{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.058,"endTime":2.975,"body":"(titles whooshing)"},{"startTime":7.83,"endTime":10.68,"body":"- Dear friends, welcome to the"},{"startTime":7.83,"endTime":10.68,"body":"third lecture in our course,"},{"startTime":10.68,"endTime":14.85,"body":"and it's, the topic of"},{"startTime":10.68,"endTime":14.85,"body":"it is musical cadences."},{"startTime":14.85,"endTime":17.883,"body":"And it's possibly the most"},{"startTime":14.85,"endTime":17.883,"body":"important topic of all,"},{"startTime":18.778,"endTime":20.523,"body":"and the one I like very much."},{"startTime":21.36,"endTime":23.1,"body":"So what are cadences?"},{"startTime":23.1,"endTime":27.69,"body":"Cadence is from caden,"},{"startTime":23.1,"endTime":27.69,"body":"Latin word meaning to fall."},{"startTime":27.69,"endTime":32.69,"body":"Indicates that your voice might"},{"startTime":27.69,"endTime":32.69,"body":"fall at the end of a phrase."},{"startTime":33.99,"endTime":38.99,"body":"And because both in music and"},{"startTime":33.99,"endTime":38.99,"body":"in speaking, reading prose,"},{"startTime":39.15,"endTime":42.24,"body":"reading poetry, we depend on our breath,"},{"startTime":42.24,"endTime":45.06,"body":"on the length of our breath,"},{"startTime":45.06,"endTime":50.06,"body":"both music, song, chant, and poetry"},{"startTime":50.22,"endTime":52.44,"body":"heavily dependent on the"},{"startTime":50.22,"endTime":52.44,"body":"length of that breath."},{"startTime":52.44,"endTime":55.863,"body":"You will have to have some"},{"startTime":52.44,"endTime":55.863,"body":"kind of divisions of phrases."},{"startTime":57.51,"endTime":60.54,"body":"So that's why I'm starting with a section"},{"startTime":60.54,"endTime":63.09,"body":"called punctuating music."},{"startTime":63.09,"endTime":67.2,"body":"Because, as you can see,"},{"startTime":63.09,"endTime":67.2,"body":"and on these pictures"},{"startTime":67.2,"endTime":70.17,"body":"you can see a very kind of"},{"startTime":67.2,"endTime":70.17,"body":"early ancient Greek text"},{"startTime":70.17,"endTime":74.22,"body":"with these dots, sort"},{"startTime":70.17,"endTime":74.22,"body":"of dispersed with dots,"},{"startTime":74.22,"endTime":76.68,"body":"which are positioned in various ways,"},{"startTime":76.68,"endTime":79.87,"body":"indicating a kind of half"},{"startTime":76.68,"endTime":79.87,"body":"stop on the full stop"},{"startTime":80.97,"endTime":84.78,"body":"or maybe kind of a third thing in between."},{"startTime":84.78,"endTime":88.86,"body":"And you can see also a"},{"startTime":84.78,"endTime":88.86,"body":"score of a bar corral,"},{"startTime":88.86,"endTime":93.86,"body":"which also has these various"},{"startTime":88.86,"endTime":93.86,"body":"pauses and to indicate"},{"startTime":94.5,"endTime":97.45,"body":"where the phrase stops and"},{"startTime":94.5,"endTime":97.45,"body":"where you have to take a breath."},{"startTime":98.7,"endTime":102.75,"body":"So let us go through history"},{"startTime":98.7,"endTime":102.75,"body":"through several centuries"},{"startTime":102.75,"endTime":107.64,"body":"looking for clues of how this"},{"startTime":102.75,"endTime":107.64,"body":"idea of a musical cadence"},{"startTime":107.64,"endTime":109.623,"body":"was born and how it was developing."},{"startTime":110.64,"endTime":114.452,"body":"So already in the ninth"},{"startTime":110.64,"endTime":114.452,"body":"century in this famous treatise"},{"startTime":114.452,"endTime":117.0,"body":"Musica Enchiriadis, we find the sentence,"},{"startTime":117.0,"endTime":120.36,"body":"the segments of a song"},{"startTime":117.0,"endTime":120.36,"body":"are its colons or commas,"},{"startTime":120.36,"endTime":122.76,"body":"which divide up the song by their endings."},{"startTime":122.76,"endTime":125.61,"body":"So here the words colon and comma"},{"startTime":125.61,"endTime":127.92,"body":"don't actually mean the punctuation marks."},{"startTime":127.92,"endTime":130.713,"body":"They mean the section themselves."},{"startTime":132.42,"endTime":137.42,"body":"John of Affligem, the theorist"},{"startTime":132.42,"endTime":137.42,"body":"circa 1100 connects that."},{"startTime":140.4,"endTime":142.92,"body":"Connects with punctuation marks,"},{"startTime":142.92,"endTime":145.2,"body":"with particular melodic patterns."},{"startTime":145.2,"endTime":148.5,"body":"It's all still happening"},{"startTime":145.2,"endTime":148.5,"body":"just with one melody."},{"startTime":148.5,"endTime":150.87,"body":"When a melody rests in a suspended manner,"},{"startTime":150.87,"endTime":154.05,"body":"a fourth or a fifth from"},{"startTime":150.87,"endTime":154.05,"body":"the home note, it's a colon."},{"startTime":154.05,"endTime":156.09,"body":"When the melody is led"},{"startTime":154.05,"endTime":156.09,"body":"back to the home note"},{"startTime":156.09,"endTime":158.19,"body":"in the middle of the phrase, it's a comma."},{"startTime":158.19,"endTime":160.5,"body":"When it arrives on the home"},{"startTime":158.19,"endTime":160.5,"body":"note at the end of the phrase,"},{"startTime":160.5,"endTime":161.52,"body":"it's a period."},{"startTime":161.52,"endTime":164.103,"body":"So he has these different distinctions."},{"startTime":165.18,"endTime":170.18,"body":"The word itself, cadentia,"},{"startTime":165.18,"endTime":170.18,"body":"comes into use by some people"},{"startTime":172.17,"endTime":175.6,"body":"starting from the 14th"},{"startTime":172.17,"endTime":175.6,"body":"century, Jacobus of Liege"},{"startTime":177.87,"endTime":179.55,"body":"who used the word for the first time"},{"startTime":179.55,"endTime":182.55,"body":"referring to the progression"},{"startTime":179.55,"endTime":182.55,"body":"of an imperfect consonance"},{"startTime":182.55,"endTime":183.96,"body":"to a perfect consonance."},{"startTime":183.96,"endTime":187.979,"body":"So like this for example."},{"startTime":187.979,"endTime":190.92,"body":"(light music)"},{"startTime":190.92,"endTime":194.28,"body":"So that would be the musical"},{"startTime":190.92,"endTime":194.28,"body":"cadence around his time,"},{"startTime":194.28,"endTime":195.873,"body":"say with two voices."},{"startTime":197.85,"endTime":201.93,"body":"Now, if we go, you know,"},{"startTime":197.85,"endTime":201.93,"body":"a few centuries further,"},{"startTime":201.93,"endTime":205.41,"body":"another German theorist, Nicholas Wollick,"},{"startTime":205.41,"endTime":207.87,"body":"he actually gives you a parallel"},{"startTime":207.87,"endTime":211.32,"body":"between different melodic"},{"startTime":207.87,"endTime":211.32,"body":"patterns and punctuation marks."},{"startTime":211.32,"endTime":213.36,"body":"So he has a (inaudible), he has a comma,"},{"startTime":213.36,"endTime":217.38,"body":"he has a colon, he has"},{"startTime":213.36,"endTime":217.38,"body":"even an interrogativum."},{"startTime":217.38,"endTime":220.053,"body":"So the interrogative mark."},{"startTime":221.07,"endTime":222.84,"body":"And give the various melodic patterns"},{"startTime":222.84,"endTime":226.32,"body":"which are supposed to kind of correspond"},{"startTime":226.32,"endTime":228.363,"body":"to these types of punctuation."},{"startTime":230.07,"endTime":232.98,"body":"And another German theorist,"},{"startTime":232.98,"endTime":235.5,"body":"which was called Andreas Ornitoparchus,"},{"startTime":235.5,"endTime":237.57,"body":"that's very fancy name,"},{"startTime":237.57,"endTime":239.94,"body":"at the beginning of the 16th century,"},{"startTime":239.94,"endTime":242.043,"body":"talks about closing formulas."},{"startTime":242.91,"endTime":245.31,"body":"And what is important about his theorizing"},{"startTime":245.31,"endTime":248.37,"body":"is that he talks about three stages"},{"startTime":248.37,"endTime":249.9,"body":"of every formula."},{"startTime":249.9,"endTime":253.02,"body":"And he calls them going"},{"startTime":249.9,"endTime":253.02,"body":"backwards from the end,"},{"startTime":253.02,"endTime":257.04,"body":"an ultima, penultima, and antepenultima."},{"startTime":257.04,"endTime":258.9,"body":"And that is a very important point"},{"startTime":258.9,"endTime":261.18,"body":"for what I'm going to tell you next."},{"startTime":261.18,"endTime":263.16,"body":"Because almost every musical cadence"},{"startTime":263.16,"endTime":266.973,"body":"that we're going to discuss"},{"startTime":263.16,"endTime":266.973,"body":"will have these three phases."},{"startTime":269.13,"endTime":272.64,"body":"So even though these"},{"startTime":269.13,"endTime":272.64,"body":"people might not have been"},{"startTime":272.64,"endTime":276.27,"body":"necessarily connected with"},{"startTime":272.64,"endTime":276.27,"body":"each other by a straight line,"},{"startTime":276.27,"endTime":277.53,"body":"it's a kind of dotted line."},{"startTime":277.53,"endTime":279.87,"body":"They might not have"},{"startTime":277.53,"endTime":279.87,"body":"known about each other."},{"startTime":279.87,"endTime":282.39,"body":"What we find out from this bit of history"},{"startTime":282.39,"endTime":283.32,"body":"are several things."},{"startTime":283.32,"endTime":286.89,"body":"So the endings of phrases matter."},{"startTime":286.89,"endTime":288.15,"body":"So that's one thing."},{"startTime":288.15,"endTime":291.42,"body":"The second thing is that these endings"},{"startTime":291.42,"endTime":293.55,"body":"tend towards certain formulas"},{"startTime":293.55,"endTime":296.22,"body":"that allow them to be recognized."},{"startTime":296.22,"endTime":301.22,"body":"And by this, we kind of get"},{"startTime":296.22,"endTime":301.22,"body":"a bit of help with the music,"},{"startTime":301.59,"endTime":304.95,"body":"we grasp these rhymes,"},{"startTime":301.59,"endTime":304.95,"body":"we grasp these formulas,"},{"startTime":304.95,"endTime":306.693,"body":"we can follow the music better."},{"startTime":307.95,"endTime":309.99,"body":"These patterns can imply"},{"startTime":309.99,"endTime":312.45,"body":"either imperfect or perfect closure."},{"startTime":312.45,"endTime":314.94,"body":"So a comma or a full stop,"},{"startTime":314.94,"endTime":317.043,"body":"a middle phrase or end of the phrase."},{"startTime":318.42,"endTime":321.27,"body":"And what's important,"},{"startTime":318.42,"endTime":321.27,"body":"because they are formulas,"},{"startTime":321.27,"endTime":324.36,"body":"they create expectations"},{"startTime":321.27,"endTime":324.36,"body":"that can be either"},{"startTime":324.36,"endTime":326.04,"body":"realized or thwarted."},{"startTime":326.04,"endTime":327.39,"body":"So you can play with it"},{"startTime":327.39,"endTime":329.28,"body":"because you know where we"},{"startTime":327.39,"endTime":329.28,"body":"are supposed to end up."},{"startTime":329.28,"endTime":331.14,"body":"So if you change that formula there,"},{"startTime":331.14,"endTime":332.13,"body":"you get a bit of a trill,"},{"startTime":332.13,"endTime":336.21,"body":"a bit of a free song from the change."},{"startTime":336.21,"endTime":340.74,"body":"So if we know what the goal"},{"startTime":336.21,"endTime":340.74,"body":"of the phrase supposed to be,"},{"startTime":340.74,"endTime":342.96,"body":"if we know where we're going to arrive,"},{"startTime":342.96,"endTime":344.07,"body":"then the whole phrase,"},{"startTime":344.07,"endTime":346.5,"body":"or maybe the whole"},{"startTime":344.07,"endTime":346.5,"body":"piece becomes a journey."},{"startTime":346.5,"endTime":348.51,"body":"And that's why very"},{"startTime":346.5,"endTime":348.51,"body":"often in western music,"},{"startTime":348.51,"endTime":353.04,"body":"we use these metaphors"},{"startTime":348.51,"endTime":353.04,"body":"of departure and arrival,"},{"startTime":353.04,"endTime":354.363,"body":"which are very apt."