTime":602.82,"endTime":607.38,"body":"discord in communities"},{"startTime":607.38,"endTime":611.76,"body":"around subjects such as LGBTQ rights,"},{"startTime":611.76,"endTime":616.65,"body":"race and ethnicity,"},{"startTime":611.76,"endTime":616.65,"body":"immigration, and gun ownership."},{"startTime":616.65,"endTime":619.02,"body":"Researchers at the"},{"startTime":616.65,"endTime":619.02,"body":"University of Washington"},{"startTime":619.02,"endTime":622.62,"body":"traced how Russian troll"},{"startTime":619.02,"endTime":622.62,"body":"accounts on Twitter"},{"startTime":622.62,"endTime":627.09,"body":"seeded disinformation on the"},{"startTime":622.62,"endTime":627.09,"body":"Black Lives Matter movement"},{"startTime":627.09,"endTime":629.7,"body":"in an attempt to create greater division"},{"startTime":629.7,"endTime":631.563,"body":"in American communities."},{"startTime":632.73,"endTime":634.8,"body":"And on this side of the Atlantic,"},{"startTime":634.8,"endTime":639.72,"body":"think tank Demos found that"},{"startTime":634.8,"endTime":639.72,"body":"UK-related tweets from accounts"},{"startTime":639.72,"endTime":643.38,"body":"affiliated with Russia's"},{"startTime":639.72,"endTime":643.38,"body":"Internet Research Agency"},{"startTime":643.38,"endTime":647.73,"body":"around the time of the"},{"startTime":643.38,"endTime":647.73,"body":"2017 terrorist attacks"},{"startTime":647.73,"endTime":651.693,"body":"were notable for their"},{"startTime":647.73,"endTime":651.693,"body":"anti-Islamic sentiment."},{"startTime":653.19,"endTime":657.27,"body":"So much, so Cold War spy thriller,"},{"startTime":657.27,"endTime":659.13,"body":"but perhaps lesser known"},{"startTime":659.13,"endTime":662.01,"body":"is the fact that Western governments"},{"startTime":662.01,"endTime":667.01,"body":"also engage in foreign influence"},{"startTime":662.01,"endTime":667.01,"body":"operations on social media,"},{"startTime":668.34,"endTime":670.59,"body":"and recent research by Graphika"},{"startTime":670.59,"endTime":672.78,"body":"and the Stanford Internet Observatory"},{"startTime":672.78,"endTime":675.66,"body":"found an interconnected web of accounts"},{"startTime":675.66,"endTime":678.39,"body":"on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram,"},{"startTime":678.39,"endTime":681.39,"body":"and five other social media platforms"},{"startTime":681.39,"endTime":685.89,"body":"that use deceptive tactics to"},{"startTime":681.39,"endTime":685.89,"body":"promote pro-Western narratives"},{"startTime":685.89,"endTime":689.22,"body":"in the Middle East and Central Asia."},{"startTime":689.22,"endTime":692.43,"body":"One fake account in the"},{"startTime":689.22,"endTime":692.43,"body":"Central Asia campaign"},{"startTime":692.43,"endTime":694.5,"body":"used a doctored image"},{"startTime":694.5,"endTime":699.48,"body":"of the Puerto Rican actor"},{"startTime":694.5,"endTime":699.48,"body":"Valeria Menendez, shown here."},{"startTime":699.48,"endTime":701.13,"body":"On further investigation,"},{"startTime":701.13,"endTime":705.09,"body":"Meta, now the parent company"},{"startTime":701.13,"endTime":705.09,"body":"of Facebook and Instagram,"},{"startTime":705.09,"endTime":710.09,"body":"found links to individuals"},{"startTime":705.09,"endTime":710.09,"body":"associated with the US military."},{"startTime":712.8,"endTime":714.33,"body":"Now, for some governments,"},{"startTime":714.33,"endTime":716.61,"body":"the solution is for tech companies"},{"startTime":716.61,"endTime":719.493,"body":"to just remove everything that isn't true."},{"startTime":720.45,"endTime":723.87,"body":"In 2019, Singapore passed"},{"startTime":723.87,"endTime":728.87,"body":"the Protection from Online"},{"startTime":723.87,"endTime":728.87,"body":"Falsehoods and Manipulation Act,"},{"startTime":728.97,"endTime":730.32,"body":"which prohibits,"},{"startTime":730.32,"endTime":732.15,"body":"and I'm going to take a deep breath here,"},{"startTime":732.15,"endTime":735.18,"body":"the communication of a"},{"startTime":732.15,"endTime":735.18,"body":"false statement of fact"},{"startTime":735.18,"endTime":736.92,"body":"that is likely to be prejudicial"},{"startTime":736.92,"endTime":740.85,"body":"to the security of"},{"startTime":736.92,"endTime":740.85,"body":"Singapore, public health,"},{"startTime":740.85,"endTime":744.33,"body":"public safety, public"},{"startTime":740.85,"endTime":744.33,"body":"tranquility, or public finances,"},{"startTime":744.33,"endTime":747.66,"body":"to the friendly relations of"},{"startTime":744.33,"endTime":747.66,"body":"Singapore with other countries,"},{"startTime":747.66,"endTime":750.93,"body":"to influence the outcome of"},{"startTime":747.66,"endTime":750.93,"body":"an election or a referendum,"},{"startTime":750.93,"endTime":754.35,"body":"to incite feelings of"},{"startTime":750.93,"endTime":754.35,"body":"enmity, hatred, or ill will,"},{"startTime":754.35,"endTime":757.2,"body":"or to diminish public confidence"},{"startTime":757.2,"endTime":760.83,"body":"in the performance of any duty"},{"startTime":757.2,"endTime":760.83,"body":"or function of the government"},{"startTime":760.83,"endTime":762.603,"body":"or an organ of state."},{"startTime":764.25,"endTime":768.18,"body":"But is removal of false or fake content"},{"startTime":768.18,"endTime":769.98,"body":"always the best option?"},{"startTime":769.98,"endTime":773.7,"body":"One concern is that by"},{"startTime":769.98,"endTime":773.7,"body":"putting the onus on platforms"},{"startTime":773.7,"endTime":777.81,"body":"to remove such a broad sweep of content,"},{"startTime":777.81,"endTime":782.64,"body":"people will be less exposed"},{"startTime":777.81,"endTime":782.64,"body":"to untrue narratives,"},{"startTime":782.64,"endTime":785.91,"body":"but they'll also therefore be less able"},{"startTime":785.91,"endTime":788.76,"body":"to distinguish fact from fiction,"},{"startTime":788.76,"endTime":793.05,"body":"or to challenge falsehood"},{"startTime":788.76,"endTime":793.05,"body":"when they see it."},{"startTime":793.05,"endTime":797.31,"body":"Their critical thinking"},{"startTime":793.05,"endTime":797.31,"body":"may in fact deteriorate"},{"startTime":797.31,"endTime":799.203,"body":"if it is not used."},{"startTime":800.04,"endTime":803.1,"body":"Alternative responses are for platforms"},{"startTime":803.1,"endTime":807.0,"body":"to down-rank low quality"},{"startTime":803.1,"endTime":807.0,"body":"or junk news sources,"},{"startTime":807.0,"endTime":809.82,"body":"effectively making them less visible"},{"startTime":809.82,"endTime":813.78,"body":"by pushing them further"},{"startTime":809.82,"endTime":813.78,"body":"down users' news feeds,"},{"startTime":813.78,"endTime":818.49,"body":"and some large social media"},{"startTime":813.78,"endTime":818.49,"body":"platforms already do this."},{"startTime":818.49,"endTime":822.51,"body":"They also apply labels"},{"startTime":818.49,"endTime":822.51,"body":"to paid-for advertising,"},{"startTime":822.51,"endTime":826.56,"body":"especially in relation"},{"startTime":822.51,"endTime":826.56,"body":"to political campaigns,"},{"startTime":826.56,"endTime":830.49,"body":"and they can apply warning labels to posts"},{"startTime":830.49,"endTime":834.303,"body":"that they have found to be"},{"startTime":830.49,"endTime":834.303,"body":"inaccurate or misleading."},{"startTime":836.31,"endTime":840.48,"body":"Focus on platforms' removal"},{"startTime":836.31,"endTime":840.48,"body":"of content at large scale"},{"startTime":840.48,"endTime":844.14,"body":"also presupposes that those in power"},{"startTime":844.14,"endTime":846.96,"body":"post objective facts online"},{"startTime":846.96,"endTime":850.71,"body":"and do not engage in influence operations,"},{"startTime":850.71,"endTime":854.403,"body":"which, unfortunately,"},{"startTime":850.71,"endTime":854.403,"body":"is not always the case."},{"startTime":855.33,"endTime":858.66,"body":"Some governments use"},{"startTime":855.33,"endTime":858.66,"body":"disinformation tactics"},{"startTime":858.66,"endTime":860.853,"body":"against their own citizens."},{"startTime":861.75,"endTime":863.677,"body":"In my first lecture in this series,"},{"startTime":863.677,"endTime":865.14,"body":"\"Who Owns the Internet?\","},{"startTime":865.14,"endTime":870.14,"body":"we discussed how Russia,"},{"startTime":865.14,"endTime":870.14,"body":"China, Iran, and North Korea"},{"startTime":870.18,"endTime":873.3,"body":"greatly restrict access to the Internet"},{"startTime":873.3,"endTime":876.21,"body":"and promote pro-government content online"},{"startTime":876.21,"endTime":878.55,"body":"and in the mainstream media,"},{"startTime":878.55,"endTime":881.22,"body":"and there have, of course,"},{"startTime":878.55,"endTime":881.22,"body":"been numerous instances,"},{"startTime":881.22,"endTime":883.8,"body":"since the invasion of Ukraine,"},{"startTime":883.8,"endTime":885.54,"body":"of Russian state media"},{"startTime":885.54,"endTime":889.5,"body":"misrepresenting their"},{"startTime":885.54,"endTime":889.5,"body":"military's performance."},{"startTime":889.5,"endTime":893.61,"body":"But perhaps the most amusing"},{"startTime":889.5,"endTime":893.61,"body":"Russian disinformation tactic"},{"startTime":893.61,"endTime":896.79,"body":"has been the tendency to"},{"startTime":893.61,"endTime":896.79,"body":"use video game footage"},{"startTime":896.79,"endTime":900.63,"body":"in coverage of military operations."},{"startTime":900.63,"endTime":904.29,"body":"In 2017, the Ministry of"},{"startTime":900.63,"endTime":904.29,"body":"Defense published a scene"},{"startTime":904.29,"endTime":905.123,"body":"from the game"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":905.123,"endTime":909.63,"body":"Special Ops Squadron,\""},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":909.63,"endTime":912.607,"body":"as, quote, \"Irrefutable proof"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":912.607,"endTime":917.25,"body":"\"that the US provides cover"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":912.607,"endTime":917.25,"body":"for ISIS combat troops,\""},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":917.25,"endTime":918.96,"body":"and in 2018,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":918.96,"endTime":923.58,"body":"Russian state TV used footage"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":918.96,"endTime":923.58,"body":"from the game \"Arma 3\""},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":923.58,"endTime":928.113,"body":"in a news item about a Russian"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":923.58,"endTime":928.113,"body":"soldier killed in Syria."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":929.7,"endTime":931.95,"body":"When a source that we trust"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":931.95,"endTime":934.17,"body":"starts to manipulate the narrative,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":934.17,"endTime":937.38,"body":"whether that's a public"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":934.17,"endTime":937.38,"body":"figure, a political party,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":937.38,"endTime":939.06,"body":"or a media outlet,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":939.06,"endTime":941.37,"body":"this can be harder to spot"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":941.37,"endTime":945.63,"body":"and may require specialist assistance,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":945.63,"endTime":950.63,"body":"so online platforms work with"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":945.63,"endTime":950.63,"body":"fact checking organizations,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":950.76,"endTime":953.61,"body":"of which there are many around the world,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":953.61,"endTime":956.52,"body":"working in different languages."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":956.52,"endTime":957.9,"body":"In the UK,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":957.9,"endTime":959.94,"body":"political debates and campaigns"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":959.94,"endTime":963.3,"body":"are now routinely fact checked,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":963.3,"endTime":965.97,"body":"with services such as Full Fact here"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":965.97,"endTime":968.28,"body":"challenging dishonest practice"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":968.28,"endTime":972.18,"body":"and contacting the sources"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":968.28,"endTime":972.18,"body":"of inaccurate claims"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":972.18,"endTime":975.63,"body":"to seek correction of the record,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":975.63,"endTime":979.65,"body":"and such is the perceived"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":975.63,"endTime":979.65,"body":"authority and trustworthiness"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":979.65,"endTime":981.78,"body":"of fact checking services"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":981.78,"endTime":984.45,"body":"that during the 2019 general election,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":984.45,"endTime":988.38,"body":"the Conservative Party changed"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":984.45,"endTime":988.38,"body":"its Twitter account name"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":988.38,"endTime":989.743,"body":"to factcheckUK,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":991.5,"endTime":994.08,"body":"retaining the blue verified tick"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":994.08,"endTime":996.45,"body":"that it had previously obtained,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":996.45,"endTime":999.78,"body":"and with more than a passing similarity"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":999.78,"endTime":1004.733,"body":"to both Full Fact and Channel"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":999.78,"endTime":1004.733,"body":"4's FactCheck service."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1005.9,"endTime":1008.24,"body":"Although it was denounced"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1005.9,"endTime":1008.24,"body":"by these services"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1008.24,"endTime":1011.45,"body":"and roundly criticized"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1008.24,"endTime":1011.45,"body":"by most media outlets,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1011.45,"endTime":1016.45,"body":"there was no official sanction"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1011.45,"endTime":1016.45,"body":"for this imposter tactic."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1017.42,"endTime":1019.79,"body":"But there are technical measures"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1019.79,"endTime":1024.32,"body":"that can and should be deployed"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1019.79,"endTime":1024.32,"body":"by platforms in these cases."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1024.32,"endTime":1025.31,"body":"For example,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1025.31,"endTime":1028.25,"body":"a name change for a social media account"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1028.25,"endTime":1031.16,"body":"for a political party or a politician"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1031.16,"endTime":1032.72,"body":"is highly unusual"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1032.72,"endTime":1035.63,"body":"and it should be flagged as suspicious,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1035.63,"endTime":1038.84,"body":"not least because it may indicate"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1038.84,"endTime":1040.82,"body":"that the account has been hacked."