{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.051,"endTime":2.718,"body":"(air whooshing)"},{"startTime":4.29,"endTime":8.073,"body":"- Today, of course, we are"},{"startTime":4.29,"endTime":8.073,"body":"talking about breast cancer,"},{"startTime":8.91,"endTime":10.08,"body":"the cultural history of."},{"startTime":10.08,"endTime":11.403,"body":"I'm not a doctor here."},{"startTime":12.48,"endTime":14.28,"body":"And where do we want to start?"},{"startTime":14.28,"endTime":19.28,"body":"I want to take you back to 1971."},{"startTime":19.83,"endTime":22.35,"body":"September 1971."},{"startTime":22.35,"endTime":26.64,"body":"Ebony Magazine published"},{"startTime":22.35,"endTime":26.64,"body":"this remarkable article"},{"startTime":26.64,"endTime":29.76,"body":"that broke so many taboos."},{"startTime":29.76,"endTime":33.9,"body":"A survivor of breast cancer wrote candidly"},{"startTime":33.9,"endTime":36.09,"body":"about her diagnosis,"},{"startTime":36.09,"endTime":39.72,"body":"including undergoing a radical mastectomy"},{"startTime":39.72,"endTime":43.71,"body":"and her journey of recovery afterwards."},{"startTime":43.71,"endTime":45.9,"body":"Now, as the leading magazine"},{"startTime":45.9,"endTime":47.97,"body":"for the African American community,"},{"startTime":47.97,"endTime":52.65,"body":"it was an extraordinary"},{"startTime":47.97,"endTime":52.65,"body":"article due to the way"},{"startTime":52.65,"endTime":55.46,"body":"that it addressed black"},{"startTime":52.65,"endTime":55.46,"body":"women's experiences"},{"startTime":55.46,"endTime":60.46,"body":"of breast cancer at a"},{"startTime":55.46,"endTime":60.46,"body":"time when cancer charities"},{"startTime":60.69,"endTime":63.63,"body":"and professional medical organizations"},{"startTime":63.63,"endTime":67.26,"body":"were almost exclusively white."},{"startTime":67.26,"endTime":69.84,"body":"Now, the title of the article"},{"startTime":69.84,"endTime":74.84,"body":"is \"I Was a Cancer Coward.\""},{"startTime":75.21,"endTime":80.1,"body":"And it was authored by"},{"startTime":75.21,"endTime":80.1,"body":"66-year-old Era Bell Thompson."},{"startTime":80.1,"endTime":84.27,"body":"She was actually an"},{"startTime":80.1,"endTime":84.27,"body":"editor at the magazine."},{"startTime":84.27,"endTime":88.29,"body":"And she was scathing about physicians"},{"startTime":88.29,"endTime":90.81,"body":"who were reluctant to tell their patients"},{"startTime":90.81,"endTime":93.18,"body":"that they had breast cancer."},{"startTime":93.18,"endTime":97.02,"body":"She noted that some doctors even admitted"},{"startTime":97.02,"endTime":102.02,"body":"to telling patients deliberate"},{"startTime":97.02,"endTime":102.02,"body":"medical mumbo jumbo."},{"startTime":102.99,"endTime":107.28,"body":"Others broke the news, not"},{"startTime":102.99,"endTime":107.28,"body":"to their female patients,"},{"startTime":107.28,"endTime":110.19,"body":"but to their husbands."},{"startTime":110.19,"endTime":113.37,"body":"One husband who was told"},{"startTime":110.19,"endTime":113.37,"body":"the diagnosis responded"},{"startTime":113.37,"endTime":115.5,"body":"by shouting at the doctor."},{"startTime":115.5,"endTime":119.16,"body":"You are not going to cut up my wife."},{"startTime":119.16,"endTime":121.68,"body":"The preferences of women themselves"},{"startTime":121.68,"endTime":124.65,"body":"were too often simply ignored."},{"startTime":124.65,"endTime":126.27,"body":"Now, clearly, in her article,"},{"startTime":126.27,"endTime":129.3,"body":"physicians were cancer cowards,"},{"startTime":129.3,"endTime":133.02,"body":"but actually, when she was"},{"startTime":129.3,"endTime":133.02,"body":"talking about cancer cowards,"},{"startTime":133.02,"endTime":136.65,"body":"she was not talking"},{"startTime":133.02,"endTime":136.65,"body":"about them exclusively."},{"startTime":136.65,"endTime":140.85,"body":"The cancer coward in her"},{"startTime":136.65,"endTime":140.85,"body":"title was, of course,"},{"startTime":140.85,"endTime":144.69,"body":"Era Thompson herself."},{"startTime":144.69,"endTime":148.41,"body":"She admitted that her overwhelming emotion"},{"startTime":148.41,"endTime":152.783,"body":"when she was diagnosed with"},{"startTime":148.41,"endTime":152.783,"body":"breast cancer was shame."},{"startTime":154.47,"endTime":157.863,"body":"She felt, her words, unclean,"},{"startTime":158.7,"endTime":162.12,"body":"guilty of some unknown sin."},{"startTime":162.12,"endTime":164.04,"body":"She furtively booked herself"},{"startTime":164.04,"endTime":167.31,"body":"into the surgical world of a hospital,"},{"startTime":167.31,"endTime":171.24,"body":"taking pains to ensure that"},{"startTime":167.31,"endTime":171.24,"body":"I would not be recognized"},{"startTime":171.24,"endTime":175.263,"body":"and hanging a no visitors"},{"startTime":171.24,"endTime":175.263,"body":"sign on the door."},{"startTime":176.25,"endTime":181.25,"body":"Thompson's article was"},{"startTime":176.25,"endTime":181.25,"body":"unique for the time,"},{"startTime":181.26,"endTime":184.59,"body":"not only because of her"},{"startTime":181.26,"endTime":184.59,"body":"willingness to speak openly"},{"startTime":184.59,"endTime":187.86,"body":"about her emotional"},{"startTime":184.59,"endTime":187.86,"body":"responses to breast cancer"},{"startTime":187.86,"endTime":190.74,"body":"and radical mastectomy, she was also,"},{"startTime":190.74,"endTime":193.44,"body":"but also because she was really sensitive"},{"startTime":193.44,"endTime":198.3,"body":"to questions of gender"},{"startTime":193.44,"endTime":198.3,"body":"and heterosexuality."},{"startTime":198.3,"endTime":203.1,"body":"Unusually, she also wrote"},{"startTime":198.3,"endTime":203.1,"body":"about African American men"},{"startTime":203.1,"endTime":204.52,"body":"who had breast cancer"},{"startTime":205.89,"endTime":208.5,"body":"in defiance of the stigma attached"},{"startTime":208.5,"endTime":211.98,"body":"to male breast cancer"},{"startTime":208.5,"endTime":211.98,"body":"survivors due to the fact"},{"startTime":211.98,"endTime":215.1,"body":"that the illness is somehow"},{"startTime":211.98,"endTime":215.1,"body":"seen as effeminizing."},{"startTime":215.1,"endTime":218.643,"body":"She even published their"},{"startTime":215.1,"endTime":218.643,"body":"names and a big photograph."},{"startTime":220.08,"endTime":224.13,"body":"Sexuality also haunts her article."},{"startTime":224.13,"endTime":226.56,"body":"Thompson's account of"},{"startTime":224.13,"endTime":226.56,"body":"surviving breast cancer"},{"startTime":226.56,"endTime":231.56,"body":"is preoccupied with"},{"startTime":226.56,"endTime":231.56,"body":"heteronormative concerns about sex."},{"startTime":232.95,"endTime":235.92,"body":"She spoke to numerous other black women"},{"startTime":235.92,"endTime":238.26,"body":"who had been diagnosed with breast cancer,"},{"startTime":238.26,"endTime":239.7,"body":"and as a result,"},{"startTime":239.7,"endTime":243.9,"body":"claimed that one of their"},{"startTime":239.7,"endTime":243.9,"body":"central anxieties was"},{"startTime":243.9,"endTime":246.52,"body":"whether a mastectomy would make them"},{"startTime":247.77,"endTime":251.52,"body":"less sexually attractive to men."},{"startTime":251.52,"endTime":254.46,"body":"This anxiety was followed by,"},{"startTime":254.46,"endTime":256.89,"body":"and what will she tell her children?"},{"startTime":256.89,"endTime":259.29,"body":"In a, I think, really revealing passage,"},{"startTime":259.29,"endTime":260.82,"body":"Thompson described how a woman"},{"startTime":260.82,"endTime":265.82,"body":"who had a breast removed would"},{"startTime":260.82,"endTime":265.82,"body":"religiously wear a padded bra"},{"startTime":266.7,"endTime":267.933,"body":"around the house."},{"startTime":269.1,"endTime":269.933,"body":"Sorry."},{"startTime":273.06,"endTime":276.697,"body":"Thompson then went on to"},{"startTime":273.06,"endTime":276.697,"body":"describe how a, quote,"},{"startTime":276.697,"endTime":281.25,"body":"\"small son of one mastectomy,\""},{"startTime":281.25,"endTime":283.41,"body":"a term that's often used at the time"},{"startTime":283.41,"endTime":287.07,"body":"alongside other harsh terms like amputee,"},{"startTime":287.07,"endTime":289.65,"body":"had looked over the shoulder of his dad"},{"startTime":289.65,"endTime":291.45,"body":"who was reading Playboy,"},{"startTime":291.45,"endTime":296.437,"body":"and pointing to some"},{"startTime":291.45,"endTime":296.437,"body":"voluptuous bunnies, cried out,"},{"startTime":296.437,"endTime":299.64,"body":"\"Look, they have got two.\""},{"startTime":299.64,"endTime":301.77,"body":"This anecdote was intended as kind"},{"startTime":301.77,"endTime":304.83,"body":"of light relief for her readers"},{"startTime":304.83,"endTime":307.38,"body":"rather than a critique of"},{"startTime":304.83,"endTime":307.38,"body":"heteronormative standards"},{"startTime":307.38,"endTime":309.42,"body":"of female beauty or, indeed,"},{"startTime":309.42,"endTime":312.12,"body":"of male consumption of pornography."},{"startTime":312.12,"endTime":314.52,"body":"Thompson's intellectual"},{"startTime":312.12,"endTime":314.52,"body":"vision, in other words,"},{"startTime":314.52,"endTime":319.52,"body":"did not extend to sexual"},{"startTime":314.52,"endTime":319.52,"body":"or gender minorities."},{"startTime":320.22,"endTime":325.05,"body":"However, Thompson's 1971"},{"startTime":320.22,"endTime":325.05,"body":"confessional account"},{"startTime":325.05,"endTime":330.05,"body":"of breast cancer and mastectomy"},{"startTime":325.05,"endTime":330.05,"body":"did break a major taboo"},{"startTime":330.18,"endTime":335.18,"body":"relating to that constructed"},{"startTime":330.18,"endTime":335.18,"body":"category of race."},{"startTime":335.76,"endTime":338.79,"body":"It is the earliest example that I can find"},{"startTime":338.79,"endTime":343.47,"body":"of a woman of color speaking"},{"startTime":338.79,"endTime":343.47,"body":"in a very public form"},{"startTime":343.47,"endTime":345.9,"body":"about breast cancer."},{"startTime":345.9,"endTime":349.83,"body":"Historians have uniformly"},{"startTime":345.9,"endTime":349.83,"body":"given this accolade"},{"startTime":349.83,"endTime":353.4,"body":"to the singer Minnie Riperton,"},{"startTime":353.4,"endTime":358.32,"body":"who was diagnosed with"},{"startTime":353.4,"endTime":358.32,"body":"breast cancer in 1977,"},{"startTime":358.32,"endTime":361.44,"body":"and in the two years before her death,"},{"startTime":361.44,"endTime":365.04,"body":"was the public face of the disease."},{"startTime":365.04,"endTime":369.6,"body":"And I just want you to"},{"startTime":365.04,"endTime":369.6,"body":"look at a clip of an advert"},{"startTime":369.6,"endTime":372.27,"body":"that she did at the time,"},{"startTime":372.27,"endTime":375.15,"body":"telling the world that"},{"startTime":372.27,"endTime":375.15,"body":"she had breast cancer,"},{"startTime":375.15,"endTime":377.16,"body":"that she had a mastectomy."},{"startTime":377.16,"endTime":382.16,"body":"And this advert became"},{"startTime":377.16,"endTime":382.16,"body":"really, made a real splash."},{"startTime":382.95,"endTime":384.303,"body":"Let's see if this works."},{"startTime":385.44,"endTime":387.27,"body":"And for those of you too young"},{"startTime":387.27,"endTime":390.9,"body":"to know the song that is being played,"},{"startTime":390.9,"endTime":393.693,"body":"you have missed out on"},{"startTime":390.9,"endTime":393.693,"body":"a world of pleasure."},{"startTime":395.9,"endTime":400.66,"body":"♪ Lovin' you is easy ♪"},{"startTime":400.66,"endTime":402.785,"body":"♪ 'Cause you're beautiful ♪"},{"startTime":402.785,"endTime":403.618,"body":"(record scrubbing)"},{"startTime":403.618,"endTime":404.91,"body":"- It happened that abruptly."},{"startTime":404.91,"endTime":407.217,"body":"I got cancer, I lost a breast,"},{"startTime":407.217,"endTime":409.08,"body":"but I saved the rest of my life"},{"startTime":409.08,"endTime":411.39,"body":"because I examined myself early."},{"startTime":411.39,"endTime":414.513,"body":"Now I'm healthy. I've picked"},{"startTime":411.39,"endTime":414.513,"body":"up my life where it left off."},{"startTime":415.394,"endTime":417.643,"body":"♪ Stay with me while we ♪"},{"startTime":417.643,"endTime":419.737,"body":"- [Narrator] Minnie"},{"startTime":417.643,"endTime":419.737,"body":"Riperton, she lost a breast,"},{"startTime":419.737,"endTime":422.01,"body":"but saved the rest of her life."},{"startTime":422.01,"endTime":424.233,"body":"Help us cure cancer in your lifetime."},{"startTime":425.67,"endTime":426.78,"body":"- Isn't that a beautiful song?"},{"startTime":426.78,"endTime":431.523,"body":"Anyway, the attention"},{"startTime":426.78,"endTime":431.523,"body":"paid to this musical star,"},{"startTime":432.48,"endTime":437.13,"body":"Riperton, who died at the"},{"startTime":432.48,"endTime":437.13,"body":"peak of her career aged 31,"},{"startTime":437.13,"endTime":441.66,"body":"rather than the Ebony editor Thompson,"},{"startTime":441.66,"endTime":444.06,"body":"66 years old when she died,"},{"startTime":444.06,"endTime":446.34,"body":"or 60 years old, sorry, when"},{"startTime":444.06,"endTime":446.34,"body":"she published her article,"},{"startTime":446.34,"endTime":449.4,"body":"and lived to the age of 81,"},{"startTime":449.4,"endTime":454.4,"body":"is I think a reminder to all"},{"startTime":449.4,"endTime":454.4,"body":"of us of the politics of voice."},{"startTime":455.16,"endTime":460.11,"body":"Thompson's distinctive"},{"startTime":455.16,"endTime":460.11,"body":"writing style was appreciated"},{"startTime":460.11,"endTime":462.18,"body":"by readers of Ebony,"},{"startTime":462.18,"endTime":465.423,"body":"who were almost exclusively"},{"startTime":462.18,"endTime":465.423,"body":"people of color."},{"startTime":466.65,"endTime":469.23,"body":"Riperton's voice, however,"},{"startTime":469.23,"endTime":473.79,"body":"was that of a singer at"},{"startTime":469.23,"endTime":473.79,"body":"the top of pop charts."},{"startTime":473.79,"endTime":478.5,"body":"Indeed, many of her"},{"startTime":473.79,"endTime":478.5,"body":"listeners were not even aware"},{"startTime":478.5,"endTime":481.02,"body":"that she was a woman of color"},{"startTime":481.02,"endTime":485.85,"body":"since her musical genius did"},{"startTime":481.02,"endTime":485.85,"body":"not lie with souls or blues,"},{"startTime":485.85,"endTime":488.67,"body":"thought to be black genres at the time."},{"startTime":488.67,"endTime":491.31,"body":"It is, in other words, Riperton's voice,"},{"startTime":491.31,"endTime":495.99,"body":"not Thompson's, that"},{"startTime":491.31,"endTime":495.99,"body":"has echoed through time."},{"startTime":495.99,"endTime":499.44,"body":"But let me just take a"},{"startTime":495.99,"endTime":499.44,"body":"detour from from all of this"},{"startTime":499.44,"endTime":503.61,"body":"before I will return to"},{"startTime":499.44,"endTime":503.61,"body":"the questions of race,"},{"startTime":503.61,"endTime":506.31,"body":"gender sexuality, and voice."},{"startTime":506.31,"endTime":508.65,"body":"I think the main question that, well,"},{"startTime":508.65,"endTime":512.82,"body":"I asked myself when I proposed"},{"startTime":508.65,"endTime":512.82,"body":"to write this talk is,"},{"startTime":512.82,"endTime":515.13,"body":"why in the world should we be interested"},{"startTime":515.13,"endTime":517.38,"body":"in the history of breast cancer?"},{"startTime":517.38,"endTime":518.79,"body":"Now, the most obvious answer"},{"startTime":518.79,"endTime":521.31,"body":"to this question is that it affects one"},{"startTime":521.31,"endTime":524.373,"body":"in every eight women"},{"startTime":521.31,"endTime":524.373,"body":"in Britain and America."},{"startTime":525.9,"endTime":528.18,"body":"Breast cancer, of"},{"startTime":525.9,"endTime":528.18,"body":"course, takes many forms."},{"startTime":528.18,"endTime":530.88,"body":"It can be located in ducts or lobules."},{"startTime":530.88,"endTime":532.77,"body":"It can be invasive and non-invasive,"},{"startTime":532.77,"endTime":534.87,"body":"detected at an early or late stage."},{"startTime":534.87,"endTime":536.7,"body":"It responds very differently"},{"startTime":536.7,"endTime":539.91,"body":"depending on a patient's"},{"startTime":536.7,"endTime":539.91,"body":"age and menopausal status."},{"startTime":539.91,"endTime":544.8,"body":"The ancient Egyptians"},{"startTime":539.91,"endTime":544.8,"body":"certainly knew about it."},{"startTime":544.8,"endTime":547.83,"body":"8 of the 48 cases described"},{"startTime":547.83,"endTime":552.403,"body":"in Edwin Smith's surgical"},{"startTime":547.83,"endTime":552.403,"body":"things, written around 3000 BC,"},{"startTime":553.59,"endTime":557.7,"body":"are related to breast tumors or ulcers."},{"startTime":557.7,"endTime":561.3,"body":"This unknown surgeon contended"},{"startTime":557.7,"endTime":561.3,"body":"that there were no treatments"},{"startTime":561.3,"endTime":563.43,"body":"for this affliction."},{"startTime":563.43,"endTime":567.06,"body":"The crab, cancer's etymological root,"},{"startTime":567.06,"endTime":570.6,"body":"is Carcinus, or the jaws"},{"startTime":567.06,"endTime":570.6,"body":"of, you know, a crab,"},{"startTime":570.6,"endTime":573.54,"body":"has always incited fear."},{"startTime":573.54,"endTime":578.54,"body":"In the words of Pierre"},{"startTime":573.54,"endTime":578.54,"body":"Dionis, as he wrote 1710,"},{"startTime":578.797,"endTime":582.87,"body":"\"The wars and plagues kill in less time."},{"startTime":582.87,"endTime":586.83,"body":"They don't yet to me seem"},{"startTime":582.87,"endTime":586.83,"body":"so cruel as the cancer,"},{"startTime":586.83,"endTime":589.38,"body":"which is certainly, though more slowly,"},{"startTime":589.38,"endTime":592.17,"body":"carries those afflicted"},{"startTime":589.38,"endTime":592.17,"body":"with it to the grave"},{"startTime":592.17,"endTime":594.57,"body":"with all causing such pains"},{"startTime":594.57,"endTime":599.13,"body":"as to make them everyday wish for death.\""},{"startTime":599.13,"endTime":602.97,"body":"Now, the question that all"},{"startTime":599.13,"endTime":602.97,"body":"of these physicians asked is,"},{"startTime":602.97,"endTime":605.91,"body":"what caused this affliction?"},{"startTime":605.91,"endTime":608.553,"body":"Well into the 18th century,"},{"startTime":609.54,"endTime":613.74,"body":"the views of ancient Greek"},{"startTime":609.54,"endTime":613.74,"body":"and Roman philosophers"},{"startTime":613.74,"endTime":617.1,"body":"and physicians were influential."},{"startTime":617.1,"endTime":619.41,"body":"Their views cannot be understood"},{"startTime":619.41,"endTime":623.04,"body":"without knowledge of humoral theory,"},{"startTime":623.04,"endTime":626.01,"body":"which continued,"},{"startTime":623.04,"endTime":626.01,"body":"incidentally, to hold sway up"},{"startTime":626.01,"endTime":629.28,"body":"until the 19th century."},{"startTime":629.28,"endTime":631.44,"body":"So according to humoral theory,"},{"startTime":631.44,"endTime":634.227,"body":"nothing to do with ha, ha,"},{"startTime":631.44,"endTime":634.227,"body":"nothing to do with comedy here,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":637.71,"endTime":641.88,"body":"phlegm, black bile,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":637.71,"endTime":641.88,"body":"yellow bile, and blood."