{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.6,"endTime":3.3,"body":"- Ladies and gentlemen, it's getting dark,"},{"startTime":3.3,"endTime":6.423,"body":"which means it must be"},{"startTime":3.3,"endTime":6.423,"body":"time for me to come out,"},{"startTime":7.32,"endTime":12.32,"body":"and I'm going to open this talk"},{"startTime":7.32,"endTime":12.32,"body":"on paganism in Roman Britain"},{"startTime":12.39,"endTime":15.18,"body":"by considering a debate"},{"startTime":15.18,"endTime":19.92,"body":"between very fine scholars of the subject,"},{"startTime":19.92,"endTime":24.92,"body":"which I'm going to term"},{"startTime":19.92,"endTime":24.92,"body":"artificial and unnecessary,"},{"startTime":25.17,"endTime":29.403,"body":"and it's on how Romanized the"},{"startTime":25.17,"endTime":29.403,"body":"religion of Roman Britain was."},{"startTime":30.3,"endTime":32.61,"body":"And one side of the debate,"},{"startTime":32.61,"endTime":34.89,"body":"suggested by scholars such as"},{"startTime":34.89,"endTime":38.76,"body":"Miranda Aldhouse-Green and Graham Webster,"},{"startTime":38.76,"endTime":41.55,"body":"was that native British religion,"},{"startTime":41.55,"endTime":46.053,"body":"like those three presumed"},{"startTime":41.55,"endTime":46.053,"body":"mother goddesses on the left,"},{"startTime":46.92,"endTime":50.43,"body":"was carried on almost totally unchanged,"},{"startTime":50.43,"endTime":53.403,"body":"just dressed up in Roman costume."},{"startTime":54.36,"endTime":57.09,"body":"And the other side of the debate,"},{"startTime":57.09,"endTime":60.72,"body":"propounded by experts like Martin Henig"},{"startTime":60.72,"endTime":62.64,"body":"and Guy de la Bedoyere,"},{"startTime":62.64,"endTime":64.98,"body":"is that the religion of the native British"},{"startTime":64.98,"endTime":67.5,"body":"got thoroughly Romanized."},{"startTime":67.5,"endTime":71.46,"body":"So why am I being so"},{"startTime":67.5,"endTime":71.46,"body":"dismissive at the start"},{"startTime":71.46,"endTime":73.74,"body":"of a debate between scholars"},{"startTime":73.74,"endTime":78.12,"body":"whom I admire, respect, and avidly read?"},{"startTime":78.12,"endTime":81.93,"body":"Well in one sense, it's insoluble,"},{"startTime":81.93,"endTime":83.01,"body":"and in the other sense,"},{"startTime":83.01,"endTime":85.29,"body":"both sides are clearly right."},{"startTime":85.29,"endTime":87.24,"body":"Our first problem is"},{"startTime":87.24,"endTime":88.74,"body":"we don't actually know"},{"startTime":88.74,"endTime":92.61,"body":"what the religion of the"},{"startTime":88.74,"endTime":92.61,"body":"native British was like"},{"startTime":92.61,"endTime":94.65,"body":"before the Romans arrived."},{"startTime":94.65,"endTime":96.84,"body":"It's prehistoric,"},{"startTime":96.84,"endTime":99.21,"body":"and that means that there's no writing,"},{"startTime":99.21,"endTime":103.14,"body":"so we have no inscriptions"},{"startTime":99.21,"endTime":103.14,"body":"with names of anything,"},{"startTime":103.14,"endTime":104.88,"body":"or anything to indicate"},{"startTime":104.88,"endTime":107.58,"body":"what and why people were doing things,"},{"startTime":107.58,"endTime":111.09,"body":"and the native British"},{"startTime":107.58,"endTime":111.09,"body":"didn't believe in icons,"},{"startTime":111.09,"endTime":114.27,"body":"at least as much as we can tell,"},{"startTime":114.27,"endTime":117.81,"body":"and that means we don't have"},{"startTime":114.27,"endTime":117.81,"body":"pictures of their deities"},{"startTime":117.81,"endTime":120.33,"body":"until the Romans arrived."},{"startTime":120.33,"endTime":122.01,"body":"And the other part of the argument"},{"startTime":122.01,"endTime":126.51,"body":"is that Romans always"},{"startTime":122.01,"endTime":126.51,"body":"honored the local deities"},{"startTime":126.51,"endTime":129.54,"body":"of lands which they conquered."},{"startTime":129.54,"endTime":130.59,"body":"They believed"},{"startTime":130.59,"endTime":134.4,"body":"that if they didn't respect"},{"startTime":130.59,"endTime":134.4,"body":"the goddesses and gods"},{"startTime":134.4,"endTime":137.58,"body":"of the area which they'd just taken over,"},{"startTime":137.58,"endTime":139.44,"body":"then their tenure of it"},{"startTime":139.44,"endTime":143.07,"body":"was unlikely to be very"},{"startTime":139.44,"endTime":143.07,"body":"long or very happy,"},{"startTime":143.07,"endTime":147.03,"body":"and so they invested large"},{"startTime":143.07,"endTime":147.03,"body":"amounts of money and effort"},{"startTime":147.03,"endTime":152.03,"body":"on praising, honoring, and commemorating"},{"startTime":152.82,"endTime":157.077,"body":"the deities of each area which"},{"startTime":152.82,"endTime":157.077,"body":"was annexed to their empire."},{"startTime":157.077,"endTime":160.32,"body":"And they took this really seriously,"},{"startTime":160.32,"endTime":161.55,"body":"so the first thing"},{"startTime":161.55,"endTime":165.42,"body":"that a Roman occupying"},{"startTime":161.55,"endTime":165.42,"body":"a bit of conquered land"},{"startTime":165.42,"endTime":166.44,"body":"would want to know"},{"startTime":166.44,"endTime":169.234,"body":"is who divinely owns it,"},{"startTime":169.234,"endTime":171.57,"body":"and if they were just passing through"},{"startTime":171.57,"endTime":173.04,"body":"and they didn't have time"},{"startTime":173.04,"endTime":177.15,"body":"to find the name of the"},{"startTime":173.04,"endTime":177.15,"body":"top local goddess or god,"},{"startTime":177.15,"endTime":180.6,"body":"they'd simply leave an offering"},{"startTime":177.15,"endTime":180.6,"body":"to the spirit of the place,"},{"startTime":180.6,"endTime":182.43,"body":"the genius loci,"},{"startTime":182.43,"endTime":187.26,"body":"and we find a lot of these"},{"startTime":182.43,"endTime":187.26,"body":"inscriptions to the genius loci"},{"startTime":187.26,"endTime":189.21,"body":"across the empire."},{"startTime":189.21,"endTime":192.87,"body":"And where you could find"},{"startTime":189.21,"endTime":192.87,"body":"the name of the local deity,"},{"startTime":192.87,"endTime":196.83,"body":"then a pious nod in their"},{"startTime":192.87,"endTime":196.83,"body":"direction was a good idea."},{"startTime":196.83,"endTime":198.15,"body":"For example,"},{"startTime":198.15,"endTime":201.99,"body":"on what's now called"},{"startTime":198.15,"endTime":201.99,"body":"Scargill Moor, Yorkshire,"},{"startTime":201.99,"endTime":205.89,"body":"a strapping, Roman, young army officer"},{"startTime":205.89,"endTime":208.14,"body":"called Julius Secundus"},{"startTime":208.14,"endTime":211.32,"body":"killed an enormous and fierce wild boar,"},{"startTime":211.32,"endTime":213.72,"body":"it must almost have killed him"},{"startTime":213.72,"endTime":214.56,"body":"because otherwise"},{"startTime":214.56,"endTime":217.47,"body":"he wouldn't have been"},{"startTime":214.56,"endTime":217.47,"body":"so emotionally invested,"},{"startTime":217.47,"endTime":219.78,"body":"and he commemorated his escape"},{"startTime":219.78,"endTime":223.86,"body":"by putting up an altar to"},{"startTime":219.78,"endTime":223.86,"body":"commemorate his achievement"},{"startTime":223.86,"endTime":227.76,"body":"to the Roman God of hunting Silvanus,"},{"startTime":227.76,"endTime":231.12,"body":"and then our friend"},{"startTime":227.76,"endTime":231.12,"body":"Julie suddenly remembered"},{"startTime":231.12,"endTime":234.99,"body":"that Scargill Moor must"},{"startTime":231.12,"endTime":234.99,"body":"belong to a local deity,"},{"startTime":234.99,"endTime":238.206,"body":"and he found out the name, Vinotonus,"},{"startTime":238.206,"endTime":240.33,"body":"and put a thank you to Vinotonus"},{"startTime":240.33,"endTime":242.43,"body":"on the other side of the altar,"},{"startTime":242.43,"endTime":243.72,"body":"and that's a classic way"},{"startTime":243.72,"endTime":245.46,"body":"in which a traveling Roman"},{"startTime":245.46,"endTime":249.21,"body":"would deal with the"},{"startTime":245.46,"endTime":249.21,"body":"divine in foreign parts."},{"startTime":249.21,"endTime":251.91,"body":"And that's why, when"},{"startTime":249.21,"endTime":251.91,"body":"Romans take over an area,"},{"startTime":251.91,"endTime":255.27,"body":"there is no religious war involved,"},{"startTime":255.27,"endTime":257.76,"body":"just a bit of pruning."},{"startTime":257.76,"endTime":260.37,"body":"Up here, they removed the Druids,"},{"startTime":260.37,"endTime":263.43,"body":"the traditional experts"},{"startTime":260.37,"endTime":263.43,"body":"in religion and magic"},{"startTime":263.43,"endTime":264.96,"body":"for the native people."},{"startTime":264.96,"endTime":266.88,"body":"Don't know why they did it,"},{"startTime":266.88,"endTime":268.26,"body":"the Romans said they did it"},{"startTime":268.26,"endTime":270.33,"body":"because the Druids did horrid things"},{"startTime":270.33,"endTime":273.573,"body":"like sacrificing human beings."},{"startTime":274.41,"endTime":277.14,"body":"That may be true, we can't prove it,"},{"startTime":277.14,"endTime":279.12,"body":"but it's absolutely certain"},{"startTime":279.12,"endTime":283.41,"body":"that the Druids led the local"},{"startTime":279.12,"endTime":283.41,"body":"resistance to Roman conquest,"},{"startTime":283.41,"endTime":286.05,"body":"and therefore they had, A, to go,"},{"startTime":286.05,"endTime":289.44,"body":"and B, to go down in"},{"startTime":286.05,"endTime":289.44,"body":"history as thoroughly bad"},{"startTime":289.44,"endTime":292.17,"body":"when the Romans were writing the history."},{"startTime":292.17,"endTime":295.8,"body":"And the Romans claimed"},{"startTime":292.17,"endTime":295.8,"body":"to remove human sacrifice"},{"startTime":295.8,"endTime":298.23,"body":"as part of civilizing peoples,"},{"startTime":298.23,"endTime":301.65,"body":"but again, it's practically"},{"startTime":298.23,"endTime":301.65,"body":"impossible to tell"},{"startTime":301.65,"endTime":304.17,"body":"whether this is simply fake news"},{"startTime":304.17,"endTime":307.32,"body":"or whether it's an anthropological record"},{"startTime":307.32,"endTime":308.85,"body":"of what locals,"},{"startTime":308.85,"endTime":311.37,"body":"including the local native British,"},{"startTime":311.37,"endTime":312.63,"body":"were doing."},{"startTime":312.63,"endTime":316.47,"body":"And if the locals had"},{"startTime":312.63,"endTime":316.47,"body":"invoked war goddesses or gods"},{"startTime":316.47,"endTime":318.24,"body":"against the Romans"},{"startTime":318.24,"endTime":320.76,"body":"when the Romans came in,"},{"startTime":320.76,"endTime":323.73,"body":"then the Romans would abolish the worship"},{"startTime":323.73,"endTime":327.81,"body":"of the deities who'd fought"},{"startTime":323.73,"endTime":327.81,"body":"against them, stubbornly,"},{"startTime":327.81,"endTime":330.03,"body":"and remove their shrines,"},{"startTime":330.03,"endTime":333.0,"body":"but these are only a small minority"},{"startTime":333.0,"endTime":336.45,"body":"of the goddesses and gods of the place."},{"startTime":336.45,"endTime":339.21,"body":"And really, the only"},{"startTime":336.45,"endTime":339.21,"body":"way, in Roman Britain,"},{"startTime":339.21,"endTime":342.81,"body":"to tell who's engaged in any religious act"},{"startTime":342.81,"endTime":347.81,"body":"is from the name of the person"},{"startTime":342.81,"endTime":347.81,"body":"who's engaging in the act,"},{"startTime":347.94,"endTime":350.31,"body":"if they leave an inscription,"},{"startTime":350.31,"endTime":355.31,"body":"and over 90% of Roman Britons"},{"startTime":350.31,"endTime":355.31,"body":"didn't leave inscriptions"},{"startTime":355.56,"endTime":358.02,"body":"when they engaged in religious acts,"},{"startTime":358.02,"endTime":359.79,"body":"and most of those who did"},{"startTime":359.79,"endTime":362.52,"body":"didn't leave names for themselves,"},{"startTime":362.52,"endTime":366.78,"body":"and of this tiny minority"},{"startTime":362.52,"endTime":366.78,"body":"of a tiny minority,"},{"startTime":366.78,"endTime":368.67,"body":"if somebody's got a Roman name,"},{"startTime":368.67,"endTime":371.49,"body":"you can't tell whether"},{"startTime":368.67,"endTime":371.49,"body":"they're Roman or not,"},{"startTime":371.49,"endTime":374.85,"body":"because if you're a nouveau"},{"startTime":371.49,"endTime":374.85,"body":"riche, up and coming,"},{"startTime":374.85,"endTime":376.83,"body":"social climbing Brit,"},{"startTime":376.83,"endTime":378.81,"body":"you take a Roman name,"},{"startTime":378.81,"endTime":382.11,"body":"so that's why this debate runs out,"},{"startTime":382.11,"endTime":385.74,"body":"and I'm going to take us"},{"startTime":382.11,"endTime":385.74,"body":"straight to the evidence."},{"startTime":385.74,"endTime":388.17,"body":"So what is the evidence?"},{"startTime":388.17,"endTime":392.49,"body":"Well, Roman deities are well"},{"startTime":388.17,"endTime":392.49,"body":"represented in Roman Britain,"},{"startTime":392.49,"endTime":394.98,"body":"and there are three in particular"},{"startTime":394.98,"endTime":397.17,"body":"whom you find again and again."},{"startTime":397.17,"endTime":400.62,"body":"The first is the boss, da capo,"},{"startTime":400.62,"endTime":402.9,"body":"Jupiter, king of the gods,"},{"startTime":402.9,"endTime":406.11,"body":"second is Mars, third is Mercury,"},{"startTime":406.11,"endTime":407.28,"body":"and between them,"},{"startTime":407.28,"endTime":412.28,"body":"they control government, the"},{"startTime":407.28,"endTime":412.28,"body":"weather, trading, the family,"},{"startTime":412.56,"endTime":415.8,"body":"farming, death, and war,"},{"startTime":415.8,"endTime":417.93,"body":"which, apart from the land itself,"},{"startTime":417.93,"endTime":421.74,"body":"doesn't leave very much for anybody else."},{"startTime":421.74,"endTime":426.723,"body":"And Jupiter is the dude you"},{"startTime":421.74,"endTime":426.723,"body":"see posing there on the screen."},{"startTime":427.65,"endTime":432.65,"body":"And also, the cult of"},{"startTime":427.65,"endTime":432.65,"body":"guidance of the emperor,"},{"startTime":432.66,"endTime":435.54,"body":"I'm going to explain what"},{"startTime":432.66,"endTime":435.54,"body":"this was a bit later,"},{"startTime":435.54,"endTime":438.72,"body":"which was instituted all over the empire,"},{"startTime":438.72,"endTime":440.76,"body":"is well found in Britain."},{"startTime":440.76,"endTime":444.54,"body":"There are colleges of priests"},{"startTime":440.76,"endTime":444.54,"body":"at London, Lincoln, and York"},{"startTime":444.54,"endTime":446.04,"body":"that carried it on,"},{"startTime":446.04,"endTime":450.75,"body":"there's a temple to a dead"},{"startTime":446.04,"endTime":450.75,"body":"Roman emperor at Colchester,"},{"startTime":450.75,"endTime":453.84,"body":"and there are small busts of good emperors"},{"startTime":453.84,"endTime":455.25,"body":"who were venerated"},{"startTime":455.25,"endTime":459.06,"body":"found in many parts of Eastern England."},{"startTime":459.06,"endTime":461.34,"body":"And also, the mystery religions"},{"startTime":461.34,"endTime":463.53,"body":"of the rest of the Roman Empire"},{"startTime":463.53,"endTime":467.31,"body":"all came into Britain and took root here,"},{"startTime":467.31,"endTime":471.84,"body":"that of the god of enlightenment,"},{"startTime":467.31,"endTime":471.84,"body":"and light, and rebirth,"},{"startTime":471.84,"endTime":472.92,"body":"Mithras,"},{"startTime":472.92,"endTime":477.39,"body":"who's the chap killing the"},{"startTime":472.92,"endTime":477.39,"body":"bull of darkness on the screen,"},{"startTime":477.39,"endTime":481.38,"body":"there's Kybele, or Cybele in English,"},{"startTime":481.38,"endTime":483.06,"body":"and her lover Atys,"},{"startTime":483.06,"endTime":487.02,"body":"which is a cult of triumph over death,"},{"startTime":487.02,"endTime":489.81,"body":"of reincarnation and resurrection,"},{"startTime":489.81,"endTime":493.65,"body":"there's the divine"},{"startTime":489.81,"endTime":493.65,"body":"couple Isis and Serapis,"},{"startTime":493.65,"endTime":497.28,"body":"deities of wellbeing and reassurance,"},{"startTime":497.28,"endTime":501.06,"body":"and Bacchus, who's god of intoxication,"},{"startTime":501.06,"endTime":505.26,"body":"but liberates people from a"},{"startTime":501.06,"endTime":505.26,"body":"lot more than just sobriety,"},{"startTime":505.26,"endTime":510.06,"body":"liberates them from anxiety,"},{"startTime":505.26,"endTime":510.06,"body":"liberates them from depression,"},{"startTime":510.06,"endTime":511.68,"body":"liberates them from a feeling"},{"startTime":511.68,"endTime":514.323,"body":"of being bounded in their world."},{"startTime":515.37,"endTime":517.56,"body":"And lots of goddesses in gods come in"},{"startTime":517.56,"endTime":520.38,"body":"from the northwest parts of the empire,"},{"startTime":520.38,"endTime":521.67,"body":"they aren't British,"},{"startTime":521.67,"endTime":524.13,"body":"but they're well received here."},{"startTime":524.13,"endTime":527.007,"body":"Those are both the nearest"},{"startTime":524.13,"endTime":527.007,"body":"bits of the empire,"},{"startTime":527.007,"endTime":530.76,"body":"and they have a common"},{"startTime":527.007,"endTime":530.76,"body":"language, a Celtic language,"},{"startTime":530.76,"endTime":532.29,"body":"with the British,"},{"startTime":532.29,"endTime":534.3,"body":"deities like Rosmerta,"},{"startTime":534.3,"endTime":537.173,"body":"who's the lovely lady on the right,"},{"startTime":537.173,"endTime":541.65,"body":"a deity of protection and"},{"startTime":537.173,"endTime":541.65,"body":"abundance for individuals,"},{"startTime":541.65,"endTime":544.08,"body":"there are the Mothers, the Matres,"},{"startTime":544.08,"endTime":546.12,"body":"who are three lovely ladies"},{"startTime":546.12,"endTime":550.98,"body":"who hand out goodies in"},{"startTime":546.12,"endTime":550.98,"body":"luck and in prosperity"},{"startTime":550.98,"endTime":552.69,"body":"to those who honor them,"},{"startTime":552.69,"endTime":556.05,"body":"and for those of you like"},{"startTime":552.69,"endTime":556.05,"body":"horses, there's Epona,"},{"startTime":556.05,"endTime":560.103,"body":"the goddess of horse"},{"startTime":556.05,"endTime":560.103,"body":"lovers and horse breeding."},{"startTime":561.03,"endTime":564.27,"body":"And native deities, of course,"},{"startTime":564.27,"endTime":568.17,"body":"were also honored both"},{"startTime":564.27,"endTime":568.17,"body":"by the Romans in Britain"},{"startTime":568.17,"endTime":569.7,"body":"and by native Britons,"},{"startTime":569.7,"endTime":571.53,"body":"when you can distinguish them,"},{"startTime":571.53,"endTime":574.53,"body":"and there's a chain of"},{"startTime":571.53,"endTime":574.53,"body":"them down Hadrian's Wall,"},{"startTime":574.53,"endTime":577.5,"body":"I'll just take you to"},{"startTime":574.53,"endTime":577.5,"body":"some of the highlights."},{"startTime":577.5,"endTime":581.407,"body":"In Cumbria, the favorite"},{"startTime":577.5,"endTime":581.407,"body":"male deity was Belatucadros,"},{"startTime":584.1,"endTime":585.75,"body":"that's him on the screen,"},{"startTime":585.75,"endTime":588.39,"body":"it means the bright, beautiful one,"},{"startTime":588.39,"endTime":589.26,"body":"and you'll observe"},{"startTime":589.26,"endTime":593.01,"body":"that beauty really is in"},{"startTime":589.26,"endTime":593.01,"body":"the eye of the beholder."},{"startTime":593.01,"endTime":593.97,"body":"But actually,"},{"startTime":593.97,"endTime":598.97,"body":"he is a short, naked guy with"},{"startTime":593.97,"endTime":598.97,"body":"a stoned expression, horns,"},{"startTime":599.55,"endTime":602.22,"body":"and a spear and a shield,"},{"startTime":602.22,"endTime":606.69,"body":"but greatly beloved of"},{"startTime":602.22,"endTime":606.69,"body":"Romans of all classes"},{"startTime":606.69,"endTime":607.77,"body":"and the natives"},{"startTime":607.77,"endTime":609.363,"body":"in what's now Cumbria."},{"startTime":610.218,"endTime":615.218,"body":"And at the Newcastle end of"},{"startTime":610.218,"endTime":615.218,"body":"Hadrian's Wall, at Benwell,"},{"startTime":615.33,"endTime":618.51,"body":"we have a more refined horned deity,"},{"startTime":618.51,"endTime":621.42,"body":"that's Antenocitus."