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1040.82,"endTime":1043.07,"body":"We've seen in the past few years"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1043.07,"endTime":1047.06,"body":"how President Biden's"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1043.07,"endTime":1047.06,"body":"Twitter account was hacked"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1047.06,"endTime":1049.34,"body":"to serve cryptocurrency scams,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1049.34,"endTime":1052.64,"body":"so we know that these"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1049.34,"endTime":1052.64,"body":"accounts are of interest"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1052.64,"endTime":1053.933,"body":"to cyber criminals."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1055.37,"endTime":1058.85,"body":"But of course, the most striking example"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1058.85,"endTime":1062.39,"body":"of a public figure playing"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1058.85,"endTime":1062.39,"body":"fast and loose with the truth"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1062.39,"endTime":1064.043,"body":"is Donald Trump."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1064.97,"endTime":1069.02,"body":"By branding quality news outlets fake news"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1069.02,"endTime":1072.74,"body":"and by claiming to be both"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1069.02,"endTime":1072.74,"body":"a speaker and an arbiter"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1072.74,"endTime":1073.573,"body":"of the truth,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1073.573,"endTime":1078.573,"body":"even naming his proprietary"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1073.573,"endTime":1078.573,"body":"app Truth Social,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1078.74,"endTime":1083.39,"body":"Trump consistently and"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1078.74,"endTime":1083.39,"body":"dishonestly challenges fact"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1083.39,"endTime":1086.75,"body":"with so-called alternative facts."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1086.75,"endTime":1090.44,"body":"He's also been known to"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1086.75,"endTime":1090.44,"body":"perpetuate conspiracy theories"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1090.44,"endTime":1093.41,"body":"in order to garner support"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1090.44,"endTime":1093.41,"body":"from their believers,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1093.41,"endTime":1097.79,"body":"in particular the viral"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1093.41,"endTime":1097.79,"body":"theory known as QAnon,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1097.79,"endTime":1101.18,"body":"whose central belief is"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1097.79,"endTime":1101.18,"body":"that Trump is battling"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1101.18,"endTime":1104.453,"body":"a cabal of Satan-worshiping pedophiles."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1105.68,"endTime":1108.23,"body":"He first used this \"Game of Thrones\" meme"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1108.23,"endTime":1109.7,"body":"while he was still in office,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1109.7,"endTime":1113.21,"body":"that's actually about threatened"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1109.7,"endTime":1113.21,"body":"sanctions against Iran,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1113.21,"endTime":1116.36,"body":"but he recently re-shared on Truth Social,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1116.36,"endTime":1118.01,"body":"that's what that ReTruthed"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1118.01,"endTime":1118.843,"body":"that you might be able to see"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1118.843,"endTime":1121.01,"body":"in the top right-hand corner there,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1121.01,"endTime":1122.87,"body":"he re-shared it on Truth Social,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1122.87,"endTime":1124.13,"body":"a version of it"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1124.13,"endTime":1128.93,"body":"that refers to QAnon's moment"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1124.13,"endTime":1128.93,"body":"of reckoning, the storm,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1128.93,"endTime":1133.253,"body":"and an abbreviated QAnon"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1128.93,"endTime":1133.253,"body":"slogan at the bottom there."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1134.9,"endTime":1139.01,"body":"With Trump's explicit"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1134.9,"endTime":1139.01,"body":"and tacit encouragement"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1139.01,"endTime":1142.43,"body":"of the movement to stop the steal"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1142.43,"endTime":1145.88,"body":"of what he and his"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1142.43,"endTime":1145.88,"body":"supporters considered to be"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1145.88,"endTime":1148.7,"body":"a rigged 2020 election,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1148.7,"endTime":1151.46,"body":"QAnon believers were prominent"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1151.46,"endTime":1154.52,"body":"among those who attacked"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1151.46,"endTime":1154.52,"body":"the Capitol Building"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1154.52,"endTime":1156.2,"body":"in Washington, D.C."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1156.2,"endTime":1159.8,"body":"on the 6th of January, 2021."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1159.8,"endTime":1163.1,"body":"Now, personal attacks"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1163.1,"endTime":1167.69,"body":"have long been part of"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1163.1,"endTime":1167.69,"body":"political campaigning in the US,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1167.69,"endTime":1172.69,"body":"with paid-for attack ads"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1167.69,"endTime":1172.69,"body":"frequently appearing on TV."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1173.27,"endTime":1175.67,"body":"Their transfer to social media"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1175.67,"endTime":1180.11,"body":"has given rise to large scale"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1175.67,"endTime":1180.11,"body":"use of dishonest tactics"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1180.11,"endTime":1185.11,"body":"by seemingly legitimate political"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1180.11,"endTime":1185.11,"body":"and media organizations."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1186.38,"endTime":1189.26,"body":"Ahead of the midterms in 2018,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1189.26,"endTime":1193.1,"body":"right wing media organizations"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1189.26,"endTime":1193.1,"body":"pushed false narratives"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1193.1,"endTime":1196.19,"body":"about the Hungarian-born"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1193.1,"endTime":1196.19,"body":"billionaire George Soros,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1196.19,"endTime":1198.62,"body":"a leading Democrat donor,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1198.62,"endTime":1200.66,"body":"and these included accusations"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1200.66,"endTime":1203.81,"body":"that he had funded the migrant caravan"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1203.81,"endTime":1206.6,"body":"then heading towards the US,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1206.6,"endTime":1209.99,"body":"that he had been a Nazi SS officer,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1209.99,"endTime":1213.35,"body":"and Antisemitic conspiracy theories"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1213.35,"endTime":1215.63,"body":"apparently endorsed by celebrities"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1215.63,"endTime":1218.693,"body":"and the family of the then-president."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1220.22,"endTime":1221.75,"body":"Around the same time,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1221.75,"endTime":1224.63,"body":"automated bot accounts on Twitter"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1224.63,"endTime":1226.97,"body":"posing as Democrat supporters"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1226.97,"endTime":1231.95,"body":"began to discourage people"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1226.97,"endTime":1231.95,"body":"from voting in the elections,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1231.95,"endTime":1233.21,"body":"and on this occasion,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1233.21,"endTime":1238.21,"body":"Twitter removed an estimated"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1233.21,"endTime":1238.21,"body":"10,000 accounts in one go."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1238.67,"endTime":1241.583,"body":"How exactly were they able to do that?"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1242.57,"endTime":1244.1,"body":"Well, again,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1244.1,"endTime":1245.75,"body":"if you joined me for my first lecture,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1245.75,"endTime":1248.54,"body":"you'll recall that each"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1245.75,"endTime":1248.54,"body":"device on the Internet"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1248.54,"endTime":1253.54,"body":"has a numeric Internet"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1248.54,"endTime":1253.54,"body":"protocol, or IP address."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1253.73,"endTime":1256.25,"body":"Bot activity, robot activity"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1256.25,"endTime":1258.05,"body":"can often be identified"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1258.05,"endTime":1261.62,"body":"by an unusually large number of accounts"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1261.62,"endTime":1264.92,"body":"being operated from a single IP address,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1264.92,"endTime":1268.73,"body":"that is, they're being"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1264.92,"endTime":1268.73,"body":"coordinated by the same device,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1268.73,"endTime":1270.35,"body":"and in the cyber crime world,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1270.35,"endTime":1273.353,"body":"this is known as command and control."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1274.25,"endTime":1277.25,"body":"So platforms can close"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1274.25,"endTime":1277.25,"body":"down the linked accounts"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1277.25,"endTime":1280.64,"body":"and block the establishment"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1277.25,"endTime":1280.64,"body":"of new accounts"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1280.64,"endTime":1281.99,"body":"from that address,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1281.99,"endTime":1284.57,"body":"and inevitably, and unfortunately,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1284.57,"endTime":1288.08,"body":"this means that some criminals"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1284.57,"endTime":1288.08,"body":"do update their tactics"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1288.08,"endTime":1290.42,"body":"by changing devices frequently"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1290.42,"endTime":1295.42,"body":"or masking those IP addresses"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1290.42,"endTime":1295.42,"body":"using VPNs and anonymizers."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1297.08,"endTime":1301.19,"body":"Another tactic is to"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1297.08,"endTime":1301.19,"body":"encourage real account holders"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1301.19,"endTime":1304.91,"body":"to copy and paste a message"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1301.19,"endTime":1304.91,"body":"that seems authentic,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1304.91,"endTime":1307.61,"body":"complete with grammatical errors,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1307.61,"endTime":1311.33,"body":"but which, on closer"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1307.61,"endTime":1311.33,"body":"inspection, is anything but."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1311.33,"endTime":1314.12,"body":"And I'm very grateful to"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1311.33,"endTime":1314.12,"body":"my colleague Andy Phippen"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1314.12,"endTime":1316.94,"body":"for the evidence you see on screen."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1316.94,"endTime":1321.94,"body":"So-called keyboard armies"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1316.94,"endTime":1321.94,"body":"are often paid to do this,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1322.28,"endTime":1325.7,"body":"and the largest US platforms use tools"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1325.7,"endTime":1329.57,"body":"that identify and remove the same content"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1329.57,"endTime":1334.57,"body":"being shared by large numbers"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1329.57,"endTime":1334.57,"body":"of users over and over again."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1336.05,"endTime":1337.91,"body":"But in both these cases,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1337.91,"endTime":1342.29,"body":"whether they are bots or real"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1337.91,"endTime":1342.29,"body":"people acting just like them,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1342.29,"endTime":1346.52,"body":"tech companies look for"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1342.29,"endTime":1346.52,"body":"inauthentic behavior,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1346.52,"endTime":1350.78,"body":"as well as seeking to verify the accuracy"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1350.78,"endTime":1352.583,"body":"of the content that's shared."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1354.5,"endTime":1358.94,"body":"Now, in my fields of"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1354.5,"endTime":1358.94,"body":"cybersecurity and online safety,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1358.94,"endTime":1361.04,"body":"successful security measures"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1361.04,"endTime":1366.04,"body":"focus on people, process, and technology,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1366.17,"endTime":1367.55,"body":"they're the cornerstones,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1367.55,"endTime":1369.62,"body":"the holy trinity, if you like,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1369.62,"endTime":1373.37,"body":"of how we combat cyber"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1369.62,"endTime":1373.37,"body":"attacks and cyber crimes,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1373.37,"endTime":1377.0,"body":"and I would argue we can apply"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1373.37,"endTime":1377.0,"body":"the same tripartite approach"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1377.0,"endTime":1382.0,"body":"to all the flavors of fake"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1377.0,"endTime":1382.0,"body":"news that we've just explored."