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":641.88,"endTime":646.29,"body":"Disease, or diseases, were"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":641.88,"endTime":646.29,"body":"the result of disequilibrium"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":646.29,"endTime":650.46,"body":"or imbalance of these four humors."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":650.46,"endTime":652.86,"body":"In the context of breast cancer,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":652.86,"endTime":656.25,"body":"Galen contended that the cancer was caused"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":656.25,"endTime":661.25,"body":"by an excess of black bile or melancholia."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":661.95,"endTime":666.95,"body":"This was why women were so"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":661.95,"endTime":666.95,"body":"susceptible to the disease."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":667.2,"endTime":669.27,"body":"Their cold bodies,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":669.27,"endTime":673.74,"body":"their moist bodies made them vulnerable"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":673.74,"endTime":677.37,"body":"because these bodies"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":673.74,"endTime":677.37,"body":"were prone to soak up,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":677.37,"endTime":680.61,"body":"if you like, the bad humors."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":680.61,"endTime":684.72,"body":"Excessive black bile was"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":680.61,"endTime":684.72,"body":"normally, it was believed,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":684.72,"endTime":687.93,"body":"flushed out of the body"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":684.72,"endTime":687.93,"body":"through menstruation,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":687.93,"endTime":691.5,"body":"which was why they"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":687.93,"endTime":691.5,"body":"thought that vulnerability"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":691.5,"endTime":695.34,"body":"to breast cancer"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":691.5,"endTime":695.34,"body":"increased after menopause."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":695.34,"endTime":700.05,"body":"As \"The Compleat Midwife's"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":695.34,"endTime":700.05,"body":"Practice,\" 1898 put it,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":701.677,"endTime":706.677,"body":"\"the canker precedes from"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":701.677,"endTime":706.677,"body":"a feculent and gross humor,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":708.0,"endTime":711.21,"body":"which being gathered"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":708.0,"endTime":711.21,"body":"together in the spleen"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":711.21,"endTime":716.21,"body":"is chased away from fence"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":711.21,"endTime":716.21,"body":"after it grows too hot,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":716.85,"endTime":720.48,"body":"which when nature cannot void,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":720.48,"endTime":725.48,"body":"it most commonly in women"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":720.48,"endTime":725.48,"body":"empties itself upon the breasts,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":726.57,"endTime":731.57,"body":"by reason of their"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":726.57,"endTime":731.57,"body":"cavernous and spongy nature."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":732.54,"endTime":737.28,"body":"The matter of it is a"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":732.54,"endTime":737.28,"body":"hot, melancholy blood,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":737.28,"endTime":741.06,"body":"and it is known by its crooked windings"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":741.06,"endTime":744.75,"body":"and retorted veins that are about it,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":744.75,"endTime":748.29,"body":"stretching out long"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":744.75,"endTime":748.29,"body":"roots a good way from it,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":748.29,"endTime":750.51,"body":"being sometime blackish"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":750.51,"endTime":755.4,"body":"and sometime inclined to black and blue.\""},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":755.4,"endTime":759.0,"body":"Although surgery was an option,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":759.0,"endTime":761.04,"body":"mastectomy, by the way,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":759.0,"endTime":761.04,"body":"was mentioned as early"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":761.04,"endTime":762.96,"body":"as the fifth century,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":762.96,"endTime":767.13,"body":"it was, of course, extremely"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":762.96,"endTime":767.13,"body":"hazardous at the time,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":767.13,"endTime":770.46,"body":"not only because of infection and shock,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":770.46,"endTime":772.5,"body":"both of which were extremely common"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":772.5,"endTime":776.94,"body":"in a period prior to anesthetics"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":772.5,"endTime":776.94,"body":"and antiseptic agents,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":776.94,"endTime":779.34,"body":"but also, and this is important,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":779.34,"endTime":781.56,"body":"because many surgeons we're still talking"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":781.56,"endTime":783.93,"body":"about the ancient"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":781.56,"endTime":783.93,"body":"period, the 18th century,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":783.93,"endTime":786.42,"body":"many surgeons believed that cutting"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":786.42,"endTime":790.98,"body":"into the tumor spread the disease."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":790.98,"endTime":794.52,"body":"This is why Dionis reminded his readers"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":794.52,"endTime":799.41,"body":"that \"cancers are not to be touched,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":799.41,"endTime":802.35,"body":"for in touching them"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":799.41,"endTime":802.35,"body":"you aggravate the evil,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":802.35,"endTime":805.5,"body":"and hastened the death of the patient.\""},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":805.5,"endTime":807.63,"body":"Instead of surgery, then,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":807.63,"endTime":811.95,"body":"what we get is specific"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":807.63,"endTime":811.95,"body":"plants were believed"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":811.95,"endTime":816.42,"body":"to expel the humor,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":811.95,"endTime":816.42,"body":"melancholy, black bile."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":816.42,"endTime":818.73,"body":"So certain plants did that expelling."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":818.73,"endTime":821.97,"body":"The body could also be"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":818.73,"endTime":821.97,"body":"purged using poisons"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":821.97,"endTime":823.38,"body":"and other purgatives."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":823.38,"endTime":826.92,"body":"Bloodletting, of course,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":823.38,"endTime":826.92,"body":"was highly recommended."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":826.92,"endTime":830.4,"body":"Strong, salty foods, not very good wine."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":830.4,"endTime":834.63,"body":"Even worse, hot foods very bad."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":834.63,"endTime":836.88,"body":"Because 18th century physicians believed"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":836.88,"endTime":840.933,"body":"that cancer was actually a sentient being."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":841.8,"endTime":846.42,"body":"Wolves, they believed, were"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":841.8,"endTime":846.42,"body":"inside the body, or worms."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":846.42,"endTime":851.42,"body":"One treatment was to"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":846.42,"endTime":851.42,"body":"feed the internal beast."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":851.79,"endTime":854.19,"body":"So Dionis, for example,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":854.19,"endTime":856.47,"body":"provides a good example of this view."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":856.47,"endTime":857.613,"body":"In his words,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":858.907,"endTime":861.36,"body":"\"some believe that the ulcerated cancer"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":861.36,"endTime":865.77,"body":"is nothing else but a prodigious"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":861.36,"endTime":865.77,"body":"multitude of small worms,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":865.77,"endTime":870.77,"body":"which by little and little"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":865.77,"endTime":870.77,"body":"devour all the flesh of the part:"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":871.41,"endTime":873.9,"body":"What made room for this opinion, is,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":873.9,"endTime":878.43,"body":"that with the microscope we"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":873.9,"endTime":878.43,"body":"have sometimes discerned some"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":878.43,"endTime":881.64,"body":"of those insects in cancers.\""},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":881.64,"endTime":886.41,"body":"Consequently, he recommended"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":881.64,"endTime":886.41,"body":"putting a piece of veal"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":886.41,"endTime":887.58,"body":"on the ulcer."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":887.58,"endTime":888.84,"body":"I don't why it has to be veal."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":888.84,"endTime":889.86,"body":"I've never worked that one out."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":889.86,"endTime":893.28,"body":"But anyway, placing a"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":889.86,"endTime":893.28,"body":"piece of veal on the ulcer,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":893.28,"endTime":895.77,"body":"which will result in the patient feeling,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":895.77,"endTime":899.85,"body":"quote, \"less pain; because, say they,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":899.85,"endTime":903.18,"body":"these worms then feeding on the veal,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":903.18,"endTime":907.83,"body":"leave the patient at rest for some time.\""},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":907.83,"endTime":909.72,"body":"Now, he himself, in fact, by the way,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":909.72,"endTime":912.21,"body":"was less convinced by this."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":912.21,"endTime":914.04,"body":"Like other physicians, however,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":914.04,"endTime":916.98,"body":"he debated whether breast"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":914.04,"endTime":916.98,"body":"cancer was contagious"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":916.98,"endTime":920.31,"body":"or hereditary, what were causal factors."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":920.31,"endTime":923.46,"body":"Menopause, hysteria, breastfeeding,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":923.46,"endTime":926.94,"body":"and barrenness were all suspected."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":926.94,"endTime":930.39,"body":"While physicians might"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":926.94,"endTime":930.39,"body":"turn to the use of mercury,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":930.39,"endTime":933.6,"body":"carbolic acid, and later, electricity,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":933.6,"endTime":937.98,"body":"women themselves widely"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":933.6,"endTime":937.98,"body":"shared their own recipes,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":937.98,"endTime":941.25,"body":"unorthodox recipes, sometimes"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":937.98,"endTime":941.25,"body":"it has to be admitted,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":941.25,"endTime":944.13,"body":"containing poisonous chemicals."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":944.13,"endTime":949.13,"body":"Now, the 19th century"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":944.13,"endTime":949.13,"body":"saw the really big change"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":949.5,"endTime":953.79,"body":"in this narrative that had"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":949.5,"endTime":953.79,"body":"been going on for centuries."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":953.79,"endTime":956.58,"body":"So the change is of a shift"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":956.58,"endTime":961.05,"body":"from these kind of"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":956.58,"endTime":961.05,"body":"constitutional explanations"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":961.05,"endTime":966.05,"body":"for breast cancer to more localized ones."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":966.57,"endTime":971.57,"body":"Now, when physicians"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":966.57,"endTime":971.57,"body":"increasingly understood cancer"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":972.84,"endTime":977.84,"body":"not as a disease of the"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":972.84,"endTime":977.84,"body":"entire body, for example,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":979.17,"endTime":983.43,"body":"the body was imbalanced in terms of humors"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":983.43,"endTime":988.43,"body":"or physiological disruptions"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":983.43,"endTime":988.43,"body":"caused by menopause,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":988.83,"endTime":991.59,"body":"so not those, but when"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":988.83,"endTime":991.59,"body":"they started to believe"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":991.59,"endTime":996.59,"body":"that actually it was just"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":991.59,"endTime":996.59,"body":"confined to particular organs,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":997.14,"endTime":999.96,"body":"then excising those organs"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":999.96,"endTime":1004.61,"body":"through surgery became much"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":999.96,"endTime":1004.61,"body":"more attractive as a cure."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1004.61,"endTime":1006.56,"body":"Surgery had also been made much safer"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1006.56,"endTime":1008.33,"body":"by the use of antibiotics"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1008.33,"endTime":1011.15,"body":"to prevent postsurgical infections,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1011.15,"endTime":1016.15,"body":"combined with the increase"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1011.15,"endTime":1016.15,"body":"safety of blood transfusions,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1017.69,"endTime":1022.69,"body":"especially after 1900 when an"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1017.69,"endTime":1022.69,"body":"Austrian physician discovered"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1023.24,"endTime":1025.67,"body":"the three human blood groups."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1025.67,"endTime":1027.62,"body":"And of course, it goes without saying,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1027.62,"endTime":1031.73,"body":"surgeons themselves were keen"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1027.62,"endTime":1031.73,"body":"to promote their discipline"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1031.73,"endTime":1033.56,"body":"and raise their status."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1033.56,"endTime":1037.97,"body":"Promoting surgical operations"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1033.56,"endTime":1037.97,"body":"at that stage was a means"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1037.97,"endTime":1040.76,"body":"to a rather profitable end."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1040.76,"endTime":1043.88,"body":"Now, the most influential,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1043.88,"endTime":1045.59,"body":"isn't he lovely and distinguished,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1045.59,"endTime":1048.68,"body":"the most influential proponent of surgery"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1048.68,"endTime":1051.38,"body":"for breast cancer was this guy here."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1051.38,"endTime":1054.92,"body":"William Stewart Halsted"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1054.92,"endTime":1057.65,"body":"based at Johns Hopkins University."