},{"startTime":621.42,"endTime":623.967,"body":"We know nothing about him except the name"},{"startTime":623.967,"endTime":628.08,"body":"and this rather pretty,"},{"startTime":623.967,"endTime":628.08,"body":"rather melancholy face,"},{"startTime":628.08,"endTime":630.36,"body":"and those lovely twining horns"},{"startTime":630.36,"endTime":632.253,"body":"going up through his curly hair."},{"startTime":633.6,"endTime":638.31,"body":"And a lady, Coventina, at Carrawburgh,"},{"startTime":638.31,"endTime":640.8,"body":"which is now a desolate bit of moorland"},{"startTime":640.8,"endTime":643.68,"body":"between Newcastle and Carlisle,"},{"startTime":643.68,"endTime":647.4,"body":"and she is there the goddess"},{"startTime":643.68,"endTime":647.4,"body":"of the sacred spring,"},{"startTime":647.4,"endTime":651.36,"body":"which was right by a"},{"startTime":647.4,"endTime":651.36,"body":"fort on Hadrian's Wall,"},{"startTime":651.36,"endTime":653.19,"body":"and she looked after the water,"},{"startTime":653.19,"endTime":655.32,"body":"she looked after the legionaries,"},{"startTime":655.32,"endTime":657.39,"body":"and she was incredibly popular,"},{"startTime":657.39,"endTime":661.2,"body":"with huge numbers of"},{"startTime":657.39,"endTime":661.2,"body":"offerings being made to her"},{"startTime":661.2,"endTime":662.643,"body":"by all the ranks there."},{"startTime":664.95,"endTime":669.363,"body":"The point here is tremendous localism."},{"startTime":670.23,"endTime":675.14,"body":"Many of the goddesses and gods"},{"startTime":670.23,"endTime":675.14,"body":"we know from native Britain"},{"startTime":675.14,"endTime":676.98,"body":"in the Roman period"},{"startTime":676.98,"endTime":679.17,"body":"are only ever recorded once,"},{"startTime":679.17,"endTime":682.26,"body":"and this is true across the empire,"},{"startTime":682.26,"endTime":686.82,"body":"and so we've lost many of"},{"startTime":682.26,"endTime":686.82,"body":"them forever, maybe most."},{"startTime":686.82,"endTime":690.66,"body":"There's hope that archeology"},{"startTime":686.82,"endTime":690.66,"body":"will dig up some more"},{"startTime":690.66,"endTime":691.8,"body":"in the future,"},{"startTime":691.8,"endTime":693.483,"body":"but we can't guarantee that."},{"startTime":694.56,"endTime":695.97,"body":"On the whole,"},{"startTime":695.97,"endTime":699.96,"body":"among native deities"},{"startTime":695.97,"endTime":699.96,"body":"honored in Roman Britain,"},{"startTime":699.96,"endTime":702.06,"body":"the gods, the males,"},{"startTime":702.06,"endTime":705.81,"body":"tend to stand for human"},{"startTime":702.06,"endTime":705.81,"body":"activities and functions,"},{"startTime":705.81,"endTime":710.81,"body":"they stand for war,"},{"startTime":705.81,"endTime":710.81,"body":"protection, trade, and travel,"},{"startTime":712.05,"endTime":713.46,"body":"and you find"},{"startTime":713.46,"endTime":718.23,"body":"goddesses are more inclined"},{"startTime":713.46,"endTime":718.23,"body":"to look after the land,"},{"startTime":718.23,"endTime":719.34,"body":"they're more inclined"},{"startTime":719.34,"endTime":723.3,"body":"to care for hills, or rivers, or wells,"},{"startTime":723.3,"endTime":726.84,"body":"but there's no exclusive"},{"startTime":723.3,"endTime":726.84,"body":"gender barrier here,"},{"startTime":726.84,"endTime":730.89,"body":"there are plenty of protective"},{"startTime":726.84,"endTime":730.89,"body":"goddesses, war goddesses,"},{"startTime":730.89,"endTime":733.74,"body":"goddesses interested in communication,"},{"startTime":733.74,"endTime":736.29,"body":"and there are gods of natural features"},{"startTime":736.29,"endTime":739.2,"body":"like Condatis, the god of the River Wear,"},{"startTime":739.2,"endTime":742.02,"body":"which is the main river of County Durham,"},{"startTime":742.02,"endTime":746.488,"body":"and indeed Father Thames"},{"startTime":742.02,"endTime":746.488,"body":"was a Roman deity,"},{"startTime":746.488,"endTime":749.01,"body":"and there was a god, a male deity,"},{"startTime":749.01,"endTime":750.87,"body":"in charge of the River Tyne,"},{"startTime":750.87,"endTime":753.36,"body":"that flows through Newcastle,"},{"startTime":753.36,"endTime":755.31,"body":"and there are gods in charge of woods"},{"startTime":755.31,"endTime":758.493,"body":"like Rigonemetis in Lincolnshire."},{"startTime":759.66,"endTime":762.3,"body":"And hey, we get twinning,"},{"startTime":762.3,"endTime":765.39,"body":"okay, I'll use the fancy technical term,"},{"startTime":765.39,"endTime":767.34,"body":"hybridization."},{"startTime":767.34,"endTime":771.69,"body":"Now, this is rather like"},{"startTime":767.34,"endTime":771.69,"body":"the communities of Europe"},{"startTime":771.69,"endTime":773.67,"body":"over the last few decades"},{"startTime":773.67,"endTime":777.24,"body":"that twinned themselves"},{"startTime":773.67,"endTime":777.24,"body":"with equivalent settlements"},{"startTime":777.24,"endTime":779.55,"body":"in other parts of the European Union,"},{"startTime":779.55,"endTime":783.96,"body":"so Oxford being twinned with"},{"startTime":779.55,"endTime":783.96,"body":"Leiden in the Netherlands"},{"startTime":783.96,"endTime":786.21,"body":"and Bonn in Germany,"},{"startTime":786.21,"endTime":791.1,"body":"so native deities would be"},{"startTime":786.21,"endTime":791.1,"body":"twined with Roman deities"},{"startTime":791.1,"endTime":794.013,"body":"so that both sides could"},{"startTime":791.1,"endTime":794.013,"body":"feel at home with them."},{"startTime":794.88,"endTime":797.19,"body":"The greatest example"},{"startTime":797.19,"endTime":799.623,"body":"is this rather fierce-looking lady,"},{"startTime":800.58,"endTime":805.58,"body":"the face of the bronze cult"},{"startTime":800.58,"endTime":805.58,"body":"statue of Sulis Minerva"},{"startTime":805.65,"endTime":809.19,"body":"from the great hot spring at Bath."},{"startTime":809.19,"endTime":811.44,"body":"I'm going to go back to Bath a bit later"},{"startTime":811.44,"endTime":814.08,"body":"to look in more detail"},{"startTime":811.44,"endTime":814.08,"body":"at what happened there."},{"startTime":814.08,"endTime":818.46,"body":"Sulis was the name of the native goddess"},{"startTime":818.46,"endTime":821.4,"body":"that inhabited the hot spring,"},{"startTime":821.4,"endTime":824.52,"body":"and the Romans twinned her with Minerva"},{"startTime":824.52,"endTime":829.23,"body":"and created a terrific"},{"startTime":824.52,"endTime":829.23,"body":"pilgrimage center to her,"},{"startTime":829.23,"endTime":832.98,"body":"investing huge amounts"},{"startTime":829.23,"endTime":832.98,"body":"of Roman money in it"},{"startTime":832.98,"endTime":834.36,"body":"brought in from abroad,"},{"startTime":834.36,"endTime":836.94,"body":"so it was one of the greatest developments"},{"startTime":836.94,"endTime":838.41,"body":"in the Roman Empire"},{"startTime":838.41,"endTime":841.68,"body":"for an astonishing natural phenomenon,"},{"startTime":841.68,"endTime":843.54,"body":"which is that spring"},{"startTime":843.54,"endTime":846.39,"body":"that pumps out thousands of gallons"},{"startTime":846.39,"endTime":849.72,"body":"of really pleasantly hot water"},{"startTime":849.72,"endTime":851.163,"body":"every single day."},{"startTime":853.17,"endTime":855.84,"body":"Hybrid deities get a lot of attention"},{"startTime":855.84,"endTime":859.53,"body":"because they are this"},{"startTime":855.84,"endTime":859.53,"body":"fascinating illustration"},{"startTime":859.53,"endTime":863.28,"body":"of an imperial religious system at work."},{"startTime":863.28,"endTime":868.2,"body":"Mars is twinned with 21"},{"startTime":863.28,"endTime":868.2,"body":"native British deities,"},{"startTime":868.2,"endTime":872.91,"body":"covering Mars' huge"},{"startTime":868.2,"endTime":872.91,"body":"remit of his portfolia,"},{"startTime":872.91,"endTime":877.91,"body":"war, healing, agriculture, and leadership."},{"startTime":877.98,"endTime":880.62,"body":"But the rather cute Maponos,"},{"startTime":880.62,"endTime":885.09,"body":"who's the kind of rock musician"},{"startTime":880.62,"endTime":885.09,"body":"god of the Roman Empire,"},{"startTime":885.09,"endTime":887.82,"body":"is paired with Apollo,"},{"startTime":887.82,"endTime":889.63,"body":"who is the rock musician god"},{"startTime":889.63,"endTime":891.142,"body":"of the rest of the Roman Empire,"},{"startTime":891.142,"endTime":893.94,"body":"Maponos from the Celtic-speaking bits"},{"startTime":893.94,"endTime":896.85,"body":"and Apollo from the Roman and Greek bits."},{"startTime":896.85,"endTime":900.69,"body":"And I've mentioned Silvanus,"},{"startTime":896.85,"endTime":900.69,"body":"the Roman god of hunting,"},{"startTime":900.69,"endTime":902.73,"body":"who has three pairings,"},{"startTime":902.73,"endTime":905.1,"body":"and Mercury has one,"},{"startTime":905.1,"endTime":907.83,"body":"we'll come back to Mercury in a bit."},{"startTime":907.83,"endTime":911.04,"body":"My all time favorite,"},{"startTime":907.83,"endTime":911.04,"body":"being fond of animals,"},{"startTime":911.04,"endTime":913.77,"body":"is Apollo Cunomaglus,"},{"startTime":913.77,"endTime":917.509,"body":"Cunomaglus means lover of dogs,"},{"startTime":917.509,"endTime":921.45,"body":"and there was a big complex"},{"startTime":917.509,"endTime":921.45,"body":"to him at one place,"},{"startTime":921.45,"endTime":924.09,"body":"which is what's now Nettleton Shrub,"},{"startTime":924.09,"endTime":926.76,"body":"a valley in North Wilshire,"},{"startTime":926.76,"endTime":928.53,"body":"and he was twinned with Apollo,"},{"startTime":928.53,"endTime":930.393,"body":"who also liked doggies."},{"startTime":931.41,"endTime":933.57,"body":"Now, there's no standardization here,"},{"startTime":933.57,"endTime":936.15,"body":"there's no killjoys around, saying,"},{"startTime":936.15,"endTime":939.93,"body":"you can't twin Silvanus"},{"startTime":936.15,"endTime":939.93,"body":"with that native god"},{"startTime":939.93,"endTime":942.0,"body":"'cause he's already been"},{"startTime":939.93,"endTime":942.0,"body":"twinned with another,"},{"startTime":942.0,"endTime":942.833,"body":"or even more,"},{"startTime":942.833,"endTime":946.53,"body":"you can't twin your local"},{"startTime":942.833,"endTime":946.53,"body":"native god with Apollo"},{"startTime":946.53,"endTime":950.34,"body":"'cause he's already twinned with Silvanus."},{"startTime":950.34,"endTime":954.99,"body":"Some native gods are paired"},{"startTime":950.34,"endTime":954.99,"body":"with both Mars and Silvanus,"},{"startTime":954.99,"endTime":956.85,"body":"and this goes on."},{"startTime":956.85,"endTime":959.4,"body":"Now, the tantalizing thing about all this"},{"startTime":959.4,"endTime":961.77,"body":"is that we don't have an answer"},{"startTime":961.77,"endTime":963.72,"body":"to the really important question"},{"startTime":963.72,"endTime":966.27,"body":"that we want to ask about it, which is,"},{"startTime":966.27,"endTime":969.03,"body":"hey, what does it mean already?"},{"startTime":969.03,"endTime":971.88,"body":"It could mean this is assimilation,"},{"startTime":971.88,"endTime":975.09,"body":"it's natives and Romans having a chat"},{"startTime":975.09,"endTime":979.32,"body":"over some wine or local beer"},{"startTime":975.09,"endTime":979.32,"body":"in a taverna, and saying,"},{"startTime":979.32,"endTime":981.84,"body":"oh, you've got a goddess"},{"startTime":979.32,"endTime":981.84,"body":"that does that, have you?"},{"startTime":981.84,"endTime":983.7,"body":"We've got a goddess for you,"},{"startTime":983.7,"endTime":986.01,"body":"and introducing the deities to each other"},{"startTime":986.01,"endTime":989.22,"body":"and fixing up this pairing relationship,"},{"startTime":989.22,"endTime":991.41,"body":"like making a business deal."},{"startTime":991.41,"endTime":992.73,"body":"On the other hand,"},{"startTime":992.73,"endTime":997.47,"body":"it could be the Romans coming"},{"startTime":992.73,"endTime":997.47,"body":"in and repressing the Brits"},{"startTime":997.47,"endTime":1000.47,"body":"by ordering that their local deities"},{"startTime":1000.47,"endTime":1002.69,"body":"are paired with Roman deities,"},{"startTime":1002.69,"endTime":1005.9,"body":"otherwise they won't be allowed"},{"startTime":1002.69,"endTime":1005.9,"body":"to worship them publicly"},{"startTime":1005.9,"endTime":1009.41,"body":"or won't get funding for temples for them."},{"startTime":1009.41,"endTime":1011.093,"body":"Both are possible,"},{"startTime":1011.96,"endTime":1014.66,"body":"both represent opposite points"},{"startTime":1014.66,"endTime":1018.38,"body":"on an understanding of how"},{"startTime":1014.66,"endTime":1018.38,"body":"Roman imperialism felt,"},{"startTime":1018.38,"endTime":1022.04,"body":"and we've no idea of"},{"startTime":1018.38,"endTime":1022.04,"body":"telling which is right,"},{"startTime":1022.04,"endTime":1024.98,"body":"but that's great for historical"},{"startTime":1022.04,"endTime":1024.98,"body":"novelists and artists"},{"startTime":1024.98,"endTime":1027.95,"body":"because you have a completely free range"},{"startTime":1027.95,"endTime":1029.573,"body":"for the imagination here."},{"startTime":1030.8,"endTime":1035.003,"body":"So how do you live with"},{"startTime":1030.8,"endTime":1035.003,"body":"Romano-British polytheism?"},{"startTime":1037.58,"endTime":1039.23,"body":"Because at first sight,"},{"startTime":1039.23,"endTime":1043.37,"body":"it's difficult to know how"},{"startTime":1039.23,"endTime":1043.37,"body":"you can live in a world"},{"startTime":1043.37,"endTime":1048.37,"body":"with so many deities and"},{"startTime":1043.37,"endTime":1048.37,"body":"semi and demi-deities around,"},{"startTime":1048.5,"endTime":1051.05,"body":"and avoid your brain blowing up,"},{"startTime":1051.05,"endTime":1055.76,"body":"because Greeks, Romans,"},{"startTime":1051.05,"endTime":1055.76,"body":"ancient Europeans in general"},{"startTime":1055.76,"endTime":1057.68,"body":"believe there's an indwelling spirit"},{"startTime":1057.68,"endTime":1062.68,"body":"to every tree, to every"},{"startTime":1057.68,"endTime":1062.68,"body":"spring, to every rocky outcrop,"},{"startTime":1064.97,"endTime":1066.59,"body":"even a bunch of bushes"},{"startTime":1066.59,"endTime":1070.28,"body":"is liable to have something"},{"startTime":1066.59,"endTime":1070.28,"body":"divine living inside it,"},{"startTime":1070.28,"endTime":1072.26,"body":"so how do you manage to cope with all this"},{"startTime":1072.26,"endTime":1075.17,"body":"without going to paranoid schizophrenia"},{"startTime":1075.17,"endTime":1077.18,"body":"while dealing with the divine?"},{"startTime":1077.18,"endTime":1079.22,"body":"And the Romans actually had a word"},{"startTime":1079.22,"endTime":1081.11,"body":"for this kind of paranoia,"},{"startTime":1081.11,"endTime":1083.12,"body":"they called it superstitio,"},{"startTime":1083.12,"endTime":1085.463,"body":"from which we get our word superstition,"},{"startTime":1086.42,"endTime":1089.81,"body":"and to them, it was"},{"startTime":1086.42,"endTime":1089.81,"body":"excessive fear of the divine,"},{"startTime":1089.81,"endTime":1094.1,"body":"it's taking gods and"},{"startTime":1089.81,"endTime":1094.1,"body":"goddesses too seriously."},{"startTime":1094.1,"endTime":1096.74,"body":"And the general Roman solution,"},{"startTime":1096.74,"endTime":1101.06,"body":"which seems to have been the"},{"startTime":1096.74,"endTime":1101.06,"body":"Roman British solution as well,"},{"startTime":1101.06,"endTime":1102.41,"body":"is don't worry,"},{"startTime":1102.41,"endTime":1106.13,"body":"the goddesses and gods are"},{"startTime":1102.41,"endTime":1106.13,"body":"not very interested in us,"},{"startTime":1106.13,"endTime":1110.39,"body":"they didn't create us,"},{"startTime":1106.13,"endTime":1110.39,"body":"we're parallel species,"},{"startTime":1110.39,"endTime":1115.39,"body":"they do not make laws, and"},{"startTime":1110.39,"endTime":1115.39,"body":"commandments, and morals for us"},{"startTime":1115.43,"endTime":1119.0,"body":"and they don't monitor our performance,"},{"startTime":1119.0,"endTime":1121.43,"body":"so just lighten up."},{"startTime":1121.43,"endTime":1124.31,"body":"Both sides in the transaction"},{"startTime":1124.31,"endTime":1127.1,"body":"want to ignore each"},{"startTime":1124.31,"endTime":1127.1,"body":"other as much as possible"},{"startTime":1127.1,"endTime":1128.57,"body":"most of the time,"},{"startTime":1128.57,"endTime":1131.543,"body":"and that makes getting on possible."},{"startTime":1132.47,"endTime":1137.47,"body":"They do, like mafiosi, require respect,"},{"startTime":1137.84,"endTime":1141.74,"body":"and this is given in a"},{"startTime":1137.84,"endTime":1141.74,"body":"kind of ticking-over way"},{"startTime":1141.74,"endTime":1144.47,"body":"by providing them with public shrines"},{"startTime":1144.47,"endTime":1148.4,"body":"if they're important enough"},{"startTime":1144.47,"endTime":1148.4,"body":"and well-followed enough,"},{"startTime":1148.4,"endTime":1150.017,"body":"and regular rituals,"},{"startTime":1150.017,"endTime":1152.54,"body":"and these are just kept"},{"startTime":1150.017,"endTime":1152.54,"body":"up by public money,"},{"startTime":1152.54,"endTime":1154.64,"body":"on the taxes or the rates,"},{"startTime":1154.64,"endTime":1158.453,"body":"or by donations from rich,"},{"startTime":1154.64,"endTime":1158.453,"body":"charitable individuals."},{"startTime":1159.685,"endTime":1163.4,"body":"And there are no professional"},{"startTime":1159.685,"endTime":1163.4,"body":"priestesses or priests"},{"startTime":1163.4,"endTime":1164.3,"body":"for these,"},{"startTime":1164.3,"endTime":1166.91,"body":"instead, whosever elected to"},{"startTime":1166.91,"endTime":1169.85,"body":"or appointed to be a local magistrate"},{"startTime":1169.85,"endTime":1171.41,"body":"carries out the rituals"},{"startTime":1171.41,"endTime":1174.26,"body":"as part of the job of local government,"},{"startTime":1174.26,"endTime":1178.85,"body":"and provides the public"},{"startTime":1174.26,"endTime":1178.85,"body":"with results for money"},{"startTime":1178.85,"endTime":1182.3,"body":"with annual, colorful religious festivals"},{"startTime":1182.3,"endTime":1183.56,"body":"at the shrines,"},{"startTime":1183.56,"endTime":1184.97,"body":"which everybody can enjoy,"},{"startTime":1184.97,"endTime":1188.813,"body":"theater, entertainment, exciting ritual."},{"startTime":1190.25,"endTime":1191.63,"body":"And at home,"},{"startTime":1191.63,"endTime":1193.28,"body":"it's always well"},{"startTime":1193.28,"endTime":1196.49,"body":"to pay a reasonable"},{"startTime":1193.28,"endTime":1196.49,"body":"amount of protection money"},{"startTime":1196.49,"endTime":1198.203,"body":"to the local divine gang,"},{"startTime":1199.16,"endTime":1202.13,"body":"and they're called the lares and penates,"},{"startTime":1202.13,"endTime":1203.963,"body":"and every household has them."},{"startTime":1204.98,"endTime":1209.54,"body":"Between them, they represent"},{"startTime":1204.98,"endTime":1209.54,"body":"two different kinds of spirit:"},{"startTime":1209.54,"endTime":1212.45,"body":"one is that of the spirits of the place,"},{"startTime":1212.45,"endTime":1214.82,"body":"because wherever you've built your house"},{"startTime":1214.82,"endTime":1217.46,"body":"or wherever you buy or rent a property"},{"startTime":1217.46,"endTime":1219.44,"body":"that somebody else has built,"},{"startTime":1219.44,"endTime":1224.3,"body":"that patch of land is owned"},{"startTime":1219.44,"endTime":1224.3,"body":"by some spirits or a spirit,"},{"startTime":1224.3,"endTime":1225.83,"body":"and so you've got to recognize"},{"startTime":1225.83,"endTime":1228.08,"body":"that they are actually, ultimately,"},{"startTime":1228.08,"endTime":1230.72,"body":"in control of the real estate,"},{"startTime":1230.72,"endTime":1233.72,"body":"and also, your family dead,"},{"startTime":1233.72,"endTime":1235.04,"body":"if they're fond enough of you,"},{"startTime":1235.04,"endTime":1236.99,"body":"will follow you round,"},{"startTime":1236.99,"endTime":1239.33,"body":"and while they may not"},{"startTime":1236.99,"endTime":1239.33,"body":"be there all the time,"},{"startTime":1239.33,"endTime":1241.22,"body":"they certainly shouldn't be a nuisance,"},{"startTime":1241.22,"endTime":1243.44,"body":"but they'll pop over every so often"},{"startTime":1243.44,"endTime":1244.43,"body":"just to have a look"},{"startTime":1244.43,"endTime":1247.19,"body":"and make sure everything's"},{"startTime":1244.43,"endTime":1247.19,"body":"getting on well,"},{"startTime":1247.19,"endTime":1251.87,"body":"and so food and drink are"},{"startTime":1247.19,"endTime":1251.87,"body":"left out at certain times"},{"startTime":1251.87,"endTime":1253.67,"body":"to entertain these spirits"},{"startTime":1253.67,"endTime":1254.93,"body":"when you go to bed,"},{"startTime":1254.93,"endTime":1258.71,"body":"and there are usually images"},{"startTime":1254.93,"endTime":1258.71,"body":"of them kept in a family shrine"},{"startTime":1258.71,"endTime":1262.193,"body":"to which people pay respect"},{"startTime":1258.71,"endTime":1262.193,"body":"when they feel the need."