},{"startTime":356.7,"endTime":360.69,"body":"Now, finally, I thought"},{"startTime":356.7,"endTime":360.69,"body":"what can I show you"},{"startTime":360.69,"endTime":364.35,"body":"that you would all imagine a cadence,"},{"startTime":364.35,"endTime":366.51,"body":"a perfect cadence in your mind,"},{"startTime":366.51,"endTime":369.78,"body":"even people who don't"},{"startTime":366.51,"endTime":369.78,"body":"have any music education."},{"startTime":369.78,"endTime":373.203,"body":"And I decided to use"},{"startTime":369.78,"endTime":373.203,"body":"the happy birthday tune,"},{"startTime":374.52,"endTime":377.19,"body":"which ends with a cadence."},{"startTime":377.19,"endTime":379.65,"body":"So this is a tune which originally"},{"startTime":379.65,"endTime":381.81,"body":"was actually called Good Morning to All."},{"startTime":381.81,"endTime":385.62,"body":"It was a kindergarten song"},{"startTime":381.81,"endTime":385.62,"body":"written by two sisters,"},{"startTime":385.62,"endTime":388.53,"body":"and then it was turned"},{"startTime":385.62,"endTime":388.53,"body":"into Happy Birthday."},{"startTime":388.53,"endTime":390.93,"body":"But what you should all remember"},{"startTime":390.93,"endTime":395.793,"body":"is that after you have the"},{"startTime":390.93,"endTime":395.793,"body":"name of your birthday friend,"},{"startTime":397.59,"endTime":399.711,"body":"so then you have this ending."},{"startTime":399.711,"endTime":402.628,"body":"(\"Happy Birthday\")"},{"startTime":408.57,"endTime":413.37,"body":"So you can reproduce it in"},{"startTime":408.57,"endTime":413.37,"body":"your mind even without singing."},{"startTime":413.37,"endTime":415.41,"body":"You kind of feel these chords,"},{"startTime":415.41,"endTime":417.84,"body":"you know what they're supposed to do."},{"startTime":417.84,"endTime":420.09,"body":"So let's kind of analyze it,"},{"startTime":420.09,"endTime":422.88,"body":"starting from the final chord."},{"startTime":422.88,"endTime":426.48,"body":"The final chord is our"},{"startTime":422.88,"endTime":426.48,"body":"ultima, so our last bit."},{"startTime":426.48,"endTime":428.19,"body":"So that's of course a tonic."},{"startTime":428.19,"endTime":429.693,"body":"And that's a tonic, try it."},{"startTime":431.026,"endTime":432.53,"body":"And we know that from lecture one,"},{"startTime":432.53,"endTime":434.16,"body":"if you haven't seen lecture one,"},{"startTime":434.16,"endTime":437.7,"body":"you should go back to"},{"startTime":434.16,"endTime":437.7,"body":"lecture one and look at that."},{"startTime":437.7,"endTime":440.7,"body":"So what precedes it?"},{"startTime":440.7,"endTime":442.2,"body":"This whole bar,"},{"startTime":442.2,"endTime":446.76,"body":"birthday two is actually"},{"startTime":442.2,"endTime":446.76,"body":"a dominant function,"},{"startTime":446.76,"endTime":449.76,"body":"although there are actually"},{"startTime":446.76,"endTime":449.76,"body":"more than one chord there."},{"startTime":449.76,"endTime":453.482,"body":"So the chord immediately"},{"startTime":449.76,"endTime":453.482,"body":"preceding the tonic."},{"startTime":453.482,"endTime":456.399,"body":"(\"Happy Birthday\")"},{"startTime":458.25,"endTime":460.5,"body":"Those of you who attended lecture two"},{"startTime":460.5,"endTime":462.96,"body":"should know that it's a dominant seventh"},{"startTime":462.96,"endTime":464.49,"body":"resolving into the tonic."},{"startTime":464.49,"endTime":466.92,"body":"So that is a very important chord"},{"startTime":466.92,"endTime":469.68,"body":"that we discussed for the whole lecture."},{"startTime":469.68,"endTime":471.36,"body":"But what happens before it?"},{"startTime":471.36,"endTime":476.36,"body":"And I also can't, as"},{"startTime":471.36,"endTime":476.36,"body":"part of this penultima,"},{"startTime":477.577,"endTime":481.2,"body":"(\"Happy Birthday\")"},{"startTime":481.2,"endTime":483.84,"body":"it's a kind of decoration of the dominant."},{"startTime":483.84,"endTime":485.39,"body":"So we still have the same base."},{"startTime":489.476,"endTime":492.99,"body":"Then I will go to jump down to the tonic."},{"startTime":492.99,"endTime":495.241,"body":"But the notes of the score"},{"startTime":495.241,"endTime":496.8,"body":"(piano harmonizing)"},{"startTime":496.8,"endTime":500.46,"body":"actually belong to the tonic triad."},{"startTime":500.46,"endTime":501.96,"body":"They are the same notes,"},{"startTime":501.96,"endTime":504.27,"body":"if you remember that we were"},{"startTime":501.96,"endTime":504.27,"body":"talking about inversions"},{"startTime":504.27,"endTime":505.83,"body":"also in lecture one."},{"startTime":505.83,"endTime":510.564,"body":"And you can have the perfect"},{"startTime":505.83,"endTime":510.564,"body":"triad, the first inversion,"},{"startTime":510.564,"endTime":513.764,"body":"and this is a third inversion."},{"startTime":513.764,"endTime":514.61,"body":"That's what we have there"},{"startTime":514.61,"endTime":517.02,"body":"at the start of the penultimate bar."},{"startTime":517.02,"endTime":519.07,"body":"It's the start of our penultima."},{"startTime":523.287,"endTime":525.99,"body":"And this is a chord which"},{"startTime":523.287,"endTime":525.99,"body":"doesn't have a good name,"},{"startTime":525.99,"endTime":527.67,"body":"it only has a technical name."},{"startTime":527.67,"endTime":529.653,"body":"And I'm afraid I'll have to use it."},{"startTime":530.64,"endTime":533.67,"body":"And I'm going to call"},{"startTime":530.64,"endTime":533.67,"body":"it the cadential 6/4."},{"startTime":533.67,"endTime":536.13,"body":"Because it's actually defines the cadence."},{"startTime":536.13,"endTime":539.19,"body":"We're going to go back to it many times."},{"startTime":539.19,"endTime":542.13,"body":"So although the notes that consists of"},{"startTime":542.13,"endTime":543.9,"body":"are belonging to the tonic chord,"},{"startTime":543.9,"endTime":546.06,"body":"it actually is not in the tonic function"},{"startTime":546.06,"endTime":549.12,"body":"because it doesn't sound stable."},{"startTime":549.12,"endTime":550.953,"body":"It wants you to continue."},{"startTime":551.88,"endTime":553.95,"body":"Because it has this kind of,"},{"startTime":553.95,"endTime":557.19,"body":"the interval of the fourth and the base."},{"startTime":557.19,"endTime":560.55,"body":"It actually kind of has problematic."},{"startTime":560.55,"endTime":563.583,"body":"You can't stop there, you"},{"startTime":560.55,"endTime":563.583,"body":"can't start applauding yet."},{"startTime":565.08,"endTime":570.08,"body":"So yeah, when I was talking"},{"startTime":565.08,"endTime":570.08,"body":"to you about those inversions."},{"startTime":573.39,"endTime":574.8,"body":"So this is the third inversion,"},{"startTime":574.8,"endTime":578.19,"body":"which is actually performs"},{"startTime":574.8,"endTime":578.19,"body":"the function of the dominant,"},{"startTime":578.19,"endTime":580.77,"body":"the job that it has is the dominant."},{"startTime":580.77,"endTime":582.587,"body":"It's a decoration of the dominant."},{"startTime":582.587,"endTime":584.94,"body":"(\"Happy Birthday\")"},{"startTime":584.94,"endTime":587.297,"body":"Now let's look at what"},{"startTime":584.94,"endTime":587.297,"body":"happens before that."},{"startTime":587.297,"endTime":589.98,"body":"So the antipenultimate phase."},{"startTime":589.98,"endTime":591.63,"body":"And there we have another chord,"},{"startTime":591.63,"endTime":594.18,"body":"which has to be different"},{"startTime":591.63,"endTime":594.18,"body":"from either the dominant"},{"startTime":594.18,"endTime":595.44,"body":"or the tonic."},{"startTime":595.44,"endTime":597.961,"body":"It's very often like here, it's."},{"startTime":597.961,"endTime":600.878,"body":"(\"Happy Birthday\")"},{"startTime":601.98,"endTime":603.0,"body":"It's different."},{"startTime":603.0,"endTime":604.8,"body":"So it's chord two."},{"startTime":604.8,"endTime":608.16,"body":"So chord on the second note"},{"startTime":604.8,"endTime":608.16,"body":"of the scale in this case."},{"startTime":608.16,"endTime":609.51,"body":"But we can modify it."},{"startTime":609.51,"endTime":610.673,"body":"It could be"},{"startTime":610.673,"endTime":613.65,"body":"(\"Happy Birthday\")"},{"startTime":613.65,"endTime":614.483,"body":"or it could be"},{"startTime":617.129,"endTime":617.962,"body":"or."},{"startTime":620.067,"endTime":621.51,"body":"All of these are working."},{"startTime":621.51,"endTime":625.32,"body":"So there's a whole group of"},{"startTime":621.51,"endTime":625.32,"body":"kind of predominant chords"},{"startTime":625.32,"endTime":626.82,"body":"that we can use."},{"startTime":626.82,"endTime":630.66,"body":"And the point is that when"},{"startTime":626.82,"endTime":630.66,"body":"we finally get to this chord,"},{"startTime":630.66,"endTime":632.57,"body":"which is called cadential 6/4,"},{"startTime":632.57,"endTime":635.19,"body":"(piano harmonizing)"},{"startTime":635.19,"endTime":637.83,"body":"we have a sense of,"},{"startTime":635.19,"endTime":637.83,"body":"oh, we are nearly home."},{"startTime":637.83,"endTime":639.66,"body":"We have a sense of arrival."},{"startTime":639.66,"endTime":642.87,"body":"You will see how that"},{"startTime":639.66,"endTime":642.87,"body":"will play out in music"},{"startTime":642.87,"endTime":647.806,"body":"in various extracts that"},{"startTime":642.87,"endTime":647.806,"body":"I'm going to give you."},{"startTime":647.806,"endTime":651.41,"body":"So this is, I've filled that in."},{"startTime":651.41,"endTime":652.83,"body":"So cadential 6/4,"},{"startTime":652.83,"endTime":656.7,"body":"it's a 6/4 because of the"},{"startTime":652.83,"endTime":656.7,"body":"intervals that it uses."},{"startTime":656.7,"endTime":659.58,"body":"And the dominant seventh and the tonic."},{"startTime":659.58,"endTime":661.41,"body":"So this is our three phases."},{"startTime":661.41,"endTime":664.53,"body":"I really like this idea of three phases."},{"startTime":664.53,"endTime":665.883,"body":"It explains a lot."},{"startTime":667.14,"endTime":669.24,"body":"So now for the next section,"},{"startTime":669.24,"endTime":670.38,"body":"when we're going to talk"},{"startTime":670.38,"endTime":673.08,"body":"about various cadences and cadenzas,"},{"startTime":673.08,"endTime":677.94,"body":"I'm going to invite on the"},{"startTime":673.08,"endTime":677.94,"body":"stage our pianist today,"},{"startTime":677.94,"endTime":679.233,"body":"Alexander Karpeyev,"},{"startTime":680.13,"endTime":683.22,"body":"who is going to illustrate"},{"startTime":680.13,"endTime":683.22,"body":"a little bit for me"},{"startTime":683.22,"endTime":686.304,"body":"and also play at the end."},{"startTime":686.304,"endTime":687.743,"body":"(audience applauding)"},{"startTime":686.304,"endTime":687.743,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":693.57,"endTime":694.403,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":694.403,"endTime":695.67,"body":"Well, while you're settling down,"},{"startTime":695.67,"endTime":700.47,"body":"I will show a couple of"},{"startTime":695.67,"endTime":700.47,"body":"examples of how cadences"},{"startTime":700.47,"endTime":703.05,"body":"were used in the 16th century."},{"startTime":703.05,"endTime":706.44,"body":"So we really start with these patterns,"},{"startTime":706.44,"endTime":708.993,"body":"these recognizable formulas to us."},{"startTime":710.07,"endTime":713.43,"body":"They start appearing around"},{"startTime":710.07,"endTime":713.43,"body":"the end of the 16th century."},{"startTime":713.43,"endTime":718.43,"body":"And I'm going to play this"},{"startTime":713.43,"endTime":718.43,"body":"corral by Lucas Osiander,"},{"startTime":718.59,"endTime":723.59,"body":"a kind of Lutheran composer and scholar."