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1057.65,"endTime":1061.28,"body":"Today, his late 19th century operation"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1061.28,"endTime":1065.63,"body":"for breast cancer survivors,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1061.28,"endTime":1065.63,"body":"breast cancer sufferers,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1065.63,"endTime":1068.82,"body":"is known as the radical mastectomy"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1069.89,"endTime":1074.81,"body":"because it involved removing"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1069.89,"endTime":1074.81,"body":"not only the breast itself,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1074.81,"endTime":1078.26,"body":"but the auxiliary lymph nodes"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1074.81,"endTime":1078.26,"body":"and the pictorial muscles,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1078.26,"endTime":1081.5,"body":"both major and minor, behind the breasts."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1081.5,"endTime":1086.5,"body":"The removal of such a large"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1081.5,"endTime":1086.5,"body":"amount of tissue was explained"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1088.64,"endTime":1092.15,"body":"by his belief that,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1092.15,"endTime":1093.59,"body":"again, this is an old belief,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1093.59,"endTime":1096.89,"body":"that when you cut into cancerous tissue,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1096.89,"endTime":1100.91,"body":"it releases cancerous cells"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1096.89,"endTime":1100.91,"body":"into the rest of the body."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1100.91,"endTime":1101.81,"body":"That's what he believed."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1101.81,"endTime":1105.113,"body":"That's why he was recommending"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1101.81,"endTime":1105.113,"body":"this radical surgery."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1106.43,"endTime":1110.66,"body":"This was also the rationale"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1106.43,"endTime":1110.66,"body":"for what has become notorious,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1110.66,"endTime":1114.35,"body":"and that is his one-step surgery."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1114.35,"endTime":1117.83,"body":"That is, a woman would be anesthetized,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1117.83,"endTime":1122.45,"body":"a biopsy taken and tested,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1117.83,"endTime":1122.45,"body":"and if it proved cancerous,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1122.45,"endTime":1124.4,"body":"then the mastectomy would take place"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1124.4,"endTime":1126.23,"body":"before the patient woke up."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1126.23,"endTime":1128.78,"body":"So one-step surgery."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1128.78,"endTime":1132.83,"body":"In other words, women"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1128.78,"endTime":1132.83,"body":"would not know in advance"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1132.83,"endTime":1135.14,"body":"if they were going to"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1132.83,"endTime":1135.14,"body":"wake up for surgery with"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1135.14,"endTime":1137.36,"body":"or without a breast."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1137.36,"endTime":1142.36,"body":"Radical mastectomy and one-step"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1137.36,"endTime":1142.36,"body":"procedures were dominant"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1142.52,"endTime":1145.493,"body":"for 80 years."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1146.54,"endTime":1150.857,"body":"80 years. Even until"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1146.54,"endTime":1150.857,"body":"the 1980s, early 1980s."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1152.96,"endTime":1156.17,"body":"Well, much critical ink has been spilled"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1156.17,"endTime":1159.2,"body":"about the physiological"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1156.17,"endTime":1159.2,"body":"and emotional costs"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1159.2,"endTime":1163.28,"body":"of radical mastectomies"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1159.2,"endTime":1163.28,"body":"and one-step surgery."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1163.28,"endTime":1167.9,"body":"The keenness with which some"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1163.28,"endTime":1167.9,"body":"surgeons wielded the knife"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1167.9,"endTime":1170.42,"body":"against women's breasts,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1170.42,"endTime":1173.6,"body":"especially the breasts of older women,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1173.6,"endTime":1176.0,"body":"has been widely condemned."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1176.0,"endTime":1178.88,"body":"In 1955, the surgeon,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1178.88,"endTime":1182.33,"body":"a well-known surgeon called George Pack,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1182.33,"endTime":1186.02,"body":"known as Mack the Knife,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1186.02,"endTime":1190.22,"body":"maintained that surgeons had a duty"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1190.22,"endTime":1194.87,"body":"to divorce the patient from his cancer,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1194.87,"endTime":1198.02,"body":"and should be constrained solely"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1198.02,"endTime":1202.523,"body":"by the ability of the"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1198.02,"endTime":1202.523,"body":"human remnant to remain."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1203.81,"endTime":1206.48,"body":"For many surgeons, even at the time,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1206.48,"endTime":1208.883,"body":"this was nothing short of humanectomy."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1211.97,"endTime":1216.11,"body":"So why did an operation that left millions"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1216.11,"endTime":1220.7,"body":"of women barely able"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1216.11,"endTime":1220.7,"body":"to comb their own hair,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1220.7,"endTime":1224.333,"body":"why was it performed for so long?"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1225.17,"endTime":1228.32,"body":"Okay, well, there's lots"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1225.17,"endTime":1228.32,"body":"of explanations. I think."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1228.32,"endTime":1231.02,"body":"Halsted's own personal reputation"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1231.02,"endTime":1233.87,"body":"I think plays some part here."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1233.87,"endTime":1236.27,"body":"He had the institutional backing"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1236.27,"endTime":1240.26,"body":"of the extremely prestigious"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1236.27,"endTime":1240.26,"body":"Johns Hopkins University,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1240.26,"endTime":1241.46,"body":"and was responsible"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1241.46,"endTime":1245.69,"body":"for the most successful"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1241.46,"endTime":1245.69,"body":"surgical training course"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1245.69,"endTime":1247.16,"body":"in the US."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1247.16,"endTime":1249.92,"body":"In a book called \"The Breast Cancer Wars,\""},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1249.92,"endTime":1253.4,"body":"Historian Barron Lerner also points out"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1253.4,"endTime":1256.913,"body":"that Halsted was, shall we say,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1258.08,"endTime":1263.08,"body":"less than fully transparent"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1258.08,"endTime":1263.08,"body":"about his success rates."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1263.45,"endTime":1268.25,"body":"The ideological milieu of"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1263.45,"endTime":1268.25,"body":"the time was another factor."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1268.25,"endTime":1271.49,"body":"The radical procedure was"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1268.25,"endTime":1271.49,"body":"consistent with the militarism"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1271.49,"endTime":1273.11,"body":"unleashed by the two World Wars"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1273.11,"endTime":1274.55,"body":"and then the Cold War."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1274.55,"endTime":1278.66,"body":"In the US, the power of"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1274.55,"endTime":1278.66,"body":"the insurance industry"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1278.66,"endTime":1282.98,"body":"also meant that surgeons"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1278.66,"endTime":1282.98,"body":"were often too timid"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1282.98,"endTime":1287.3,"body":"to attempt fewer radical procedures,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1287.3,"endTime":1289.35,"body":"fearing that they might be sued"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1290.57,"endTime":1293.42,"body":"if a more minimalist operation resulted"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1293.42,"endTime":1297.08,"body":"in a recurrence of the disease."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1297.08,"endTime":1300.59,"body":"It was financially advantageous as well"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1300.59,"endTime":1304.4,"body":"to engage in invasive procedures."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1304.4,"endTime":1306.86,"body":"Now, we get the second main change."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1306.86,"endTime":1309.29,"body":"The first main change is late 19th century"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1309.29,"endTime":1311.87,"body":"with Halsted and radical mastectomies."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1311.87,"endTime":1316.4,"body":"The second major change"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1311.87,"endTime":1316.4,"body":"is 1970s and 1980s,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1316.4,"endTime":1319.07,"body":"where the radical mastectomy comes"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1319.07,"endTime":1322.64,"body":"under sustained attack led"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1322.64,"endTime":1327.64,"body":"by surgeons George Crile"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1322.64,"endTime":1327.64,"body":"Jr. and Bernard Fisher,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1328.7,"endTime":1333.443,"body":"but also by patients, by"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1328.7,"endTime":1333.443,"body":"feminists, and activists."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1334.43,"endTime":1336.92,"body":"Fisher really important here"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1336.92,"endTime":1341.92,"body":"because he carried out"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1336.92,"endTime":1341.92,"body":"randomized controlled trials,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1342.14,"endTime":1346.04,"body":"which allowed him to prove that lumpectomy"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1346.04,"endTime":1348.8,"body":"in combination with"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1346.04,"endTime":1348.8,"body":"radiotherapy, chemotherapy,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1348.8,"endTime":1352.52,"body":"and/or hormonal treatments"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1348.8,"endTime":1352.52,"body":"was as effective"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1352.52,"endTime":1354.653,"body":"as the radical mastectomy."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1355.61,"endTime":1357.8,"body":"However, the status"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1357.8,"endTime":1362.8,"body":"of the radical mastectomy was"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1357.8,"endTime":1362.8,"body":"most effectively counted in,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1363.11,"endTime":1367.52,"body":"or counted by, new"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1363.11,"endTime":1367.52,"body":"social movements focusing"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1367.52,"endTime":1370.73,"body":"on the rights of patients."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1370.73,"endTime":1372.59,"body":"The Patients' Association, for example,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1372.59,"endTime":1375.95,"body":"was started as early as 1963."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1375.95,"endTime":1380.51,"body":"But also, it was counted by"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1375.95,"endTime":1380.51,"body":"other new social movements,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1380.51,"endTime":1384.8,"body":"such as the those"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1380.51,"endTime":1384.8,"body":"looking at the injustices"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1384.8,"endTime":1387.62,"body":"of racial inequalities,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1387.62,"endTime":1391.31,"body":"and the need for women to be liberated"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1391.31,"endTime":1396.31,"body":"from paternalistic healthcare practices."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1396.5,"endTime":1401.5,"body":"Consumer protections,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1396.5,"endTime":1401.5,"body":"concerns about ethics"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1401.54,"endTime":1405.833,"body":"also rose to the top"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1401.54,"endTime":1405.833,"body":"of the medical agendas."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1406.73,"endTime":1411.14,"body":"Like Thompson, Activist Rose Kushner came"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1411.14,"endTime":1415.04,"body":"to public prominence by"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1411.14,"endTime":1415.04,"body":"fighting to be allowed"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1415.04,"endTime":1418.85,"body":"to disrupt the one-step procedure."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1418.85,"endTime":1420.81,"body":"And she's largely credited"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1422.42,"endTime":1425.39,"body":"with igniting a really large debate"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1425.39,"endTime":1429.8,"body":"about informed consent for"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1425.39,"endTime":1429.8,"body":"patients undergoing surgery."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1429.8,"endTime":1433.55,"body":"They had the right to be"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1429.8,"endTime":1433.55,"body":"told of all the options."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1433.55,"endTime":1434.907,"body":"In Kushner's words,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1434.907,"endTime":1439.01,"body":"\"Our lives are at stake,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1434.907,"endTime":1439.01,"body":"not the surgeons.\""},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1439.01,"endTime":1442.01,"body":"Well, it's hardly surprising"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1442.01,"endTime":1445.76,"body":"to observe that a racist imaginary,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1445.76,"endTime":1448.04,"body":"or a racist imaginary of race,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1448.04,"endTime":1453.04,"body":"was also at the heart of these"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1448.04,"endTime":1453.04,"body":"new debates in this period."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1453.26,"endTime":1456.29,"body":"Socially dominant medical"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1453.26,"endTime":1456.29,"body":"professionals were white"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1456.29,"endTime":1460.46,"body":"and shared the racist"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1456.29,"endTime":1460.46,"body":"prejudices of their peers."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1460.46,"endTime":1463.25,"body":"And this included beliefs"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1463.25,"endTime":1468.25,"body":"that women of color were not"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1463.25,"endTime":1468.25,"body":"susceptible to breast cancer."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1470.45,"endTime":1473.03,"body":"The explanation that they gave was due"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1473.03,"endTime":1474.71,"body":"to three racist dogmas."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1474.71,"endTime":1479.42,"body":"First, women of color possessed"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1474.71,"endTime":1479.42,"body":"more primitive bodies."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1479.42,"endTime":1482.93,"body":"Second, they were closer to nature."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1482.93,"endTime":1487.4,"body":"And third, they were"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1482.93,"endTime":1487.4,"body":"physiologically robust."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1487.4,"endTime":1489.29,"body":"No one, I think, has done more"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1489.29,"endTime":1493.85,"body":"to help us understand this"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1489.29,"endTime":1493.85,"body":"dynamic than Keith Wailoo."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1493.85,"endTime":1496.46,"body":"If there's only one book"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1493.85,"endTime":1496.46,"body":"that you have time to read,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1496.46,"endTime":1497.363,"body":"this is the book."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1499.55,"endTime":1501.387,"body":"His book called is called"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1501.387,"endTime":1505.07,"body":"\"How Cancer Crossed the Color Line.\""},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1505.07,"endTime":1507.77,"body":"And in it, I mean, it's"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1505.07,"endTime":1507.77,"body":"a very subtly argued"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1507.77,"endTime":1510.35,"body":"and just beautiful, beautiful book."