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1382.4,"endTime":1387.32,"body":"Society certainly requires"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1382.4,"endTime":1387.32,"body":"regulations and rules"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1387.32,"endTime":1390.44,"body":"to help distinguish what is prohibited"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1390.44,"endTime":1393.08,"body":"from what is permissible content,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1393.08,"endTime":1396.23,"body":"along with procedures, the processes,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1396.23,"endTime":1399.23,"body":"for suppressing the former,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1399.23,"endTime":1402.14,"body":"and technical tools"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1399.23,"endTime":1402.14,"body":"are certainly necessary"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1402.14,"endTime":1406.4,"body":"to identify bad actors,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1402.14,"endTime":1406.4,"body":"bots, inauthentic content,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1406.4,"endTime":1410.243,"body":"manipulated videos on a massive scale."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1411.23,"endTime":1414.26,"body":"But however stringent these rules,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1414.26,"endTime":1417.53,"body":"and however sophisticated the tools,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1417.53,"endTime":1422.53,"body":"strengthening humans will"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1417.53,"endTime":1422.53,"body":"always be just as important,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1423.11,"endTime":1424.94,"body":"and I would argue"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1424.94,"endTime":1429.94,"body":"that over-reliance on any"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1424.94,"endTime":1429.94,"body":"one of these three corners"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1429.98,"endTime":1432.983,"body":"risks negative impacts on the others."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1434.48,"endTime":1436.043,"body":"By way of example,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1437.06,"endTime":1439.394,"body":"for thousands of years,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1439.394,"endTime":1444.394,"body":"societies have turned"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1439.394,"endTime":1444.394,"body":"to satire and to parody"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1444.92,"endTime":1447.53,"body":"to criticize public figures."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1447.53,"endTime":1451.49,"body":"Mocking politicians reminds us, and them,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1451.49,"endTime":1453.2,"body":"that they are only human,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1453.2,"endTime":1455.69,"body":"and that, in democracies at least,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1455.69,"endTime":1460.49,"body":"they're in power only"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1455.69,"endTime":1460.49,"body":"because we have elected them,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1460.49,"endTime":1463.67,"body":"so satire has an"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1460.49,"endTime":1463.67,"body":"important social function,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1463.67,"endTime":1465.41,"body":"and it's not always"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1465.41,"endTime":1470.36,"body":"comfortable reading,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1465.41,"endTime":1470.36,"body":"listening, or viewing."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1470.36,"endTime":1473.09,"body":"And one of the most"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1470.36,"endTime":1473.09,"body":"famous examples of satire"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1473.09,"endTime":1476.18,"body":"that disturbs and disconcerts"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1476.18,"endTime":1479.48,"body":"is \"A Modest Proposal,\" by Jonathan Swift,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1479.48,"endTime":1482.48,"body":"the author of \"Gulliver's Travels.\""},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1482.48,"endTime":1484.617,"body":"Published in 1729,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1484.617,"endTime":1488.51,"body":"\"A Modest Proposal\" takes"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1484.617,"endTime":1488.51,"body":"the form of a political essay"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1488.51,"endTime":1491.63,"body":"to make the very straight-faced suggestion"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1491.63,"endTime":1495.23,"body":"that the impoverished Irish"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1491.63,"endTime":1495.23,"body":"sell their own children"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1495.23,"endTime":1497.723,"body":"to be eaten by the rich."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1498.68,"endTime":1501.8,"body":"I can see some nervous-looking"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1498.68,"endTime":1501.8,"body":"faces over there."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1501.8,"endTime":1505.28,"body":"It is a work of considerable grotesquerie,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1505.28,"endTime":1509.36,"body":"but also considerable rhetorical elegance,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1509.36,"endTime":1511.16,"body":"and it's often taken to be a critique"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1511.16,"endTime":1514.37,"body":"not only of contemporary economic policy,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1514.37,"endTime":1518.843,"body":"but also of the dehumanization"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1514.37,"endTime":1518.843,"body":"of the Irish people."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1519.98,"endTime":1523.31,"body":"As a very bright Stanford"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1519.98,"endTime":1523.31,"body":"computer science student"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1523.31,"endTime":1525.71,"body":"pointed out to me during"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1523.31,"endTime":1525.71,"body":"one of my lectures,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1525.71,"endTime":1528.71,"body":"it would likely fall foul today"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1528.71,"endTime":1531.23,"body":"of some governments' expectations"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1531.23,"endTime":1533.45,"body":"for suppressing content"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1533.45,"endTime":1535.79,"body":"that sows community discord"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1535.79,"endTime":1539.6,"body":"or diminishes public"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1535.79,"endTime":1539.6,"body":"confidence in those in power,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1539.6,"endTime":1542.153,"body":"think of that Singaporean legislation."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1543.2,"endTime":1544.1,"body":"And in fact,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1544.1,"endTime":1548.27,"body":"satire is of concern to regulators"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1544.1,"endTime":1548.27,"body":"in a number of countries,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1548.27,"endTime":1552.89,"body":"including the UK and the US."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1552.89,"endTime":1554.45,"body":"In a 2018 report,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1554.45,"endTime":1555.56,"body":"the House of Commons"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1555.56,"endTime":1558.35,"body":"Digital, Culture, Media"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1555.56,"endTime":1558.35,"body":"and Sport Committee"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1558.35,"endTime":1560.06,"body":"of members of Parliament"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1560.06,"endTime":1563.11,"body":"included satire and parody"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1563.11,"endTime":1565.76,"body":"in its definition of fake news"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1565.76,"endTime":1567.837,"body":"because they may, quote,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1567.837,"endTime":1571.73,"body":"\"Unintentionally fool readers.\""},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1571.73,"endTime":1573.11,"body":"And in the US,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1573.11,"endTime":1575.99,"body":"satirical news website The Onion"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1575.99,"endTime":1579.35,"body":"recently submitted a"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1575.99,"endTime":1579.35,"body":"document to the Supreme Court"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1579.35,"endTime":1580.91,"body":"in support of a man"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1580.91,"endTime":1584.57,"body":"who had been charged with"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1580.91,"endTime":1584.57,"body":"disrupting a public service"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1584.57,"endTime":1589.25,"body":"because he had set up a spoof"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1584.57,"endTime":1589.25,"body":"police page on Facebook."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1589.25,"endTime":1592.43,"body":"Now, I heartily recommend"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1589.25,"endTime":1592.43,"body":"you read this brief"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1592.43,"endTime":1593.69,"body":"in its entirety,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1593.69,"endTime":1595.88,"body":"it is beautifully written,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1595.88,"endTime":1600.88,"body":"it is itself satirical and"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1595.88,"endTime":1600.88,"body":"genuinely very, very funny."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1602.84,"endTime":1606.86,"body":"It also invokes the spirits of Swift"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1606.86,"endTime":1609.59,"body":"and the Roman poet Horace,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1609.59,"endTime":1612.98,"body":"who himself was also a satirist."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1612.98,"endTime":1614.15,"body":"At the same time,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1614.15,"endTime":1617.36,"body":"it makes the deadly serious argument"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1617.36,"endTime":1619.37,"body":"that parody functions"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1619.37,"endTime":1623.153,"body":"by tricking people into"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1619.37,"endTime":1623.153,"body":"thinking that it is real,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1624.77,"endTime":1628.1,"body":"that because parody mimics the real thing,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1628.1,"endTime":1633.1,"body":"it has the unique capacity"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1628.1,"endTime":1633.1,"body":"to critique the real thing,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1634.91,"endTime":1638.9,"body":"that a reasonable reader"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1634.91,"endTime":1638.9,"body":"does not need a disclaimer"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1638.9,"endTime":1641.723,"body":"to know that parody is parody,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1642.56,"endTime":1645.44,"body":"and that it should be obvious"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1645.44,"endTime":1648.14,"body":"that parodists cannot be prosecuted"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1648.14,"endTime":1651.143,"body":"for telling a joke with a straight face."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1652.04,"endTime":1653.36,"body":"According to The Onion,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1653.36,"endTime":1657.11,"body":"the US Appeals Court's"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1653.36,"endTime":1657.11,"body":"decision to back the police"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1657.11,"endTime":1660.23,"body":"suggests that parodists are in the clear"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1660.23,"endTime":1664.04,"body":"only if they pop the balloon in advance"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1664.04,"endTime":1668.93,"body":"by warning their audience"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1664.04,"endTime":1668.93,"body":"that their parody is not true."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1668.93,"endTime":1671.57,"body":"But some forms of comedy don't work"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1671.57,"endTime":1674.69,"body":"unless the comedian is"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1671.57,"endTime":1674.69,"body":"able to tell the joke"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1674.69,"endTime":1676.91,"body":"with a straight face."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1676.91,"endTime":1681.91,"body":"Marking satire and"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1676.91,"endTime":1681.91,"body":"parody precisely as such,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1681.92,"endTime":1684.71,"body":"deadening the effect"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1681.92,"endTime":1684.71,"body":"and missing the point,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1684.71,"endTime":1688.31,"body":"is something we are"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1684.71,"endTime":1688.31,"body":"already seeing more of."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1688.31,"endTime":1690.65,"body":"As of last week, Twitter,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1690.65,"endTime":1693.8,"body":"which you may have noticed"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1690.65,"endTime":1693.8,"body":"is under new ownership,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1693.8,"endTime":1696.68,"body":"now requires parody accounts"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1696.68,"endTime":1700.91,"body":"to incorporate the word parody or fake"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1700.91,"endTime":1703.793,"body":"in their account names and bios."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1705.29,"endTime":1707.93,"body":"This inclusion of satire and parody"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1707.93,"endTime":1710.21,"body":"in definitions of fake news"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1710.21,"endTime":1711.98,"body":"assumes that members of the public"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1711.98,"endTime":1716.3,"body":"are unable to distinguish"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1711.98,"endTime":1716.3,"body":"between fact and fiction,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1716.3,"endTime":1719.93,"body":"between authoritative news"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1716.3,"endTime":1719.93,"body":"coverage on the one hand"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1719.93,"endTime":1722.12,"body":"and parody on the other."