},{"startTime":724.11,"endTime":728.58,"body":"And you will see how every"},{"startTime":724.11,"endTime":728.58,"body":"time we take a breath,"},{"startTime":728.58,"endTime":733.58,"body":"we feel a sense of stopping,"},{"startTime":728.58,"endTime":733.58,"body":"a sense of a comma."},{"startTime":733.59,"endTime":734.97,"body":"or a full stop."},{"startTime":734.97,"endTime":737.33,"body":"And then we continue with"},{"startTime":734.97,"endTime":737.33,"body":"the next phrase, and so on."},{"startTime":737.33,"endTime":742.33,"body":"(singing in foreign language)"},{"startTime":737.33,"endTime":742.33,"body":"(solemn music)"},{"startTime":781.19,"endTime":784.5,"body":"So you can see that the"},{"startTime":781.19,"endTime":784.5,"body":"score actually stopped moving"},{"startTime":784.5,"endTime":785.67,"body":"at those points."},{"startTime":785.67,"endTime":789.66,"body":"Because these pauses are only"},{"startTime":785.67,"endTime":789.66,"body":"indicated by breath mark."},{"startTime":789.66,"endTime":791.73,"body":"Not the actual kind of addition"},{"startTime":791.73,"endTime":795.24,"body":"of a extra note value or anything else."},{"startTime":795.24,"endTime":798.33,"body":"But you could see how you"},{"startTime":795.24,"endTime":798.33,"body":"had these different patterns."},{"startTime":798.33,"endTime":800.7,"body":"and every single time"},{"startTime":798.33,"endTime":800.7,"body":"that they had the phrase,"},{"startTime":800.7,"endTime":803.76,"body":"the base would go,"},{"startTime":800.7,"endTime":803.76,"body":"would leap back usually."},{"startTime":803.76,"endTime":807.15,"body":"That's a very typical"},{"startTime":803.76,"endTime":807.15,"body":"thing for the cadence."},{"startTime":807.15,"endTime":811.59,"body":"Another example, slightly"},{"startTime":807.15,"endTime":811.59,"body":"later, from Monteverdi's Opera,"},{"startTime":811.59,"endTime":812.423,"body":"L'Orfeo,"},{"startTime":813.63,"endTime":816.93,"body":"which is this chorus"},{"startTime":813.63,"endTime":816.93,"body":"very close to the end,"},{"startTime":816.93,"endTime":818.82,"body":"and very different type of music."},{"startTime":818.82,"endTime":821.387,"body":"But the principling is again the same."},{"startTime":821.387,"endTime":826.387,"body":"(\"L'Orfeo\")"},{"startTime":821.387,"endTime":826.387,"body":"(singing in foreign language)"},{"startTime":840.18,"endTime":842.19,"body":"So then you can hear these cadences,"},{"startTime":842.19,"endTime":846.66,"body":"how they start talking to each"},{"startTime":842.19,"endTime":846.66,"body":"other like a rhyme in poetry."},{"startTime":846.66,"endTime":849.54,"body":"You can hear them already"},{"startTime":846.66,"endTime":849.54,"body":"sort of on top of everything"},{"startTime":849.54,"endTime":850.92,"body":"that's going on,"},{"startTime":850.92,"endTime":854.013,"body":"they're speaking to you"},{"startTime":850.92,"endTime":854.013,"body":"sort of from their own."},{"startTime":855.72,"endTime":859.143,"body":"Now I will ask Alex to play this lovely,"},{"startTime":860.22,"endTime":861.78,"body":"lovely bit of Mozart, yes?"},{"startTime":861.78,"endTime":864.363,"body":"So let's just play that extract first."},{"startTime":867.669,"endTime":871.336,"body":"(\"Sonata facile\" by Mozart)"},{"startTime":890.55,"endTime":891.69,"body":"Thank you very much."},{"startTime":891.69,"endTime":894.45,"body":"So with what everything"},{"startTime":891.69,"endTime":894.45,"body":"that we already know,"},{"startTime":894.45,"endTime":896.703,"body":"we can now analyze it from the end."},{"startTime":897.93,"endTime":900.93,"body":"If you play to us, like the last line,"},{"startTime":900.93,"endTime":903.96,"body":"the last line just gives us a repetition"},{"startTime":903.96,"endTime":905.37,"body":"of dominant, seventh, and tonic,"},{"startTime":905.37,"endTime":907.011,"body":"dominant, seventh, and tonic."},{"startTime":907.011,"endTime":909.928,"body":"(energetic music)"},{"startTime":913.41,"endTime":914.31,"body":"Great."},{"startTime":914.31,"endTime":918.24,"body":"So that is just a kind of"},{"startTime":914.31,"endTime":918.24,"body":"post-cadential extension."},{"startTime":918.24,"endTime":920.22,"body":"We're just extending the music."},{"startTime":920.22,"endTime":923.55,"body":"We want it to have a bit"},{"startTime":920.22,"endTime":923.55,"body":"more affirmation at the end."},{"startTime":923.55,"endTime":927.513,"body":"Now let's look at the bar"},{"startTime":923.55,"endTime":927.513,"body":"before that with the trill,"},{"startTime":928.74,"endTime":929.914,"body":"if you could play that, sir."},{"startTime":929.914,"endTime":932.664,"body":"(trilling music)"},{"startTime":937.612,"endTime":940.71,"body":"So the trill indicates the"},{"startTime":937.612,"endTime":940.71,"body":"dominant seventh chord."},{"startTime":940.71,"endTime":943.44,"body":"Usually in classical music,"},{"startTime":940.71,"endTime":943.44,"body":"at the time of Mozart,"},{"startTime":943.44,"endTime":945.45,"body":"if you hear something"},{"startTime":943.44,"endTime":945.45,"body":"like that with a trill,"},{"startTime":945.45,"endTime":946.62,"body":"it's the dominant seventh"},{"startTime":946.62,"endTime":948.663,"body":"and you are about to count to the tonic."},{"startTime":949.56,"endTime":953.31,"body":"So then what are we going to"},{"startTime":949.56,"endTime":953.31,"body":"have in the big bar before?"},{"startTime":953.31,"endTime":957.06,"body":"We're going to have this"},{"startTime":953.31,"endTime":957.06,"body":"cadential 6/4 that I mentioned."},{"startTime":957.06,"endTime":959.205,"body":"So could we have it go from there?"},{"startTime":959.205,"endTime":962.122,"body":"(energetic music)"},{"startTime":966.3,"endTime":967.5,"body":"Great."},{"startTime":967.5,"endTime":971.25,"body":"So now the only thing to"},{"startTime":967.5,"endTime":971.25,"body":"can get into your head"},{"startTime":971.25,"endTime":974.429,"body":"is what happens in the predominant section"},{"startTime":974.429,"endTime":977.76,"body":"where you have this"},{"startTime":974.429,"endTime":977.76,"body":"kind of crescendo thing?"},{"startTime":977.76,"endTime":979.98,"body":"So first you will hear a kind of chord,"},{"startTime":979.98,"endTime":981.75,"body":"which is a kind of chord two."},{"startTime":981.75,"endTime":985.35,"body":"And then it will get"},{"startTime":981.75,"endTime":985.35,"body":"tenser in the next one."},{"startTime":985.35,"endTime":987.09,"body":"Now that chord is called"},{"startTime":985.35,"endTime":987.09,"body":"the diminished chord,"},{"startTime":987.09,"endTime":989.28,"body":"and we're going to talk"},{"startTime":987.09,"endTime":989.28,"body":"about it next time."},{"startTime":989.28,"endTime":990.24,"body":"Very important chord."},{"startTime":990.24,"endTime":992.46,"body":"So it gets very tense."},{"startTime":992.46,"endTime":994.53,"body":"And then the moment it gets tense,"},{"startTime":994.53,"endTime":997.83,"body":"then it gets a resolution,"},{"startTime":997.83,"endTime":1000.59,"body":"a kind of resolution in the next bar"},{"startTime":1000.59,"endTime":1002.66,"body":"when you get to the cadential 6/4."},{"startTime":1002.66,"endTime":1005.36,"body":"You feel, oh, okay, that's already better."},{"startTime":1005.36,"endTime":1007.205,"body":"We're arriving somewhere."},{"startTime":1007.205,"endTime":1009.113,"body":"So if we can have from there."},{"startTime":1010.059,"endTime":1012.892,"body":"(\"Sonata facile\")"},{"startTime":1024.59,"endTime":1025.633,"body":"Great, fantastic."},{"startTime":1025.633,"endTime":1027.86,"body":"Can you follow this?"},{"startTime":1027.86,"endTime":1028.693,"body":"Great."},{"startTime":1029.707,"endTime":1031.4,"body":"So this is what the kind of thing"},{"startTime":1031.4,"endTime":1034.16,"body":"that happens in the"},{"startTime":1031.4,"endTime":1034.16,"body":"classical music with Mozart."},{"startTime":1034.16,"endTime":1037.89,"body":"And I have a very nice quote"},{"startTime":1039.77,"endTime":1043.37,"body":"here from Mozart about the kind of thing"},{"startTime":1043.37,"endTime":1048.37,"body":"that happens where inside of the cadence,"},{"startTime":1049.7,"endTime":1051.653,"body":"you start improvising something."},{"startTime":1056.33,"endTime":1058.61,"body":"So basically the situation is that he,"},{"startTime":1058.61,"endTime":1062.093,"body":"I think he went to the"},{"startTime":1058.61,"endTime":1062.093,"body":"city, which wasn't his own."},{"startTime":1063.08,"endTime":1066.41,"body":"And he comes in through"},{"startTime":1063.08,"endTime":1066.41,"body":"the church service."},{"startTime":1066.41,"endTime":1069.5,"body":"He does the church service on the organ."},{"startTime":1069.5,"endTime":1072.297,"body":"And at some point, he says,"},{"startTime":1069.5,"endTime":1072.297,"body":"\"I entered during the Kyrie"},{"startTime":1072.297,"endTime":1073.557,"body":"\"and played the end of it."},{"startTime":1073.557,"endTime":1075.837,"body":"\"After the priest had intoned the Gloria,"},{"startTime":1075.837,"endTime":1078.32,"body":"\"I played a cadenza.\""},{"startTime":1078.32,"endTime":1080.03,"body":"So what is a cadenza then?"},{"startTime":1080.03,"endTime":1083.63,"body":"It's the same word we said."},{"startTime":1083.63,"endTime":1087.05,"body":"Cadence, cadenza, the same word."},{"startTime":1087.05,"endTime":1091.25,"body":"But cadenza started to mean"},{"startTime":1087.05,"endTime":1091.25,"body":"this improvised passage"},{"startTime":1091.25,"endTime":1094.37,"body":"inside a cadence, which is"},{"startTime":1091.25,"endTime":1094.37,"body":"like a bracketed clause."},{"startTime":1094.37,"endTime":1097.01,"body":"It's a kind of, you know, deviation."},{"startTime":1097.01,"endTime":1098.75,"body":"It's a kind of digression."},{"startTime":1098.75,"endTime":1102.35,"body":"You suddenly go on a journey somewhere"},{"startTime":1102.35,"endTime":1104.06,"body":"and you improvise a little bit,"},{"startTime":1104.06,"endTime":1107.6,"body":"but then you come back"},{"startTime":1104.06,"endTime":1107.6,"body":"and finish your cadence."},{"startTime":1107.6,"endTime":1110.39,"body":"So that becomes a very typical practice."},{"startTime":1110.39,"endTime":1112.13,"body":"And you find it in churches,"},{"startTime":1112.13,"endTime":1113.99,"body":"you find it in the Italian opera,"},{"startTime":1113.99,"endTime":1117.11,"body":"you find it even in church music, as here."},{"startTime":1117.11,"endTime":1118.22,"body":"So, he says,"},{"startTime":1118.22,"endTime":1119.38,"body":"I played the cadenza."},{"startTime":1119.38,"endTime":1122.33,"body":"And because it was so"},{"startTime":1119.38,"endTime":1122.33,"body":"different from the cadenzas"},{"startTime":1122.33,"endTime":1125.75,"body":"that were common here,"},{"startTime":1122.33,"endTime":1125.75,"body":"everyone turned around,"},{"startTime":1125.75,"endTime":1128.48,"body":"especially Ignaz Holzbauer."},{"startTime":1128.48,"endTime":1132.2,"body":"So you can see him turning his"},{"startTime":1128.48,"endTime":1132.2,"body":"head, but what is going on?"},{"startTime":1132.2,"endTime":1134.12,"body":"That just tells you how people"},{"startTime":1134.12,"endTime":1138.104,"body":"were attuned to these little things."},{"startTime":1138.104,"endTime":1142.22,"body":"They were attuned to the"},{"startTime":1138.104,"endTime":1142.22,"body":"chords, how the chords moved."},{"startTime":1142.22,"endTime":1145.37,"body":"And once they did something that they,"},{"startTime":1145.37,"endTime":1148.46,"body":"you know, weren't used to, for example,"},{"startTime":1148.46,"endTime":1151.49,"body":"in Manheim or in Salzberg,"},{"startTime":1148.46,"endTime":1151.49,"body":"they would turn their head,"},{"startTime":1151.49,"endTime":1152.87,"body":"oh, what is he doing?"