},{"startTime":1263.24,"endTime":1264.68,"body":"But in general,"},{"startTime":1264.68,"endTime":1268.37,"body":"the deities have got much"},{"startTime":1264.68,"endTime":1268.37,"body":"more interesting things to do"},{"startTime":1268.37,"endTime":1270.77,"body":"than bother about the human race,"},{"startTime":1270.77,"endTime":1273.68,"body":"like make war on, or"},{"startTime":1270.77,"endTime":1273.68,"body":"entertain, or have affairs"},{"startTime":1273.68,"endTime":1274.523,"body":"with each other,"},{"startTime":1275.72,"endTime":1278.66,"body":"and so if you're an ordinary person"},{"startTime":1278.66,"endTime":1281.54,"body":"and you want a deity to notice you,"},{"startTime":1281.54,"endTime":1284.0,"body":"you have to attract their attention."},{"startTime":1284.0,"endTime":1286.88,"body":"And it's a bit like trying"},{"startTime":1284.0,"endTime":1286.88,"body":"to attract the attention"},{"startTime":1286.88,"endTime":1289.55,"body":"of an official or an aristocrat,"},{"startTime":1289.55,"endTime":1291.65,"body":"you've got to offer a bribe,"},{"startTime":1291.65,"endTime":1293.15,"body":"and that usually means"},{"startTime":1293.15,"endTime":1297.86,"body":"what we ponderously call"},{"startTime":1293.15,"endTime":1297.86,"body":"an ex-voto offering,"},{"startTime":1297.86,"endTime":1298.693,"body":"in other words,"},{"startTime":1298.693,"endTime":1301.52,"body":"you only contact a deity"},{"startTime":1298.693,"endTime":1301.52,"body":"if you have an emergency."},{"startTime":1301.52,"endTime":1303.65,"body":"It's a bit like calling out a plumber"},{"startTime":1303.65,"endTime":1306.2,"body":"or a central heating operative"},{"startTime":1306.2,"endTime":1309.62,"body":"when your system suddenly fails,"},{"startTime":1309.62,"endTime":1312.92,"body":"you have an emergency call by saying,"},{"startTime":1312.92,"endTime":1314.51,"body":"if the goddess or god"},{"startTime":1314.51,"endTime":1316.97,"body":"who looks after this particular function,"},{"startTime":1316.97,"endTime":1321.65,"body":"heating, toothache,"},{"startTime":1316.97,"endTime":1321.65,"body":"childbirth, business deals,"},{"startTime":1321.65,"endTime":1323.0,"body":"helps me"},{"startTime":1323.0,"endTime":1325.82,"body":"then I will erect an altar to them,"},{"startTime":1325.82,"endTime":1328.94,"body":"or I'll commission a ring"},{"startTime":1325.82,"endTime":1328.94,"body":"with their image on it,"},{"startTime":1328.94,"endTime":1331.31,"body":"or I'll just offer them a barbecue"},{"startTime":1331.31,"endTime":1333.56,"body":"of the best that I can buy."},{"startTime":1333.56,"endTime":1338.15,"body":"And then, if the service"},{"startTime":1333.56,"endTime":1338.15,"body":"is performed by the divine,"},{"startTime":1338.15,"endTime":1340.94,"body":"you pay the promised price,"},{"startTime":1340.94,"endTime":1342.77,"body":"and that's the transaction."},{"startTime":1342.77,"endTime":1344.48,"body":"In every society,"},{"startTime":1344.48,"endTime":1347.21,"body":"there's a minority of people"},{"startTime":1347.21,"endTime":1350.39,"body":"who are instinctually deeply religious"},{"startTime":1350.39,"endTime":1354.56,"body":"and feel a constant sense"},{"startTime":1350.39,"endTime":1354.56,"body":"of the divine there."},{"startTime":1354.56,"endTime":1356.42,"body":"It's the same kind of talent"},{"startTime":1356.42,"endTime":1360.68,"body":"as enabling somebody to"},{"startTime":1356.42,"endTime":1360.68,"body":"handle languages or maths,"},{"startTime":1360.68,"endTime":1363.92,"body":"or play music really easily."},{"startTime":1363.92,"endTime":1366.74,"body":"And these people would"},{"startTime":1363.92,"endTime":1366.74,"body":"found their own shrines"},{"startTime":1366.74,"endTime":1369.86,"body":"of a size proportionate to their means,"},{"startTime":1369.86,"endTime":1371.72,"body":"or they'd join a mystery religion,"},{"startTime":1371.72,"endTime":1375.65,"body":"where you get initiated"},{"startTime":1371.72,"endTime":1375.65,"body":"in this closed society"},{"startTime":1375.65,"endTime":1377.18,"body":"and you get promised"},{"startTime":1377.18,"endTime":1379.88,"body":"a really strong and ongoing relationship"},{"startTime":1379.88,"endTime":1382.73,"body":"with the goddess, or god, or divine couple"},{"startTime":1382.73,"endTime":1385.64,"body":"at the center of the mystery religion,"},{"startTime":1385.64,"endTime":1388.52,"body":"so all tastes are catered for."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1391.52,"endTime":1393.68,"body":"the great central act"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1393.68,"endTime":1397.01,"body":"of Romano-British religion is sacrifice,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1397.01,"endTime":1401.06,"body":"which means you offer"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1397.01,"endTime":1401.06,"body":"presents to the divine,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1401.06,"endTime":1403.01,"body":"and this is a natural response"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1403.01,"endTime":1407.48,"body":"to a world in which nature"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1403.01,"endTime":1407.48,"body":"is overwhelmingly powerful"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1407.48,"endTime":1410.81,"body":"and human life and human civilization"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1410.81,"endTime":1415.13,"body":"incredibly vulnerable,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1410.81,"endTime":1415.13,"body":"fragile, and transitory."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1415.13,"endTime":1418.43,"body":"You need to keep the"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1415.13,"endTime":1418.43,"body":"deities in a good mood"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1418.43,"endTime":1421.04,"body":"by paying them some attention"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1421.04,"endTime":1423.95,"body":"to show that they're still valued."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1423.95,"endTime":1428.33,"body":"And absolutely anybody"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1423.95,"endTime":1428.33,"body":"can start a new cult,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1428.33,"endTime":1429.98,"body":"and people do all the time,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1429.98,"endTime":1434.98,"body":"they have a dream, or a"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1429.98,"endTime":1434.98,"body":"vision, or an experience,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1435.44,"endTime":1437.63,"body":"and then announce they've been contacted"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1437.63,"endTime":1440.63,"body":"by a deity nobody's ever heard of before,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1440.63,"endTime":1445.19,"body":"and if they want to have a"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1440.63,"endTime":1445.19,"body":"public religion of this deity,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1445.19,"endTime":1449.48,"body":"they go to the Roman Senate"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1445.19,"endTime":1449.48,"body":"or they go to a local oracle,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1449.48,"endTime":1453.68,"body":"and they ask for permission"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1449.48,"endTime":1453.68,"body":"to launch a public cult,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1453.68,"endTime":1457.25,"body":"and if they don't want"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1453.68,"endTime":1457.25,"body":"to have a public cult,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1457.25,"endTime":1459.05,"body":"they want to worship in private"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1459.05,"endTime":1461.9,"body":"with their friends, and their initiates,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1461.9,"endTime":1464.63,"body":"and their disciples, their neighbors,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1464.63,"endTime":1466.37,"body":"they just go ahead and do it."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1466.37,"endTime":1469.94,"body":"The only restrictions are"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1466.37,"endTime":1469.94,"body":"that it can't break the law,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1469.94,"endTime":1472.13,"body":"it's got to be moral,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1472.13,"endTime":1475.01,"body":"as far as most people think decency is,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1475.01,"endTime":1477.47,"body":"as far as anybody knows what's going on,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1477.47,"endTime":1479.753,"body":"and it mustn't keep the neighbors awake."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1481.4,"endTime":1483.89,"body":"Something everybody has to do"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1483.89,"endTime":1487.55,"body":"is to burn incense when required,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1487.55,"endTime":1490.58,"body":"or, if they really want"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1487.55,"endTime":1490.58,"body":"to push the boat out,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1490.58,"endTime":1492.29,"body":"do something more"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1492.29,"endTime":1496.91,"body":"to honor the guardian spirit"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1492.29,"endTime":1496.91,"body":"of the reigning emperor."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1496.91,"endTime":1499.793,"body":"This is not the same thing"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1496.91,"endTime":1499.793,"body":"as worshiping the emperor."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1500.75,"endTime":1502.73,"body":"Romans had the idea,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1502.73,"endTime":1506.03,"body":"which, as I've said,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1502.73,"endTime":1506.03,"body":"entered Roman Britain,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1506.03,"endTime":1508.4,"body":"that every human being is born"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1508.4,"endTime":1510.89,"body":"with a divine opposite number,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1510.89,"endTime":1514.88,"body":"a genius for a man or a juno for a woman,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1514.88,"endTime":1517.34,"body":"but anybody who makes it to be emperor,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1517.34,"endTime":1520.55,"body":"and the overwhelmingly"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1517.34,"endTime":1520.55,"body":"majority of Roman emperors"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1520.55,"endTime":1521.9,"body":"have risen through the ranks,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1521.9,"endTime":1525.29,"body":"they're not born into an imperial family,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1525.29,"endTime":1527.42,"body":"has got to have a really powerful spirit"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1527.42,"endTime":1529.16,"body":"to get them up that high,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1529.16,"endTime":1530.6,"body":"and it's called the numen,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1530.6,"endTime":1533.6,"body":"we get our word numinous,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1533.6,"endTime":1538.16,"body":"Tolkien got his mystical"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1533.6,"endTime":1538.16,"body":"land Numenor from it."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1538.16,"endTime":1540.02,"body":"And so what you're expected to do is,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1540.02,"endTime":1542.21,"body":"when the current emperor's on the throne,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1542.21,"endTime":1545.96,"body":"you burn incense when"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1542.21,"endTime":1545.96,"body":"required, make an effort,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1545.96,"endTime":1548.06,"body":"to encourage the emperor's numen"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1548.06,"endTime":1550.64,"body":"to keep him being a good emperor,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1550.64,"endTime":1554.03,"body":"to advise him well, to"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1550.64,"endTime":1554.03,"body":"keep him hardworking,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1554.03,"endTime":1555.953,"body":"to do the best possible job."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1556.82,"endTime":1560.06,"body":"And this is the test of"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1556.82,"endTime":1560.06,"body":"loyalty to the empire"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1560.06,"endTime":1562.04,"body":"because, clearly, to the Romans,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1562.04,"endTime":1564.68,"body":"and to most of the Romano-British,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1564.68,"endTime":1567.62,"body":"if you're not encouraging"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1564.68,"endTime":1567.62,"body":"the emperor's guardian spirit"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1567.62,"endTime":1569.15,"body":"to tell him to do a good job,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1569.15,"endTime":1571.1,"body":"you're trying to bring down the empire."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1572.06,"endTime":1574.73,"body":"Unfortunately, there was one religion"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1574.73,"endTime":1576.2,"body":"which refused to do this,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1576.2,"endTime":1579.32,"body":"and that was the newly"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1576.2,"endTime":1579.32,"body":"appeared and growing one"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1579.32,"endTime":1580.76,"body":"of Christianity,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1580.76,"endTime":1583.22,"body":"because Christians truly believed,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1583.22,"endTime":1587.03,"body":"in a way that was unique"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1583.22,"endTime":1587.03,"body":"in the ancient world,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1587.03,"endTime":1589.22,"body":"that there was only one true god"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1589.22,"endTime":1592.097,"body":"and he was the god of"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1589.22,"endTime":1592.097,"body":"everybody, or should be,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1592.097,"endTime":1594.35,"body":"and so to burn incense,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1594.35,"endTime":1596.3,"body":"that is to make an act of offering,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1596.3,"endTime":1598.22,"body":"to any other being"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1598.22,"endTime":1601.85,"body":"was to break the Christian code,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1601.85,"endTime":1602.96,"body":"and that's why,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1602.96,"endTime":1605.18,"body":"for that act, that refusal,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1605.18,"endTime":1608.12,"body":"Christians were persecuted at times"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1608.12,"endTime":1610.25,"body":"under the pagan Roman empire,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1610.25,"endTime":1612.74,"body":"but not very often."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1612.74,"endTime":1615.783,"body":"For only 30 years in the 300"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1616.67,"endTime":1621.47,"body":"in which Christians and pagans"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1616.67,"endTime":1621.47,"body":"coexisted in the Roman empire"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1621.47,"endTime":1623.75,"body":"were Christians subjected"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1623.75,"endTime":1626.96,"body":"to anything like widespread persecution,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1626.96,"endTime":1629.54,"body":"but those times could be pretty awful,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1629.54,"endTime":1633.38,"body":"and at least three martyrs"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1629.54,"endTime":1633.38,"body":"were made in Britain,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1633.38,"endTime":1636.47,"body":"the most famous of whom being St. Alban,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1636.47,"endTime":1640.523,"body":"after whom St. Alban's"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1636.47,"endTime":1640.523,"body":"has been named ever after."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1641.63,"endTime":1645.05,"body":"Romano-British pagans, like"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1641.63,"endTime":1645.05,"body":"Roman pagans in general,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1645.05,"endTime":1647.3,"body":"like ancient pagans in general,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1647.3,"endTime":1649.58,"body":"didn't have any theology,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1649.58,"endTime":1653.69,"body":"they didn't have any"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1649.58,"endTime":1653.69,"body":"orthodox system of beliefs"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1653.69,"endTime":1656.66,"body":"about the way in which"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1653.69,"endTime":1656.66,"body":"the divine operated,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1656.66,"endTime":1658.82,"body":"and nobody ever debated them."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1658.82,"endTime":1662.93,"body":"The crucial thing for ancient"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1658.82,"endTime":1662.93,"body":"Romano-British paganism,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1662.93,"endTime":1666.14,"body":"as for most recorded ancient paganism,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1666.14,"endTime":1668.93,"body":"is ritual, it's ceremony,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1668.93,"endTime":1670.79,"body":"and what ritual is"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1670.79,"endTime":1675.5,"body":"is a theater to catch the"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1670.79,"endTime":1675.5,"body":"attention and approval of a deity."