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1722.12,"endTime":1725.9,"body":"Quite apart from insulting"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1722.12,"endTime":1725.9,"body":"the intelligence of citizens,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1725.9,"endTime":1728.15,"body":"the assessment also assumes"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1728.15,"endTime":1731.0,"body":"that humans can't spot context"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1731.0,"endTime":1734.51,"body":"or filter out junk content,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1734.51,"endTime":1736.34,"body":"but machines can,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1736.34,"endTime":1740.543,"body":"when in fact, the opposite is"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1736.34,"endTime":1740.543,"body":"more likely to be the case."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1741.95,"endTime":1743.12,"body":"In the UK,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1743.12,"endTime":1746.12,"body":"there is a tradition of quality journalism"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1746.12,"endTime":1751.07,"body":"and a parallel tradition of journalism"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1751.07,"endTime":1752.54,"body":"whose content"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1752.54,"endTime":1756.86,"body":"readers have become accustomed"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1752.54,"endTime":1756.86,"body":"to take with a pinch of salt."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1756.86,"endTime":1759.86,"body":"We appreciate headlines like this one,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1759.86,"endTime":1763.34,"body":"alleging a comedian ate someone's pet,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1763.34,"endTime":1768.17,"body":"not as unadulterated"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1763.34,"endTime":1768.17,"body":"records of objective fact,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1768.17,"endTime":1771.47,"body":"but as content that has been embellished"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1771.47,"endTime":1776.33,"body":"to elicit sensation and"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1771.47,"endTime":1776.33,"body":"heighten our engagement."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1776.33,"endTime":1778.1,"body":"Phrases such as,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1778.1,"endTime":1780.14,"body":"a source close to the government,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1780.14,"endTime":1782.99,"body":"or sources close to the Palace"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1782.99,"endTime":1784.79,"body":"are tantamount to an admission"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1784.79,"endTime":1787.1,"body":"that a story has been fabricated,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1787.1,"endTime":1790.97,"body":"or is at least based largely on rumor."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1790.97,"endTime":1792.98,"body":"Readers, I would argue,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1792.98,"endTime":1795.26,"body":"are in on the joke."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1795.26,"endTime":1797.12,"body":"And that is not to say"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1797.12,"endTime":1799.97,"body":"that no one believes anything they read"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1799.97,"endTime":1801.98,"body":"in a tabloid newspaper,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1801.98,"endTime":1805.97,"body":"but that readers are able"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1801.98,"endTime":1805.97,"body":"to use their judgment"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1805.97,"endTime":1809.633,"body":"to separate serious"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1805.97,"endTime":1809.633,"body":"reporting from junk news."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1811.31,"endTime":1812.84,"body":"Now, in July of this year,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1812.84,"endTime":1817.82,"body":"amendments were added to the"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1812.84,"endTime":1817.82,"body":"draft UK Online Safety Bill,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1817.82,"endTime":1821.69,"body":"and these impose a duty on"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1817.82,"endTime":1821.69,"body":"the largest online platforms"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1821.69,"endTime":1825.14,"body":"to safeguard all"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1821.69,"endTime":1825.14,"body":"journalistic content shared,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1825.14,"endTime":1829.4,"body":"including news publishers'"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1825.14,"endTime":1829.4,"body":"journalistic content."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1829.4,"endTime":1831.83,"body":"And what this means in practice"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1831.83,"endTime":1836.27,"body":"is that a social media post"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1831.83,"endTime":1836.27,"body":"that makes unfounded claims,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1836.27,"endTime":1838.79,"body":"for instance about migrants,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1838.79,"endTime":1843.79,"body":"would be liable to removal if"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1838.79,"endTime":1843.79,"body":"posted by an ordinary user,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1844.04,"endTime":1849.04,"body":"but protected if published"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1844.04,"endTime":1849.04,"body":"by a newspaper, radio,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1849.11,"endTime":1850.643,"body":"or TV station."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1851.6,"endTime":1852.71,"body":"Any solution"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1852.71,"endTime":1856.4,"body":"that imposes stricter to"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1852.71,"endTime":1856.4,"body":"standards of behavior on citizens"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1856.4,"endTime":1857.96,"body":"than on the media"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1857.96,"endTime":1859.73,"body":"is clearly unjust,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1859.73,"endTime":1862.79,"body":"but also potentially dangerous,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1862.79,"endTime":1864.8,"body":"and such a blunt distinction"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1864.8,"endTime":1868.37,"body":"may also not be the right tool for the job"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1868.37,"endTime":1872.66,"body":"given that it doesn't appear"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1868.37,"endTime":1872.66,"body":"to address that common tactic"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1872.66,"endTime":1877.66,"body":"of repurposing or distorting"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1872.66,"endTime":1877.66,"body":"mainstream media content,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1877.82,"endTime":1881.837,"body":"for example in the case of"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1877.82,"endTime":1881.837,"body":"my appearance on \"Newsnight.\""},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1883.4,"endTime":1887.66,"body":"The speed at which unverified"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1883.4,"endTime":1887.66,"body":"information travels"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1887.66,"endTime":1890.42,"body":"has been remarked upon for millennia."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1890.42,"endTime":1892.97,"body":"In the 5th century BCE,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1892.97,"endTime":1894.95,"body":"the Greek dramatist Aeschylus"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1894.95,"endTime":1898.04,"body":"described rumors as having wings,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1898.04,"endTime":1902.36,"body":"as did the Roman poet Virgil"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1898.04,"endTime":1902.36,"body":"in the 1st century BCE,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1902.36,"endTime":1907.16,"body":"and this fabulous illustration"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1902.36,"endTime":1907.16,"body":"of Rumor, Fama in Latin,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1907.16,"endTime":1910.43,"body":"comes from an early 16th century edition"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1910.43,"endTime":1912.737,"body":"of his epic poem \"The Aeneid.\""},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1913.61,"endTime":1915.92,"body":"Mass adoption of digital technology"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1915.92,"endTime":1919.13,"body":"has of course greatly"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1915.92,"endTime":1919.13,"body":"increased this speed,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1919.13,"endTime":1923.36,"body":"and we now talk about"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1919.13,"endTime":1923.36,"body":"news content going viral,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1923.36,"endTime":1927.08,"body":"regardless of whether it's trustworthy."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1927.08,"endTime":1929.9,"body":"In response, major journalistic outlets"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1929.9,"endTime":1933.86,"body":"such as the BBC, \"The New"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1929.9,"endTime":1933.86,"body":"York Times,\" and Reuters"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1933.86,"endTime":1937.01,"body":"have partnered with Microsoft and Meta"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1937.01,"endTime":1939.29,"body":"in the Trusted News Initiative"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1939.29,"endTime":1943.85,"body":"so that they can share rapid"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1939.29,"endTime":1943.85,"body":"reports of disinformation"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1943.85,"endTime":1945.11,"body":"in real time,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1945.11,"endTime":1948.14,"body":"and they're also working"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1945.11,"endTime":1948.14,"body":"on a common standard"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1948.14,"endTime":1951.47,"body":"for establishing whether"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1948.14,"endTime":1951.47,"body":"a piece of video content"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1951.47,"endTime":1952.793,"body":"is authentic."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1953.87,"endTime":1958.87,"body":"The advent of deepfakes has"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1953.87,"endTime":1958.87,"body":"made this need more pressing."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1959.24,"endTime":1963.62,"body":"Deepfakes are fake videos"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1959.24,"endTime":1963.62,"body":"generated by machine learning,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1963.62,"endTime":1967.643,"body":"and so far, they've been"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1963.62,"endTime":1967.643,"body":"fairly easy to spot."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1968.96,"endTime":1973.04,"body":"In this video of Ukrainian"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1968.96,"endTime":1973.04,"body":"President Volodymyr Zelenskyy,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1973.04,"endTime":1975.98,"body":"we can see that the animated head"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1975.98,"endTime":1979.55,"body":"has been spliced onto"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1975.98,"endTime":1979.55,"body":"somebody else's body,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1979.55,"endTime":1982.7,"body":"that the eye movements"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1979.55,"endTime":1982.7,"body":"are not naturalistic,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1982.7,"endTime":1987.7,"body":"and that the president is"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1982.7,"endTime":1987.7,"body":"also unnaturally motionless."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1987.86,"endTime":1990.41,"body":"I've muted the audio so"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1987.86,"endTime":1990.41,"body":"that I can talk over it,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1990.41,"endTime":1992.39,"body":"but we're also reliably informed"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1992.39,"endTime":1995.213,"body":"that the voice isn't quite right."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1996.35,"endTime":1997.85,"body":"The concern, however,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1997.85,"endTime":2001.24,"body":"is that deepfakes are"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":1997.85,"endTime":2001.24,"body":"getting more sophisticated"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2001.24,"endTime":2002.53,"body":"and more convincing,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2002.53,"endTime":2006.883,"body":"and they're finally being"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2002.53,"endTime":2006.883,"body":"used to influence politics."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2008.02,"endTime":2011.53,"body":"Interestingly, research conducted by MIT"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2011.53,"endTime":2013.9,"body":"and Johns Hopkins universities"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2013.9,"endTime":2016.54,"body":"indicates that humans and computers"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2016.54,"endTime":2020.2,"body":"are equally able to spot deepfakes,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2020.2,"endTime":2024.37,"body":"but humans significantly outperform"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2024.37,"endTime":2027.34,"body":"the leading deepfake detection technology"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2027.34,"endTime":2031.513,"body":"when it comes to videos of"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2027.34,"endTime":2031.513,"body":"well known political leaders."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2032.38,"endTime":2033.94,"body":"The hypothesis is"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2033.94,"endTime":2038.23,"body":"that this is because humans"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2033.94,"endTime":2038.23,"body":"can critically contemplate"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2038.23,"endTime":2040.45,"body":"the authenticity of the video"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2040.45,"endTime":2043.18,"body":"beyond the visual perception,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2043.18,"endTime":2046.72,"body":"for example, the expected"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2043.18,"endTime":2046.72,"body":"sound of their voice"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2046.72,"endTime":2051.643,"body":"or the expected turn of phrase"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2046.72,"endTime":2051.643,"body":"that a politician might use."