},{"startTime":1152.87,"endTime":1155.96,"body":"So that tells you how important it is."},{"startTime":1155.96,"endTime":1160.357,"body":"And this is why it's worth"},{"startTime":1155.96,"endTime":1160.357,"body":"looking at this in detail."},{"startTime":1163.22,"endTime":1165.62,"body":"So talking about concertos and cadenzas."},{"startTime":1165.62,"endTime":1169.73,"body":"So, Mozart usually improvise his cadenzas."},{"startTime":1169.73,"endTime":1171.05,"body":"He had no problem with that."},{"startTime":1171.05,"endTime":1172.61,"body":"Sometimes he would write them out,"},{"startTime":1172.61,"endTime":1174.65,"body":"for example, for his students."},{"startTime":1174.65,"endTime":1178.37,"body":"But in most concertos,"},{"startTime":1174.65,"endTime":1178.37,"body":"they are not written out."},{"startTime":1178.37,"endTime":1181.43,"body":"So what you have is just a cadential 6/4,"},{"startTime":1181.43,"endTime":1185.03,"body":"and then dominant seventh, and a tonic."},{"startTime":1185.03,"endTime":1188.6,"body":"So it's between the cadential"},{"startTime":1185.03,"endTime":1188.6,"body":"6/4 and the dominant seventh."},{"startTime":1188.6,"endTime":1192.87,"body":"Well, the trill that you can"},{"startTime":1188.6,"endTime":1192.87,"body":"have this whole long passage"},{"startTime":1194.57,"endTime":1198.2,"body":"which would be either"},{"startTime":1194.57,"endTime":1198.2,"body":"improvised or like here"},{"startTime":1198.2,"endTime":1200.81,"body":"in the example I'm going to show now,"},{"startTime":1200.81,"endTime":1202.85,"body":"it was written in by Beethoven."},{"startTime":1202.85,"endTime":1204.41,"body":"So you have a piece of Beethoven"},{"startTime":1204.41,"endTime":1206.9,"body":"essentially inside Mozart's concerto,"},{"startTime":1206.9,"endTime":1210.05,"body":"and it all happens"},{"startTime":1206.9,"endTime":1210.05,"body":"between the cadential 6/4."},{"startTime":1210.05,"endTime":1214.34,"body":"and the dominant, or maybe"},{"startTime":1210.05,"endTime":1214.34,"body":"between the dominant seventh"},{"startTime":1214.34,"endTime":1217.61,"body":"and the dominant seventh,"},{"startTime":1214.34,"endTime":1217.61,"body":"you kind of break it up."},{"startTime":1217.61,"endTime":1221.78,"body":"So what I'm going to play to"},{"startTime":1217.61,"endTime":1221.78,"body":"you, it's quite a long example,"},{"startTime":1221.78,"endTime":1224.45,"body":"which will bring you to this cadential 6/4"},{"startTime":1224.45,"endTime":1226.43,"body":"and then the dominant seventh."},{"startTime":1226.43,"endTime":1230.48,"body":"And then, Beethoven is going on a journey."},{"startTime":1230.48,"endTime":1233.78,"body":"He uses various themes"},{"startTime":1230.48,"endTime":1233.78,"body":"from earlier in the piece."},{"startTime":1233.78,"endTime":1235.43,"body":"He goes into various keys,"},{"startTime":1235.43,"endTime":1237.29,"body":"it all goes on for about two minutes."},{"startTime":1237.29,"endTime":1240.62,"body":"And then finally you get"},{"startTime":1237.29,"endTime":1240.62,"body":"back to the dominant seventh"},{"startTime":1240.62,"endTime":1241.453,"body":"with the trill."},{"startTime":1241.453,"endTime":1244.31,"body":"And you know, well now the"},{"startTime":1241.453,"endTime":1244.31,"body":"orchestra is going to come in."},{"startTime":1244.31,"endTime":1247.61,"body":"So you already will know"},{"startTime":1244.31,"endTime":1247.61,"body":"when the trill comes in,"},{"startTime":1247.61,"endTime":1249.74,"body":"now the orchestra is going"},{"startTime":1247.61,"endTime":1249.74,"body":"to come in on the tonic"},{"startTime":1249.74,"endTime":1251.09,"body":"and just finish the concerto."},{"startTime":1251.09,"endTime":1252.812,"body":"So let's hear how it happens."},{"startTime":1252.812,"endTime":1257.812,"body":"(\"Concerto in D Minor"},{"startTime":1252.812,"endTime":1257.812,"body":"(No. 20)\" by Beethoven)"},{"startTime":1388.74,"endTime":1389.573,"body":"Trill."},{"startTime":1396.732,"endTime":1399.232,"body":"Dominant seventh with a trill."},{"startTime":1403.876,"endTime":1405.32,"body":"So all that"},{"startTime":1405.32,"endTime":1409.52,"body":"was inside our little"},{"startTime":1405.32,"endTime":1409.52,"body":"happy birthday progression."},{"startTime":1409.52,"endTime":1412.1,"body":"All that was fitted in."},{"startTime":1412.1,"endTime":1415.433,"body":"As I said, as a digression,"},{"startTime":1412.1,"endTime":1415.433,"body":"as a bracket clause."},{"startTime":1416.48,"endTime":1418.853,"body":"So let's see how this happens in opera."},{"startTime":1420.11,"endTime":1423.08,"body":"We will hear a bit of a duet from Norma."},{"startTime":1423.08,"endTime":1424.883,"body":"And I will again start,"},{"startTime":1425.93,"endTime":1428.75,"body":"help you to sort of go through."},{"startTime":1428.75,"endTime":1431.54,"body":"What we have is just"},{"startTime":1428.75,"endTime":1431.54,"body":"basically a repetition"},{"startTime":1431.54,"endTime":1433.19,"body":"of a cadential figure."},{"startTime":1433.19,"endTime":1436.13,"body":"And every time it comes"},{"startTime":1433.19,"endTime":1436.13,"body":"back, it has embellishments."},{"startTime":1436.13,"endTime":1438.2,"body":"More and more vocal embellishments,"},{"startTime":1438.2,"endTime":1440.51,"body":"because that was the moment where singers"},{"startTime":1440.51,"endTime":1442.28,"body":"could even add their own stuff."},{"startTime":1442.28,"endTime":1445.25,"body":"At least at the times of Rossini,"},{"startTime":1442.28,"endTime":1445.25,"body":"for example, and Bellini."},{"startTime":1445.25,"endTime":1448.1,"body":"Later on, Verdi said no,"},{"startTime":1445.25,"endTime":1448.1,"body":"you're not doing this."},{"startTime":1448.1,"endTime":1450.08,"body":"I'm going to write you"},{"startTime":1448.1,"endTime":1450.08,"body":"what you're going to sing."},{"startTime":1450.08,"endTime":1452.96,"body":"But that was the place where the cadenza,"},{"startTime":1452.96,"endTime":1454.627,"body":"where they could add things."},{"startTime":1455.788,"endTime":1458.496,"body":"(singing in foreign language)"},{"startTime":1458.496,"endTime":1460.913,"body":"(soft music)"},{"startTime":1499.714,"endTime":1502.414,"body":"Cadential 6/4."},{"startTime":1502.414,"endTime":1504.081,"body":"Predominant seventh."},{"startTime":1506.834,"endTime":1507.667,"body":"Tonic."},{"startTime":1525.764,"endTime":1526.597,"body":"Cadential."},{"startTime":1534.685,"endTime":1536.768,"body":"Cadential 6/4."},{"startTime":1550.433,"endTime":1551.85,"body":"Dominant seventh."},{"startTime":1562.516,"endTime":1563.893,"body":"And a tonic."},{"startTime":1563.893,"endTime":1567.92,"body":"So we have a lot of suspense"},{"startTime":1563.893,"endTime":1567.92,"body":"between these chords."},{"startTime":1567.92,"endTime":1570.17,"body":"And the further you go"},{"startTime":1567.92,"endTime":1570.17,"body":"into the 19th century,"},{"startTime":1570.17,"endTime":1572.24,"body":"the further they begin,"},{"startTime":1572.24,"endTime":1575.6,"body":"it gets stretched and"},{"startTime":1572.24,"endTime":1575.6,"body":"more stuff can be placed"},{"startTime":1575.6,"endTime":1577.103,"body":"into that scheme."},{"startTime":1578.27,"endTime":1580.223,"body":"Now let's talk about half-cadences."},{"startTime":1581.69,"endTime":1584.09,"body":"Well, here's a picture of somebody going"},{"startTime":1584.09,"endTime":1587.6,"body":"through combing her hair"},{"startTime":1584.09,"endTime":1587.6,"body":"and stopping halfway,"},{"startTime":1587.6,"endTime":1588.65,"body":"being caught halfway."},{"startTime":1588.65,"endTime":1591.8,"body":"That's why I thought"},{"startTime":1588.65,"endTime":1591.8,"body":"it would be applicable"},{"startTime":1591.8,"endTime":1593.63,"body":"to half-cadences."},{"startTime":1593.63,"endTime":1598.1,"body":"So let's talk about the commas,"},{"startTime":1593.63,"endTime":1598.1,"body":"not about the full stops."},{"startTime":1598.1,"endTime":1599.72,"body":"And let's have a look."},{"startTime":1599.72,"endTime":1603.923,"body":"And Alex, if you could play that beginning"},{"startTime":1604.79,"endTime":1606.133,"body":"of the sonata of Haydn."},{"startTime":1607.55,"endTime":1610.217,"body":"(bright music)"},{"startTime":1630.43,"endTime":1631.34,"body":"So what we had there,"},{"startTime":1631.34,"endTime":1635.9,"body":"we had sort of a phrase which"},{"startTime":1631.34,"endTime":1635.9,"body":"had a comma, then a full stop,"},{"startTime":1635.9,"endTime":1639.71,"body":"then a repetition of it with"},{"startTime":1635.9,"endTime":1639.71,"body":"a little bit of variation."},{"startTime":1639.71,"endTime":1642.29,"body":"Again, a comma and a full stop."},{"startTime":1642.29,"endTime":1645.953,"body":"So if you could play"},{"startTime":1642.29,"endTime":1645.953,"body":"just the first four bars."},{"startTime":1646.842,"endTime":1649.509,"body":"(bright music)"},{"startTime":1652.94,"endTime":1654.14,"body":"So that's a half-cadence."},{"startTime":1654.14,"endTime":1656.03,"body":"We stopped on the dominant triad."},{"startTime":1656.03,"endTime":1657.86,"body":"It's actually not the dominant seventh."},{"startTime":1657.86,"endTime":1660.44,"body":"Dominant seventh is a bit too"},{"startTime":1657.86,"endTime":1660.44,"body":"strong for the half-cadence."},{"startTime":1660.44,"endTime":1662.36,"body":"It's pulls you a bit too far."},{"startTime":1662.36,"endTime":1664.04,"body":"So it's better to stop on it right."},{"startTime":1664.04,"endTime":1667.394,"body":"And then let's play the"},{"startTime":1664.04,"endTime":1667.394,"body":"other half of that sonata."},{"startTime":1667.394,"endTime":1670.061,"body":"(bright music)"},{"startTime":1673.22,"endTime":1674.842,"body":"And that's a full stop."},{"startTime":1674.842,"endTime":1677.45,"body":"And you can see how it's,"},{"startTime":1674.842,"endTime":1677.45,"body":"again, it's like a rhyme."},{"startTime":1677.45,"endTime":1678.74,"body":"The music starts rhyming."},{"startTime":1678.74,"endTime":1681.353,"body":"It's the music which"},{"startTime":1678.74,"endTime":1681.353,"body":"is essentially poetry."},{"startTime":1684.5,"endTime":1688.073,"body":"The interesting thing"},{"startTime":1684.5,"endTime":1688.073,"body":"here is that, of course,"},{"startTime":1690.05,"endTime":1693.26,"body":"the patterns become so"},{"startTime":1690.05,"endTime":1693.26,"body":"established in the 18th century"},{"startTime":1693.26,"endTime":1695.06,"body":"that you would almost always"},{"startTime":1695.06,"endTime":1697.733,"body":"have a half the cadence"},{"startTime":1695.06,"endTime":1697.733,"body":"in the bar number four."},{"startTime":1698.66,"endTime":1703.46,"body":"And always, always,"},{"startTime":1698.66,"endTime":1703.46,"body":"always have full cadence."},{"startTime":1703.46,"endTime":1706.7,"body":"Or as I say, perfect"},{"startTime":1703.46,"endTime":1706.7,"body":"cadence, imperfect, imperfect"},{"startTime":1706.7,"endTime":1708.961,"body":"in bar number eight."},{"startTime":1708.961,"endTime":1711.38,"body":"So people would become so attuned to this,"},{"startTime":1711.38,"endTime":1714.59,"body":"they would expect this, this"},{"startTime":1711.38,"endTime":1714.59,"body":"would be the normal thing."},{"startTime":1714.59,"endTime":1718.28,"body":"So if you don't do it, if"},{"startTime":1714.59,"endTime":1718.28,"body":"you then continue further,"},{"startTime":1718.28,"endTime":1720.62,"body":"that becomes sort of more interesting."},{"startTime":1720.62,"endTime":1722.24,"body":"Or if you have a seven bar phrase,"},{"startTime":1722.24,"endTime":1725.48,"body":"oh dear, what happened,"},{"startTime":1722.24,"endTime":1725.48,"body":"you turn your head."