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1675.5,"endTime":1678.35,"body":"Remember, you actually have"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1675.5,"endTime":1678.35,"body":"to attract their attention,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1678.35,"endTime":1680.18,"body":"so a religious ritual"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1680.18,"endTime":1683.75,"body":"is rather like a male"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1680.18,"endTime":1683.75,"body":"peacock spreading its train"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1683.75,"endTime":1686.57,"body":"to attract the attention"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1683.75,"endTime":1686.57,"body":"of a lady peacock,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1686.57,"endTime":1689.84,"body":"but to attract the attention"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1686.57,"endTime":1689.84,"body":"of a goddess or a god,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1689.84,"endTime":1691.04,"body":"and keep it,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1691.04,"endTime":1692.21,"body":"for the vital time"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1692.21,"endTime":1697.16,"body":"in which they can bestow"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1692.21,"endTime":1697.16,"body":"general goodness and help"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1697.16,"endTime":1699.263,"body":"on the people providing it."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1700.46,"endTime":1702.02,"body":"There's plenty of speculation"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1702.02,"endTime":1706.22,"body":"about the nature of the Universe"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1702.02,"endTime":1706.22,"body":"and the fate of the soul,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1706.22,"endTime":1709.13,"body":"but that is left to philosophers,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1709.13,"endTime":1712.28,"body":"and philosophers have no official status,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1712.28,"endTime":1716.12,"body":"there's never any laws or"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1712.28,"endTime":1716.12,"body":"rules to enforce their beliefs,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1716.12,"endTime":1718.28,"body":"it's a free market,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1718.28,"endTime":1722.0,"body":"they disagree about absolutely everything."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1722.0,"endTime":1725.6,"body":"And you can see the results in"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1722.0,"endTime":1725.6,"body":"Roman Britain, as elsewhere,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1725.6,"endTime":1727.79,"body":"by going to the cemeteries."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1727.79,"endTime":1730.31,"body":"Some people prefer cremation,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1730.31,"endTime":1732.74,"body":"some people prefer inhumation,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1732.74,"endTime":1736.19,"body":"that's leaving their"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1732.74,"endTime":1736.19,"body":"bodies intact in the grave,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1736.19,"endTime":1740.69,"body":"some think you should load up"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1736.19,"endTime":1740.69,"body":"the dead with goods, presents,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1740.69,"endTime":1742.04,"body":"maybe to take with them,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1742.04,"endTime":1744.44,"body":"maybe because they're"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1742.04,"endTime":1744.44,"body":"thought to be polluted"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1744.44,"endTime":1746.0,"body":"by the person's spirit"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1746.0,"endTime":1749.78,"body":"so you dare not hang onto"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1746.0,"endTime":1749.78,"body":"them after they're dead,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1749.78,"endTime":1751.16,"body":"most do not,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1751.16,"endTime":1754.01,"body":"they do not bury their"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1751.16,"endTime":1754.01,"body":"people with any gifts,"},{"speaker":"And there are other 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characteristics","startTime":1787.94,"endTime":1790.25,"body":"about the nature of the cosmos,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1790.25,"endTime":1792.29,"body":"the fate of the human soul,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1792.29,"endTime":1795.86,"body":"and the position of"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1792.29,"endTime":1795.86,"body":"humanity in the Universe,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1795.86,"endTime":1798.593,"body":"and everybody's entitled to their opinion."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1799.91,"endTime":1802.73,"body":"It's taken 'til the late 20th century"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1802.73,"endTime":1804.83,"body":"for London to become"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1804.83,"endTime":1809.78,"body":"as multi-ethnic, multi-faith,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1804.83,"endTime":1809.78,"body":"multi-cultural a city"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1809.78,"endTime":1812.273,"body":"as it was in Roman times."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1814.58,"endTime":1817.85,"body":"And finally, in this line,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1817.85,"endTime":1818.69,"body":"having produced"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1818.69,"endTime":1823.13,"body":"this pluralistic, multi-faith,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1818.69,"endTime":1823.13,"body":"multi-ethnic society,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1823.13,"endTime":1825.92,"body":"there are certain things"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1823.13,"endTime":1825.92,"body":"that people have in common,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1825.92,"endTime":1829.4,"body":"apart from the attitudes I've described."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1829.4,"endTime":1833.87,"body":"The most expensive, the most"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1829.4,"endTime":1833.87,"body":"valued form of sacrifice"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1833.87,"endTime":1836.78,"body":"is animal sacrifice,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1836.78,"endTime":1840.77,"body":"and this is not as inhumane and as creepy"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1840.77,"endTime":1843.68,"body":"as it can sound to a modern audience,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1843.68,"endTime":1845.93,"body":"because this is a society"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1845.93,"endTime":1849.14,"body":"in which most people"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1845.93,"endTime":1849.14,"body":"can't afford to eat meat"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1849.14,"endTime":1850.82,"body":"even if they want to."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1850.82,"endTime":1852.65,"body":"Most of the time,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1852.65,"endTime":1856.04,"body":"cheese is practically the"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1852.65,"endTime":1856.04,"body":"only source of protein,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1856.04,"endTime":1857.48,"body":"maybe with eggs,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1857.48,"endTime":1858.71,"body":"for most people."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1858.71,"endTime":1863.71,"body":"And so to offer an animal"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1858.71,"endTime":1863.71,"body":"sacrifice at a festival"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1864.5,"endTime":1866.63,"body":"is one of the few times of the year"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1866.63,"endTime":1868.58,"body":"when people can get meat,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1868.58,"endTime":1870.23,"body":"most people."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1870.23,"endTime":1872.72,"body":"The rules are prescribed by Rome"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1872.72,"endTime":1875.83,"body":"that the animal must"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1872.72,"endTime":1875.83,"body":"be a willing sacrifice,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1875.83,"endTime":1878.51,"body":"in other words it can't show fear,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1878.51,"endTime":1882.23,"body":"it must be taken to the"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1878.51,"endTime":1882.23,"body":"place reassured and happy,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1882.23,"endTime":1885.11,"body":"if it shows any sign of fear or anxiety,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1885.11,"endTime":1887.3,"body":"the sacrifice is called off"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1887.3,"endTime":1890.99,"body":"and it has to die instantly at one blow"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1890.99,"endTime":1892.55,"body":"without feeling anything,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1892.55,"endTime":1895.97,"body":"otherwise, again, the"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1892.55,"endTime":1895.97,"body":"sacrifice is a disaster,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1895.97,"endTime":1896.87,"body":"so in many ways,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1896.87,"endTime":1901.34,"body":"the atmosphere of an early"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1896.87,"endTime":1901.34,"body":"20th century abattoir,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1901.34,"endTime":1903.17,"body":"with the animals squealing in fear"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1903.17,"endTime":1904.67,"body":"because of he smell of blood"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1904.67,"endTime":1906.5,"body":"is completely missing."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1906.5,"endTime":1909.41,"body":"I'm not condoning the killing"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1906.5,"endTime":1909.41,"body":"and eating of animals,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1909.41,"endTime":1913.13,"body":"what I am saying is that for"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1909.41,"endTime":1913.13,"body":"a society that eats meat,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1913.13,"endTime":1915.41,"body":"this is one of the better"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1913.13,"endTime":1915.41,"body":"ways to go about it,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1915.41,"endTime":1919.49,"body":"and what we'd now regard as humane terms."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1919.49,"endTime":1921.83,"body":"Only the inedible bits of the animal"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1921.83,"endTime":1923.43,"body":"would be offered to the deities."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1924.32,"endTime":1928.13,"body":"Afterwards, a barbie would"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1924.32,"endTime":1928.13,"body":"be held for everybody else"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1928.13,"endTime":1931.13,"body":"in which they would make"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1928.13,"endTime":1931.13,"body":"the best possible meal"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1931.13,"endTime":1932.393,"body":"of the animal offered."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1933.32,"endTime":1936.41,"body":"Deities are very specialized."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1936.41,"endTime":1939.23,"body":"If you have a kind of \"Trivial Pursuit\""},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1939.23,"endTime":1941.48,"body":"or pub quiz style question,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1941.48,"endTime":1945.35,"body":"who's the Roman goddess of agriculture,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1945.35,"endTime":1947.78,"body":"it's Ceres, or Keres,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1947.78,"endTime":1950.78,"body":"we get the word cereal from her,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1950.78,"endTime":1955.37,"body":"but there are actually 10"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1950.78,"endTime":1955.37,"body":"goddesses called Ceres,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1955.37,"endTime":1956.99,"body":"one who deals with plowing,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1956.99,"endTime":1959.9,"body":"one who deals with harrowing,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1956.99,"endTime":1959.9,"body":"breaking up the earth,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1959.9,"endTime":1962.21,"body":"one who deals with sowing seeds,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1962.21,"endTime":1964.46,"body":"one who deals with fertilization,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1964.46,"endTime":1968.75,"body":"one who weeds, one who"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1964.46,"endTime":1968.75,"body":"reaps, one who rakes,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1968.75,"endTime":1971.09,"body":"one who ties up the corn,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1971.09,"endTime":1974.72,"body":"one who stores it, and"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1971.09,"endTime":1974.72,"body":"one who distributes it."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1974.72,"endTime":1976.64,"body":"Now, the big question obviously is"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1976.64,"endTime":1979.58,"body":"are these just aspects of one goddess"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1979.58,"endTime":1981.74,"body":"or are these different goddesses?"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1981.74,"endTime":1984.41,"body":"Guess what? The Romans didn't know."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1984.41,"endTime":1985.88,"body":"Nobody was quite sure,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1985.88,"endTime":1987.98,"body":"so everybody drew their own conclusions,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1987.98,"endTime":1990.02,"body":"or said, search me."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1990.02,"endTime":1994.94,"body":"And there are other deities"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1990.02,"endTime":1994.94,"body":"to deal with corn growing,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1994.94,"endTime":1996.32,"body":"there's Tellus Mater,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1996.32,"endTime":1998.66,"body":"who fertilizes the seeds,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1998.66,"endTime":1999.86,"body":"there's Promitor,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1999.86,"endTime":2003.73,"body":"who protects the granary"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":1999.86,"endTime":2003.73,"body":"from fire or rodents,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":2003.73,"endTime":2008.5,"body":"and there's even a god"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":2003.73,"endTime":2008.5,"body":"of dung, Sterculinus,"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":2008.5,"endTime":2010.393,"body":"who looks after the manure heap."},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":2011.32,"endTime":2015.25,"body":"Nothing misses the"},{"speaker":"And there are other characteristics","startTime":2011.32,"endTime":2015.25,"body":"attention of the divine."},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2017.74,"endTime":2022.66,"body":"there are 140 temples known"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2017.74,"endTime":2022.66,"body":"so far in Roman Britain,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2022.66,"endTime":2026.35,"body":"of many, many different styles and shapes."},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2026.35,"endTime":2029.53,"body":"They're not like Christian churches"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2029.53,"endTime":2032.29,"body":"because they're not"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2029.53,"endTime":2032.29,"body":"designed for worshipers,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2032.29,"endTime":2035.56,"body":"most of them are only big"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2032.29,"endTime":2035.56,"body":"enough for a dozen people,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2035.56,"endTime":2039.4,"body":"so they're really houses"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2035.56,"endTime":2039.4,"body":"for deities to rest in"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2039.4,"endTime":2040.93,"body":"if they're in the neighborhood,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2040.93,"endTime":2045.04,"body":"rather like clubs for"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2040.93,"endTime":2045.04,"body":"people coming up to town,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2045.04,"endTime":2048.34,"body":"and they are places for private prayer,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2048.34,"endTime":2052.63,"body":"you're supposed to feel that"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2048.34,"endTime":2052.63,"body":"you can have a one-to-one,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2052.63,"endTime":2056.38,"body":"or a small group experience with the deity"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2056.38,"endTime":2058.15,"body":"without anybody else interfering,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2058.15,"endTime":2060.887,"body":"it's you and the deity eye to eye."},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2062.23,"endTime":2063.67,"body":"The big festivities,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2063.67,"endTime":2065.74,"body":"when hundreds of people turn up,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2065.74,"endTime":2068.74,"body":"happen in an open space"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2065.74,"endTime":2068.74,"body":"in front of the temple"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2068.74,"endTime":2070.72,"body":"with a big public altar,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2070.72,"endTime":2073.21,"body":"and loads of people can gather."},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2073.21,"endTime":2077.14,"body":"There are temples found in the"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2073.21,"endTime":2077.14,"body":"countryside and in the towns"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2077.14,"endTime":2078.46,"body":"from the start,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2078.46,"endTime":2081.58,"body":"but in the last half of the Roman period,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2081.58,"endTime":2083.92,"body":"the 3rd and 4th centuries,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2083.92,"endTime":2086.38,"body":"a new kind of temple appears,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2086.38,"endTime":2088.87,"body":"the rural pilgrimage temple,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2088.87,"endTime":2090.55,"body":"found all over Southern Britain,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2090.55,"endTime":2092.29,"body":"there are scores of these."