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2052.54,"endTime":2055.54,"body":"The same research found"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2052.54,"endTime":2055.54,"body":"that humans and machines"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2055.54,"endTime":2057.73,"body":"appear to make different mistakes,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2057.73,"endTime":2058.72,"body":"for instance,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2058.72,"endTime":2063.72,"body":"human participants' accuracy"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2058.72,"endTime":2063.72,"body":"was affected by anger,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2063.79,"endTime":2067.24,"body":"whereas, of course, the machines' weren't,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2067.24,"endTime":2069.31,"body":"and this in turn suggests"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2069.31,"endTime":2072.73,"body":"that the most promising"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2069.31,"endTime":2072.73,"body":"model for detecting deepfakes"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2072.73,"endTime":2075.94,"body":"is human-machine collaboration."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2075.94,"endTime":2079.21,"body":"So we can't sit back"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2079.21,"endTime":2082.72,"body":"and let computers do all"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2079.21,"endTime":2082.72,"body":"the critical thinking for us"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2082.72,"endTime":2083.773,"body":"just yet."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2085.18,"endTime":2088.09,"body":"Technical solutions alone aren't enough"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2088.09,"endTime":2090.7,"body":"also because in other aspects of society,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2090.7,"endTime":2093.37,"body":"we're increasingly used to seeing"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2093.37,"endTime":2096.19,"body":"artificially generated content,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2096.19,"endTime":2100.45,"body":"we routinely interact"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2096.19,"endTime":2100.45,"body":"with legitimate chat bots,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2100.45,"endTime":2105.31,"body":"so we can't just outlaw"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2100.45,"endTime":2105.31,"body":"all automated content."},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2105.31,"endTime":2106.84,"body":"We've also come to accept"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2106.84,"endTime":2111.31,"body":"computer generated resurrections"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2106.84,"endTime":2111.31,"body":"of deceased actors,"},{"speaker":"\"AC-130 Gunship Simulator","startTime":2111.31,"endTime":2113.56,"body":"for example Carrie Fisher"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2113.56,"endTime":2117.22,"body":"the Rise of Skywalker,\""},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2117.22,"endTime":2118.66,"body":"and it was recently reported"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2118.66,"endTime":2121.18,"body":"that Bruce Willis authorized a company"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2121.18,"endTime":2123.4,"body":"to create his digital twin"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2123.4,"endTime":2127.393,"body":"for this Russian TV advert"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2123.4,"endTime":2127.393,"body":"for a telecoms company."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2128.41,"endTime":2131.5,"body":"The idea of an American actor's deepfake"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2131.5,"endTime":2133.9,"body":"being used to influence the Russian public"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2133.9,"endTime":2136.783,"body":"has a rather satisfying"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2133.9,"endTime":2136.783,"body":"ring to it, doesn't it."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2138.13,"endTime":2141.43,"body":"So strengthening the human response"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2141.43,"endTime":2145.15,"body":"will always be important, I would argue."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2145.15,"endTime":2147.85,"body":"Influence operations seek to exploit"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2147.85,"endTime":2152.85,"body":"our human susceptibility to"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2147.85,"endTime":2152.85,"body":"fear, to the next big scoop,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2153.25,"endTime":2158.25,"body":"to the inside story, and the"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2153.25,"endTime":2158.25,"body":"confidence of friendship."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2158.44,"endTime":2160.0,"body":"Those of us on social media"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2160.0,"endTime":2162.37,"body":"are therefore on the front line"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2162.37,"endTime":2164.23,"body":"in the fight against fake news"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2164.23,"endTime":2166.84,"body":"because every time we share content"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2166.84,"endTime":2170.68,"body":"with our family, our friends,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2166.84,"endTime":2170.68,"body":"our professional networks,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2170.68,"endTime":2175.633,"body":"we risk being an unwitting"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2170.68,"endTime":2175.633,"body":"agent of misinformation."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2177.28,"endTime":2179.29,"body":"Now, it's easy to dismiss"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2179.29,"endTime":2182.26,"body":"those who subscribe to conspiracy theories"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2182.26,"endTime":2184.96,"body":"as the tin foil hat brigade,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2184.96,"endTime":2187.42,"body":"people who, amongst other things,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2187.42,"endTime":2190.3,"body":"believe that wearing"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2187.42,"endTime":2190.3,"body":"this protects their brain"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2190.3,"endTime":2192.82,"body":"from electromagnetic fields."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2192.82,"endTime":2197.82,"body":"We might also be tempted to"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2192.82,"endTime":2197.82,"body":"dismiss their flawed logic"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2197.83,"endTime":2202.63,"body":"and to deride their tendency"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2197.83,"endTime":2202.63,"body":"to link unrelated facts"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2202.63,"endTime":2207.303,"body":"and present these as privileged"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2202.63,"endTime":2207.303,"body":"information, the real truth."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2208.66,"endTime":2213.31,"body":"But conspiracy theories feed"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2208.66,"endTime":2213.31,"body":"off understandable fears,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2213.31,"endTime":2217.24,"body":"and no more so than"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2213.31,"endTime":2217.24,"body":"during the COVID pandemic,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2217.24,"endTime":2220.39,"body":"when legitimate fear of death,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2220.39,"endTime":2225.1,"body":"combined with technophobia and"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2220.39,"endTime":2225.1,"body":"concerns over surveillance,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2225.1,"endTime":2227.05,"body":"to perpetuate the myth"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2227.05,"endTime":2231.133,"body":"that vaccines would"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2227.05,"endTime":2231.133,"body":"turn humans into robots."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2231.97,"endTime":2235.24,"body":"At a time of great uncertainty and change,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2235.24,"endTime":2239.8,"body":"when the president of the"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2235.24,"endTime":2239.8,"body":"United States publicly suggested"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2239.8,"endTime":2243.52,"body":"internal light treatments and disinfection"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2243.52,"endTime":2246.37,"body":"as possible cures for the virus,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2246.37,"endTime":2248.68,"body":"false information ran counter"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2248.68,"endTime":2251.26,"body":"to global public health efforts"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2251.26,"endTime":2254.803,"body":"and put people at additional risk."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2255.91,"endTime":2257.95,"body":"Research conducted in 2020"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2257.95,"endTime":2261.7,"body":"by the US Centers for Disease"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2257.95,"endTime":2261.7,"body":"Control and Prevention"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2261.7,"endTime":2264.13,"body":"found that one in three adults"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2264.13,"endTime":2267.94,"body":"had used chemicals or"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2264.13,"endTime":2267.94,"body":"disinfectants unsafely"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2267.94,"endTime":2271.153,"body":"while trying to protect against COVID-19."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2271.99,"endTime":2276.703,"body":"4% had drunk or gargled diluted bleach,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2277.66,"endTime":2279.85,"body":"and 4% doesn't sound a lot, does it,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2279.85,"endTime":2281.14,"body":"but in the US,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2281.14,"endTime":2283.783,"body":"that's over 8 million people."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2285.7,"endTime":2287.26,"body":"In my first lecture,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2287.26,"endTime":2290.05,"body":"we explored how citizen rights online"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2290.05,"endTime":2293.2,"body":"come with responsibilities."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2293.2,"endTime":2295.24,"body":"In a world of fake news,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2295.24,"endTime":2298.78,"body":"your sharing of unverified information"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2298.78,"endTime":2302.23,"body":"could put others in your"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2298.78,"endTime":2302.23,"body":"trust networks at risk."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2302.23,"endTime":2303.76,"body":"But conversely,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2303.76,"endTime":2305.92,"body":"the more you question and verify"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2305.92,"endTime":2308.5,"body":"what you see and share online,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2308.5,"endTime":2311.71,"body":"the better you can defend your friends,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2311.71,"endTime":2314.59,"body":"your family, your colleagues,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2314.59,"endTime":2319.36,"body":"media literacy for all"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2314.59,"endTime":2319.36,"body":"ages is therefore crucial."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2319.36,"endTime":2320.8,"body":"And in case you're thinking"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2320.8,"endTime":2324.22,"body":"that this is something only"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2320.8,"endTime":2324.22,"body":"children and young people need,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2324.22,"endTime":2327.7,"body":"researchers at Princeton"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2324.22,"endTime":2327.7,"body":"and New York universities"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2327.7,"endTime":2332.17,"body":"discovered that during the"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2327.7,"endTime":2332.17,"body":"2016 US presidential campaign,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2332.17,"endTime":2335.68,"body":"Facebook users over the age of 65"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2335.68,"endTime":2339.76,"body":"shared nearly seven"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2335.68,"endTime":2339.76,"body":"times as much fake news"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2339.76,"endTime":2342.91,"body":"as those aged 18 to 29,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2342.91,"endTime":2347.563,"body":"so we need to ensure that"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2342.91,"endTime":2347.563,"body":"no one is left behind."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2349.51,"endTime":2351.73,"body":"Many of the fact checking organizations"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2351.73,"endTime":2354.07,"body":"and quality news outlets around the world"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2354.07,"endTime":2356.71,"body":"have built searchable databases"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2356.71,"endTime":2359.23,"body":"that you can use for free"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2359.23,"endTime":2362.08,"body":"to check the claims that you see online,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2362.08,"endTime":2364.03,"body":"as well as educational videos,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2364.03,"endTime":2366.58,"body":"lesson plans, and infographics"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2366.58,"endTime":2370.51,"body":"to help people discern fact from fiction."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2370.51,"endTime":2372.28,"body":"I've listed several of these"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2372.28,"endTime":2373.72,"body":"in the handout for this lecture,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2373.72,"endTime":2377.71,"body":"which you can also find on"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2373.72,"endTime":2377.71,"body":"the Gresham College website."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2377.71,"endTime":2379.78,"body":"But among many highlights,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2379.78,"endTime":2384.78,"body":"I particularly like the"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2379.78,"endTime":2384.78,"body":"EUvsDisinfo resources"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2385.21,"endTime":2389.02,"body":"for their fact checking"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2385.21,"endTime":2389.02,"body":"of pro-Kremlin propaganda"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2389.02,"endTime":2393.31,"body":"and its direct engagement"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2389.02,"endTime":2393.31,"body":"with social media users,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2393.31,"endTime":2395.53,"body":"so they're actually challenging claims"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2395.53,"endTime":2398.32,"body":"directly on Facebook and Twitter."