},{"startTime":1725.48,"endTime":1728.573,"body":"And so people become extremely,"},{"startTime":1725.48,"endTime":1728.573,"body":"extremely used to that."},{"startTime":1729.782,"endTime":1731.84,"body":"Let's have another example"},{"startTime":1731.84,"endTime":1735.5,"body":"from the Beethoven's"},{"startTime":1731.84,"endTime":1735.5,"body":"Pathétique Sonata finale."},{"startTime":1735.5,"endTime":1737.45,"body":"So you will hear them,"},{"startTime":1737.45,"endTime":1739.7,"body":"the half-cadence and"},{"startTime":1737.45,"endTime":1739.7,"body":"the full cadences again."},{"startTime":1740.889,"endTime":1744.556,"body":"(\"Pathétique\" by Beethoven)"},{"startTime":1760.234,"endTime":1762.17,"body":"So what happened here"},{"startTime":1760.234,"endTime":1762.17,"body":"is that you had normal"},{"startTime":1762.17,"endTime":1764.36,"body":"kind of full bar phrase for the comma,"},{"startTime":1764.36,"endTime":1767.72,"body":"then a full stop, then again half-cadence."},{"startTime":1767.72,"endTime":1770.9,"body":"And then there was an"},{"startTime":1767.72,"endTime":1770.9,"body":"extension at the end,"},{"startTime":1770.9,"endTime":1774.776,"body":"where, if you could play that"},{"startTime":1770.9,"endTime":1774.776,"body":"bit when it goes to B flat."},{"startTime":1774.776,"endTime":1778.443,"body":"(\"Pathétique\" by Beethoven)"},{"startTime":1781.07,"endTime":1782.6,"body":"And that already takes us out"},{"startTime":1782.6,"endTime":1784.28,"body":"of the normal eight bar phrase."},{"startTime":1784.28,"endTime":1787.07,"body":"And we turn heads and that"},{"startTime":1784.28,"endTime":1787.07,"body":"gives us something extra,"},{"startTime":1787.07,"endTime":1788.663,"body":"some extra interest."},{"startTime":1790.7,"endTime":1794.453,"body":"So that's basically how it"},{"startTime":1790.7,"endTime":1794.453,"body":"works in classical music."},{"startTime":1795.29,"endTime":1798.11,"body":"To the point that Beethoven"},{"startTime":1798.11,"endTime":1800.61,"body":"could actually give you just one voice"},{"startTime":1801.597,"endTime":1803.99,"body":"and you would still know"},{"startTime":1801.597,"endTime":1803.99,"body":"what a half-cadence is."},{"startTime":1803.99,"endTime":1807.98,"body":"It's a kind of big joke of the variations,"},{"startTime":1807.98,"endTime":1809.21,"body":"the heroic variations,"},{"startTime":1809.21,"endTime":1812.09,"body":"which are the same as the"},{"startTime":1809.21,"endTime":1812.09,"body":"variations in the Third Symphony."},{"startTime":1812.09,"endTime":1814.763,"body":"And they'll just play you that."},{"startTime":1815.6,"endTime":1817.043,"body":"It's not even a theme for the variations,"},{"startTime":1817.043,"endTime":1819.86,"body":"it's just the bass for the"},{"startTime":1817.043,"endTime":1819.86,"body":"theme of the variations."},{"startTime":1819.86,"endTime":1822.91,"body":"You will still feel where"},{"startTime":1819.86,"endTime":1822.91,"body":"the half-cadence should be."},{"startTime":1822.91,"endTime":1826.243,"body":"(\"Eroica\" by Beethoven)"},{"startTime":1834.26,"endTime":1835.7,"body":"Here it is, yeah?"},{"startTime":1835.7,"endTime":1838.46,"body":"So, it's actually not"},{"startTime":1835.7,"endTime":1838.46,"body":"four here, but eight,"},{"startTime":1838.46,"endTime":1839.51,"body":"because they're very short."},{"startTime":1839.51,"endTime":1841.52,"body":"So it can be either four or eight."},{"startTime":1841.52,"endTime":1843.8,"body":"Then the whole thing will be 16th."},{"startTime":1843.8,"endTime":1846.47,"body":"So you will go to this half-cadence once,"},{"startTime":1846.47,"endTime":1849.11,"body":"then you will repeat it again."},{"startTime":1849.11,"endTime":1851.93,"body":"And then the second phrase"},{"startTime":1849.11,"endTime":1851.93,"body":"will be the answering phrase,"},{"startTime":1851.93,"endTime":1853.46,"body":"and that will go to the full stop,"},{"startTime":1853.46,"endTime":1854.81,"body":"and that will be repeated again."},{"startTime":1854.81,"endTime":1856.183,"body":"So let's hear it again."},{"startTime":1856.183,"endTime":1859.516,"body":"(\"Eroica\" by Beethoven)"},{"startTime":1867.95,"endTime":1868.793,"body":"Once more."},{"startTime":1903.74,"endTime":1906.83,"body":"So in the second part,"},{"startTime":1903.74,"endTime":1906.83,"body":"something strange happened."},{"startTime":1906.83,"endTime":1908.36,"body":"There were empty bars,"},{"startTime":1908.36,"endTime":1909.713,"body":"bars of silence."},{"startTime":1911.54,"endTime":1913.73,"body":"If you were a contemporary of Beethoven,"},{"startTime":1913.73,"endTime":1916.37,"body":"the count of bars would go on in your head"},{"startTime":1916.37,"endTime":1920.09,"body":"so you would know where you"},{"startTime":1916.37,"endTime":1920.09,"body":"are and when things are coming."},{"startTime":1920.09,"endTime":1921.62,"body":"Why is there silence?"},{"startTime":1921.62,"endTime":1925.97,"body":"I'm supposed to be here having"},{"startTime":1921.62,"endTime":1925.97,"body":"a cadence soon, whatever."},{"startTime":1925.97,"endTime":1926.933,"body":"What has happened?"},{"startTime":1928.22,"endTime":1932.12,"body":"This kind of play with"},{"startTime":1928.22,"endTime":1932.12,"body":"this four and eight bars,"},{"startTime":1932.12,"endTime":1935.81,"body":"eight and 16 bars is just"},{"startTime":1932.12,"endTime":1935.81,"body":"what classical music is about."},{"startTime":1935.81,"endTime":1939.773,"body":"It's all about expectations"},{"startTime":1935.81,"endTime":1939.773,"body":"and thwarting them."},{"startTime":1941.45,"endTime":1946.45,"body":"If I give you now the proper"},{"startTime":1941.45,"endTime":1946.45,"body":"statement of that theme"},{"startTime":1946.85,"endTime":1950.78,"body":"that he actually disguised"},{"startTime":1946.85,"endTime":1950.78,"body":"here just as a base,"},{"startTime":1950.78,"endTime":1952.91,"body":"you will see that it also has a melody"},{"startTime":1952.91,"endTime":1954.29,"body":"and it has an accompaniment,"},{"startTime":1954.29,"endTime":1956.0,"body":"but the structure is absolutely the same."},{"startTime":1956.0,"endTime":1959.81,"body":"You're going to have cadence,"},{"startTime":1956.0,"endTime":1959.81,"body":"repeat, go do that again."},{"startTime":1959.81,"endTime":1961.1,"body":"And then you have the second phrase,"},{"startTime":1961.1,"endTime":1963.964,"body":"which goes to the full"},{"startTime":1961.1,"endTime":1963.964,"body":"stop and again, repeat."},{"startTime":1963.964,"endTime":1966.881,"body":"(energetic music)"},{"startTime":1981.83,"endTime":1982.663,"body":"Half-cadence."},{"startTime":1984.98,"endTime":1985.813,"body":"That's the joke,"},{"startTime":1989.56,"endTime":1991.393,"body":"and the final cadence."},{"startTime":2008.58,"endTime":2010.45,"body":"So talking about jokes."},{"startTime":2010.45,"endTime":2012.937,"body":"talking about Beethoven (laughing),"},{"startTime":2014.86,"endTime":2017.05,"body":"well you may know that Beethoven,"},{"startTime":2017.05,"endTime":2020.26,"body":"especially at the ends"},{"startTime":2017.05,"endTime":2020.26,"body":"of various symphonies,"},{"startTime":2020.26,"endTime":2022.12,"body":"gives you quite a lot of cadences."},{"startTime":2022.12,"endTime":2025.84,"body":"He gives you one and then"},{"startTime":2022.12,"endTime":2025.84,"body":"another and then even more."},{"startTime":2025.84,"endTime":2028.75,"body":"Because there was so"},{"startTime":2025.84,"endTime":2028.75,"body":"much turmoil at the start"},{"startTime":2028.75,"endTime":2032.2,"body":"that he wants to really make"},{"startTime":2028.75,"endTime":2032.2,"body":"it affirmative at the end."},{"startTime":2032.2,"endTime":2036.13,"body":"So this is what I couldn't"},{"startTime":2032.2,"endTime":2036.13,"body":"avoid giving you an example of,"},{"startTime":2036.13,"endTime":2039.91,"body":"Dudley Moore playing the"},{"startTime":2036.13,"endTime":2039.91,"body":"kind of Beethoven sonata."},{"startTime":2039.91,"endTime":2041.95,"body":"Which is not really by Beethoven,"},{"startTime":2041.95,"endTime":2044.17,"body":"but it should give you the idea"},{"startTime":2044.17,"endTime":2046.63,"body":"of this kind of endless cadencing."},{"startTime":2046.63,"endTime":2050.05,"body":"And notice when the"},{"startTime":2046.63,"endTime":2050.05,"body":"cadences are in two chords"},{"startTime":2050.05,"endTime":2053.02,"body":"or when they're in three"},{"startTime":2050.05,"endTime":2053.02,"body":"phases, in three chords."},{"startTime":2053.02,"endTime":2055.486,"body":"So you will find very"},{"startTime":2053.02,"endTime":2055.486,"body":"familiar things here."},{"startTime":2055.486,"endTime":2058.569,"body":"(\"Beethoven Sonata\")"},{"startTime":2075.253,"endTime":2078.253,"body":"(audience laughing)"},{"startTime":2094.2,"endTime":2097.2,"body":"(audience laughing)"},{"startTime":2116.677,"endTime":2119.474,"body":"(audience applauding)"},{"startTime":2119.474,"endTime":2121.24,"body":"That's very, very well done."},{"startTime":2121.24,"endTime":2124.333,"body":"And illustrates the point"},{"startTime":2121.24,"endTime":2124.333,"body":"I think very well, as well."},{"startTime":2125.53,"endTime":2130.53,"body":"Now let's talk about yet"},{"startTime":2125.53,"endTime":2130.53,"body":"another type of cadence,"},{"startTime":2130.69,"endTime":2131.98,"body":"which is interrupted."},{"startTime":2131.98,"endTime":2134.56,"body":"I told you that the"},{"startTime":2131.98,"endTime":2134.56,"body":"expectation could be thwarted."},{"startTime":2134.56,"endTime":2137.8,"body":"So if you know that the dominant seventh"},{"startTime":2137.8,"endTime":2140.05,"body":"has to resolve into the tonic,"},{"startTime":2140.05,"endTime":2143.29,"body":"when it doesn't, you get a jolt."},{"startTime":2143.29,"endTime":2147.52,"body":"So sometimes they're also called"},{"startTime":2143.29,"endTime":2147.52,"body":"deceptive for this reason."},{"startTime":2147.52,"endTime":2150.64,"body":"That's a term you might have"},{"startTime":2147.52,"endTime":2150.64,"body":"heard because you are deceived,"},{"startTime":2150.64,"endTime":2152.593,"body":"your expectations are deceived."},{"startTime":2155.23,"endTime":2156.55,"body":"I'm going to show you,"},{"startTime":2156.55,"endTime":2158.26,"body":"well this is obviously not Dudley Moore,"},{"startTime":2158.26,"endTime":2161.02,"body":"this is a Krystian Zimerman"},{"startTime":2158.26,"endTime":2161.02,"body":"but he's also playing,"},{"startTime":2161.02,"endTime":2163.45,"body":"acting out an interrupted cadence"},{"startTime":2163.45,"endTime":2165.67,"body":"at the end of a Mozart sonata."},{"startTime":2165.67,"endTime":2169.903,"body":"So you will actually not just"},{"startTime":2165.67,"endTime":2169.903,"body":"hear it, but see it as well."},{"startTime":2171.087,"endTime":2173.67,"body":"(lively music)"},{"startTime":2207.926,"endTime":2211.0,"body":"(laughing) So, after this interruption,"},{"startTime":2211.0,"endTime":2213.07,"body":"you have to do something really emphatic"},{"startTime":2213.07,"endTime":2216.01,"body":"to bring it back into the main key."},{"startTime":2216.01,"endTime":2219.97,"body":"So I will ask Alex if we can"},{"startTime":2216.01,"endTime":2219.97,"body":"go to the Mozart Fantasia."},{"startTime":2219.97,"endTime":2220.803,"body":"Yeah?"},{"startTime":2222.43,"endTime":2225.88,"body":"And I don't have it on the screen,"},{"startTime":2225.88,"endTime":2228.79,"body":"but we are just going to play it"},{"startTime":2228.79,"endTime":2231.46,"body":"to that moment of interrupted cadence."},{"startTime":2231.46,"endTime":2232.513,"body":"And then maybe stop."