},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2092.29,"endTime":2095.89,"body":"They're set in remote and"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2092.29,"endTime":2095.89,"body":"beautiful countryside,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2095.89,"endTime":2099.7,"body":"often in physically dramatic places,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2099.7,"endTime":2102.04,"body":"and you need an effort to get there,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2102.04,"endTime":2103.51,"body":"you've got to make a journey,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2103.51,"endTime":2106.99,"body":"you've often got to climb a"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2103.51,"endTime":2106.99,"body":"hill, cross water on a boat,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2106.99,"endTime":2111.31,"body":"go up onto a peninsula"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2106.99,"endTime":2111.31,"body":"jutting out into the sea,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2111.31,"endTime":2114.07,"body":"and they're set up for visitors."},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2114.07,"endTime":2116.17,"body":"Usually, there's a hotel,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2116.17,"endTime":2118.69,"body":"there's baths, 'cause"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2116.17,"endTime":2118.69,"body":"you're hot and sweaty"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2118.69,"endTime":2120.25,"body":"by the time you've got there,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2120.25,"endTime":2121.723,"body":"there's a souvenir shop."},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2122.65,"endTime":2126.04,"body":"They're set up by the"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2122.65,"endTime":2126.04,"body":"owner of the local land,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2126.04,"endTime":2127.63,"body":"a local noble,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2127.63,"endTime":2130.51,"body":"they provide income from the visitors,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2130.51,"endTime":2134.83,"body":"but also, you're pleasing"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2130.51,"endTime":2134.83,"body":"deities by setting these up."},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2134.83,"endTime":2138.76,"body":"And maybe, as Christianity"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2134.83,"endTime":2138.76,"body":"grows stronger in the towns,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2138.76,"endTime":2142.48,"body":"they're a way of decentralizing"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2138.76,"endTime":2142.48,"body":"to the countryside"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2142.48,"endTime":2144.793,"body":"and setting up worship there."},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2146.11,"endTime":2147.04,"body":"The great thing is"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2147.04,"endTime":2149.68,"body":"there's always one goddess or god"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2149.68,"endTime":2152.32,"body":"who's at the center of"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2149.68,"endTime":2152.32,"body":"a pilgrimage temple,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2152.32,"endTime":2153.94,"body":"but they're hospitable,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2153.94,"endTime":2157.0,"body":"there's up to a dozen other deities"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2157.0,"endTime":2159.46,"body":"have their stalls inside the temple"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2159.46,"endTime":2162.91,"body":"in case people prefer"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2159.46,"endTime":2162.91,"body":"to talk to them instead,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2162.91,"endTime":2166.15,"body":"so you cover a whole range of faith."},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2166.15,"endTime":2169.63,"body":"Let's look at some of these temples."},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2169.63,"endTime":2174.55,"body":"The greatest single urban"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2169.63,"endTime":2174.55,"body":"temple complex in Roman Britain"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2174.55,"endTime":2177.7,"body":"is at Bath, because of the hot spring,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2177.7,"endTime":2182.14,"body":"and it's to that lady with the"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2177.7,"endTime":2182.14,"body":"bronze stare you saw earlier,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2182.14,"endTime":2183.553,"body":"Sulis Minerva."},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2184.662,"endTime":2186.43,"body":"We don't really know much about her,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2186.43,"endTime":2191.05,"body":"Minerva's the Roman goddess"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2186.43,"endTime":2191.05,"body":"of war and handicrafts,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2191.05,"endTime":2196.05,"body":"and maybe of enterprises like healing,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2197.69,"endTime":2201.04,"body":"Sulis is simply the"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2197.69,"endTime":2201.04,"body":"goddess of the hot spring."},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2201.04,"endTime":2203.23,"body":"And later on, Bath becomes,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2203.23,"endTime":2205.72,"body":"because of its medicinal waters,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2205.72,"endTime":2208.18,"body":"a great center for healing,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2208.18,"endTime":2210.91,"body":"people who have all sorts"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2208.18,"endTime":2210.91,"body":"of ailments go there"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2210.91,"endTime":2213.52,"body":"to take the waters and be healed."},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2213.52,"endTime":2216.46,"body":"And it's kind of tempting to assume"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2216.46,"endTime":2219.037,"body":"that that's why the Romans went there,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2219.037,"endTime":2221.14,"body":"and that's maybe true,"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2221.14,"endTime":2224.68,"body":"but when you actually look"},{"speaker":"And so finally to temples","startTime":2221.14,"endTime":2224.68,"body":"at what's in the spring,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2226.87,"endTime":2229.99,"body":"there are loads of coins, 12,000 of them,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2229.99,"endTime":2233.5,"body":"thrown in as gifts to attract"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2229.99,"endTime":2233.5,"body":"the attention of Sulis"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2233.5,"endTime":2235.36,"body":"and put her in a good mood,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2235.36,"endTime":2237.973,"body":"but her great line is cursing,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2239.95,"endTime":2244.03,"body":"there are scores of lead tablets"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2239.95,"endTime":2244.03,"body":"with curses written on them"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2244.03,"endTime":2247.78,"body":"to invite Sulis to nuke"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2244.03,"endTime":2247.78,"body":"somebody you don't like,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2247.78,"endTime":2250.58,"body":"almost always somebody who has hurt you"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2251.56,"endTime":2253.627,"body":"or stolen something from you,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2253.627,"endTime":2254.86,"body":"and the three things"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2254.86,"endTime":2257.83,"body":"that tend to get stolen"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2254.86,"endTime":2257.83,"body":"from people going to Bath"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2257.83,"endTime":2261.25,"body":"are towels, because they're bathing,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2261.25,"endTime":2264.97,"body":"and goods of theirs they've"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2261.25,"endTime":2264.97,"body":"left in the changing cubicle,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2264.97,"endTime":2268.36,"body":"jewelry, and girlfriends,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2268.36,"endTime":2271.84,"body":"and Sulis goes after the perpetrators"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2271.84,"endTime":2274.213,"body":"who've taken away all of these."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2275.05,"endTime":2278.71,"body":"With that eye to the personal experience,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2278.71,"endTime":2283.45,"body":"the spring is rebuilt halfway"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2278.71,"endTime":2283.45,"body":"through the Roman period."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2283.45,"endTime":2286.12,"body":"It's an open area, an open pool"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2286.12,"endTime":2287.08,"body":"at the beginning,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2287.08,"endTime":2288.76,"body":"with the steam rising from it,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2288.76,"endTime":2290.38,"body":"like it is today,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2290.38,"endTime":2293.74,"body":"and people can gather round it in crowds,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2293.74,"endTime":2296.5,"body":"but halfway through, it's enclosed,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2296.5,"endTime":2299.59,"body":"and there is a roof put upon it,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2299.59,"endTime":2301.36,"body":"or over most of it,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2301.36,"endTime":2304.39,"body":"and a corridor put to it"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2304.39,"endTime":2308.89,"body":"which only allows one or a few"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2304.39,"endTime":2308.89,"body":"people to go down at a time,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2308.89,"endTime":2310.03,"body":"to give people, again,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2310.03,"endTime":2312.94,"body":"that tingly experience"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2312.94,"endTime":2315.46,"body":"of being alone with the goddess or the god"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2315.46,"endTime":2318.01,"body":"and seeing the awe-inspiring spectacle"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2318.01,"endTime":2321.223,"body":"of the steam rising"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2318.01,"endTime":2321.223,"body":"from the water in front."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2322.42,"endTime":2325.9,"body":"And moving to the countryside,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2325.9,"endTime":2328.45,"body":"going up to the Forest of Dean,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2328.45,"endTime":2330.58,"body":"at a spur of the forest"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2330.58,"endTime":2332.89,"body":"sticking out towards the River Severn,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2332.89,"endTime":2337.45,"body":"you have the rural"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2332.89,"endTime":2337.45,"body":"pilgrimage temple of Lydney,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2337.45,"endTime":2340.27,"body":"excavated by the charismatic archeologist"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2340.27,"endTime":2341.41,"body":"Sir Mortimer Wheeler"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2341.41,"endTime":2343.12,"body":"between the wars."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2343.12,"endTime":2347.29,"body":"Wheeler said it was a healing"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2343.12,"endTime":2347.29,"body":"temple of the god Mars,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2347.29,"endTime":2350.62,"body":"who had been twinned with"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2347.29,"endTime":2350.62,"body":"the local god Nodens,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2350.62,"endTime":2351.553,"body":"and it has a bath,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2352.6,"endTime":2355.63,"body":"it has a hall with cubicles"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2355.63,"endTime":2358.45,"body":"in which people could have sacred sleep"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2358.45,"endTime":2361.78,"body":"and wait for the god to"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2358.45,"endTime":2361.78,"body":"come to them in dreams,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2361.78,"endTime":2365.2,"body":"and it had a guesthouse,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2365.2,"endTime":2369.55,"body":"and there were lots of statues"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2365.2,"endTime":2369.55,"body":"of dogs there, sacred hounds,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2369.55,"endTime":2371.8,"body":"which Sir Mortimer believed were kept"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2371.8,"endTime":2375.25,"body":"to lick the afflicted part of people"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2375.25,"endTime":2377.47,"body":"with injuries or diseases,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2377.47,"endTime":2379.21,"body":"and heal them."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2379.21,"endTime":2382.453,"body":"But archeology is such a mess,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2383.8,"endTime":2387.04,"body":"the evidence is so"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2383.8,"endTime":2387.04,"body":"easily differently read,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2387.04,"endTime":2391.18,"body":"and all of Sir Mortimer's interpretations"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2391.18,"endTime":2393.88,"body":"are based on temple sites in Greece,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2393.88,"endTime":2396.1,"body":"where these things happened."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2396.1,"endTime":2398.14,"body":"If you look at the evidence again,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2398.14,"endTime":2402.1,"body":"the cubicles may not have"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2398.14,"endTime":2402.1,"body":"been for beds and for dreams,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2402.1,"endTime":2404.29,"body":"but for private worship,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2404.29,"endTime":2408.52,"body":"or for different deities,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2404.29,"endTime":2408.52,"body":"or for insulation,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2408.52,"endTime":2411.31,"body":"they could even have"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2408.52,"endTime":2411.31,"body":"been a Christian addition"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2411.31,"endTime":2412.99,"body":"in the 5th century,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2412.99,"endTime":2416.29,"body":"after the temple ceased to be pagan,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2416.29,"endTime":2419.14,"body":"and we don't have much"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2416.29,"endTime":2419.14,"body":"evidence for healing,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2419.14,"endTime":2421.66,"body":"just as we don't have it at Bath,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2421.66,"endTime":2424.0,"body":"we have a single miniature arm"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2424.0,"endTime":2426.07,"body":"of somebody who might have left it"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2426.07,"endTime":2428.923,"body":"as a sign they had an"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2426.07,"endTime":2428.923,"body":"arm they needed healing."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2430.063,"endTime":2431.89,"body":"And as for the god Nodens,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2431.89,"endTime":2434.68,"body":"we just have two inscriptions to him,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2434.68,"endTime":2437.95,"body":"but we also have a bronze"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2434.68,"endTime":2437.95,"body":"relief of a sun god,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2437.95,"endTime":2441.28,"body":"we have a female figure"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2437.95,"endTime":2441.28,"body":"with a horn of plenty,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2441.28,"endTime":2443.77,"body":"we have a dedication to Silvanus,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2443.77,"endTime":2447.22,"body":"so Nodens may not have"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2443.77,"endTime":2447.22,"body":"been the main deity."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2447.22,"endTime":2449.08,"body":"I'm deconstructing this"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2449.08,"endTime":2451.93,"body":"to show you how much"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2449.08,"endTime":2451.93,"body":"we actually don't know,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2451.93,"endTime":2455.29,"body":"even about famous, charismatic sites"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2455.29,"endTime":2457.27,"body":"about which we thought we knew a lot."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2457.27,"endTime":2461.86,"body":"And the dogs there may have"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2457.27,"endTime":2461.86,"body":"been guides to the underworld,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2461.86,"endTime":2464.593,"body":"or they may have been aids to hunting,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2465.76,"endTime":2470.76,"body":"we cannot say why dogs were"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2465.76,"endTime":2470.76,"body":"so popular at Roman Lydney."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2472.18,"endTime":2475.48,"body":"And going across the River Severn,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2475.48,"endTime":2476.74,"body":"this is my neighborhood"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2476.74,"endTime":2479.14,"body":"so I'm being patriotic and local,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2479.14,"endTime":2481.24,"body":"if you go up the Cotswold Scarp,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2481.24,"endTime":2483.82,"body":"that great cliff of limestone,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2483.82,"endTime":2486.34,"body":"up onto the fields beyond,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2486.34,"endTime":2487.27,"body":"above the village of Uley,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2487.27,"endTime":2491.32,"body":"you find a rural pilgrimage temple again,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2491.32,"endTime":2496.32,"body":"dug by Anne Woodward"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2491.32,"endTime":2496.32,"body":"this time in the 1970s."