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1510.35,"endTime":1513.44,"body":"In it, he explains that racist"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1510.35,"endTime":1513.44,"body":"tenants included the belief"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1513.44,"endTime":1516.89,"body":"that, quote, primitives"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1513.44,"endTime":1516.89,"body":"and savages had neither"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1516.89,"endTime":1521.84,"body":"the modern cancer-causing"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1516.89,"endTime":1521.84,"body":"dangers to dodge,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1521.84,"endTime":1524.97,"body":"nor the inner capacity"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1526.1,"endTime":1529.073,"body":"to address their new situation."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1530.18,"endTime":1531.89,"body":"Okay, so as we saw in the last lecture,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1531.89,"endTime":1533.48,"body":"for those of you who were here"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1533.48,"endTime":1535.79,"body":"for the last lecture on polio,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1535.79,"endTime":1538.67,"body":"people of color were assumed to be immune"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1538.67,"endTime":1543.14,"body":"from diseases such as"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1538.67,"endTime":1543.14,"body":"polio and breast cancer."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1543.14,"endTime":1547.91,"body":"Scientific racists insisted"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1543.14,"endTime":1547.91,"body":"that their risk only increased"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1547.91,"endTime":1550.283,"body":"when they migrated to the big cities,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1551.45,"endTime":1553.76,"body":"where they caught cancer"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1553.76,"endTime":1558.59,"body":"because their bodies were not"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1553.76,"endTime":1558.59,"body":"adapted to urban lifestyles."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1558.59,"endTime":1561.95,"body":"Such prejudices were"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1558.59,"endTime":1561.95,"body":"effectively challenged"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1561.95,"endTime":1564.17,"body":"during the civil rights era."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1564.17,"endTime":1569.17,"body":"But knowledge that cancer was"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1564.17,"endTime":1569.17,"body":"a racially democratic disease"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1569.72,"endTime":1572.45,"body":"did not automatically translate"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1572.45,"endTime":1576.11,"body":"into greater representation"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1572.45,"endTime":1576.11,"body":"of people of color"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1576.11,"endTime":1580.43,"body":"in cancer literature or"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1576.11,"endTime":1580.43,"body":"in treatment regimes,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1580.43,"endTime":1583.67,"body":"let alone in mainstream activist movements"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1583.67,"endTime":1586.58,"body":"and charity organizations."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1586.58,"endTime":1590.93,"body":"Talented editors like Thompson"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1586.58,"endTime":1590.93,"body":"could write all they wanted"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1590.93,"endTime":1593.42,"body":"in Ebony, and Audre Lorde,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1593.42,"endTime":1595.55,"body":"who I'm going to be talking about shortly,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1595.55,"endTime":1599.78,"body":"could rail against the"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1595.55,"endTime":1599.78,"body":"injustices in her writings,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1599.78,"endTime":1604.46,"body":"but breast cancer awareness"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1599.78,"endTime":1604.46,"body":"remained conspicuously white,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1604.46,"endTime":1609.46,"body":"especially in the medical"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1604.46,"endTime":1609.46,"body":"specialism of oncology."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1610.13,"endTime":1612.32,"body":"Now, what makes this remarkable,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1612.32,"endTime":1613.94,"body":"well, there's many things"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1612.32,"endTime":1613.94,"body":"that makes this remarkable,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1613.94,"endTime":1615.5,"body":"but one thing that makes this remarkable"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1615.5,"endTime":1619.13,"body":"is that it was obvious to"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1615.5,"endTime":1619.13,"body":"anyone who thought about it"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1619.13,"endTime":1621.71,"body":"that people of color, the poor,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1621.71,"endTime":1624.08,"body":"and other minoritized peoples,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1624.08,"endTime":1626.36,"body":"minoritized groups have higher"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1626.36,"endTime":1629.51,"body":"than average levels of"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1626.36,"endTime":1629.51,"body":"breast cancer morbidity"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1629.51,"endTime":1631.43,"body":"and mortality."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1631.43,"endTime":1635.15,"body":"All forms of cancer"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1631.43,"endTime":1635.15,"body":"disproportionately affect the poor"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1635.15,"endTime":1637.88,"body":"and the disadvantage disenfranchised,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1637.88,"endTime":1640.19,"body":"specifically because they are more likely"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1640.19,"endTime":1644.03,"body":"to live in hazardous environments."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1644.03,"endTime":1648.227,"body":"Take, for example, the"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1644.03,"endTime":1648.227,"body":"so-called \"cancer alleys,\""},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1649.79,"endTime":1653.06,"body":"towns such as Convent in Louisiana,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1653.06,"endTime":1657.2,"body":"home to the petrochemical"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1653.06,"endTime":1657.2,"body":"and industrial factories,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1657.2,"endTime":1660.983,"body":"populated mainly by African"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1657.2,"endTime":1660.983,"body":"Americans and Latino."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1662.36,"endTime":1664.22,"body":"Cancer morbidity and mortality there"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1664.22,"endTime":1667.19,"body":"is exceptionally high."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1667.19,"endTime":1670.25,"body":"Take Bayview-Hunters"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1667.19,"endTime":1670.25,"body":"Point in San Francisco,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1670.25,"endTime":1673.01,"body":"populated predominantly by non-white"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1673.01,"endTime":1675.32,"body":"and severely impoverished residents,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1675.32,"endTime":1679.64,"body":"where women are 87% more likely"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1679.64,"endTime":1681.53,"body":"to die of breast cancer"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1681.53,"endTime":1686.15,"body":"than women living next"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1681.53,"endTime":1686.15,"body":"door in the same city."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1686.15,"endTime":1689.06,"body":"Environmental pollution"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1686.15,"endTime":1689.06,"body":"is largely to blame,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1689.06,"endTime":1690.8,"body":"combined, of course, with the fact"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1690.8,"endTime":1692.54,"body":"that their racialized identities"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1692.54,"endTime":1695.24,"body":"and poverty means that"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1692.54,"endTime":1695.24,"body":"they are more likely"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1695.24,"endTime":1698.6,"body":"to be diagnosed with the"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1695.24,"endTime":1698.6,"body":"disease at latest stages,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1698.6,"endTime":1702.2,"body":"less likely to possess medical insurance,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1702.2,"endTime":1704.09,"body":"high-quality medical insurance,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1704.09,"endTime":1705.53,"body":"and of course, when they do,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1705.53,"endTime":1709.313,"body":"they have access to poorly"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1705.53,"endTime":1709.313,"body":"equipped clinics and hospitals."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1710.21,"endTime":1715.21,"body":"No one understood these inequities better"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1715.52,"endTime":1719.291,"body":"than writer and civil"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1715.52,"endTime":1719.291,"body":"rights activist Audre Lorde."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1719.291,"endTime":1722.45,"body":"For Lorde, oppression cannot be understood"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1722.45,"endTime":1726.86,"body":"through concentrating on"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1722.45,"endTime":1726.86,"body":"only one vector of identity."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1726.86,"endTime":1728.99,"body":"Intersectionality is crucial."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1728.99,"endTime":1731.78,"body":"Those of you who've been to"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1728.99,"endTime":1731.78,"body":"my other lectures know this"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1731.78,"endTime":1732.92,"body":"is one of the themes."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1732.92,"endTime":1734.66,"body":"One of the earliest expositions"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1734.66,"endTime":1736.64,"body":"of this insight was a statement made"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1736.64,"endTime":1740.99,"body":"by the Boston-based"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1736.64,"endTime":1740.99,"body":"Combahee River Collective,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1740.99,"endTime":1745.99,"body":"a black, feminist, lesbian"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1740.99,"endTime":1745.99,"body":"group established in 1974."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1746.42,"endTime":1748.22,"body":"In their defining statement,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1748.22,"endTime":1752.24,"body":"they declared themselves"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1748.22,"endTime":1752.24,"body":"actively committed"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1752.24,"endTime":1754.22,"body":"to struggling against racial, sexual,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1754.22,"endTime":1756.17,"body":"heterosexual, and class oppression,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1756.17,"endTime":1759.23,"body":"and see as our particular"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1756.17,"endTime":1759.23,"body":"task the development"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1759.23,"endTime":1762.53,"body":"of integrated analysis and practice,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1762.53,"endTime":1764.75,"body":"based upon the fact that the major systems"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1764.75,"endTime":1767.18,"body":"of oppression are interlocking."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1767.18,"endTime":1770.81,"body":"The synthesis of these"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1767.18,"endTime":1770.81,"body":"oppressions creates the conditions"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1770.81,"endTime":1772.25,"body":"of our lives."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1772.25,"endTime":1774.59,"body":"As black women, we see black feminism"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1774.59,"endTime":1778.88,"body":"as a logical political"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1774.59,"endTime":1778.88,"body":"movement to combat the manifold"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1778.88,"endTime":1783.653,"body":"and simultaneous oppressions"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1778.88,"endTime":1783.653,"body":"that all women of color face."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1784.61,"endTime":1787.01,"body":"And the person who's popularized this"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1787.01,"endTime":1791.15,"body":"in more recent years is, of"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1787.01,"endTime":1791.15,"body":"course, Kimberle Crenshaw."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1791.15,"endTime":1792.94,"body":"And I use her in other lectures,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1792.94,"endTime":1796.1,"body":"so I won't go into her work more here."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1796.1,"endTime":1799.37,"body":"But basically, in order"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1796.1,"endTime":1799.37,"body":"to understand inequalities"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1799.37,"endTime":1802.82,"body":"and illness acquisition"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1799.37,"endTime":1802.82,"body":"and illness management,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1802.82,"endTime":1806.51,"body":"attention must be paid not"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1802.82,"endTime":1806.51,"body":"simply to sex discrimination"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1806.51,"endTime":1808.61,"body":"or to racial prejudices,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1808.61,"endTime":1811.79,"body":"but the compounding effects of race,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1811.79,"endTime":1814.4,"body":"sex, gender, class, caste, religion,"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1814.4,"endTime":1817.64,"body":"disability, age, generation, and so on."},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1817.64,"endTime":1820.91,"body":"Now, in relation to"},{"speaker":"the humoral body consists of four fluids","startTime":1817.64,"endTime":1820.91,"body":"breast cancer activism,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1823.7,"endTime":1825.113,"body":"Her account of breast cancer,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1825.113,"endTime":1827.84,"body":"\"The Cancer Journals,\""},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1827.84,"endTime":1831.41,"body":"published 1980 after her 1978 mastectomy,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1831.41,"endTime":1833.543,"body":"and \"A Burst Of Light,\" 1988,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1834.77,"endTime":1838.73,"body":"after her cancer had"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1834.77,"endTime":1838.73,"body":"spread, remain classics."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1838.73,"endTime":1842.51,"body":"And again, I really, really,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1838.73,"endTime":1842.51,"body":"really recommend these."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1842.51,"endTime":1844.46,"body":"When she was diagnosed with breast cancer,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1844.46,"endTime":1846.26,"body":"Lorde reflected on the middle-class,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1846.26,"endTime":1850.412,"body":"heterosexual whiteness of"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1846.26,"endTime":1850.412,"body":"nearly all commentaries"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1850.412,"endTime":1853.01,"body":"on the disease at that time."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1853.01,"endTime":1855.86,"body":"Lorde admitted, \"On and"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1853.01,"endTime":1855.86,"body":"off I kept thinking,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1855.86,"endTime":1857.39,"body":"'I have cancer."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1857.39,"endTime":1859.88,"body":"I'm a black, lesbian, feminist poet."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1859.88,"endTime":1861.98,"body":"How am I going to do this now?"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1861.98,"endTime":1864.77,"body":"Where are the models for"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1861.98,"endTime":1864.77,"body":"what I'm supposed to be"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1864.77,"endTime":1866.54,"body":"in this situation?"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1866.54,"endTime":1867.86,"body":"There were none."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1867.86,"endTime":1871.28,"body":"That's it, Audre. You're"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1867.86,"endTime":1871.28,"body":"now on your own.'\""},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1871.28,"endTime":1873.26,"body":"But Lorde did more than draw attention"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1873.26,"endTime":1876.38,"body":"to the compounding injuries inflicted"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1876.38,"endTime":1879.26,"body":"because of her intersectional identities."