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2398.32,"endTime":2403.15,"body":"But I also like the fun,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2398.32,"endTime":2403.15,"body":"simple, and actionable advice"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2403.15,"endTime":2407.65,"body":"from Newseum, the American"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2403.15,"endTime":2407.65,"body":"museum of news and journalism,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2407.65,"endTime":2411.103,"body":"and all these resources are"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2407.65,"endTime":2411.103,"body":"available on their website."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2412.93,"endTime":2414.43,"body":"So ultimately,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2414.43,"endTime":2418.33,"body":"you shouldn't believe"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2414.43,"endTime":2418.33,"body":"everything you see online,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2418.33,"endTime":2420.25,"body":"just as you've long been advised"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2420.25,"endTime":2423.31,"body":"not to believe everything"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2420.25,"endTime":2423.31,"body":"you read in the newspapers"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2423.31,"endTime":2425.92,"body":"or see on TV."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2425.92,"endTime":2428.95,"body":"Content that is designed"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2425.92,"endTime":2428.95,"body":"to provoke a reaction"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2428.95,"endTime":2430.99,"body":"and be shared instantly"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2430.99,"endTime":2433.42,"body":"can be difficult to resist,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2433.42,"endTime":2435.73,"body":"so it's all the more important"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2435.73,"endTime":2440.59,"body":"to take a few seconds"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2435.73,"endTime":2440.59,"body":"to question the content."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2440.59,"endTime":2442.57,"body":"Use search engines,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2442.57,"endTime":2447.19,"body":"including, by the way,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2442.57,"endTime":2447.19,"body":"Google's reverse image search"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2447.19,"endTime":2449.743,"body":"and fact checking sites,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2450.67,"endTime":2455.11,"body":"question the intent of"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2450.67,"endTime":2455.11,"body":"the person or organization"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2455.11,"endTime":2456.073,"body":"that's posting,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2456.94,"endTime":2459.79,"body":"question and check the source,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2459.79,"endTime":2461.8,"body":"even if it's someone you trust,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2461.8,"endTime":2463.93,"body":"because you can't assume"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2463.93,"endTime":2467.62,"body":"that they have done"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2463.93,"endTime":2467.62,"body":"their own fact checking,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2467.62,"endTime":2469.66,"body":"and this is a tough one,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2469.66,"endTime":2471.55,"body":"but where you can,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2471.55,"endTime":2473.86,"body":"let your friends and family know"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2473.86,"endTime":2475.63,"body":"when they have shared something"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2475.63,"endTime":2478.39,"body":"that you know to be untrue or manipulated."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2478.39,"endTime":2480.79,"body":"Yes, I am that person"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2480.79,"endTime":2484.18,"body":"who falls out with their"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2480.79,"endTime":2484.18,"body":"family and friends at Christmas"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2484.18,"endTime":2487.213,"body":"because they've seen"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2484.18,"endTime":2487.213,"body":"something shared dodgy online."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2488.98,"endTime":2490.81,"body":"When we refuse to be taken in"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2490.81,"endTime":2494.71,"body":"by fake, manipulated,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2490.81,"endTime":2494.71,"body":"or junk content online,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2494.71,"endTime":2499.15,"body":"we protect everyone else"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2494.71,"endTime":2499.15,"body":"from influence operations"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2499.15,"endTime":2501.94,"body":"and from misleading information"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2501.94,"endTime":2506.71,"body":"that could harm their health"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2501.94,"endTime":2506.71,"body":"or exploit their fears."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2506.71,"endTime":2508.84,"body":"Empowering yourselves"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2508.84,"endTime":2513.28,"body":"to spot when you are being played online"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2513.28,"endTime":2517.66,"body":"will prevent you being"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2513.28,"endTime":2517.66,"body":"enlisted as an agent"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2517.66,"endTime":2520.063,"body":"of a hostile foreign state,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2521.41,"endTime":2525.82,"body":"it will reduce the risk of"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2521.41,"endTime":2525.82,"body":"people in your community"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2525.82,"endTime":2527.98,"body":"coming to physical harm,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2527.98,"endTime":2532.98,"body":"you may even have the ability"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2527.98,"endTime":2532.98,"body":"to save someone's life."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2538.69,"endTime":2542.2,"body":"But if you're not minded"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2538.69,"endTime":2542.2,"body":"to do it for these guys,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2542.2,"endTime":2543.61,"body":"for the Man,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2543.61,"endTime":2547.723,"body":"please, please, please do it for me,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2548.71,"endTime":2550.66,"body":"and if you don't fancy doing it for me,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2550.66,"endTime":2552.94,"body":"because you don't know me from Adam,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2552.94,"endTime":2555.883,"body":"please do it for everyone else."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2557.65,"endTime":2558.883,"body":"And of course,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2559.81,"endTime":2562.81,"body":"it has the added benefit of arming you"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2562.81,"endTime":2567.81,"body":"to decide whether Freddie Starr"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2562.81,"endTime":2567.81,"body":"really did eat my hamster."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2568.547,"endTime":2569.74,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2569.74,"endTime":2571.507,"body":"Thank you very much."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2571.507,"endTime":2574.507,"body":"(audience applauds)"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2575.59,"endTime":2578.41,"body":"- [Questioner] Every country has laws"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2578.41,"endTime":2580.69,"body":"relating to freedom of speech,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2580.69,"endTime":2584.29,"body":"but the United States' laws"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2580.69,"endTime":2584.29,"body":"are incredibly excessive,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2584.29,"endTime":2586.42,"body":"you can say virtually what you want,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2586.42,"endTime":2587.71,"body":"it's not libelous,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2587.71,"endTime":2589.69,"body":"there's very little control"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2587.71,"endTime":2589.69,"body":"in the United States,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2589.69,"endTime":2591.22,"body":"which is of course one of the reasons"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2591.22,"endTime":2593.26,"body":"why the great social media companies,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2593.26,"endTime":2594.093,"body":"the large social media companies,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2594.093,"endTime":2596.23,"body":"are all based in the United States,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2596.23,"endTime":2597.513,"body":"'cause they can do what they want."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2600.67,"endTime":2601.503,"body":"- Yes."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2603.19,"endTime":2604.023,"body":"Goodness."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2607.48,"endTime":2612.48,"body":"I think my research has"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2607.48,"endTime":2612.48,"body":"found that, actually,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2614.08,"endTime":2616.033,"body":"everybody's doing it to everybody else,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2617.32,"endTime":2621.25,"body":"which is what we would"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2617.32,"endTime":2621.25,"body":"expect from the Cold War era."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2621.25,"endTime":2622.66,"body":"If I think also about,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2622.66,"endTime":2625.15,"body":"and I'm taking this off"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2622.66,"endTime":2625.15,"body":"topic a little bit, Dai,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2625.15,"endTime":2625.99,"body":"so apologies,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2625.99,"endTime":2629.08,"body":"but if we're thinking"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2625.99,"endTime":2629.08,"body":"about the phone hacking"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2629.08,"endTime":2631.36,"body":"of political figures,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2631.36,"endTime":2633.25,"body":"we've found that Angela Merkel's phone"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2633.25,"endTime":2636.07,"body":"was being hacked, allegedly, by the US"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2636.07,"endTime":2638.323,"body":"probably also by the Russians,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2639.19,"endTime":2643.017,"body":"so I think if we take that"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2639.19,"endTime":2643.017,"body":"disinformation stance,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2644.29,"endTime":2647.803,"body":"then really, what we're"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2644.29,"endTime":2647.803,"body":"we're looking at is,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2649.33,"endTime":2652.33,"body":"it's open season, I think."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2652.33,"endTime":2654.37,"body":"But it's important to remind ourselves"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2654.37,"endTime":2655.63,"body":"that it's not just,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2655.63,"endTime":2656.77,"body":"as per the first lecture,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2656.77,"endTime":2657.79,"body":"it's not just,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2657.79,"endTime":2659.44,"body":"oh, the bad countries do this"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2659.44,"endTime":2660.76,"body":"and the good countries do this,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2660.76,"endTime":2665.23,"body":"we don't have the digital dark knights"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2665.23,"endTime":2666.973,"body":"and the digital white knights,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2668.44,"endTime":2672.88,"body":"but I think I wouldn't necessarily agree"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2672.88,"endTime":2674.05,"body":"with your assessment"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2674.05,"endTime":2676.6,"body":"about why the tech companies,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2676.6,"endTime":2678.1,"body":"why the big ones are all in the US,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2678.1,"endTime":2679.27,"body":"'cause I don't think they are,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2679.27,"endTime":2681.25,"body":"I think we've got China as well,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2681.25,"endTime":2684.52,"body":"so I wouldn't want to"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2681.25,"endTime":2684.52,"body":"neglect Chinese influence"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2684.52,"endTime":2685.353,"body":"in this state,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2685.353,"endTime":2688.09,"body":"but as we mentioned in the first lecture,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2688.09,"endTime":2692.023,"body":"Chinese control of the Internet"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2688.09,"endTime":2692.023,"body":"is much more restrictive."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2694.33,"endTime":2698.35,"body":"And I also don't subscribe to the belief"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2698.35,"endTime":2701.723,"body":"that freedom of speech"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2698.35,"endTime":2701.723,"body":"is absolute in the US,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2701.723,"endTime":2703.06,"body":"I don't think that's the case,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2703.06,"endTime":2706.9,"body":"and I think tech"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2703.06,"endTime":2706.9,"body":"companies' terms of service"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2706.9,"endTime":2707.95,"body":"tell against that."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2707.95,"endTime":2709.183,"body":"So for instance,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2710.29,"endTime":2711.55,"body":"there are lots of platforms,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2711.55,"endTime":2712.96,"body":"like Facebook and others,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2712.96,"endTime":2716.23,"body":"that don't allow nudity"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2712.96,"endTime":2716.23,"body":"on their platforms."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2716.23,"endTime":2719.29,"body":"That doesn't mean that"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2716.23,"endTime":2719.29,"body":"nudity is outlawed in the US,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2719.29,"endTime":2721.39,"body":"it's simply that they have decided"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2721.39,"endTime":2723.7,"body":"we're not going to have"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2721.39,"endTime":2723.7,"body":"nudity on our platform."