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2496.63,"endTime":2500.08,"body":"It's an Iron Age shrine"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2496.63,"endTime":2500.08,"body":"with miniature spears in it,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2500.08,"endTime":2502.69,"body":"so probably to a war god,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2502.69,"endTime":2505.93,"body":"and you also find spears in the temple,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2505.93,"endTime":2510.79,"body":"but the main Roman god put"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2505.93,"endTime":2510.79,"body":"in was not very aggressive,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2510.79,"endTime":2514.51,"body":"he's my mate Mercury, patron of academics,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2514.51,"endTime":2517.03,"body":"patron of communication in general,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2517.03,"endTime":2521.38,"body":"so helper of travel, of commerce,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2521.38,"endTime":2523.42,"body":"and indeed patron of thieves"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2523.42,"endTime":2525.55,"body":"and those who suffer from theft,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2525.55,"endTime":2529.123,"body":"which is another form of"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2525.55,"endTime":2529.123,"body":"humans relating to each other."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2529.99,"endTime":2534.19,"body":"And so possibly preserving a fierce aspect"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2534.19,"endTime":2535.12,"body":"from a war god,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2535.12,"endTime":2538.72,"body":"like the fierceness of Sulis at Bath,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2538.72,"endTime":2540.46,"body":"what you're tapping into"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2540.46,"endTime":2545.11,"body":"is actually quite a a"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2540.46,"endTime":2545.11,"body":"hard, malevolent deity"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2545.11,"endTime":2548.803,"body":"who's going to go after"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2545.11,"endTime":2548.803,"body":"bad people on your behalf."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2550.27,"endTime":2553.24,"body":"There are miniature legs found there,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2553.24,"endTime":2556.0,"body":"maybe because Mercury's god of travelers,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2556.0,"endTime":2558.16,"body":"maybe 'cause people just got sore feet"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2558.16,"endTime":2560.38,"body":"getting up that Cotswold cliff"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2560.38,"endTime":2562.75,"body":"in order to get to the temple."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2562.75,"endTime":2567.67,"body":"Goats and cockerels there,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2562.75,"endTime":2567.67,"body":"consumed, to Mercury,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2567.67,"endTime":2571.63,"body":"coins and ring tokens"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2567.67,"endTime":2571.63,"body":"for a god of commerce,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2571.63,"endTime":2572.71,"body":"but wait for it,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2572.71,"endTime":2576.247,"body":"you also get dedications"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2572.71,"endTime":2576.247,"body":"to Mars, Silvanus,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2578.77,"endTime":2580.63,"body":"Sol, the sun god,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2580.63,"endTime":2584.74,"body":"Jupiter, Cupid, and Bacchus."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2584.74,"endTime":2586.78,"body":"So, we know it's Mercury"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2586.78,"endTime":2589.87,"body":"because there's this nine"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2586.78,"endTime":2589.87,"body":"foot cult statue to him,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2589.87,"endTime":2592.72,"body":"but he's very hospitable,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2592.72,"endTime":2594.403,"body":"like all these deities."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2595.6,"endTime":2599.56,"body":"So finally, what have we"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2595.6,"endTime":2599.56,"body":"lost in the experience?"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2599.56,"endTime":2601.54,"body":"'Cause I'm talking about all this stuff,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2601.54,"endTime":2604.18,"body":"I've intimated that a lot"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2601.54,"endTime":2604.18,"body":"of it's quite puzzling,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2604.18,"endTime":2608.023,"body":"but all you actually get in"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2604.18,"endTime":2608.023,"body":"these buildings is foundations,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2608.92,"endTime":2611.74,"body":"and what don't they tell us?"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2611.74,"endTime":2616.141,"body":"They don't tell us how high"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2611.74,"endTime":2616.141,"body":"Romano-British temples were,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2616.141,"endTime":2618.64,"body":"they don't tell us if they had windows"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2618.64,"endTime":2621.103,"body":"or other forms of natural lighting,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2622.15,"endTime":2625.48,"body":"we don't know how they"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2622.15,"endTime":2625.48,"body":"were lit artificially"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2625.48,"endTime":2626.8,"body":"if they needed it,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2626.8,"endTime":2629.41,"body":"we don't know if the windows"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2626.8,"endTime":2629.41,"body":"were of colored glass,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2629.41,"endTime":2634.41,"body":"the Romans could make glass"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2629.41,"endTime":2634.41,"body":"in red, blue, and green,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2634.51,"endTime":2635.343,"body":"which would make"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2635.343,"endTime":2638.68,"body":"the beautiful effects of"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2635.343,"endTime":2638.68,"body":"sunlight coming through"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2638.68,"endTime":2640.54,"body":"particularly attractive,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2640.54,"endTime":2643.54,"body":"but this may be my imagination,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2643.54,"endTime":2647.02,"body":"we don't know if they had"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2643.54,"endTime":2647.02,"body":"draperies, incense burners,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2647.02,"endTime":2648.79,"body":"paintings on the wall,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2648.79,"endTime":2651.37,"body":"if they were decorated with flowers,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2651.37,"endTime":2654.76,"body":"or if they had reflecting"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2651.37,"endTime":2654.76,"body":"surfaces, mirrors."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2654.76,"endTime":2659.08,"body":"At Uley, there was a pool in"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2654.76,"endTime":2659.08,"body":"front of the statue of the god,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2659.08,"endTime":2661.42,"body":"so maybe, what people"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2659.08,"endTime":2661.42,"body":"saw when they came in,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2661.42,"endTime":2664.51,"body":"or probably what they"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2661.42,"endTime":2664.51,"body":"saw when they came in"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2664.51,"endTime":2668.26,"body":"was a kind of double dimension of Mercury,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2668.26,"endTime":2672.04,"body":"the statue in front and his"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2668.26,"endTime":2672.04,"body":"reflection on the water,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2672.04,"endTime":2673.753,"body":"spreading out towards you."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2675.13,"endTime":2679.18,"body":"We don't know what the music"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2675.13,"endTime":2679.18,"body":"was like at the festivals,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2679.18,"endTime":2681.46,"body":"whether people danced there,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2681.46,"endTime":2685.3,"body":"whether intoxicants were handed out,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2685.3,"endTime":2687.67,"body":"what the temperature was"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2685.3,"endTime":2687.67,"body":"like in these places,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2687.67,"endTime":2689.41,"body":"were they ice cold,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2689.41,"endTime":2694.0,"body":"did they have braziers there"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2689.41,"endTime":2694.0,"body":"to keep people cozy in winter?"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2694.0,"endTime":2695.26,"body":"We don't know."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2695.26,"endTime":2697.24,"body":"We don't know what the ceremonies were"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2697.24,"endTime":2698.71,"body":"that were carried on there,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2698.71,"endTime":2702.67,"body":"we don't know if they had"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2698.71,"endTime":2702.67,"body":"theaters with sacred plays,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2702.67,"endTime":2706.81,"body":"we don't know if they had"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2702.67,"endTime":2706.81,"body":"stalls to sell votive offerings."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2706.81,"endTime":2709.18,"body":"Go to Hindu India these days"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2709.18,"endTime":2711.37,"body":"and an active temple"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2711.37,"endTime":2713.77,"body":"is going to have lots"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2711.37,"endTime":2713.77,"body":"of stalls on the sides"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2713.77,"endTime":2716.68,"body":"supplying the impedimenta of worship,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2716.68,"endTime":2719.32,"body":"probably, Roman Britain had those,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2719.32,"endTime":2723.19,"body":"but they've left no certain"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2719.32,"endTime":2723.19,"body":"trace in the record."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2723.19,"endTime":2725.86,"body":"Was there a reception"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2723.19,"endTime":2725.86,"body":"to greet you on arrival"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2725.86,"endTime":2727.69,"body":"when you went into a temple,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2727.69,"endTime":2729.7,"body":"especially a pilgrimage one?"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2729.7,"endTime":2730.543,"body":"Don't know."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2731.68,"endTime":2734.62,"body":"So all this is an awful"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2731.68,"endTime":2734.62,"body":"lot of don't knows,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2734.62,"endTime":2737.5,"body":"but I'm not going to"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2734.62,"endTime":2737.5,"body":"end on a negative note,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2737.5,"endTime":2739.9,"body":"I'm going to suggest how close we can get"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2739.9,"endTime":2741.88,"body":"to real pagan Romans."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2741.88,"endTime":2744.04,"body":"And I've chosen two of them,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2744.04,"endTime":2747.643,"body":"one a woman and the other a man."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2750.49,"endTime":2755.49,"body":"The woman is from Uley, and"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2750.49,"endTime":2755.49,"body":"she was called Saturnina."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2756.7,"endTime":2760.333,"body":"She has one name and so she's a commoner,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2761.17,"endTime":2763.0,"body":"but she's literate,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2763.0,"endTime":2765.64,"body":"and yet although she could write,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2765.64,"endTime":2767.17,"body":"she wasn't very wealthy."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2767.17,"endTime":2768.01,"body":"Why?"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2768.01,"endTime":2770.8,"body":"Because one of her most"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2768.01,"endTime":2770.8,"body":"precious possessions"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2770.8,"endTime":2773.08,"body":"had been a linen cloth,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2773.08,"endTime":2775.15,"body":"and somebody had nicked it,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2775.15,"endTime":2777.343,"body":"almost certainly from her washing line."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2778.81,"endTime":2780.34,"body":"She was livid,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2780.34,"endTime":2782.08,"body":"and she panted her way over"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2782.08,"endTime":2785.11,"body":"to the Temple of Mercury at Uley,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2785.11,"endTime":2786.88,"body":"went into the temple,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2786.88,"endTime":2789.49,"body":"and was confronted by a young man,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2789.49,"endTime":2794.17,"body":"stark naked, nine foot"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2789.49,"endTime":2794.17,"body":"tall, made of limestone,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2794.17,"endTime":2796.0,"body":"with a hat with wings on his head,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2796.0,"endTime":2798.22,"body":"wings on sandals on his feet,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2798.22,"endTime":2802.33,"body":"and holding a rod with"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2798.22,"endTime":2802.33,"body":"snakes coupling round it"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2802.33,"endTime":2803.95,"body":"and wings on the end."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2803.95,"endTime":2807.04,"body":"The erudite would recognize Mercury;"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2807.04,"endTime":2809.59,"body":"Saturnina didn't."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2809.59,"endTime":2813.28,"body":"She bought, or was given"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2809.59,"endTime":2813.28,"body":"a lead curse tablet,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2813.28,"endTime":2815.41,"body":"and she began to write,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2815.41,"endTime":2816.587,"body":"and she wrote,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2816.587,"endTime":2820.81,"body":"\"I do beseech the great god Mars,\""},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2820.81,"endTime":2824.41,"body":"and then she had another"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2820.81,"endTime":2824.41,"body":"look and crossed it out,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2824.41,"endTime":2825.7,"body":"and she then wrote,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2825.7,"endTime":2830.17,"body":"no, \"I do implore the great god Silvanus,\""},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2830.17,"endTime":2833.2,"body":"and then she had another"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2830.17,"endTime":2833.2,"body":"look and thought, no,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2833.2,"endTime":2834.513,"body":"and then either she tumbled it,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2834.513,"endTime":2838.54,"body":"or else somebody gave her"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2834.513,"endTime":2838.54,"body":"a nudge, and told her,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2838.54,"endTime":2839.373,"body":"and she wrote,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2839.373,"endTime":2842.17,"body":"\"I do beseech Mercury,\" yes!"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2842.17,"endTime":2844.66,"body":"And then she wrote a blood-curdling curse,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2844.66,"endTime":2847.39,"body":"I'd not have cared to be that thief."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2847.39,"endTime":2849.91,"body":"And it was then handed to an official,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2849.91,"endTime":2852.67,"body":"who put it in a machine that rolled it up,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2852.67,"endTime":2856.39,"body":"and it was then nailed"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2852.67,"endTime":2856.39,"body":"to the wall it seems,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2856.39,"endTime":2858.07,"body":"so Mercury could fly by"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2858.07,"endTime":2860.38,"body":"and collect it from his post box,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2860.38,"endTime":2863.2,"body":"and then go after the thief,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2863.2,"endTime":2864.64,"body":"if it worked."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2864.64,"endTime":2868.12,"body":"And it remained there"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2864.64,"endTime":2868.12,"body":"until the temple crumbled"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2868.12,"endTime":2870.1,"body":"at the end of the Roman empire,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2870.1,"endTime":2874.78,"body":"and the curse written by"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2870.1,"endTime":2874.78,"body":"Saturnina fell into the earth,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2874.78,"endTime":2877.06,"body":"was covered by falling masonry,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2877.06,"endTime":2879.31,"body":"until another woman, Anne Woodward,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2879.31,"endTime":2882.07,"body":"excavated it in the late 1970s"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2882.07,"endTime":2884.32,"body":"from the red Cotswold earth,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2884.32,"endTime":2886.39,"body":"and I feel that, at that moment,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2886.39,"endTime":2891.39,"body":"the spirit of Saturnina stood"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2886.39,"endTime":2891.39,"body":"beside her, woman to woman,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2891.4,"endTime":2894.64,"body":"and the centuries were as nothing."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2894.64,"endTime":2898.6,"body":"But my very last insight is from Bath."