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1879.26,"endTime":1880.88,"body":"She also had, I think,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1880.88,"endTime":1883.46,"body":"had really powerful things to say"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1883.46,"endTime":1887.03,"body":"about the privatization of cancer."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1887.03,"endTime":1890.09,"body":"That is, the tendency to view it solely"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1890.09,"endTime":1893.57,"body":"as a personal or individual trauma,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1893.57,"endTime":1895.437,"body":"while ignoring, in her words,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1895.437,"endTime":1899.06,"body":"\"the function of cancer"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1895.437,"endTime":1899.06,"body":"in a profit economy.\""},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1899.06,"endTime":1901.1,"body":"Lorde also challenged her physicians,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1901.1,"endTime":1904.79,"body":"insisting that they take"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1901.1,"endTime":1904.79,"body":"seriously her ownership"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1904.79,"endTime":1906.47,"body":"over her body."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1906.47,"endTime":1909.98,"body":"Her initial attack was"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1906.47,"endTime":1909.98,"body":"on the one-step process."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1909.98,"endTime":1912.23,"body":"She complained that"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1909.98,"endTime":1912.23,"body":"doctors were treating her"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1912.23,"endTime":1917.23,"body":"as resistant to their diagnosis"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1912.23,"endTime":1917.23,"body":"as a personal affront."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1917.697,"endTime":1919.91,"body":"\"But it's my body and it's my life"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1919.91,"endTime":1923.51,"body":"and goddess knows I'm"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1919.91,"endTime":1923.51,"body":"paying enough for all this,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1923.51,"endTime":1925.4,"body":"I ought to have a say.\""},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1925.4,"endTime":1930.29,"body":"She observed that medical power"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1925.4,"endTime":1930.29,"body":"was further alienating women"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1930.29,"endTime":1932.48,"body":"from their own bodies."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1932.48,"endTime":1934.16,"body":"She was particularly incensed"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1934.16,"endTime":1939.16,"body":"by the American Cancer Society's"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1934.16,"endTime":1939.16,"body":"Reach For Recovery program,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1939.17,"endTime":1942.17,"body":"a representative of which encouraged her"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1942.17,"endTime":1947.17,"body":"to pad out her bra with a"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1942.17,"endTime":1947.17,"body":"wad of white lamb's wool."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1947.93,"endTime":1951.86,"body":"She swore that \"either I would love"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1951.86,"endTime":1954.35,"body":"my body one-breasted now,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1954.35,"endTime":1958.49,"body":"or remain forever alien to myself.\""},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1958.49,"endTime":1960.83,"body":"For Lorde, the cultural fetishization"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1960.83,"endTime":1963.23,"body":"of the breast had"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1960.83,"endTime":1963.23,"body":"negative impacts for women"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1963.23,"endTime":1965.03,"body":"who underwent mastectomies,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1965.03,"endTime":1967.94,"body":"and were an additional insult for women"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1967.94,"endTime":1970.43,"body":"from minoritized communities"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1970.43,"endTime":1975.43,"body":"because the ideal breast was"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1970.43,"endTime":1975.43,"body":"imaged or imagined white."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1975.71,"endTime":1978.41,"body":"Lorde was defiant, stating that \"I refuse"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1978.41,"endTime":1981.08,"body":"to hide my body simply"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1978.41,"endTime":1981.08,"body":"because it might make"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1981.08,"endTime":1984.77,"body":"a woman-phobic world more comfortable.\""},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1984.77,"endTime":1989.77,"body":"This was a political statement"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1984.77,"endTime":1989.77,"body":"as much as an aesthetic one."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1990.38,"endTime":1995.38,"body":"She contended that by accepting"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1990.38,"endTime":1995.38,"body":"the mask of prosthesis,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1995.78,"endTime":2000.78,"body":"one-breasted women proclaim"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":1995.78,"endTime":2000.78,"body":"ourselves as insufficient,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2000.79,"endTime":2004.0,"body":"dependent upon pretense."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2004.0,"endTime":2008.23,"body":"The result was a reinforcement"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2004.0,"endTime":2008.23,"body":"of women's isolation"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2008.23,"endTime":2011.2,"body":"and invisibility from each other,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2011.2,"endTime":2014.53,"body":"as well as the forced"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2011.2,"endTime":2014.53,"body":"complacency of society,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2014.53,"endTime":2017.53,"body":"which would rather not face the results"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2017.53,"endTime":2019.933,"body":"of its own insanities."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2020.98,"endTime":2024.52,"body":"She observed that the"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2020.98,"endTime":2024.52,"body":"socially sanctioned prosthesis"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2024.52,"endTime":2027.31,"body":"was merely another way of keeping women"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2027.31,"endTime":2031.933,"body":"with breast cancer silent"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2027.31,"endTime":2031.933,"body":"and separate from each other."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2032.98,"endTime":2035.05,"body":"Now, Lorde has been criticized"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2035.05,"endTime":2037.6,"body":"for sometimes framing her diagnosis"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2037.6,"endTime":2041.59,"body":"in the context of a war against cancer."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2041.59,"endTime":2044.44,"body":"When a nurse told her off"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2044.44,"endTime":2048.13,"body":"for not wearing a prosthetic breast,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2048.13,"endTime":2050.65,"body":"she said that \"Not appearing at the clinic"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2050.65,"endTime":2054.7,"body":"without a fake breast was bad"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2050.65,"endTime":2054.7,"body":"for the morale of our office.\""},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2054.7,"endTime":2058.75,"body":"Lorde insisted that she was a warrior,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2058.75,"endTime":2062.323,"body":"and this was an honorable"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2058.75,"endTime":2062.323,"body":"thing that she was doing."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2063.55,"endTime":2068.08,"body":"She states, \"For me, my scars"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2063.55,"endTime":2068.08,"body":"are an honorable reminder"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2068.08,"endTime":2071.17,"body":"that I may be a casualty in the cosmic war"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2071.17,"endTime":2074.02,"body":"against radiation, animal"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2071.17,"endTime":2074.02,"body":"fat, air pollution,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2074.02,"endTime":2077.71,"body":"McDonald's hamburgers,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2074.02,"endTime":2077.71,"body":"and red dye number two."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2077.71,"endTime":2080.89,"body":"But the fight is still going"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2077.71,"endTime":2080.89,"body":"on, and I am part of it.\""},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2080.89,"endTime":2084.64,"body":"She refused to be reduced, in my own eyes,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2084.64,"endTime":2088.0,"body":"or in the eyes of others, to be a victim."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2088.0,"endTime":2091.21,"body":"Now, part of the problem that"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2088.0,"endTime":2091.21,"body":"Lorde is identifying here"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2091.21,"endTime":2094.36,"body":"is the prioritization of aesthetics."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2094.36,"endTime":2096.4,"body":"She was offended by the assumption"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2096.4,"endTime":2099.25,"body":"that you're as good as you were before"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2099.25,"endTime":2101.92,"body":"because you can look exactly the same."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2101.92,"endTime":2105.31,"body":"Lamb's wool now, a good"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2101.92,"endTime":2105.31,"body":"prosthetic as soon as possible,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2105.31,"endTime":2107.56,"body":"and no one will ever know the difference."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2107.56,"endTime":2110.17,"body":"This was abhorrent to Lorde,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2110.17,"endTime":2112.51,"body":"not only because of the assumption"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2112.51,"endTime":2116.2,"body":"that beauty was dependent"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2112.51,"endTime":2116.2,"body":"on looking two-breasted,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2116.2,"endTime":2121.2,"body":"but that the beauty"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2116.2,"endTime":2121.2,"body":"being promoted was white"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2121.39,"endTime":2123.52,"body":"or light skin colored."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2123.52,"endTime":2127.0,"body":"The intersectionality of"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2123.52,"endTime":2127.0,"body":"Lorde's identities compounded"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2127.0,"endTime":2130.42,"body":"her oppression for her race, black;"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2130.42,"endTime":2134.35,"body":"femininity, one-breasted;"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2130.42,"endTime":2134.35,"body":"sexuality, queer."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2134.35,"endTime":2136.42,"body":"Now, like Thompson and Riperton,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2136.42,"endTime":2138.82,"body":"Lorde's words are, I think,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2138.82,"endTime":2142.45,"body":"a powerful reflection on illness, on race,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2142.45,"endTime":2145.27,"body":"and harmful assumptions"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2142.45,"endTime":2145.27,"body":"about women's bodies,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2145.27,"endTime":2148.06,"body":"femininity, and beauty."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2148.06,"endTime":2152.5,"body":"These women transformed the"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2148.06,"endTime":2152.5,"body":"visibility of the disease"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2152.5,"endTime":2154.99,"body":"amongst black men and women"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2154.99,"endTime":2157.12,"body":"and encouraged the ignored acknowledgement"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2157.12,"endTime":2162.12,"body":"that visibility is a"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2157.12,"endTime":2162.12,"body":"political and ethical act."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2162.67,"endTime":2165.01,"body":"But they went further."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2165.01,"endTime":2167.89,"body":"Never enough. More was needed."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2167.89,"endTime":2170.5,"body":"And for them, this meant activism."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2170.5,"endTime":2172.57,"body":"Now, they were joined in their endeavors"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2172.57,"endTime":2175.42,"body":"by the explosion of pathologies."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2175.42,"endTime":2177.49,"body":"That is, illness narratives"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2177.49,"endTime":2181.63,"body":"and autobiographies written"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2177.49,"endTime":2181.63,"body":"by breast cancer survivors."},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2181.63,"endTime":2184.81,"body":"These included the memoir"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2181.63,"endTime":2184.81,"body":"written by Betty Rollin,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2184.81,"endTime":2189.81,"body":"whose \"First, You Cry\""},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2184.81,"endTime":2189.81,"body":"embraced a feminist bile,"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2189.88,"endTime":2192.28,"body":"and Rose Kushner, who"},{"speaker":"this was Lorde's central insight","startTime":2189.88,"endTime":2192.28,"body":"we've already mentioned,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2193.3,"endTime":2197.613,"body":"A Personal History \u0026 Investigative"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2193.3,"endTime":2197.613,"body":"Report\" railed bitterly"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2197.613,"endTime":2202.613,"body":"against the malevolent,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2197.613,"endTime":2202.613,"body":"male-dominated medical profession."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2203.32,"endTime":2204.88,"body":"These writers insisted"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2204.88,"endTime":2207.25,"body":"that breast cancer was a political issue."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2207.25,"endTime":2210.46,"body":"And they castigated"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2207.25,"endTime":2210.46,"body":"political and medical elites"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2210.46,"endTime":2212.29,"body":"for ignoring the ways"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2212.29,"endTime":2216.19,"body":"that women's bodies were"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2212.29,"endTime":2216.19,"body":"being polluted and poisoned"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2216.19,"endTime":2220.99,"body":"by corporate interests that"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2216.19,"endTime":2220.99,"body":"contaminated the environment."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2220.99,"endTime":2224.14,"body":"And the works of this generation"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2224.14,"endTime":2228.4,"body":"of writers contrasts really starkly"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2228.4,"endTime":2232.93,"body":"with the highly individualized"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2228.4,"endTime":2232.93,"body":"accounts of breast cancer"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2232.93,"endTime":2236.47,"body":"that have emerged in more recent decades."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2236.47,"endTime":2239.56,"body":"This genre assumes that, as women,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2239.56,"endTime":2242.32,"body":"we are living in a post-feminist world,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2242.32,"endTime":2245.23,"body":"where consumer choices related"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2245.23,"endTime":2248.62,"body":"to their breast cancer diagnosis are part"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2248.62,"endTime":2250.36,"body":"of their liberation."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2250.36,"endTime":2252.4,"body":"In these pathographies,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2252.4,"endTime":2255.04,"body":"breast cancer is tightly linked"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2255.04,"endTime":2258.91,"body":"to beauty and fashion industries."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2258.91,"endTime":2261.4,"body":"Fairly typical example includes"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2261.4,"endTime":2265.54,"body":"Lucas' \"Why I Wore"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2261.4,"endTime":2265.54,"body":"Lipstick to My Mastectomy,\""},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2265.54,"endTime":2267.19,"body":"which encourages readers to"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2267.19,"endTime":2271.12,"body":"also perform this act of courage."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2271.12,"endTime":2274.48,"body":"That is, wearing red"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2271.12,"endTime":2274.48,"body":"lipstick to a mastectomy."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2274.48,"endTime":2277.037,"body":"In some additions, Lucas asks,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2277.037,"endTime":2279.43,"body":"\"Isn't attitude everything?