},{"startTime":2234.334,"endTime":2237.584,"body":"(\"Fantasia\" by Mozart)"},{"startTime":2243.94,"endTime":2246.16,"body":"So if it wasn't interrupted,"},{"startTime":2246.16,"endTime":2248.743,"body":"could you just resolve"},{"startTime":2246.16,"endTime":2248.743,"body":"it there into the top?"},{"startTime":2248.743,"endTime":2251.993,"body":"(\"Fantasia\" by Mozart)"},{"startTime":2253.27,"endTime":2255.43,"body":"That's what we expected."},{"startTime":2255.43,"endTime":2259.123,"body":"So now if you could give us"},{"startTime":2255.43,"endTime":2259.123,"body":"the whole thing to the end."},{"startTime":2260.443,"endTime":2263.693,"body":"(\"Fantasia\" by Mozart)"},{"startTime":2284.217,"endTime":2287.53,"body":"So the second time, he has"},{"startTime":2284.217,"endTime":2287.53,"body":"to make it really emphatic"},{"startTime":2287.53,"endTime":2290.44,"body":"because we were already so"},{"startTime":2287.53,"endTime":2290.44,"body":"kind of thrown off course"},{"startTime":2290.44,"endTime":2292.12,"body":"by that interrupted cadence."},{"startTime":2292.12,"endTime":2293.98,"body":"And that was the most typical one"},{"startTime":2293.98,"endTime":2297.25,"body":"when the dominant seventh"},{"startTime":2293.98,"endTime":2297.25,"body":"is going into chord six."},{"startTime":2297.25,"endTime":2300.64,"body":"And the interesting thing"},{"startTime":2297.25,"endTime":2300.64,"body":"is chord six in the major"},{"startTime":2300.64,"endTime":2302.65,"body":"is minor, and then the minor is major."},{"startTime":2302.65,"endTime":2304.963,"body":"So it gives you a little bit of variety."},{"startTime":2306.16,"endTime":2310.57,"body":"If we get to the very"},{"startTime":2306.16,"endTime":2310.57,"body":"famous sonata by Beethoven,"},{"startTime":2310.57,"endTime":2312.4,"body":"he actually does something"},{"startTime":2310.57,"endTime":2312.4,"body":"very interesting."},{"startTime":2312.4,"endTime":2315.31,"body":"He starts with an interrupted cadence."},{"startTime":2315.31,"endTime":2318.79,"body":"He starts with a partner"},{"startTime":2315.31,"endTime":2318.79,"body":"in the right hand,"},{"startTime":2318.79,"endTime":2321.55,"body":"which we associate with a particular key."},{"startTime":2321.55,"endTime":2324.709,"body":"If you could just play"},{"startTime":2321.55,"endTime":2324.709,"body":"with the right hand here."},{"startTime":2324.709,"endTime":2327.376,"body":"(somber music)"},{"startTime":2331.63,"endTime":2333.46,"body":"So that supposed to give us,"},{"startTime":2333.46,"endTime":2336.463,"body":"if you give us the E flat major chord."},{"startTime":2336.463,"endTime":2338.08,"body":"(piano harmonizing)"},{"startTime":2338.08,"endTime":2340.03,"body":"That's what it's supposed to to be."},{"startTime":2340.03,"endTime":2343.87,"body":"That's what you imagine"},{"startTime":2340.03,"endTime":2343.87,"body":"because it was such a popular"},{"startTime":2343.87,"endTime":2347.737,"body":"sort of type of, I dunno, a horn call."},{"startTime":2349.21,"endTime":2351.64,"body":"It was called a horn call."},{"startTime":2351.64,"endTime":2355.09,"body":"You would expect already that chord"},{"startTime":2355.09,"endTime":2357.1,"body":"of E flat major at the end."},{"startTime":2357.1,"endTime":2359.44,"body":"But what he does it, he"},{"startTime":2357.1,"endTime":2359.44,"body":"doesn't give it to you."},{"startTime":2359.44,"endTime":2362.533,"body":"He gives you instead"},{"startTime":2359.44,"endTime":2362.533,"body":"this interrupted cadence."},{"startTime":2363.502,"endTime":2367.169,"body":"(\"Les Adieux\" by Beethoven)"},{"startTime":2393.04,"endTime":2395.173,"body":"And then the second time,"},{"startTime":2402.04,"endTime":2404.443,"body":"he does something even more beautiful."},{"startTime":2405.61,"endTime":2408.22,"body":"It's interrupted, but in a different way."},{"startTime":2408.22,"endTime":2410.68,"body":"He gives you a flat six chord."},{"startTime":2410.68,"endTime":2413.56,"body":"He really plays with that pattern."},{"startTime":2413.56,"endTime":2417.58,"body":"And the only time he actually"},{"startTime":2413.56,"endTime":2417.58,"body":"does it a proper normal way"},{"startTime":2417.58,"endTime":2419.352,"body":"is at the end of the piece."},{"startTime":2419.352,"endTime":2423.019,"body":"(\"Les Adieux\" by Beethoven)"},{"startTime":2432.28,"endTime":2435.97,"body":"So here, it sounds much more normal."},{"startTime":2435.97,"endTime":2437.02,"body":"And that of course,"},{"startTime":2437.02,"endTime":2442.02,"body":"because it's a fare-thee-well"},{"startTime":2437.02,"endTime":2442.02,"body":"sonata, farewell sonata,"},{"startTime":2442.12,"endTime":2447.12,"body":"so it has to sound with a"},{"startTime":2442.12,"endTime":2447.12,"body":"slightly sort of sad version"},{"startTime":2447.25,"endTime":2448.963,"body":"of a very familiar idiom."},{"startTime":2450.01,"endTime":2454.21,"body":"Now we are getting to"},{"startTime":2450.01,"endTime":2454.21,"body":"a much later composer,"},{"startTime":2454.21,"endTime":2456.19,"body":"20th century composer, Prokofiev,"},{"startTime":2456.19,"endTime":2459.46,"body":"who absolutely adored"},{"startTime":2456.19,"endTime":2459.46,"body":"playing with cadences."},{"startTime":2459.46,"endTime":2461.98,"body":"And this piece that is also very familiar,"},{"startTime":2461.98,"endTime":2464.89,"body":"and you might think, well"},{"startTime":2461.98,"endTime":2464.89,"body":"it's the kind of ordinary,"},{"startTime":2464.89,"endTime":2465.97,"body":"you already know it,"},{"startTime":2465.97,"endTime":2468.613,"body":"but actually it's full"},{"startTime":2465.97,"endTime":2468.613,"body":"of these musical jokes."},{"startTime":2471.28,"endTime":2476.28,"body":"The bit that that I have"},{"startTime":2471.28,"endTime":2476.28,"body":"in the first circle,"},{"startTime":2477.61,"endTime":2480.863,"body":"if you could just play us"},{"startTime":2477.61,"endTime":2480.863,"body":"sort of up to that moment."},{"startTime":2483.594,"endTime":2486.177,"body":"(lively music)"},{"startTime":2489.13,"endTime":2490.51,"body":"That's a coming up to a cadence,"},{"startTime":2490.51,"endTime":2493.06,"body":"but they're very kind of"},{"startTime":2490.51,"endTime":2493.06,"body":"unusual, strange thing."},{"startTime":2493.06,"endTime":2495.13,"body":"It's already slightly strange."},{"startTime":2495.13,"endTime":2498.76,"body":"It's already taken you out"},{"startTime":2495.13,"endTime":2498.76,"body":"of the key where you were"},{"startTime":2498.76,"endTime":2500.683,"body":"and put you in a distant key."},{"startTime":2502.0,"endTime":2506.611,"body":"Then if you just play the next"},{"startTime":2502.0,"endTime":2506.611,"body":"one, that's an interrupted."},{"startTime":2506.611,"endTime":2509.194,"body":"(lively music)"},{"startTime":2512.44,"endTime":2515.59,"body":"Okay, we interrupted it once more."},{"startTime":2515.59,"endTime":2518.35,"body":"So every time something comes up,"},{"startTime":2518.35,"endTime":2520.12,"body":"there will be some kind of play,"},{"startTime":2520.12,"endTime":2522.91,"body":"some kind of joke on interrupted cadence."},{"startTime":2522.91,"endTime":2526.42,"body":"So that at the very end, if"},{"startTime":2522.91,"endTime":2526.42,"body":"you can see that passage,"},{"startTime":2526.42,"endTime":2528.97,"body":"you will have a lot of accidentals there."},{"startTime":2528.97,"endTime":2530.77,"body":"We are actually in a key"},{"startTime":2530.77,"endTime":2534.49,"body":"which is a semitone lower"},{"startTime":2530.77,"endTime":2534.49,"body":"than where we should be,"},{"startTime":2534.49,"endTime":2537.49,"body":"oh dear, we are completely slipped, right?"},{"startTime":2537.49,"endTime":2540.901,"body":"So if you can play us sort of that bit."},{"startTime":2540.901,"endTime":2543.484,"body":"(light music)"},{"startTime":2544.66,"endTime":2546.24,"body":"We're not in the key where"},{"startTime":2544.66,"endTime":2546.24,"body":"we're supposed to be."},{"startTime":2546.24,"endTime":2548.946,"body":"We have to save it very, very quickly."},{"startTime":2548.946,"endTime":2551.863,"body":"(energetic music)"},{"startTime":2552.76,"endTime":2554.53,"body":"So that's what Prokofiev does to you."},{"startTime":2554.53,"endTime":2556.66,"body":"He teases you all the time."},{"startTime":2556.66,"endTime":2557.83,"body":"So at this point,"},{"startTime":2557.83,"endTime":2561.22,"body":"I would like Alex to play"},{"startTime":2557.83,"endTime":2561.22,"body":"the whole piece to you,"},{"startTime":2561.22,"endTime":2563.68,"body":"and I'm going to kind of announce him"},{"startTime":2563.68,"endTime":2566.77,"body":"and you can see his lovely CDs there."},{"startTime":2566.77,"endTime":2570.093,"body":"And we're going to hear"},{"startTime":2566.77,"endTime":2570.093,"body":"this short piece as a whole."},{"startTime":2575.019,"endTime":2578.936,"body":"(\"Gavotte op.25\" by Prokofiev)"},{"startTime":2660.958,"endTime":2664.208,"body":"(audience applauding)"},{"startTime":2668.287,"endTime":2669.12,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":2669.12,"endTime":2671.62,"body":"I will let you go for about 10 minutes."},{"startTime":2671.62,"endTime":2673.723,"body":"And then we'll bring him back again."},{"startTime":2674.898,"endTime":2679.24,"body":"So the next section is called"},{"startTime":2674.898,"endTime":2679.24,"body":"Cadences in Love and War."},{"startTime":2679.24,"endTime":2683.143,"body":"And as you can see from the"},{"startTime":2679.24,"endTime":2683.143,"body":"picture is a 15 plus section."},{"startTime":2687.94,"endTime":2689.623,"body":"In the 19th century,"},{"startTime":2691.21,"endTime":2694.03,"body":"as the orchestral forces"},{"startTime":2691.21,"endTime":2694.03,"body":"were becoming bigger,"},{"startTime":2694.03,"endTime":2696.4,"body":"pieces were becoming longer,"},{"startTime":2696.4,"endTime":2699.64,"body":"cadences were stretched"},{"startTime":2696.4,"endTime":2699.64,"body":"further and further."},{"startTime":2699.64,"endTime":2703.39,"body":"And they sometimes could occupy"},{"startTime":2703.39,"endTime":2706.84,"body":"pages and pages of musical"},{"startTime":2703.39,"endTime":2706.84,"body":"scores, you will see."},{"startTime":2706.84,"endTime":2709.03,"body":"So there's a lot of stuff"},{"startTime":2706.84,"endTime":2709.03,"body":"going on the foreground,"},{"startTime":2709.03,"endTime":2712.93,"body":"but on the background we still"},{"startTime":2709.03,"endTime":2712.93,"body":"have that cadential formula,"},{"startTime":2712.93,"endTime":2715.93,"body":"which exerts some kind of"},{"startTime":2712.93,"endTime":2715.93,"body":"pressures on your body."},{"startTime":2715.93,"endTime":2717.91,"body":"You sort of feel that"},{"startTime":2715.93,"endTime":2717.91,"body":"something is happening,"},{"startTime":2717.91,"endTime":2719.38,"body":"you feel that it's there."},{"startTime":2719.38,"endTime":2721.51,"body":"You feel that the dominant is coming,"},{"startTime":2721.51,"endTime":2723.28,"body":"you feel that the end is nigh."},{"startTime":2723.28,"endTime":2726.25,"body":"So, it's something that works on you"},{"startTime":2726.25,"endTime":2728.38,"body":"even without you realizing."},{"startTime":2728.38,"endTime":2733.38,"body":"So I'll give you an example"},{"startTime":2728.38,"endTime":2733.38,"body":"from Chekhov's 1812 Overure,"},{"startTime":2734.83,"endTime":2737.11,"body":"which is not a piece that"},{"startTime":2734.83,"endTime":2737.11,"body":"we want to play right now,"},{"startTime":2737.11,"endTime":2739.003,"body":"but nevertheless it's"},{"startTime":2737.11,"endTime":2739.003,"body":"such a ridiculous piece"},{"startTime":2739.003,"endTime":2741.73,"body":"that I cannot believe that"},{"startTime":2739.003,"endTime":2741.73,"body":"actually it was written"},{"startTime":2741.73,"endTime":2743.05,"body":"in full seriousness."