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2898.6,"endTime":2900.73,"body":"It's one of the smallest tombstones"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2900.73,"endTime":2903.34,"body":"in the collection taken from the cemetery,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2903.34,"endTime":2905.177,"body":"and the inscription reads,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2905.177,"endTime":2907.427,"body":"\"To the protection of the divine,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2907.427,"endTime":2911.717,"body":"\"Mercatilla, freedwoman and"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2907.427,"endTime":2911.717,"body":"foster-daughter of Magnius,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2911.717,"endTime":2916.36,"body":"\"lived 1 year, 6 months, and 12 days.\""},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2916.36,"endTime":2918.91,"body":"What can we tell from those few words?"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2918.91,"endTime":2919.9,"body":"Well, first of all,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2919.9,"endTime":2924.07,"body":"Magnius is a commoner,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2919.9,"endTime":2924.07,"body":"probably a a native,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2924.07,"endTime":2925.18,"body":"he's got one name,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2925.18,"endTime":2927.31,"body":"which means he ain't posh,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2927.31,"endTime":2930.16,"body":"but he's got money,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2930.16,"endTime":2932.02,"body":"he's able to afford"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2932.02,"endTime":2934.63,"body":"to put up an inscription on a tombstone"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2934.63,"endTime":2936.1,"body":"in a sacred place,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2936.1,"endTime":2937.51,"body":"and that needs cash,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2937.51,"endTime":2939.94,"body":"and he owns slaves,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2939.94,"endTime":2942.4,"body":"but he's got a soft heart."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2942.4,"endTime":2944.41,"body":"Magnius may even be a nickname,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2944.41,"endTime":2947.2,"body":"it may not be his real name."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2947.2,"endTime":2950.74,"body":"So we have here a nouveau riche Briton"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2950.74,"endTime":2955.74,"body":"or an enterprising Roman"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2950.74,"endTime":2955.74,"body":"from the working class"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2955.99,"endTime":2958.39,"body":"who's made his stash"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2958.39,"endTime":2962.5,"body":"and fallen in love with one of his slaves,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2962.5,"endTime":2967.45,"body":"and they then have a daughter"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2962.5,"endTime":2967.45,"body":"together called Mercatilla,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2967.45,"endTime":2970.39,"body":"and he gives freedom"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2967.45,"endTime":2970.39,"body":"to the woman he loves,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2970.39,"endTime":2971.68,"body":"who'd been his slave,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2971.68,"endTime":2973.66,"body":"and their baby, together,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2973.66,"endTime":2976.03,"body":"and adopts the baby, once freed,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2976.03,"endTime":2977.56,"body":"as his own daughter,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2977.56,"endTime":2980.98,"body":"but then she dies, as a toddler,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2980.98,"endTime":2985.48,"body":"like so many infants in"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2980.98,"endTime":2985.48,"body":"traditional societies"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2985.48,"endTime":2987.58,"body":"until recent times."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2987.58,"endTime":2989.11,"body":"And he loved her so much"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2989.11,"endTime":2991.66,"body":"he actually dedicated a tombstone to her,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2991.66,"endTime":2993.973,"body":"which toddlers hardly ever get."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2995.38,"endTime":2998.683,"body":"When I first saw that and"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2995.38,"endTime":2998.683,"body":"realized the story behind it,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":2999.76,"endTime":3000.81,"body":"I was hit hard"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3000.81,"endTime":3002.16,"body":"because on that very day,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3002.16,"endTime":3006.873,"body":"my own daughter was 1 year,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3002.16,"endTime":3006.873,"body":"6 months and 12 days old,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3008.16,"endTime":3011.64,"body":"and at that moment,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3008.16,"endTime":3011.64,"body":"Magnius stood beside me."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3011.64,"endTime":3014.52,"body":"I saw this probably"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3011.64,"endTime":3014.52,"body":"quite powerful-built man,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3014.52,"endTime":3017.13,"body":"if his name is a nickname,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3017.13,"endTime":3018.81,"body":"in the white toga"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3018.81,"endTime":3023.55,"body":"of somebody who's recently"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3018.81,"endTime":3023.55,"body":"acquired Roman citizen status,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3023.55,"endTime":3024.99,"body":"heading for the temple,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3024.99,"endTime":3026.79,"body":"with tears in his eyes,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3026.79,"endTime":3029.4,"body":"and a little sick girl in his arms."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3029.4,"endTime":3033.57,"body":"You can learn so much from"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3029.4,"endTime":3033.57,"body":"a few words on a tombstone."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3033.57,"endTime":3037.29,"body":"So after all the puzzle,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3033.57,"endTime":3037.29,"body":"after all the speculation,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3037.29,"endTime":3042.06,"body":"after all the negativity I've"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3037.29,"endTime":3042.06,"body":"stressed in what we can learn,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3042.06,"endTime":3046.62,"body":"we can still stand side"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3042.06,"endTime":3046.62,"body":"by side and face by face"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3046.62,"endTime":3048.75,"body":"with the people of Roman Britain."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3048.75,"endTime":3051.273,"body":"Thank you for your patience"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3048.75,"endTime":3051.273,"body":"this freezing evening."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3052.281,"endTime":3055.281,"body":"(audience applauds)"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3068.527,"endTime":3069.45,"body":"- Thank you, Professor Hutton,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3069.45,"endTime":3071.22,"body":"for such a fascinating nature."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3071.22,"endTime":3073.53,"body":"We have plenty of time"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3071.22,"endTime":3073.53,"body":"for questions actually,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3073.53,"endTime":3076.8,"body":"so I will start off with"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3073.53,"endTime":3076.8,"body":"one from our online audience"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3076.8,"endTime":3080.49,"body":"before I open it up to"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3076.8,"endTime":3080.49,"body":"our in-person audience."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3080.49,"endTime":3083.55,"body":"The first one is from"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3080.49,"endTime":3083.55,"body":"someone called Vicky,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3083.55,"endTime":3087.72,"body":"she says she's seen some of"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3083.55,"endTime":3087.72,"body":"the stone shrines to Coventina"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3087.72,"endTime":3089.16,"body":"earlier this year,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3089.16,"endTime":3091.08,"body":"is there any other contemporary evidence,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3091.08,"endTime":3093.36,"body":"for example written references,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3093.36,"endTime":3096.69,"body":"and has any research been"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3093.36,"endTime":3096.69,"body":"carried out in respect of her?"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3096.69,"endTime":3101.46,"body":"- There are no texts, no"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3096.69,"endTime":3101.46,"body":"written references to Coventina,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3101.46,"endTime":3106.08,"body":"but there are other dedications to her"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3106.08,"endTime":3108.36,"body":"from the continental mainland"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3108.36,"endTime":3110.31,"body":"from two different places,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3110.31,"endTime":3113.76,"body":"and so we aren't sure if"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3110.31,"endTime":3113.76,"body":"Coventina was a British goddess"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3113.76,"endTime":3116.13,"body":"who then got taken back to the Continent"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3116.13,"endTime":3117.84,"body":"by returning soldiers"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3117.84,"endTime":3119.61,"body":"or if she was a continental goddess"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3119.61,"endTime":3121.59,"body":"whom soldiers posted to Britain"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3121.59,"endTime":3123.42,"body":"brought to Hadrian's Wall."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3123.42,"endTime":3126.42,"body":"But she is the center of a big cult"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3126.42,"endTime":3128.64,"body":"which goes on there for hundreds of years,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3128.64,"endTime":3131.19,"body":"with beautiful altars and reliefs,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3131.19,"endTime":3133.27,"body":"and she has nymphs attached,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3133.27,"endTime":3136.95,"body":"she's a party girl, she likes company,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3136.95,"endTime":3141.333,"body":"and was the center of intense"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3136.95,"endTime":3141.333,"body":"affection and respect."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3142.35,"endTime":3143.49,"body":"- [Moderator] Is there any evidence"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3143.49,"endTime":3147.69,"body":"of what initiation"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3143.49,"endTime":3147.69,"body":"involved for secret cults,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3147.69,"endTime":3149.762,"body":"such as that of Mithras?"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3149.762,"endTime":3151.11,"body":"- There's a certain amount."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3151.11,"endTime":3155.31,"body":"We know more about the"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3151.11,"endTime":3155.31,"body":"Mithraic cult than the others"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3155.31,"endTime":3157.32,"body":"because it's more elaborate,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3157.32,"endTime":3160.47,"body":"and ironically, because it's so secretive,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3160.47,"endTime":3163.56,"body":"you don't get into a"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3160.47,"endTime":3163.56,"body":"Mithraeum, a Mithras temple,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3163.56,"endTime":3165.33,"body":"unless you're an initiate,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3165.33,"endTime":3166.5,"body":"they actually put more"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3166.5,"endTime":3168.75,"body":"in the way of inscriptions,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3166.5,"endTime":3168.75,"body":"and reliefs, and things"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3168.75,"endTime":3169.86,"body":"on the walls."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3169.86,"endTime":3172.29,"body":"And there are a number of grades,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3172.29,"endTime":3174.03,"body":"starting with being a raven,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3174.03,"endTime":3177.06,"body":"and then going on to be"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3174.03,"endTime":3177.06,"body":"a maiden or a bridegroom,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3177.06,"endTime":3180.063,"body":"and then going up to"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3177.06,"endTime":3180.063,"body":"the top to be a father."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3181.59,"endTime":3183.693,"body":"Most only get halfway up,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3184.62,"endTime":3187.44,"body":"they get to about the lion grade,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3187.44,"endTime":3188.973,"body":"and then they quit."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3190.2,"endTime":3192.75,"body":"We don't know if there"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3190.2,"endTime":3192.75,"body":"were initiation rites"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3192.75,"endTime":3194.19,"body":"for every grade,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3194.19,"endTime":3199.19,"body":"but certainly, the initiation"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3194.19,"endTime":3199.19,"body":"rite of entry to be a a raven"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3201.6,"endTime":3203.34,"body":"was quite scary."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3203.34,"endTime":3205.83,"body":"The cult begins by being all male,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3205.83,"endTime":3208.38,"body":"and remains so for hundreds of years,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3208.38,"endTime":3210.69,"body":"women come in in the 4th century"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3210.69,"endTime":3213.6,"body":"as it's starting to"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3210.69,"endTime":3213.6,"body":"become a bit more public,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3213.6,"endTime":3217.17,"body":"and you're stripped naked,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3213.6,"endTime":3217.17,"body":"you are blindfolded,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3217.17,"endTime":3219.93,"body":"your arms are tied behind your back,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3219.93,"endTime":3223.71,"body":"you feel yourself threatened"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3219.93,"endTime":3223.71,"body":"and pricked with weapons,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3223.71,"endTime":3225.78,"body":"and then at the end,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3225.78,"endTime":3228.57,"body":"the blindfold is removed,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3228.57,"endTime":3231.9,"body":"and you find yourself faced"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3228.57,"endTime":3231.9,"body":"with the illuminated relief"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3231.9,"endTime":3233.94,"body":"of Mithras killing the bull,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3233.94,"endTime":3237.45,"body":"the main relief in each of the Mithraea."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3237.45,"endTime":3239.64,"body":"Now, probably more happened as well,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3239.64,"endTime":3241.08,"body":"we're reconstructing this"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3241.08,"endTime":3244.71,"body":"from paintings, reliefs in Mithraea,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3244.71,"endTime":3246.6,"body":"but we can say that much."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3246.6,"endTime":3249.21,"body":"And actually, the basic thing"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3249.21,"endTime":3252.72,"body":"of wholly or partly"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3249.21,"endTime":3252.72,"body":"undressing a candidate,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3252.72,"endTime":3254.97,"body":"blindfolding and binding them,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3254.97,"endTime":3258.72,"body":"and threatening them with a weapon"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3258.72,"endTime":3261.33,"body":"is resurrected by Freemasonry,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3261.33,"endTime":3262.47,"body":"and is actually found"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3262.47,"endTime":3266.34,"body":"in quite a few modern"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3262.47,"endTime":3266.34,"body":"initiatory secret traditions,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3266.34,"endTime":3269.19,"body":"so there is a recurrent theme here."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3269.19,"endTime":3272.28,"body":"- [Questioner] Thank you"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3269.19,"endTime":3272.28,"body":"very much, great lecture."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3272.28,"endTime":3273.51,"body":"You say in your very last slide there"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3273.51,"endTime":3276.9,"body":"that we've, in a sense, lost any ability"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3276.9,"endTime":3281.37,"body":"to recreate the kind of"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3276.9,"endTime":3281.37,"body":"sensory experience of life"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3281.37,"endTime":3282.99,"body":"in this past society,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3282.99,"endTime":3284.61,"body":"religious or otherwise,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3284.61,"endTime":3285.99,"body":"and yet then at the end,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3285.99,"endTime":3288.09,"body":"you go off in a slight flight of fancy"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3288.09,"endTime":3291.517,"body":"about Magnius and his"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3288.09,"endTime":3291.517,"body":"toddler, and so forth,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3291.517,"endTime":3292.38,"body":"and I was just wondering,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3292.38,"endTime":3295.95,"body":"do you think that there is"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3292.38,"endTime":3295.95,"body":"any kind of really robust way"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3295.95,"endTime":3299.22,"body":"in which we can recreate"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3295.95,"endTime":3299.22,"body":"those sensory experiences,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3299.22,"endTime":3300.87,"body":"or are we always doomed"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3300.87,"endTime":3304.68,"body":"to just slightly fictionalize things?"