\""},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2279.43,"endTime":2280.51,"body":"That's on the front cover."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2280.51,"endTime":2285.19,"body":"And words like \"guts\""},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2280.51,"endTime":2285.19,"body":"appear on the back cover."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2285.19,"endTime":2287.83,"body":"And for those of you who"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2285.19,"endTime":2287.83,"body":"have followed my lectures,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2287.83,"endTime":2291.49,"body":"in the one on polio, I also"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2287.83,"endTime":2291.49,"body":"discuss this issue of guts."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2291.49,"endTime":2293.53,"body":"You've got to have guts when you're sick,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2293.53,"endTime":2296.38,"body":"and the tyranny of comportment."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2296.38,"endTime":2301.38,"body":"Pathologies tend to follow a"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2296.38,"endTime":2301.38,"body":"really, particularly, I think,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2301.6,"endTime":2305.41,"body":"invidious narrative of quest,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2305.41,"endTime":2308.38,"body":"implying that self-knowledge is acquired"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2308.38,"endTime":2311.86,"body":"to undergoing particular trials."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2311.86,"endTime":2315.88,"body":"Patients were required to"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2311.86,"endTime":2315.88,"body":"perform a kind of stoicism"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2315.88,"endTime":2317.71,"body":"or even positivity."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2317.71,"endTime":2319.037,"body":"As Kushner put it,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2319.037,"endTime":2324.037,"body":"\"Patients are expected to"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2319.037,"endTime":2324.037,"body":"enact the red badge of courage."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2324.1,"endTime":2327.52,"body":"They are told that they"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2324.1,"endTime":2327.52,"body":"should glue a stylish wig"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2327.52,"endTime":2331.33,"body":"on your pate, choose some"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2327.52,"endTime":2331.33,"body":"Rolaids, and grin and bear it."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2331.33,"endTime":2334.42,"body":"Never hint to the doctor that"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2331.33,"endTime":2334.42,"body":"the breast cancer medicine"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2334.42,"endTime":2337.147,"body":"is the reason you feel so sick.\""},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2339.13,"endTime":2343.423,"body":"So unhappiness requires"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2339.13,"endTime":2343.423,"body":"some kind of apology."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2347.29,"endTime":2351.4,"body":"Erased from these more recent pathologies"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2351.4,"endTime":2355.3,"body":"is issues such as fear and anger."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2355.3,"endTime":2359.02,"body":"For such groups, the"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2355.3,"endTime":2359.02,"body":"emphasis was on the return"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2359.02,"endTime":2364.02,"body":"to normality rather than"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2359.02,"endTime":2364.02,"body":"a political identity."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2364.6,"endTime":2367.0,"body":"Women who experienced"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2364.6,"endTime":2367.0,"body":"breast cancer were expect"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2367.0,"endTime":2371.68,"body":"to return to their safe,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2367.0,"endTime":2371.68,"body":"suburban lives afterwards."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2371.68,"endTime":2373.69,"body":"Now, as such things suggest,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2373.69,"endTime":2376.6,"body":"suffering from breast cancer"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2373.69,"endTime":2376.6,"body":"could be stigmatizing,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2376.6,"endTime":2379.57,"body":"similar to other diseases."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2379.57,"endTime":2383.38,"body":"Women could be blamed for"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2379.57,"endTime":2383.38,"body":"refusing to follow their natural"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2383.38,"endTime":2387.82,"body":"and eugenic destiny as mothers,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2387.82,"endTime":2390.82,"body":"or for having been so"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2387.82,"endTime":2390.82,"body":"obsessed with beauty that,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2390.82,"endTime":2393.37,"body":"for example, they didn't breastfeed."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2393.37,"endTime":2396.76,"body":"Chemotherapy caused"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2393.37,"endTime":2396.76,"body":"many to lose their hair,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2396.76,"endTime":2399.25,"body":"women's shining glory."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2399.25,"endTime":2401.95,"body":"As Catherine Lord, a different Lord,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2401.95,"endTime":2406.637,"body":"Catherine Lord put it in"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2401.95,"endTime":2406.637,"body":"\"The Summer of Her Baldness,\""},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2406.637,"endTime":2410.66,"body":"\"On a woman of my age,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2406.637,"endTime":2410.66,"body":"pate smells invalid."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2412.81,"endTime":2416.38,"body":"Even admitting to feeling"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2412.81,"endTime":2416.38,"body":"pain could be seen"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2416.38,"endTime":2418.75,"body":"as shameful or humiliating.\""},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2418.75,"endTime":2421.27,"body":"And there's this really"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2418.75,"endTime":2421.27,"body":"interesting survey done"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2421.27,"endTime":2425.68,"body":"in the early 1970s of patients"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2425.68,"endTime":2428.62,"body":"who found that more than 1/3 admitted"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2428.62,"endTime":2431.47,"body":"that they didn't speak about"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2428.62,"endTime":2431.47,"body":"the pain because of negative,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2431.47,"endTime":2434.65,"body":"it would lead to negative social laboring."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2434.65,"endTime":2435.707,"body":"They say things like,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2435.707,"endTime":2438.257,"body":"\"I rarely discuss pain"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2435.707,"endTime":2438.257,"body":"unless someone asks me.\""},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2438.257,"endTime":2440.527,"body":"\"I'm not one of those hypochondriacs.\""},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2442.127,"endTime":2444.34,"body":"\"No one likes a complainer.\""},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2444.34,"endTime":2449.293,"body":"Even organizations dedicated"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2444.34,"endTime":2449.293,"body":"to helping women suffering"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2449.293,"endTime":2454.293,"body":"from breast cancer could"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2449.293,"endTime":2454.293,"body":"perpetuate harmful sexist messages."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2454.96,"endTime":2456.98,"body":"And I'm going to show you one example here"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2457.9,"endTime":2461.41,"body":"from the Breast Cancer Fund of Canada."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2461.41,"endTime":2464.68,"body":"And just so you know what's"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2461.41,"endTime":2464.68,"body":"going to be happening,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2464.68,"endTime":2466.45,"body":"in it you have this young boy,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2466.45,"endTime":2469.24,"body":"young man called Cam"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2469.24,"endTime":2473.65,"body":"who's offering to do breast exams"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2476.71,"endTime":2478.48,"body":"for anyone who wants it."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2478.48,"endTime":2481.09,"body":"Okay, let's see if this is going to work."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2481.09,"endTime":2483.733,"body":"So Cam's breast examination."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2484.9,"endTime":2487.63,"body":"- Are you too busy to do your"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2484.9,"endTime":2487.63,"body":"monthly breast self-exam?"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2487.63,"endTime":2489.91,"body":"Unsure of the right technique?"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2489.91,"endTime":2492.73,"body":"My name is Cam, and I'd like to help."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2492.73,"endTime":2496.72,"body":"Let me examine your breasts"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2492.73,"endTime":2496.72,"body":"for absolutely free."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2496.72,"endTime":2499.03,"body":"I'm highly trained and highly motivated,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2499.03,"endTime":2500.65,"body":"so call the number on your screen."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2500.65,"endTime":2502.9,"body":"Call takers are standing by,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2502.9,"endTime":2505.63,"body":"so put your breasts in my hands."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2505.63,"endTime":2506.81,"body":"Let Cam do your breast exam."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2506.81,"endTime":2509.041,"body":"(upbeat music)"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2509.041,"endTime":2511.216,"body":"♪ Give me all your love ♪"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2511.216,"endTime":2513.426,"body":"♪ Baby do it right ♪"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2513.426,"endTime":2515.69,"body":"♪ You're holding me tonight ♪"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2515.69,"endTime":2518.32,"body":"- Isn't that shocking? (laughs)"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2518.32,"endTime":2521.86,"body":"Anyway, let Cam do your breast exam."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2521.86,"endTime":2523.72,"body":"Joking and sexualizing breast cancer is,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2523.72,"endTime":2526.72,"body":"of course, unfortunately not rare."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2526.72,"endTime":2531.01,"body":"Okay, how have American"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2526.72,"endTime":2531.01,"body":"and British authorities,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2531.01,"endTime":2533.65,"body":"charities, and activists"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2531.01,"endTime":2533.65,"body":"sought to educate people"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2533.65,"endTime":2535.0,"body":"about breast cancer?"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2535.0,"endTime":2536.56,"body":"And I think historically"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2536.56,"endTime":2539.29,"body":"there are two really major responses,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2539.29,"endTime":2541.51,"body":"different official responses."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2541.51,"endTime":2545.62,"body":"In the US, the response is"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2541.51,"endTime":2545.62,"body":"placed on public education,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2545.62,"endTime":2548.257,"body":"the main mantra being \"Don't delay.\""},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2549.43,"endTime":2551.23,"body":"So yeah."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2551.23,"endTime":2553.39,"body":"In contrast, in the UK,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2553.39,"endTime":2555.49,"body":"after the founding of the NHS,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2555.49,"endTime":2557.98,"body":"which was then free at point of access,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2557.98,"endTime":2561.73,"body":"there were fears that this"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2557.98,"endTime":2561.73,"body":"approach would not work."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2561.73,"endTime":2564.64,"body":"That it would overwhelm the NHS"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2564.64,"endTime":2568.0,"body":"with women panicking about"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2564.64,"endTime":2568.0,"body":"whether they might have cancer."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2568.0,"endTime":2571.6,"body":"Would public information"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2568.0,"endTime":2571.6,"body":"inflame anxieties,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2571.6,"endTime":2576.6,"body":"hypochondria, a British"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2571.6,"endTime":2576.6,"body":"affliction, and cancer phobia?"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2576.97,"endTime":2580.57,"body":"Would it encourage unnatural,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2576.97,"endTime":2580.57,"body":"unrealistic, sorry,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2580.57,"endTime":2584.41,"body":"expectations from physicians and surgeons?"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2584.41,"endTime":2588.31,"body":"So unlike in the States where"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2584.41,"endTime":2588.31,"body":"it was public education,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2588.31,"endTime":2590.89,"body":"in the UK, in this earlier period,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2590.89,"endTime":2594.1,"body":"it was much more focused"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2590.89,"endTime":2594.1,"body":"on educating physicians"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2594.1,"endTime":2596.5,"body":"rather than the general public."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2596.5,"endTime":2599.17,"body":"This also meant that British organizations"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2599.17,"endTime":2601.78,"body":"were much more committed to research"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2601.78,"endTime":2604.48,"body":"over public education in comparison"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2604.48,"endTime":2607.69,"body":"to their US equivalent."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2607.69,"endTime":2610.18,"body":"In terms of public advocacy,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2610.18,"endTime":2612.07,"body":"it's also possible to see"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2612.07,"endTime":2615.31,"body":"that there are two very"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2612.07,"endTime":2615.31,"body":"different responses,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2615.31,"endTime":2618.19,"body":"or different forms, if"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2615.31,"endTime":2618.19,"body":"you like, of advocacy."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2618.19,"endTime":2621.82,"body":"In shorthand, these are the green"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2621.82,"endTime":2624.73,"body":"versus the pink approaches."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2624.73,"endTime":2628.133,"body":"Green advocacy emphasizes prevention"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2630.85,"endTime":2632.83,"body":"through environmental change."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2632.83,"endTime":2635.62,"body":"And they have developed"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2632.83,"endTime":2635.62,"body":"stringent critiques"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2635.62,"endTime":2638.8,"body":"of pharmaceutical and"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2635.62,"endTime":2638.8,"body":"chemical corporations,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2638.8,"endTime":2641.47,"body":"and have often got really strong ties"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2641.47,"endTime":2644.983,"body":"with global feminisms and AIDS activism."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2646.42,"endTime":2651.42,"body":"The, in contrast, pink advocacy"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2646.42,"endTime":2651.42,"body":"is much more consumer based,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2652.57,"endTime":2655.27,"body":"focusing on raising funds for research"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2655.27,"endTime":2658.09,"body":"and treatment of breast cancer."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2658.09,"endTime":2662.29,"body":"And they have generated some"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2658.09,"endTime":2662.29,"body":"really powerful critiques."