},{"startTime":2743.05,"endTime":2744.463,"body":"And I will show you why."},{"startTime":2748.33,"endTime":2751.06,"body":"What is important in war?"},{"startTime":2751.06,"endTime":2753.07,"body":"Victory, the expectation of victory."},{"startTime":2753.07,"endTime":2756.61,"body":"So that's what we are going"},{"startTime":2753.07,"endTime":2756.61,"body":"to have on this extract."},{"startTime":2756.61,"endTime":2759.19,"body":"We are going to have the base note."},{"startTime":2759.19,"endTime":2761.32,"body":"You can see the base note."},{"startTime":2761.32,"endTime":2765.04,"body":"It's establishes itself and"},{"startTime":2761.32,"endTime":2765.04,"body":"sits there for a long time."},{"startTime":2765.04,"endTime":2766.33,"body":"The pages were going to turn,"},{"startTime":2766.33,"endTime":2769.48,"body":"the base is going to sit"},{"startTime":2766.33,"endTime":2769.48,"body":"there, it's the dominant."},{"startTime":2769.48,"endTime":2771.78,"body":"And there is a little"},{"startTime":2769.48,"endTime":2771.78,"body":"bit of timpani going on."},{"startTime":2773.86,"endTime":2777.16,"body":"That tells you no matter"},{"startTime":2773.86,"endTime":2777.16,"body":"what's going on on top,"},{"startTime":2777.16,"endTime":2780.25,"body":"that the cadences soon will happen."},{"startTime":2780.25,"endTime":2782.29,"body":"Something will happen."},{"startTime":2782.29,"endTime":2784.39,"body":"So you hear the Marseillers going,"},{"startTime":2784.39,"endTime":2785.98,"body":"the bit of the Russian tiers going,"},{"startTime":2785.98,"endTime":2787.24,"body":"they're waring with each other."},{"startTime":2787.24,"endTime":2790.06,"body":"But the timpani and the bass tell you no,"},{"startTime":2790.06,"endTime":2791.863,"body":"it's all going to come to a close."},{"startTime":2792.73,"endTime":2794.93,"body":"And then you will hear,"},{"startTime":2794.93,"endTime":2797.26,"body":"and I will announce it"},{"startTime":2794.93,"endTime":2797.26,"body":"when it will finally"},{"startTime":2797.26,"endTime":2799.78,"body":"come to the dominant."},{"startTime":2799.78,"endTime":2802.27,"body":"And the dominant seventh is"},{"startTime":2799.78,"endTime":2802.27,"body":"going to be stretched out"},{"startTime":2802.27,"endTime":2803.77,"body":"in the most ridiculous way."},{"startTime":2803.77,"endTime":2806.479,"body":"And you'll have the most tedious motif,"},{"startTime":2806.479,"endTime":2809.56,"body":"(instructor harmonizing)"},{"startTime":2809.56,"endTime":2810.58,"body":"going on forever."},{"startTime":2810.58,"endTime":2813.61,"body":"I think it's about 43"},{"startTime":2810.58,"endTime":2813.61,"body":"times that it's repeated."},{"startTime":2813.61,"endTime":2814.51,"body":"Ridiculous."},{"startTime":2814.51,"endTime":2817.06,"body":"This is all the stretching"},{"startTime":2814.51,"endTime":2817.06,"body":"of the dominant seventh."},{"startTime":2818.77,"endTime":2820.9,"body":"Well, that's why I think"},{"startTime":2818.77,"endTime":2820.9,"body":"he cannot be serious."},{"startTime":2820.9,"endTime":2822.55,"body":"Surely, surely he can't be serious."},{"startTime":2822.55,"endTime":2825.04,"body":"And then when it resolves into the tonic,"},{"startTime":2825.04,"endTime":2826.99,"body":"then the celebration can begin."},{"startTime":2826.99,"endTime":2828.31,"body":"That's the moment of victory."},{"startTime":2828.31,"endTime":2829.71,"body":"So let's hear it."},{"startTime":2829.71,"endTime":2833.377,"body":"(\"1812 Overure\" by Chekhov)"},{"startTime":2916.24,"endTime":2917.47,"body":"Finally have the tonic."},{"startTime":2917.47,"endTime":2919.24,"body":"And that's where the bells come in."},{"startTime":2919.24,"endTime":2921.4,"body":"I think it's a very, very funny moment."},{"startTime":2921.4,"endTime":2924.73,"body":"So that might be the"},{"startTime":2921.4,"endTime":2924.73,"body":"only kind of saving grace"},{"startTime":2924.73,"endTime":2925.563,"body":"for that piece."},{"startTime":2925.563,"endTime":2930.563,"body":"But nevertheless, that's how"},{"startTime":2925.563,"endTime":2930.563,"body":"the cadence works in war."},{"startTime":2930.82,"endTime":2935.82,"body":"I will show you now a very"},{"startTime":2930.82,"endTime":2935.82,"body":"much, much better piece,"},{"startTime":2936.07,"endTime":2939.16,"body":"which is Tchaikovsky 5,"},{"startTime":2936.07,"endTime":2939.16,"body":"Tchaikovsky's Fifth Symphony,"},{"startTime":2939.16,"endTime":2940.81,"body":"in slow movement,"},{"startTime":2940.81,"endTime":2944.74,"body":"where we have two moments"},{"startTime":2940.81,"endTime":2944.74,"body":"of an interrupted cadence."},{"startTime":2944.74,"endTime":2947.14,"body":"And when the fifth theme comes in"},{"startTime":2947.14,"endTime":2950.14,"body":"and destroys all the lovely"},{"startTime":2947.14,"endTime":2950.14,"body":"things that are going on."},{"startTime":2950.14,"endTime":2952.09,"body":"And I always thought that the second time"},{"startTime":2952.09,"endTime":2953.89,"body":"is actually more devastating."},{"startTime":2953.89,"endTime":2955.18,"body":"And I will try to explain to you"},{"startTime":2955.18,"endTime":2957.52,"body":"why the second time is more devastating."},{"startTime":2957.52,"endTime":2960.13,"body":"So it's where you interrupted."},{"startTime":2960.13,"endTime":2962.14,"body":"So the first time it's interrupted,"},{"startTime":2962.14,"endTime":2965.44,"body":"you actually have a"},{"startTime":2962.14,"endTime":2965.44,"body":"cadential 6/4 in the minor."},{"startTime":2965.44,"endTime":2966.73,"body":"And it's already,"},{"startTime":2966.73,"endTime":2970.66,"body":"there's a lot of kind of movement"},{"startTime":2966.73,"endTime":2970.66,"body":"and tension in the voices."},{"startTime":2970.66,"endTime":2972.85,"body":"So you don't expect anything good."},{"startTime":2972.85,"endTime":2975.58,"body":"So when the cadential"},{"startTime":2972.85,"endTime":2975.58,"body":"6/4 kind of dissipates"},{"startTime":2975.58,"endTime":2977.23,"body":"into the interrupted chord,"},{"startTime":2977.23,"endTime":2979.15,"body":"and that is a very"},{"startTime":2977.23,"endTime":2979.15,"body":"famous Tchaikovsky chord"},{"startTime":2979.15,"endTime":2983.59,"body":"that I've showed you last"},{"startTime":2979.15,"endTime":2983.59,"body":"time, you are more prepared."},{"startTime":2983.59,"endTime":2984.896,"body":"So let's hear how that happens."},{"startTime":2984.896,"endTime":2989.063,"body":"(\"Symphony No. 5\" by Tchaikovsky)"},{"startTime":3013.65,"endTime":3017.85,"body":"Now the fifth theme comes in"},{"startTime":3013.65,"endTime":3017.85,"body":"on this interrupting chord."},{"startTime":3017.85,"endTime":3022.32,"body":"Now the second time it comes"},{"startTime":3017.85,"endTime":3022.32,"body":"in much later in the cadence"},{"startTime":3022.32,"endTime":3026.16,"body":"when we are already about to"},{"startTime":3022.32,"endTime":3026.16,"body":"resolve the dominant seventh"},{"startTime":3026.16,"endTime":3027.75,"body":"into the tonic."},{"startTime":3027.75,"endTime":3030.54,"body":"And it's actually a sort"},{"startTime":3027.75,"endTime":3030.54,"body":"of lovely calm music,"},{"startTime":3030.54,"endTime":3033.57,"body":"as if maybe there was"},{"startTime":3030.54,"endTime":3033.57,"body":"some love making going on"},{"startTime":3033.57,"endTime":3035.61,"body":"and you're about to fall asleep."},{"startTime":3035.61,"endTime":3037.83,"body":"So you're about to resolve into the tonic."},{"startTime":3037.83,"endTime":3039.9,"body":"And at that moment when you thought, okay,"},{"startTime":3039.9,"endTime":3043.59,"body":"everything's gone well and"},{"startTime":3039.9,"endTime":3043.59,"body":"you've heard it going well before"},{"startTime":3043.59,"endTime":3046.71,"body":"because that music already"},{"startTime":3043.59,"endTime":3046.71,"body":"sounded in that movement,"},{"startTime":3046.71,"endTime":3047.73,"body":"and that's when it happens."},{"startTime":3047.73,"endTime":3049.564,"body":"It is absolutely terrifying."},{"startTime":3049.564,"endTime":3053.731,"body":"(\"Symphony No. 5\" by Tchaikovsky)"},{"startTime":3065.509,"endTime":3069.592,"body":"Cadential 6/4 and the dominant seventh"},{"startTime":3070.772,"endTime":3072.272,"body":"and a second time."},{"startTime":3083.25,"endTime":3084.69,"body":"That is really devastating."},{"startTime":3084.69,"endTime":3086.37,"body":"Honestly, listen to the whole piece."},{"startTime":3086.37,"endTime":3088.71,"body":"Then you will find how,"},{"startTime":3088.71,"endTime":3091.14,"body":"so no matter how many"},{"startTime":3088.71,"endTime":3091.14,"body":"times you've heard this"},{"startTime":3091.14,"endTime":3092.46,"body":"and you know it's coming,"},{"startTime":3092.46,"endTime":3094.98,"body":"it is still devastating"},{"startTime":3092.46,"endTime":3094.98,"body":"because it's at that moment"},{"startTime":3094.98,"endTime":3098.49,"body":"of the cadence when you"},{"startTime":3094.98,"endTime":3098.49,"body":"expect the final resolution"},{"startTime":3098.49,"endTime":3099.423,"body":"into the tonic."},{"startTime":3102.39,"endTime":3105.54,"body":"The composers who were using the cadence"},{"startTime":3105.54,"endTime":3109.08,"body":"in particular with the"},{"startTime":3105.54,"endTime":3109.08,"body":"connection of this theme"},{"startTime":3109.08,"endTime":3111.27,"body":"of love and Eros."},{"startTime":3111.27,"endTime":3115.38,"body":"Because by manipulating the cadence,"},{"startTime":3115.38,"endTime":3117.66,"body":"you can create particular empathy"},{"startTime":3117.66,"endTime":3120.27,"body":"between the listener and the music."},{"startTime":3120.27,"endTime":3124.32,"body":"It's because, you get a"},{"startTime":3120.27,"endTime":3124.32,"body":"buildup to the cadence,"},{"startTime":3124.32,"endTime":3125.76,"body":"like to a sexual climax."},{"startTime":3125.76,"endTime":3127.38,"body":"And then you have the climactic chord,"},{"startTime":3127.38,"endTime":3131.7,"body":"which is usually cadential"},{"startTime":3127.38,"endTime":3131.7,"body":"6/4, and then it all resolves."},{"startTime":3131.7,"endTime":3135.69,"body":"So you kind of go through all these stages"},{"startTime":3135.69,"endTime":3138.897,"body":"in your body that the music is going,"},{"startTime":3138.897,"endTime":3141.78,"body":"and the characters in the song"},{"startTime":3141.78,"endTime":3143.73,"body":"or in the opera are going through."},{"startTime":3143.73,"endTime":3145.44,"body":"And 19th century composers"},{"startTime":3145.44,"endTime":3147.36,"body":"were using this extremely effectively."},{"startTime":3147.36,"endTime":3152.25,"body":"Rachmaninoff was one of the"},{"startTime":3147.36,"endTime":3152.25,"body":"absolute masters of this."},{"startTime":3152.25,"endTime":3154.98,"body":"I'll give you the moment from his song"},{"startTime":3154.98,"endTime":3157.12,"body":"In the Silence of the Secret Night,"},{"startTime":3157.12,"endTime":3159.18,"body":"which is kind of autobiographical,"},{"startTime":3159.18,"endTime":3161.4,"body":"so imagine Rachmaninoff was 17,"},{"startTime":3161.4,"endTime":3164.82,"body":"he falls in love with"},{"startTime":3161.4,"endTime":3164.82,"body":"his cousin who is 15."},{"startTime":3164.82,"endTime":3166.35,"body":"The parents are watching them,"},{"startTime":3166.35,"endTime":3169.23,"body":"they're still sort of"},{"startTime":3166.35,"endTime":3169.23,"body":"sitting, holding hands."},{"startTime":3169.23,"endTime":3171.57,"body":"And eventually the parents"},{"startTime":3169.23,"endTime":3171.57,"body":"actually sort of separate them."