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2723.7,"endTime":2727.1,"body":"I think there's sometimes an assumption"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2728.2,"endTime":2731.47,"body":"that what is permitted on US platforms"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2731.47,"endTime":2733.42,"body":"is just what's in the US Constitution,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2733.42,"endTime":2736.6,"body":"I think you're right to a degree"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2733.42,"endTime":2736.6,"body":"that there is an alignment,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2736.6,"endTime":2739.51,"body":"but I don't think it's an absolute match."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2739.51,"endTime":2741.28,"body":"So short answer,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2741.28,"endTime":2743.8,"body":"I don't agree entirely"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2741.28,"endTime":2743.8,"body":"with your statement,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2743.8,"endTime":2746.5,"body":"but I see exactly where you're"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2743.8,"endTime":2746.5,"body":"coming from on that one,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2746.5,"endTime":2749.032,"body":"and I do have a certain"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2746.5,"endTime":2749.032,"body":"amount of sympathy."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2749.032,"endTime":2751.211,"body":"- I think we'll turn to an online question"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2751.211,"endTime":2753.813,"body":"which I think is quite interesting,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2753.813,"endTime":2754.847,"body":"someone says here,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2754.847,"endTime":2758.66,"body":"\"I'm part of a team"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2754.847,"endTime":2758.66,"body":"moderating an online community"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2759.647,"endTime":2762.553,"body":"\"writing about 4,000 comments a day."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2763.517,"endTime":2765.257,"body":"\"We find it an incredible challenge"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2765.257,"endTime":2767.627,"body":"\"to draw the line between"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2765.257,"endTime":2767.627,"body":"fact checking everything,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2767.627,"endTime":2770.177,"body":"\"which is frankly unfeasible,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2770.177,"endTime":2772.573,"body":"\"and still needing to"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2770.177,"endTime":2772.573,"body":"fight disinformation."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2773.777,"endTime":2775.12,"body":"\"Any comments?\""},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2775.12,"endTime":2778.24,"body":"- Oh gosh, my first comment is thank you,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2778.24,"endTime":2780.79,"body":"thank you for doing that,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2780.79,"endTime":2785.08,"body":"because having worked for a"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2780.79,"endTime":2785.08,"body":"company that has had to do that,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2785.08,"endTime":2789.07,"body":"I know what it's like to"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2785.08,"endTime":2789.07,"body":"be someone who does that,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2789.07,"endTime":2790.99,"body":"to be a human moderator,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2790.99,"endTime":2792.01,"body":"to be exposed to things"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2792.01,"endTime":2794.29,"body":"that you don't necessarily want to see,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2794.29,"endTime":2799.15,"body":"and have to be the police"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2794.29,"endTime":2799.15,"body":"and the arbiter of that."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2799.15,"endTime":2801.34,"body":"One of the things that we talked about"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2801.34,"endTime":2802.69,"body":"in the Metaverse lecture,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2802.69,"endTime":2804.49,"body":"my second lecture of this series,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2804.49,"endTime":2806.5,"body":"is decentralization,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2806.5,"endTime":2808.81,"body":"and one of the things that"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2806.5,"endTime":2808.81,"body":"the Metaverse promises"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2808.81,"endTime":2810.61,"body":"is greater decentralization,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2810.61,"endTime":2812.53,"body":"so you're not going to have, possibly,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2812.53,"endTime":2816.46,"body":"we're not going to have so many"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2812.53,"endTime":2816.46,"body":"large social media platforms"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2816.46,"endTime":2819.7,"body":"with thousands and thousands"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2816.46,"endTime":2819.7,"body":"of content moderators,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2819.7,"endTime":2821.32,"body":"and automated tools,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2821.32,"endTime":2823.54,"body":"and money to put behind engineering,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2823.54,"endTime":2824.77,"body":"what we might have,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2824.77,"endTime":2825.64,"body":"and we see this"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2825.64,"endTime":2830.08,"body":"on the people that have moved"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2825.64,"endTime":2830.08,"body":"from Twitter to Mastodon,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2830.08,"endTime":2832.36,"body":"which is a decentralized platform,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2832.36,"endTime":2834.64,"body":"the people that manage those servers"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2834.64,"endTime":2837.4,"body":"are the people who use those servers,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2837.4,"endTime":2840.04,"body":"it's not an overarching platform"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2840.04,"endTime":2842.053,"body":"with big trust and safety teams."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2842.89,"endTime":2845.65,"body":"And so I think there is a risk,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2845.65,"endTime":2847.93,"body":"or that the future"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2847.93,"endTime":2852.93,"body":"could well be millions of"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2847.93,"endTime":2852.93,"body":"us running our own fora"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2853.75,"endTime":2856.09,"body":"where we're having to"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2853.75,"endTime":2856.09,"body":"review all of this content"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2856.09,"endTime":2857.173,"body":"all of the time."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2858.13,"endTime":2863.13,"body":"I think there are some"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2858.13,"endTime":2863.13,"body":"light-touch automated tools"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2864.04,"endTime":2865.48,"body":"that people can get hold of,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2865.48,"endTime":2868.51,"body":"so it would be worth looking into"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2868.51,"endTime":2870.67,"body":"whether some of that"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2868.51,"endTime":2870.67,"body":"automation can be set up,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2870.67,"endTime":2873.61,"body":"for instance of flagged keywords"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2873.61,"endTime":2876.703,"body":"that you would outlaw in"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2873.61,"endTime":2876.703,"body":"a particular environment."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2878.68,"endTime":2882.55,"body":"But automation comes with a"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2878.68,"endTime":2882.55,"body":"cost that you miss the nuance,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2882.55,"endTime":2883.963,"body":"you miss the context."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2884.98,"endTime":2888.01,"body":"I'm sorry I don't have an"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2884.98,"endTime":2888.01,"body":"easy solution off the shelf"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2888.01,"endTime":2891.04,"body":"for the person who's"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2888.01,"endTime":2891.04,"body":"who's asked the question,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2891.04,"endTime":2892.72,"body":"but I am full of admiration"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2892.72,"endTime":2895.064,"body":"for the fact that they're doing it."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2895.064,"endTime":2896.294,"body":"- [Questioner] Following on from that,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2896.294,"endTime":2899.05,"body":"and bearing in mind the,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2899.05,"endTime":2901.36,"body":"to me, the almost impossible task ahead"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2901.36,"endTime":2906.36,"body":"of any moderation of the"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2901.36,"endTime":2906.36,"body":"content of these blogs and fora,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2908.83,"endTime":2913.78,"body":"would it not be simpler just"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2908.83,"endTime":2913.78,"body":"to abandon all regulation,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2913.78,"endTime":2915.25,"body":"let anyone do what they like,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2915.25,"endTime":2917.443,"body":"and they're governed by the laws of libel,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2918.94,"endTime":2922.9,"body":"and just let people become"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2918.94,"endTime":2922.9,"body":"hardened to everything they see,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2922.9,"endTime":2924.43,"body":"to question everything,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2924.43,"endTime":2927.97,"body":"because they know there's"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2924.43,"endTime":2927.97,"body":"no regulation behind it,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2927.97,"endTime":2929.27,"body":"and see what happens then?"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2930.64,"endTime":2934.993,"body":"- Oh goodness, it's"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2930.64,"endTime":2934.993,"body":"certainly one approach,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2936.25,"endTime":2939.79,"body":"and I think it's worth considering"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2939.79,"endTime":2942.46,"body":"from a philosophical or"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2939.79,"endTime":2942.46,"body":"an ethical perspective,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2942.46,"endTime":2945.7,"body":"I think it's a good tabletop"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2942.46,"endTime":2945.7,"body":"exercise, if you like,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2945.7,"endTime":2946.533,"body":"to say,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2946.533,"endTime":2948.283,"body":"if we did this, what would happen?"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2949.51,"endTime":2952.66,"body":"I think what we see with"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2949.51,"endTime":2952.66,"body":"some of the platforms"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2952.66,"endTime":2956.74,"body":"that have less stringent"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2952.66,"endTime":2956.74,"body":"content moderation"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2956.74,"endTime":2958.72,"body":"and less stringent review"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2958.72,"endTime":2961.03,"body":"is that, very quickly,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2961.03,"endTime":2963.853,"body":"people become very"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2961.03,"endTime":2963.853,"body":"disrespectful of each other,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2965.32,"endTime":2968.59,"body":"and that can end up in real-world harm."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2968.59,"endTime":2973.59,"body":"So if we think about troll"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2968.59,"endTime":2973.59,"body":"accounts on certain platforms,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2974.23,"endTime":2975.37,"body":"platforms like Twitter,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2975.37,"endTime":2977.11,"body":"but I'm not necessarily"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2975.37,"endTime":2977.11,"body":"pointing the finger"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2977.11,"endTime":2978.403,"body":"at Twitter for this,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2979.75,"endTime":2983.353,"body":"we have real cases where people"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2979.75,"endTime":2983.353,"body":"have been bullied to death,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2984.55,"endTime":2985.57,"body":"and that feels, to me,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2985.57,"endTime":2986.53,"body":"like an online harm"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2986.53,"endTime":2989.23,"body":"that we probably do want to try and avoid,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2989.23,"endTime":2992.17,"body":"not to have a risk appetite where we say,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2992.17,"endTime":2993.79,"body":"oh well, we're going to lose a few."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2993.79,"endTime":2995.56,"body":"And I'm being flippant here,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2995.56,"endTime":2997.54,"body":"and I don't mean to be"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2995.56,"endTime":2997.54,"body":"deliberately flippant,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2997.54,"endTime":3000.36,"body":"but it is one of the things"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":2997.54,"endTime":3000.36,"body":"that, in my research,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3000.36,"endTime":3001.89,"body":"we look at,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3001.89,"endTime":3003.57,"body":"do we have a risk appetite"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3003.57,"endTime":3005.25,"body":"for the the number of people"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3005.25,"endTime":3008.4,"body":"that we will accept being harmed online?"