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2662.29,"endTime":2665.86,"body":"Pink bows and balloons,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2662.29,"endTime":2665.86,"body":"cuddly, pink teddy bears,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2665.86,"endTime":2670.86,"body":"pink coffee mugs, pink broaches,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2665.86,"endTime":2670.86,"body":"coloring books complete"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2671.32,"endTime":2675.16,"body":"with crayons not only infantilized women,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2675.16,"endTime":2679.75,"body":"but present consumption as a"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2675.16,"endTime":2679.75,"body":"solution for breast cancers,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2679.75,"endTime":2683.62,"body":"often caused by the"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2679.75,"endTime":2683.62,"body":"same companies donating"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2683.62,"endTime":2686.95,"body":"a usually minuscule share of their profits"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2686.95,"endTime":2688.81,"body":"to cancer projects."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2688.81,"endTime":2689.643,"body":"So in other words,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2689.643,"endTime":2693.19,"body":"this approach has been"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2689.643,"endTime":2693.19,"body":"termed pink washing."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2693.19,"endTime":2696.73,"body":"That is, the corporate"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2693.19,"endTime":2696.73,"body":"exploitation of breast cancer"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2696.73,"endTime":2699.19,"body":"in the name of profit."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2699.19,"endTime":2701.71,"body":"And pink washing is the main focus"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2701.71,"endTime":2705.49,"body":"of the Think Before You Pink campaign."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2705.49,"endTime":2707.77,"body":"The unholy alliance"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2707.77,"endTime":2712.77,"body":"that the British Cancer Action identifies"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2713.41,"endTime":2716.5,"body":"between corporate greed and breast cancer"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2716.5,"endTime":2719.77,"body":"also has a medical component."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2719.77,"endTime":2723.25,"body":"And that is the breast reconstruction"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2723.25,"endTime":2727.78,"body":"and plastical cosmetic surgery industries,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2727.78,"endTime":2732.52,"body":"which make huge profits by"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2727.78,"endTime":2732.52,"body":"playing on heterosexist,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2732.52,"endTime":2737.52,"body":"patriarchal ideas about"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2732.52,"endTime":2737.52,"body":"normal women's bodies."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2738.22,"endTime":2740.68,"body":"These industries are heavily promoted"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2740.68,"endTime":2744.1,"body":"by professional cosmetic"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2740.68,"endTime":2744.1,"body":"surgery organizations,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2744.1,"endTime":2749.1,"body":"as well as companies that"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2744.1,"endTime":2749.1,"body":"manufacture breast implants."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2750.19,"endTime":2753.43,"body":"And these surgeons are highly influential"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2753.43,"endTime":2758.23,"body":"in deciding what constitutes the ideal"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2758.23,"endTime":2763.23,"body":"or the correct, as they see it, breasts."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2763.36,"endTime":2765.49,"body":"Ignoring vast differences"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2765.49,"endTime":2768.28,"body":"in the normal appearances of breasts,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2768.28,"endTime":2771.91,"body":"these surgeons laud precision, uniformity,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2771.91,"endTime":2776.59,"body":"measurement, downplaying all of the risks."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2776.59,"endTime":2781.06,"body":"And today in Britain,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2776.59,"endTime":2781.06,"body":"something like 30% of women"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2781.06,"endTime":2785.35,"body":"who experience a mastectomy"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2781.06,"endTime":2785.35,"body":"have breast reconstruction."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2785.35,"endTime":2788.47,"body":"Now, to conclude, we don't actually,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2788.47,"endTime":2789.853,"body":"I like this image,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2791.11,"endTime":2794.32,"body":"we don't actually need Foucault to...."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2794.32,"endTime":2797.11,"body":"I'm going to keep that image a"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2794.32,"endTime":2797.11,"body":"little bit longer. It's nice."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2797.11,"endTime":2802.11,"body":"We don't need Foucault to tell"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2797.11,"endTime":2802.11,"body":"us that knowledge is power."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2802.57,"endTime":2803.403,"body":"As he put it,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2803.403,"endTime":2807.13,"body":"\"Power produces effects"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2803.403,"endTime":2807.13,"body":"at the level of knowledge."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2807.13,"endTime":2811.24,"body":"Far from preventing"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2807.13,"endTime":2811.24,"body":"knowledge, power produces it.\""},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2811.24,"endTime":2813.97,"body":"In the context of breast cancer,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2813.97,"endTime":2815.44,"body":"it's important to look at"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2815.44,"endTime":2820.03,"body":"who and what are invested in knowledge"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2820.03,"endTime":2822.13,"body":"about this disease."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2822.13,"endTime":2826.87,"body":"What are the effects of the"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2822.13,"endTime":2826.87,"body":"types of knowledge produced?"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2826.87,"endTime":2828.7,"body":"Specifically, the fact"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2828.7,"endTime":2832.66,"body":"that the biomedical emphasis today focuses"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2832.66,"endTime":2836.89,"body":"on risk factors communicates a great deal"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2836.89,"endTime":2840.31,"body":"about power and vulnerability."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2840.31,"endTime":2842.05,"body":"Risk is individualized."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2842.05,"endTime":2845.47,"body":"That is, it assigns"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2842.05,"endTime":2845.47,"body":"culpability to the patient"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2845.47,"endTime":2849.67,"body":"who fails to regulate diet,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2849.67,"endTime":2853.15,"body":"eliminate toxins, such"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2849.67,"endTime":2853.15,"body":"as nicotine or alcohol,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2853.15,"endTime":2855.07,"body":"entering the body, remains skinny,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2855.07,"endTime":2857.65,"body":"fail to remain skinny and exercise,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2857.65,"endTime":2861.16,"body":"fail to reproduce at a young age,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2861.16,"endTime":2863.71,"body":"and fail to breastfeed infants."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2863.71,"endTime":2866.32,"body":"Many of these risks are, of course,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2866.32,"endTime":2871.32,"body":"tightly tied to notions of"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2866.32,"endTime":2871.32,"body":"being truly feminine and female."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2872.47,"endTime":2875.08,"body":"Most obviously, they're also tied"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2875.08,"endTime":2878.71,"body":"to notions of feminine beauty, slender,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2878.71,"endTime":2883.51,"body":"and the natural female body"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2878.71,"endTime":2883.51,"body":"as the reproductive one."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2883.51,"endTime":2886.12,"body":"In its most, I think, dangerous form,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2886.12,"endTime":2890.44,"body":"it stigmatizes women who stand"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2886.12,"endTime":2890.44,"body":"against heteronormativity."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2890.44,"endTime":2894.79,"body":"It relegates other causes"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2894.79,"endTime":2896.08,"body":"of a breast cancer,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2896.08,"endTime":2899.2,"body":"such as environmental"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2896.08,"endTime":2899.2,"body":"ones, to lesser positions."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2899.2,"endTime":2903.58,"body":"In the words of one women"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2899.2,"endTime":2903.58,"body":"writing to Betty Ford,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2903.58,"endTime":2906.58,"body":"of course, one of the famous women"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2906.58,"endTime":2908.77,"body":"who came out publicly to talk"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2908.77,"endTime":2911.11,"body":"about breast cancer and mastectomy,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2911.11,"endTime":2913.877,"body":"a woman writing to her said,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2913.877,"endTime":2918.877,"body":"\"Remember that your attitude"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2913.877,"endTime":2918.877,"body":"is most of the battle."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2918.88,"endTime":2920.56,"body":"Never think about defeat,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2920.56,"endTime":2924.517,"body":"only about winning, and you will win.\""},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2925.48,"endTime":2929.89,"body":"These were what Era Bell Thompson,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2929.89,"endTime":2934.42,"body":"Minnie Riperton, and Audre"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2929.89,"endTime":2934.42,"body":"Lorde were protesting"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2934.42,"endTime":2939.42,"body":"when they stepped out of the cancer closet"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2940.39,"endTime":2942.67,"body":"and changed their worlds."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2942.67,"endTime":2944.71,"body":"They were important in the movement"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2944.71,"endTime":2948.91,"body":"from the Foucaultian"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2944.71,"endTime":2948.91,"body":"docile bodies subjected"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2948.91,"endTime":2952.54,"body":"to the disciplining regiments of medicine"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2952.54,"endTime":2956.35,"body":"to being subject engaged"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2952.54,"endTime":2956.35,"body":"in their own illness,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2956.35,"endTime":2958.273,"body":"recovery, and dying."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2959.26,"endTime":2961.029,"body":"That's it. Thank you."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2961.029,"endTime":2964.029,"body":"(audience applauds)"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2967.666,"endTime":2971.5,"body":"And just to say that, in a month's time,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2971.5,"endTime":2974.29,"body":"we are going to be talking about HIV/AIDS."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2974.29,"endTime":2976.6,"body":"16th of February."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2976.6,"endTime":2978.97,"body":"And that will be followed a month later"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2978.97,"endTime":2983.97,"body":"by sickle cell disease and"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2978.97,"endTime":2983.97,"body":"two months later by dementia."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2985.03,"endTime":2988.66,"body":"So I hope that you can come to those."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2988.66,"endTime":2990.16,"body":"Does anyone have any comments"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2990.16,"endTime":2994.6,"body":"or questions that they"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2990.16,"endTime":2994.6,"body":"would like to raise?"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2994.6,"endTime":2996.52,"body":"- [Audience Member] First, I'd"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2994.6,"endTime":2996.52,"body":"like to thank you very much"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2996.52,"endTime":2999.91,"body":"for really enlightening lectures."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2999.91,"endTime":3003.66,"body":"I wasn't expecting that, but"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":2999.91,"endTime":3003.66,"body":"that was beautiful. Thank you."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3003.66,"endTime":3004.493,"body":"- Thanks."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3006.549,"endTime":3008.333,"body":"- [Audience Member] I've"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3006.549,"endTime":3008.333,"body":"learned a great deal."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3011.16,"endTime":3014.46,"body":"I'm thinking historically"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3011.16,"endTime":3014.46,"body":"that this concern"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3014.46,"endTime":3018.55,"body":"about cutting surgery spreads cancer cells"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3019.98,"endTime":3024.18,"body":"is perhaps something we ought to keep"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3024.18,"endTime":3027.21,"body":"in the modern period because this,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3027.21,"endTime":3028.59,"body":"you know, there seems to be a shift"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3028.59,"endTime":3030.3,"body":"for things like thermographies."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3030.3,"endTime":3034.59,"body":"So perhaps some of the history"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3034.59,"endTime":3036.573,"body":"is useful for today."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3037.59,"endTime":3038.793,"body":"- Yeah, thank you."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3040.14,"endTime":3043.17,"body":"You know, I'm not intending,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3043.17,"endTime":3046.02,"body":"and I hope I didn't give the"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3043.17,"endTime":3046.02,"body":"impression I was intending,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3046.02,"endTime":3050.94,"body":"to be prescribing any"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3046.02,"endTime":3050.94,"body":"particular form of treatment."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3050.94,"endTime":3053.07,"body":"For one thing, I'm not a medical doctor,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3053.07,"endTime":3055.77,"body":"I'm not a surgeon or a medical doctor"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3055.77,"endTime":3056.91,"body":"in any way whatsoever."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3056.91,"endTime":3058.41,"body":"So I wouldn't dare do that"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3058.41,"endTime":3062.04,"body":"because other people know much"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3058.41,"endTime":3062.04,"body":"better than I do about that."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3062.04,"endTime":3065.34,"body":"But also, I think the important thing"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3065.34,"endTime":3069.39,"body":"that I am insisting upon"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3065.34,"endTime":3069.39,"body":"is that it's women ought"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3069.39,"endTime":3072.21,"body":"to be making their own"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3069.39,"endTime":3072.21,"body":"decisions about what"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3072.21,"endTime":3076.59,"body":"for them is the right and proper procedure"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3076.59,"endTime":3079.29,"body":"for the way they live their lives."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3079.29,"endTime":3081.12,"body":"And I think that is the important thing."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3081.12,"endTime":3086.12,"body":"And that is what has so"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3081.12,"endTime":3086.12,"body":"often, historically and today,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3086.43,"endTime":3089.73,"body":"been lost in all of these debates."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3089.73,"endTime":3091.17,"body":"And this is why I think that the,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3091.17,"endTime":3093.42,"body":"particularly the four activists"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3093.42,"endTime":3095.82,"body":"that I was talking a lot about here today,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3095.82,"endTime":3099.3,"body":"that was their main"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3095.82,"endTime":3099.3,"body":"fight in the 70s and 80s."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3099.3,"endTime":3101.76,"body":"And they changed the way doctors worked."