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3304.68,"endTime":3306.33,"body":"- I think we're doomed always"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3306.33,"endTime":3309.15,"body":"to slightly fictionalize things,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3309.15,"endTime":3314.07,"body":"but with the sensual"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3309.15,"endTime":3314.07,"body":"experience, sensory experience,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3314.07,"endTime":3316.32,"body":"the visual experience"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3316.32,"endTime":3318.54,"body":"of Romano-British temples,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3318.54,"endTime":3321.45,"body":"we have wholesale to fictionalize things"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3321.45,"endTime":3324.42,"body":"because all we have are the foundations,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3324.42,"endTime":3328.89,"body":"but we actually can know"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3324.42,"endTime":3328.89,"body":"a lot more about people"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3328.89,"endTime":3331.32,"body":"because they tell us"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3328.89,"endTime":3331.32,"body":"more about themselves,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3331.32,"endTime":3333.99,"body":"like Julius Secundus and his boar,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3333.99,"endTime":3337.47,"body":"Saturnina and her linen cloth,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3337.47,"endTime":3340.557,"body":"and of course Magnius and Mercatilla,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3340.557,"endTime":3342.33,"body":"and that's quite a lot,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3342.33,"endTime":3344.28,"body":"that really is a shock"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3344.28,"endTime":3346.59,"body":"of the dissolution of the chasm"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3346.59,"endTime":3350.04,"body":"that separates us from the past at times."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3350.04,"endTime":3352.5,"body":"And just for the record,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3352.5,"endTime":3356.97,"body":"there are moments when you"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3352.5,"endTime":3356.97,"body":"have astonishing bits of jigsaw"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3356.97,"endTime":3358.23,"body":"knotting together."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3358.23,"endTime":3361.86,"body":"At Lydney, somebody placed a curse tablet"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3361.86,"endTime":3363.78,"body":"because they had lost a ring,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3363.78,"endTime":3367.02,"body":"and they described the ring exactly,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3367.02,"endTime":3370.2,"body":"and then they cursed the"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3367.02,"endTime":3370.2,"body":"person who had taken it."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3370.2,"endTime":3372.75,"body":"And that very ring was found in a field"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3372.75,"endTime":3377.433,"body":"next to a Roman city 100 miles"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3372.75,"endTime":3377.433,"body":"to the east, at Silchester."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3378.9,"endTime":3381.75,"body":"It's so well described, it's unmistakable."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3381.75,"endTime":3385.05,"body":"And the gentleman who"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3381.75,"endTime":3385.05,"body":"produced the report on it"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3385.05,"endTime":3389.043,"body":"was an Oxford philologist"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3385.05,"endTime":3389.043,"body":"called J.R.R. Tolkien,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3390.3,"endTime":3391.56,"body":"who was reinforced"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3391.56,"endTime":3394.383,"body":"in his sense of the"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3391.56,"endTime":3394.383,"body":"importance of accursed rings."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3395.676,"endTime":3397.44,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3397.44,"endTime":3401.22,"body":"- [Questioner] Hi, thank you"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3397.44,"endTime":3401.22,"body":"so much for speaking today."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3401.22,"endTime":3402.96,"body":"I was just wondering,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3402.96,"endTime":3407.96,"body":"are there any traditions, or"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3402.96,"endTime":3407.96,"body":"gods, or themes, or events"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3408.6,"endTime":3410.97,"body":"that have lasted through the centuries,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3410.97,"endTime":3413.19,"body":"that we're very clear that this is a thing"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3413.19,"endTime":3415.47,"body":"because it still carries on today?"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3415.47,"endTime":3419.737,"body":"- I think one of the great"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3415.47,"endTime":3419.737,"body":"continuities with the past are,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3420.922,"endTime":3422.37,"body":"I think there are two,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3422.37,"endTime":3424.68,"body":"A is that certain things just work."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3424.68,"endTime":3426.54,"body":"When you have a religious festival,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3426.54,"endTime":3431.54,"body":"to have flowers, music, great"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3426.54,"endTime":3431.54,"body":"visual effects, a liturgy,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3433.14,"endTime":3435.75,"body":"is how religious ritual works."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3435.75,"endTime":3436.68,"body":"And in the same way,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3436.68,"endTime":3438.06,"body":"if you're going to put somebody through"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3438.06,"endTime":3440.04,"body":"an initiatory experience,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3440.04,"endTime":3444.51,"body":"to deprive them in some way"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3440.04,"endTime":3444.51,"body":"of motion, agency, vision,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3444.51,"endTime":3446.22,"body":"some of their senses,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3446.22,"endTime":3447.66,"body":"and scare them,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3447.66,"endTime":3449.76,"body":"and then release them into bliss"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3449.76,"endTime":3452.37,"body":"is a great way of bringing"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3449.76,"endTime":3452.37,"body":"people into a group"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3452.37,"endTime":3455.22,"body":"and into a mystery-religious experience."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3455.22,"endTime":3457.53,"body":"But the other thing is"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3455.22,"endTime":3457.53,"body":"the cycle of the year"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3457.53,"endTime":3459.78,"body":"that at midwinter,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3459.78,"endTime":3463.86,"body":"we need rituals that"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3459.78,"endTime":3463.86,"body":"involve warmth, and light,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3463.86,"endTime":3466.44,"body":"and greenery, and feasting,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3466.44,"endTime":3468.45,"body":"and in midsummer,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3468.45,"endTime":3472.23,"body":"we need rituals that"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3468.45,"endTime":3472.23,"body":"involve sunlight, and fire,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3472.23,"endTime":3475.8,"body":"and greenery, flowers, or mass,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3475.8,"endTime":3477.23,"body":"there are certain themes"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3477.23,"endTime":3480.42,"body":"in the cycle of the way"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3477.23,"endTime":3480.42,"body":"that the year turns,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3480.42,"endTime":3482.76,"body":"which means that, at basis,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3482.76,"endTime":3484.56,"body":"religious rituals of any religion"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3484.56,"endTime":3486.31,"body":"are going to have things in common."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3488.73,"endTime":3491.977,"body":"- I've just got one here from"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3488.73,"endTime":3491.977,"body":"somebody watching online:"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3491.977,"endTime":3494.077,"body":"\"Were these pagan gods superseded"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3494.077,"endTime":3497.28,"body":"\"after the Romans left"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3494.077,"endTime":3497.28,"body":"and others invaded?\""},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3497.28,"endTime":3499.74,"body":"- It's doesn't appear as though"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3499.74,"endTime":3503.04,"body":"the worship of Romano-British deities"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3503.04,"endTime":3505.92,"body":"survived the departure"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3503.04,"endTime":3505.92,"body":"of Rome for very long,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3505.92,"endTime":3509.73,"body":"because in the darkness that falls,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3509.73,"endTime":3511.47,"body":"I'm not speaking in moral terms,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3511.47,"endTime":3513.12,"body":"but in terms of knowledge,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3513.12,"endTime":3514.35,"body":"after the Romans pull out,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3514.35,"endTime":3516.45,"body":"we have almost no writing,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3516.45,"endTime":3518.49,"body":"we don't really know what's going on,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3518.49,"endTime":3520.35,"body":"Christianity takes over,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3520.35,"endTime":3522.93,"body":"and we're not really sure when or how,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3522.93,"endTime":3526.173,"body":"but that's when Romano-British"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3522.93,"endTime":3526.173,"body":"paganism disappears."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3527.94,"endTime":3529.413,"body":"- [Questioner] Thank you."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3529.413,"endTime":3533.88,"body":"Have you seen the television"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3529.413,"endTime":3533.88,"body":"series called \"Britannia\"?"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3533.88,"endTime":3536.13,"body":"If so, did you like it,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3536.13,"endTime":3538.8,"body":"and what do you think of the"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3536.13,"endTime":3538.8,"body":"rituals that are in there,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3538.8,"endTime":3540.573,"body":"particularly the Druid ones?"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3541.59,"endTime":3542.739,"body":"- Okay..."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3542.739,"endTime":3545.19,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3545.19,"endTime":3546.63,"body":"I'm not going to give you the answer"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3546.63,"endTime":3549.06,"body":"I think many you are expecting."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3549.06,"endTime":3551.25,"body":"I was the historical consultant"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3551.25,"endTime":3554.7,"body":"for Jez Butterworth's series \"Britannia,\""},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3554.7,"endTime":3558.33,"body":"and of course I was asked to"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3554.7,"endTime":3558.33,"body":"be a historical consultant"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3558.33,"endTime":3559.713,"body":"about prehistory,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3560.79,"endTime":3562.92,"body":"native British religion at the time,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3562.92,"endTime":3564.99,"body":"so it was kind of a non-starter,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3564.99,"endTime":3569.58,"body":"all I could do was to prevent"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3564.99,"endTime":3569.58,"body":"things being wildly inaccurate"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3569.58,"endTime":3572.01,"body":"and to try and keep them coherent"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3572.01,"endTime":3574.89,"body":"But I am rather proud of one thing,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3574.89,"endTime":3576.84,"body":"and that is that, at one point,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3576.84,"endTime":3580.26,"body":"I was asked what Druids"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3576.84,"endTime":3580.26,"body":"in Iron Age Britain,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3580.26,"endTime":3582.09,"body":"before the Romans arrive,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3582.09,"endTime":3585.54,"body":"would have done for a naming"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3582.09,"endTime":3585.54,"body":"ceremony for a young girl,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3585.54,"endTime":3587.97,"body":"which was kind of pivotal to the plot,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3587.97,"endTime":3591.75,"body":"and of course we haven't"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3587.97,"endTime":3591.75,"body":"got the foggiest idea,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3591.75,"endTime":3594.333,"body":"and so I simply made one up,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3595.62,"endTime":3598.26,"body":"saying that this is as likely as any"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3598.26,"endTime":3600.6,"body":"to have been the kind of thing they did,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3600.6,"endTime":3601.83,"body":"and delivered it to them,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3601.83,"endTime":3605.61,"body":"and then waited for it"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3601.83,"endTime":3605.61,"body":"to disappear, as it were,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3605.61,"endTime":3608.28,"body":"and the idea to be taken"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3608.28,"endTime":3610.92,"body":"and then given immortality"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3608.28,"endTime":3610.92,"body":"by somebody else."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3610.92,"endTime":3614.4,"body":"But they actually used"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3610.92,"endTime":3614.4,"body":"my ideas and put them in,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3614.4,"endTime":3617.58,"body":"and so I was knocked off my feet,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3617.58,"endTime":3618.78,"body":"and watching it,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3618.78,"endTime":3621.15,"body":"suddenly to find this thing coming in"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3621.15,"endTime":3624.24,"body":"and realize that I'd"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3621.15,"endTime":3624.24,"body":"actually made a difference,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3624.24,"endTime":3626.79,"body":"if only in a tiny way, after all."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3626.79,"endTime":3629.22,"body":"Other things I couldn't salvage,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3629.22,"endTime":3633.6,"body":"having Viking runes tattooed"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3629.22,"endTime":3633.6,"body":"on the face of the chief Druid"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3633.6,"endTime":3636.96,"body":"instead of La Tene patterns,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3636.96,"endTime":3638.28,"body":"was a shock,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3638.28,"endTime":3640.5,"body":"but that was because they'd"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3638.28,"endTime":3640.5,"body":"already shot those scenes"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3640.5,"endTime":3642.24,"body":"before they asked me,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3642.24,"endTime":3646.71,"body":"and decided that it would"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3642.24,"endTime":3646.71,"body":"stretch the resources"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3646.71,"endTime":3650.28,"body":"of the very charismatic"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3646.71,"endTime":3650.28,"body":"actor playing the chief Druid"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3650.28,"endTime":3651.903,"body":"to ask him to re-shoot."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3652.74,"endTime":3655.053,"body":"So I won some and I lost some,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3656.22,"endTime":3658.006,"body":"that's show business."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3658.006,"endTime":3660.226,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3660.226,"endTime":3661.38,"body":"- And on that note,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3661.38,"endTime":3663.36,"body":"that's all we have for time for."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3663.36,"endTime":3664.41,"body":"We hope you can all join us"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3664.41,"endTime":3666.87,"body":"for Professor Hutton's next lecture,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3666.87,"endTime":3669.06,"body":"on Anglo-Saxon pagan gods,"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3669.06,"endTime":3672.57,"body":"on Wednesday, the 1st"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3669.06,"endTime":3672.57,"body":"of February, I believe?"},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3672.57,"endTime":3673.403,"body":"Yes."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3673.403,"endTime":3675.198,"body":"Please join me, thank you."},{"speaker":"it's a whole different picture","startTime":3675.198,"endTime":3676.156,"body":"(audience applauds)"}]}