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3008.4,"endTime":3010.74,"body":"And if they're harmed"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3008.4,"endTime":3010.74,"body":"because people have said"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3010.74,"endTime":3015.54,"body":"something genuinely offensive"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3010.74,"endTime":3015.54,"body":"to them and genuinely hurtful,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3015.54,"endTime":3019.14,"body":"and I know that there's"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3015.54,"endTime":3019.14,"body":"one particular minister"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3019.14,"endTime":3020.22,"body":"in the current government"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3020.22,"endTime":3024.66,"body":"who says that we shouldn't be"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3020.22,"endTime":3024.66,"body":"legislating for hurt feelings."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3024.66,"endTime":3027.6,"body":"I mean, I think that's"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3024.66,"endTime":3027.6,"body":"a somewhat extreme way"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3027.6,"endTime":3029.67,"body":"of representing some of the legislation"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3029.67,"endTime":3031.32,"body":"that's going through in"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3029.67,"endTime":3031.32,"body":"Parliament at the moment,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3031.32,"endTime":3032.883,"body":"like the Online Safety Bill,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3034.29,"endTime":3039.29,"body":"but we probably do need"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3034.29,"endTime":3039.29,"body":"some thresholds in society"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3039.3,"endTime":3042.78,"body":"about what is acceptable"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3039.3,"endTime":3042.78,"body":"online and what isn't."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3042.78,"endTime":3047.1,"body":"What we tend to say is"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3042.78,"endTime":3047.1,"body":"that what is illegal online"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3047.1,"endTime":3048.81,"body":"is what's also illegal offline,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3048.81,"endTime":3050.733,"body":"and kind of transfer that over."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3052.53,"endTime":3057.33,"body":"I think if you're peddling misinformation"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3057.33,"endTime":3060.608,"body":"to the extent that it"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3057.33,"endTime":3060.608,"body":"physically harms people,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3060.608,"endTime":3063.96,"body":"in the sphere of something"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3060.608,"endTime":3063.96,"body":"like COVID misinformation,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3063.96,"endTime":3066.69,"body":"that there should be measures"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3063.96,"endTime":3066.69,"body":"for suppressing that,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3066.69,"endTime":3067.86,"body":"whether you down-rank it,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3067.86,"endTime":3069.9,"body":"whether you make it less visible or not,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3069.9,"endTime":3074.22,"body":"because there is that physical"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3069.9,"endTime":3074.22,"body":"harm attached to that."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3074.22,"endTime":3079.22,"body":"So I think where we"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3074.22,"endTime":3079.22,"body":"have a bit of a problem,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3079.32,"endTime":3082.653,"body":"and that I think we're getting"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3079.32,"endTime":3082.653,"body":"a little bit more attuned to,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3084.0,"endTime":3087.66,"body":"is that we used to just treat"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3084.0,"endTime":3087.66,"body":"online as a separate sphere,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3087.66,"endTime":3088.493,"body":"we used to just say,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3088.493,"endTime":3089.326,"body":"oh well, it's only data,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3089.326,"endTime":3092.07,"body":"it's only people's"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3089.326,"endTime":3092.07,"body":"feelings, it's only ideas,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3092.07,"endTime":3093.81,"body":"but I think what we're coming to"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3093.81,"endTime":3097.83,"body":"is the realization that"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3093.81,"endTime":3097.83,"body":"online impacts offline,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3097.83,"endTime":3099.93,"body":"that people get radicalized online"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3099.93,"endTime":3102.9,"body":"and then commit offline"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3099.93,"endTime":3102.9,"body":"terrorist offenses,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3102.9,"endTime":3105.51,"body":"and that we could actually prevent people"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3105.51,"endTime":3107.01,"body":"getting physically harmed"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3107.01,"endTime":3109.83,"body":"if we tackle the online"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3107.01,"endTime":3109.83,"body":"side of it as well."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3109.83,"endTime":3111.18,"body":"- [Questioner] Thank you."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3111.18,"endTime":3114.45,"body":"Considering all the points"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3111.18,"endTime":3114.45,"body":"you've just been saying"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3114.45,"endTime":3119.283,"body":"in terms of dealing with"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3114.45,"endTime":3119.283,"body":"fake news as always reactive,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3120.33,"endTime":3122.82,"body":"there's elements of"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3120.33,"endTime":3122.82,"body":"increased Internet literacy"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3122.82,"endTime":3124.65,"body":"that is proactive in dealing with it,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3124.65,"endTime":3126.753,"body":"but the bulk of it is reactive."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3127.74,"endTime":3132.74,"body":"Considering the pace of"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3127.74,"endTime":3132.74,"body":"technological change going forwards,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3133.17,"endTime":3136.29,"body":"is the future not rather"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3133.17,"endTime":3136.29,"body":"bleak in that sense,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3136.29,"endTime":3138.03,"body":"is it only going to get worse?"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3138.03,"endTime":3138.863,"body":"Are we at a peak now,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3138.863,"endTime":3141.543,"body":"or will it get worse, do"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3138.863,"endTime":3141.543,"body":"you think, in the future?"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3144.09,"endTime":3145.803,"body":"- Worse is an interesting term."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3147.321,"endTime":3149.76,"body":"In the Metaverse lecture,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3149.76,"endTime":3153.06,"body":"we talked about how hugely"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3149.76,"endTime":3153.06,"body":"enabling and empowering"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3153.06,"endTime":3154.23,"body":"this technology might be"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3154.23,"endTime":3156.51,"body":"for people with mobility issues"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3156.51,"endTime":3158.76,"body":"or people who don't want to go outside,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3158.76,"endTime":3162.18,"body":"who feel safer in the"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3158.76,"endTime":3162.18,"body":"confines of their own home,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3162.18,"endTime":3165.42,"body":"they can suddenly fly, run, jump,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3165.42,"endTime":3168.033,"body":"and we've seen this"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3165.42,"endTime":3168.033,"body":"already in online gaming."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3169.68,"endTime":3173.49,"body":"With that, I have been considering"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3173.49,"endTime":3176.19,"body":"how fake news might be"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3173.49,"endTime":3176.19,"body":"delivered in a metaverse,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3176.19,"endTime":3178.5,"body":"in an immersive environment."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3178.5,"endTime":3181.83,"body":"You could have somebody come up to you"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3181.83,"endTime":3183.48,"body":"who looks like a member of your family,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3183.48,"endTime":3187.35,"body":"or looks like Huw Edwards,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3183.48,"endTime":3187.35,"body":"a trusted news anchor,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3187.35,"endTime":3189.663,"body":"and says, hey, this is the news,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3190.56,"endTime":3192.84,"body":"Russia's invaded the UK,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3192.84,"endTime":3195.333,"body":"you all need to huddle in your basements."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3196.53,"endTime":3199.26,"body":"I mean, I think we probably"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3196.53,"endTime":3199.26,"body":"would distrust that,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3199.26,"endTime":3204.26,"body":"but it could feel a lot more persuasive"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3205.29,"endTime":3208.29,"body":"than just looking at"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3205.29,"endTime":3208.29,"body":"something at arm's length,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3208.29,"endTime":3209.13,"body":"and thinking,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3209.13,"endTime":3210.3,"body":"hmm, that doesn't look quite right,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3210.3,"endTime":3211.59,"body":"I might put it down for a second"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3211.59,"endTime":3212.88,"body":"and go and fact check it."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3212.88,"endTime":3216.54,"body":"How do you fact check an"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3212.88,"endTime":3216.54,"body":"extended live conversation"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3216.54,"endTime":3217.8,"body":"with somebody that looks like you"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3217.8,"endTime":3220.08,"body":"and somebody that looks like me?"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3220.08,"endTime":3222.18,"body":"So there are going to be some"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3220.08,"endTime":3222.18,"body":"real challenges around that."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3222.18,"endTime":3223.8,"body":"Again, I would argue"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3223.8,"endTime":3226.773,"body":"that we would have procedural"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3223.8,"endTime":3226.773,"body":"means for dealing with that,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3227.73,"endTime":3231.333,"body":"checks for verifying people's"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3227.73,"endTime":3231.333,"body":"identities, for instance,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3232.2,"endTime":3233.82,"body":"we would have technical measures"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3233.82,"endTime":3238.47,"body":"to spot inauthentic behavior,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3233.82,"endTime":3238.47,"body":"inauthentic avatars,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3238.47,"endTime":3240.27,"body":"but we'd still need a person"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3240.27,"endTime":3243.33,"body":"to somehow use their critical thinking."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3243.33,"endTime":3245.07,"body":"What could happen in that situation"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3245.07,"endTime":3247.02,"body":"is that the window that you have"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3247.02,"endTime":3250.74,"body":"for determining whether"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3247.02,"endTime":3250.74,"body":"something feels authentic or not"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3250.74,"endTime":3254.58,"body":"could be a lot shorter than"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3250.74,"endTime":3254.58,"body":"it is with news content"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3254.58,"endTime":3258.24,"body":"delivered on a screen"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3254.58,"endTime":3258.24,"body":"or social media items."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3258.24,"endTime":3260.43,"body":"So worse in the sense of,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3260.43,"endTime":3261.96,"body":"I think there'll be new challenges,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3261.96,"endTime":3264.87,"body":"I think some challenges"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3261.96,"endTime":3264.87,"body":"will be exacerbated,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3264.87,"endTime":3266.37,"body":"but potentially,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3266.37,"endTime":3268.14,"body":"the fact that, in an"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3266.37,"endTime":3268.14,"body":"immersive environment,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3268.14,"endTime":3268.973,"body":"we could deliver"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3268.973,"endTime":3272.38,"body":"some really, really good"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3268.973,"endTime":3272.38,"body":"media literacy classes"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3273.48,"endTime":3276.06,"body":"might offset that to some extent."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3276.06,"endTime":3277.126,"body":"- Thank you very much."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3277.126,"endTime":3279.6,"body":"Victoria Baines' next lecture"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3277.126,"endTime":3279.6,"body":"is on Valentine's Day?"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3279.6,"endTime":3280.433,"body":"- Valentine's Day,"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3280.433,"endTime":3282.572,"body":"and it's going to be all about privacy."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3282.572,"endTime":3285.283,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3285.283,"endTime":3286.38,"body":"- We look forward very much to that."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3286.38,"endTime":3288.479,"body":"Victoria Baines, thank you very much."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3288.479,"endTime":3289.387,"body":"- Thank you."},{"speaker":"in \"Star Wars","startTime":3289.387,"endTime":3291.099,"body":"(audience applauds)"}]}