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3101.76,"endTime":3105.21,"body":"I mean, physicians themselves"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3101.76,"endTime":3105.21,"body":"also, as I mentioned,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3105.21,"endTime":3108.21,"body":"also had a say in that change by doing,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3108.21,"endTime":3109.147,"body":"you know, random controlled,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3109.147,"endTime":3111.27,"body":"you know, trials and everything."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3111.27,"endTime":3113.49,"body":"But, you know, at the same time,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3113.49,"endTime":3118.207,"body":"that was really pushed by"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3113.49,"endTime":3118.207,"body":"these women who were saying,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3118.207,"endTime":3119.22,"body":"\"It's my choice,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3119.22,"endTime":3122.43,"body":"and I want to know all"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3119.22,"endTime":3122.43,"body":"the facts that we have"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3122.43,"endTime":3124.92,"body":"in whatever period of history"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3124.92,"endTime":3127.71,"body":"that are the best"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3124.92,"endTime":3127.71,"body":"information that we have.\""},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3127.71,"endTime":3130.32,"body":"And I think just as a footnote to that,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3130.32,"endTime":3135.32,"body":"I think as a historian of medicine myself,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3135.72,"endTime":3139.02,"body":"I think there's always a risk"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3139.02,"endTime":3143.01,"body":"of assuming a sense of progress."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3143.01,"endTime":3147.84,"body":"Aren't we getting"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3143.01,"endTime":3147.84,"body":"better? We know more now."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3147.84,"endTime":3150.84,"body":"And I think that really has to be,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3150.84,"endTime":3152.55,"body":"as you in fact just indicated,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3152.55,"endTime":3155.7,"body":"that really has to be"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3152.55,"endTime":3155.7,"body":"resisted very strongly."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3155.7,"endTime":3159.45,"body":"And one of the reasons I love history is"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3159.45,"endTime":3162.93,"body":"because it gives us other"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3159.45,"endTime":3162.93,"body":"ways of looking at the world"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3162.93,"endTime":3165.69,"body":"and thinking about alternatives."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3165.69,"endTime":3168.33,"body":"And sometimes they may"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3165.69,"endTime":3168.33,"body":"include, as you suggest,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3168.33,"endTime":3170.79,"body":"going back to something that was learned"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3170.79,"endTime":3174.69,"body":"or was known in an earlier"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3170.79,"endTime":3174.69,"body":"period and kind of lost."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3174.69,"endTime":3176.61,"body":"And sometimes it doesn't."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3176.61,"endTime":3177.443,"body":"So yeah."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3177.443,"endTime":3180.24,"body":"But thank you for your"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3177.443,"endTime":3180.24,"body":"comment. That's great."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3180.24,"endTime":3181.073,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3181.073,"endTime":3182.01,"body":"- [Audience Member] I"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3181.073,"endTime":3182.01,"body":"was just going to say"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3182.01,"endTime":3183.06,"body":"that was a really great talk."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3183.06,"endTime":3186.99,"body":"I'm a molecular biologist"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3183.06,"endTime":3186.99,"body":"myself and a lesbian."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3186.99,"endTime":3190.47,"body":"And I wrote my dissertation"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3186.99,"endTime":3190.47,"body":"on similar malpractices"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3190.47,"endTime":3192.36,"body":"and women being overlooked definitely"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3192.36,"endTime":3193.71,"body":"in the medical field,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3193.71,"endTime":3198.63,"body":"and how we continue to see that"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3193.71,"endTime":3198.63,"body":"well into the 20th century."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3198.63,"endTime":3201.45,"body":"I suppose my question would be to you,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3201.45,"endTime":3203.46,"body":"just out of interest,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3203.46,"endTime":3205.53,"body":"what do you think is the next step"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3205.53,"endTime":3209.97,"body":"in increasing representation"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3209.97,"endTime":3210.9,"body":"within the medical field"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3210.9,"endTime":3215.7,"body":"or increasing representation"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3210.9,"endTime":3215.7,"body":"just in society?"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3215.7,"endTime":3217.14,"body":"Just that curiosity."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3217.14,"endTime":3219.24,"body":"- Yeah. Thank you very much."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3219.24,"endTime":3221.61,"body":"And I'm really pleased that you're here"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3221.61,"endTime":3224.64,"body":"because there's a longer"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3221.61,"endTime":3224.64,"body":"version of all of my talks,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3224.64,"endTime":3225.473,"body":"by the way."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3225.473,"endTime":3228.39,"body":"So there's a script that you"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3225.473,"endTime":3228.39,"body":"can pick up as you go out."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3228.39,"endTime":3230.49,"body":"Because in that longer version,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3230.49,"endTime":3233.403,"body":"one of the other things I talk about is,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3234.33,"endTime":3236.52,"body":"well, I don't talk very"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3234.33,"endTime":3236.52,"body":"much, just a few sentences,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3236.52,"endTime":3240.27,"body":"but is about it was also really important"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3240.27,"endTime":3243.303,"body":"that women started to go"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3240.27,"endTime":3243.303,"body":"into the medical profession,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3244.585,"endTime":3247.41,"body":"and particularly into oncology."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3247.41,"endTime":3249.3,"body":"That, you know, one of the things"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3249.3,"endTime":3254.3,"body":"that really was helping hearing"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3249.3,"endTime":3254.3,"body":"women's voices was the fact"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3254.79,"endTime":3257.94,"body":"that you were increasingly"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3254.79,"endTime":3257.94,"body":"having female doctors,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3257.94,"endTime":3258.96,"body":"female surgeons."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3258.96,"endTime":3261.54,"body":"And that was a very, very important thing."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3261.54,"endTime":3264.99,"body":"And as you say, they're still, you know,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3264.99,"endTime":3269.67,"body":"highly underrepresented in"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3264.99,"endTime":3269.67,"body":"a lot of medical fields."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3269.67,"endTime":3272.44,"body":"And that is a fight that we really need"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3273.35,"endTime":3276.12,"body":"to keep at all the time."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3276.12,"endTime":3279.483,"body":"And I published a book"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3276.12,"endTime":3279.483,"body":"actually just this year,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3280.44,"endTime":3282.6,"body":"and this may sound like it"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3280.44,"endTime":3282.6,"body":"doesn't answer your question,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3282.6,"endTime":3284.55,"body":"but it kind of does,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3284.55,"endTime":3289.02,"body":"which is actually a history"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3284.55,"endTime":3289.02,"body":"of sexual violence globally."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3289.02,"endTime":3291.03,"body":"It's called \"Disgrace.\""},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3291.03,"endTime":3293.01,"body":"But the reason I'm"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3291.03,"endTime":3293.01,"body":"mentioning sexual violence"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3293.01,"endTime":3294.9,"body":"in a talk about breast cancer"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3294.9,"endTime":3298.807,"body":"is because the last"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3294.9,"endTime":3298.807,"body":"chapter of that book says,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3298.807,"endTime":3301.26,"body":"\"We can have a world that is better."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3301.26,"endTime":3303.237,"body":"We can have a world that is rape-free.\""},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3304.47,"endTime":3307.62,"body":"And then it goes through systematically"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3307.62,"endTime":3310.41,"body":"the ways we create better worlds, okay?"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3310.41,"endTime":3315.36,"body":"Now, the same response to how"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3310.41,"endTime":3315.36,"body":"we create a rape-free world"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3315.36,"endTime":3318.3,"body":"is also how we work to create a world"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3318.3,"endTime":3320.73,"body":"of greater equality more broadly."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3320.73,"endTime":3323.58,"body":"The same things, the same principles,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3323.58,"endTime":3327.33,"body":"the same practices, the same ideas work"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3327.33,"endTime":3331.95,"body":"for the broader question,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3327.33,"endTime":3331.95,"body":"not simply sexual violence."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3331.95,"endTime":3333.78,"body":"And yeah."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3333.78,"endTime":3336.6,"body":"And, you know, it's a long chapter,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3336.6,"endTime":3340.08,"body":"but I think one of the central arguments"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3340.08,"endTime":3342.6,"body":"is that there is not one way forward."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3342.6,"endTime":3345.6,"body":"We want to increase female"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3342.6,"endTime":3345.6,"body":"representation in these fields."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3345.6,"endTime":3347.013,"body":"You know, it's not enough."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3348.21,"endTime":3350.13,"body":"It's too simple to say,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3348.21,"endTime":3350.13,"body":"\"Well, if we do this,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3350.13,"endTime":3351.66,"body":"then it'll solve the problem.\""},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3351.66,"endTime":3352.59,"body":"Rather, you know,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3352.59,"endTime":3356.64,"body":"we all have to use our"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3352.59,"endTime":3356.64,"body":"own specific talents,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3356.64,"endTime":3360.327,"body":"our proclivities, our realms of influence"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3363.15,"endTime":3366.42,"body":"in different ways to"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3363.15,"endTime":3366.42,"body":"address the same problem"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3366.42,"endTime":3367.68,"body":"because these are major problems."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3367.68,"endTime":3369.33,"body":"So there's not simply one answer."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3370.17,"endTime":3371.7,"body":"Yeah. Okay."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3371.7,"endTime":3372.813,"body":"Question online."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3375.63,"endTime":3377.343,"body":"Okay. There's actually now a few."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3379.08,"endTime":3382.32,"body":"Okay. The first one I received says this."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3382.32,"endTime":3387.09,"body":"Cancer is often presented"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3382.32,"endTime":3387.09,"body":"as a fight to be won,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3387.09,"endTime":3390.39,"body":"whilst my mom also experienced fun"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3390.39,"endTime":3395.313,"body":"and face pack sessions when"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3390.39,"endTime":3395.313,"body":"in hospital and enjoyed them."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3396.33,"endTime":3397.86,"body":"Is what you point out"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3397.86,"endTime":3401.73,"body":"as a capitalist approach"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3397.86,"endTime":3401.73,"body":"to cancer also gendered?"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3401.73,"endTime":3403.05,"body":"Really, really good question."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3403.05,"endTime":3405.75,"body":"It's very much gendered. Ooh."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3405.75,"endTime":3408.72,"body":"It's very much a gendered approach,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3408.72,"endTime":3410.76,"body":"as we saw, I mean, most obviously"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3410.76,"endTime":3414.15,"body":"in terms of the pink washing."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3414.15,"endTime":3417.0,"body":"There's highly gendered"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3414.15,"endTime":3417.0,"body":"ways of doing this."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3417.0,"endTime":3420.21,"body":"And the infantilization that you see"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3420.21,"endTime":3424.65,"body":"with female breast cancer treatments,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3424.65,"endTime":3427.26,"body":"you know, it's just a world away"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3427.26,"endTime":3430.05,"body":"from male breast cancer, and indeed,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3430.05,"endTime":3431.61,"body":"other forms of cancer treatments,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3431.61,"endTime":3433.17,"body":"and the way they alleviate that."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3433.17,"endTime":3436.77,"body":"So absolutely is my answer to that."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3436.77,"endTime":3439.32,"body":"Is there anyone else who"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3436.77,"endTime":3439.32,"body":"has a question or comment?"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3439.32,"endTime":3441.183,"body":"Okay, there's one more online here."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3442.68,"endTime":3445.74,"body":"What do you think has"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3442.68,"endTime":3445.74,"body":"been the greatest impact"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3445.74,"endTime":3450.74,"body":"of present breast cancer medical care?"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3451.02,"endTime":3453.3,"body":"I'm going to choose to answer this one not"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3453.3,"endTime":3455.16,"body":"in terms of medical procedures"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3455.16,"endTime":3458.07,"body":"because that's not my field,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3458.07,"endTime":3460.92,"body":"but I do think that the return"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3460.92,"endTime":3464.7,"body":"to a much more politicized way of thinking"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3464.7,"endTime":3468.51,"body":"about breast cancer treatments"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3468.51,"endTime":3471.33,"body":"and dealing with breast cancer is,"},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3471.33,"endTime":3474.03,"body":"I think, the really good way forward."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3474.03,"endTime":3476.52,"body":"Yeah. Okay."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3476.52,"endTime":3477.66,"body":"Thank you very much, everyone."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3477.66,"endTime":3479.032,"body":"I really enjoyed talking to you."},{"speaker":"whose \"Breast Cancer","startTime":3479.032,"endTime":3482.032,"body":"(audience applauds)"}]}