},{"startTime":3171.57,"endTime":3173.28,"body":"They can't write to each other"},{"startTime":3173.28,"endTime":3176.073,"body":"because it's getting a bit too dangerous."},{"startTime":3177.158,"endTime":3180.09,"body":"So instead, Rachmaninoff"},{"startTime":3177.158,"endTime":3180.09,"body":"writes a song about this,"},{"startTime":3180.09,"endTime":3183.453,"body":"how he, in the silence of the night,"},{"startTime":3184.32,"endTime":3188.16,"body":"reminisces about her"},{"startTime":3184.32,"endTime":3188.16,"body":"hair, her lock of hair,"},{"startTime":3188.16,"endTime":3189.51,"body":"what she said."},{"startTime":3189.51,"endTime":3193.86,"body":"And then the singer gets to the high note,"},{"startTime":3193.86,"endTime":3197.49,"body":"this is a pre-cadential"},{"startTime":3193.86,"endTime":3197.49,"body":"moment and the piano gets us"},{"startTime":3197.49,"endTime":3202.44,"body":"to this glorious, climactic cadential 6/4."},{"startTime":3202.44,"endTime":3204.597,"body":"And the piano gives (harmonizing),"},{"startTime":3206.4,"endTime":3211.4,"body":"the two note motif, which is"},{"startTime":3206.4,"endTime":3211.4,"body":"actually the secret word Vera,"},{"startTime":3211.92,"endTime":3214.8,"body":"the name of the girl"},{"startTime":3211.92,"endTime":3214.8,"body":"that he's dreaming about."},{"startTime":3214.8,"endTime":3216.75,"body":"So, that is happening in the piano."},{"startTime":3216.75,"endTime":3221.58,"body":"And it's so effective precisely"},{"startTime":3216.75,"endTime":3221.58,"body":"because he uses this tension"},{"startTime":3221.58,"endTime":3224.28,"body":"that the pre-cadential chord creates."},{"startTime":3224.28,"endTime":3229.28,"body":"And the release that gives us the 6/4."},{"startTime":3230.154,"endTime":3231.112,"body":"(\"In the Silence of the Secret Night\")"},{"startTime":3231.112,"endTime":3234.945,"body":"(singing in foreign language)"},{"startTime":3259.336,"endTime":3261.253,"body":"So the build up starts."},{"startTime":3288.648,"endTime":3289.815,"body":"Pre-cadential."},{"startTime":3293.891,"endTime":3295.974,"body":"Cadential 6/4."},{"startTime":3297.338,"endTime":3298.171,"body":"Vera."},{"startTime":3350.89,"endTime":3353.28,"body":"So it requires a lot of breath."},{"startTime":3353.28,"endTime":3354.78,"body":"And the piano, as you can see,"},{"startTime":3354.78,"endTime":3357.33,"body":"they can't stop straight"},{"startTime":3354.78,"endTime":3357.33,"body":"away after such a big climax."},{"startTime":3357.33,"endTime":3360.087,"body":"So it has to be, you know,"},{"startTime":3357.33,"endTime":3360.087,"body":"a long dying down as well."},{"startTime":3360.087,"endTime":3362.1,"body":"And this is what"},{"startTime":3360.087,"endTime":3362.1,"body":"Rachmaninoff was so good at,"},{"startTime":3362.1,"endTime":3363.66,"body":"and this is why his music went,"},{"startTime":3363.66,"endTime":3365.61,"body":"what was used in the Brief Encounter"},{"startTime":3365.61,"endTime":3368.73,"body":"and other films about love works so well."},{"startTime":3368.73,"endTime":3373.73,"body":"Because it actually plays with"},{"startTime":3368.73,"endTime":3373.73,"body":"our kind of bodily sensations"},{"startTime":3373.86,"endTime":3378.09,"body":"of cadences because they"},{"startTime":3373.86,"endTime":3378.09,"body":"are built into us already."},{"startTime":3378.09,"endTime":3382.71,"body":"But both Rachmaninoff and"},{"startTime":3378.09,"endTime":3382.71,"body":"Chekhov did not discover this."},{"startTime":3382.71,"endTime":3386.16,"body":"The person who discovered this"},{"startTime":3382.71,"endTime":3386.16,"body":"in a major way was Wagner."},{"startTime":3386.16,"endTime":3388.47,"body":"So essentially I want to show you"},{"startTime":3388.47,"endTime":3391.192,"body":"the most devastating interrupted climax,"},{"startTime":3391.192,"endTime":3393.99,"body":"interrupted cadence, I should say."},{"startTime":3393.99,"endTime":3396.09,"body":"And also interrupted climax,"},{"startTime":3396.09,"endTime":3397.77,"body":"which is from Tristan and Isolde."},{"startTime":3397.77,"endTime":3400.26,"body":"Now in Tristan and Isolde,"},{"startTime":3400.26,"endTime":3403.74,"body":"Wagner, we'll talk about"},{"startTime":3400.26,"endTime":3403.74,"body":"it in a couple of lectures,"},{"startTime":3403.74,"endTime":3408.48,"body":"but basically he tries to"},{"startTime":3403.74,"endTime":3408.48,"body":"avoid cadence at every step."},{"startTime":3408.48,"endTime":3410.58,"body":"So basically he has no proper cadences."},{"startTime":3410.58,"endTime":3413.043,"body":"He wants to move,"},{"startTime":3415.02,"endTime":3418.14,"body":"every single chord sort of"},{"startTime":3415.02,"endTime":3418.14,"body":"becomes an interruption,"},{"startTime":3418.14,"endTime":3420.63,"body":"and it's a chain of interrupted cadences."},{"startTime":3420.63,"endTime":3422.31,"body":"And if he didn't have to have an interval"},{"startTime":3422.31,"endTime":3425.04,"body":"when people go for the"},{"startTime":3422.31,"endTime":3425.04,"body":"beer or for the champagne,"},{"startTime":3425.04,"endTime":3429.24,"body":"he would have gone on for"},{"startTime":3425.04,"endTime":3429.24,"body":"five hours without cadencing."},{"startTime":3429.24,"endTime":3430.8,"body":"But he has to have ending of acts."},{"startTime":3430.8,"endTime":3432.84,"body":"But basically in act two,"},{"startTime":3432.84,"endTime":3435.57,"body":"this is a love duet"},{"startTime":3432.84,"endTime":3435.57,"body":"and Tristan and Isolde,"},{"startTime":3435.57,"endTime":3436.74,"body":"they've had the love potion,"},{"startTime":3436.74,"endTime":3438.48,"body":"they're full of desire for each other."},{"startTime":3438.48,"endTime":3440.25,"body":"And it goes on for an hour."},{"startTime":3440.25,"endTime":3443.76,"body":"So it's really kind of mythical scale,"},{"startTime":3443.76,"endTime":3445.68,"body":"not even on a human scale."},{"startTime":3445.68,"endTime":3448.14,"body":"And then they're finally"},{"startTime":3445.68,"endTime":3448.14,"body":"coming to the climax."},{"startTime":3448.14,"endTime":3449.88,"body":"Now I'll give you the concett performance"},{"startTime":3449.88,"endTime":3453.0,"body":"because you can see the words"},{"startTime":3449.88,"endTime":3453.0,"body":"here and how it all sort of,"},{"startTime":3453.0,"endTime":3457.92,"body":"there's a big buildup and"},{"startTime":3453.0,"endTime":3457.92,"body":"you have an alternation,"},{"startTime":3457.92,"endTime":3460.29,"body":"faster, it gets faster and"},{"startTime":3457.92,"endTime":3460.29,"body":"you have the alternation"},{"startTime":3460.29,"endTime":3462.48,"body":"between cadential 64 and dominant seventh."},{"startTime":3462.48,"endTime":3465.18,"body":"And that's the moment you"},{"startTime":3462.48,"endTime":3465.18,"body":"know it's already closed."},{"startTime":3465.18,"endTime":3466.98,"body":"Because it can happen any moment."},{"startTime":3466.98,"endTime":3469.383,"body":"You are so tense at that point."},{"startTime":3470.82,"endTime":3472.84,"body":"And then the husband comes in."},{"startTime":3472.84,"endTime":3474.09,"body":"(audience laughing)"},{"startTime":3474.09,"endTime":3475.195,"body":"It's a terrible thing."},{"startTime":3475.195,"endTime":3476.422,"body":"(singing in foreign language)"},{"startTime":3476.422,"endTime":3479.172,"body":"(sweeping music)"},{"startTime":3548.46,"endTime":3552.63,"body":"Now, if Mozart could correct"},{"startTime":3548.46,"endTime":3552.63,"body":"it within a few bars we heard."},{"startTime":3552.63,"endTime":3555.12,"body":"He had an interrupted"},{"startTime":3552.63,"endTime":3555.12,"body":"cadence, he corrects it."},{"startTime":3555.12,"endTime":3556.83,"body":"Very quickly."},{"startTime":3556.83,"endTime":3560.64,"body":"Wagner needs an hour,"},{"startTime":3556.83,"endTime":3560.64,"body":"another act, another hour."},{"startTime":3560.64,"endTime":3563.22,"body":"And during that act, Tristan dies."},{"startTime":3563.22,"endTime":3565.44,"body":"So there is a moment of consummation,"},{"startTime":3565.44,"endTime":3567.12,"body":"but then Tristan is already dead."},{"startTime":3567.12,"endTime":3569.94,"body":"So, Isolde has to sing it solo."},{"startTime":3569.94,"endTime":3571.59,"body":"This is the famous Liebestod."},{"startTime":3571.59,"endTime":3574.38,"body":"I'm not going to play"},{"startTime":3571.59,"endTime":3574.38,"body":"it, but you can play it"},{"startTime":3574.38,"endTime":3578.4,"body":"and actually experience the"},{"startTime":3574.38,"endTime":3578.4,"body":"absolutely transcendent climax"},{"startTime":3578.4,"endTime":3579.9,"body":"that happened at that moment"},{"startTime":3579.9,"endTime":3582.87,"body":"when she kind of overshoots the tonic,"},{"startTime":3582.87,"endTime":3585.3,"body":"gets you into some other dimension."},{"startTime":3585.3,"endTime":3586.563,"body":"It's most amazing,"},{"startTime":3587.956,"endTime":3591.09,"body":"most amazing play on the cadence."},{"startTime":3591.09,"endTime":3594.0,"body":"Final section is about"},{"startTime":3591.09,"endTime":3594.0,"body":"the last cadence-maker."},{"startTime":3594.0,"endTime":3596.13,"body":"And I want to mention Prokofiev again"},{"startTime":3596.13,"endTime":3598.05,"body":"because he was a modernist,"},{"startTime":3598.05,"endTime":3600.12,"body":"I'm not talking about"},{"startTime":3598.05,"endTime":3600.12,"body":"post-modern composers."},{"startTime":3600.12,"endTime":3603.9,"body":"But he was a modernist who"},{"startTime":3600.12,"endTime":3603.9,"body":"was actually contributing"},{"startTime":3603.9,"endTime":3606.54,"body":"to the development of the cadence."},{"startTime":3606.54,"endTime":3611.34,"body":"And he liked, he enjoyed"},{"startTime":3606.54,"endTime":3611.34,"body":"playing with the cadence."},{"startTime":3611.34,"endTime":3613.98,"body":"Well here's a end to his piano sonata."},{"startTime":3613.98,"endTime":3618.18,"body":"And you have these incredible"},{"startTime":3613.98,"endTime":3618.18,"body":"passages, virtuosic passages,"},{"startTime":3618.18,"endTime":3620.79,"body":"which give us to the tonic."},{"startTime":3620.79,"endTime":3623.82,"body":"The chords before the"},{"startTime":3620.79,"endTime":3623.82,"body":"tonic are not actually"},{"startTime":3623.82,"endTime":3627.45,"body":"the standard predominant and dominant."},{"startTime":3627.45,"endTime":3630.24,"body":"But because they're placed"},{"startTime":3627.45,"endTime":3630.24,"body":"in this metric position,"},{"startTime":3630.24,"endTime":3634.8,"body":"we sort of thinking backwards,"},{"startTime":3630.24,"endTime":3634.8,"body":"we hear it as a cadence."},{"startTime":3634.8,"endTime":3635.978,"body":"Let's hear it."},{"startTime":3635.978,"endTime":3640.311,"body":"(\"Piano Sonata No. 5\" by Prokofiev)"},{"startTime":3659.73,"endTime":3663.18,"body":"So the last two chords, it"},{"startTime":3659.73,"endTime":3663.18,"body":"was basically dominant tonic"},{"startTime":3663.18,"endTime":3665.58,"body":"with lots of other notes thrown together."},{"startTime":3665.58,"endTime":3667.74,"body":"It still sounds like a dominant tonic."},{"startTime":3667.74,"endTime":3670.623,"body":"This is the kind of"},{"startTime":3667.74,"endTime":3670.623,"body":"thing that he could do."},{"startTime":3673.26,"endTime":3678.26,"body":"Now, for our final and"},{"startTime":3673.26,"endTime":3678.26,"body":"most wonderful section,"},{"startTime":3679.53,"endTime":3681.36,"body":"we are going to have a very special piece"},{"startTime":3681.36,"endTime":3683.61,"body":"performed by Alexander Karpeyev."},{"startTime":3683.61,"endTime":3686.61,"body":"It's Rachmaninoff'S first"},{"startTime":3683.61,"endTime":3686.61,"body":"sonata, the first movement."},{"startTime":3686.61,"endTime":3690.27,"body":"Extremely virtuosic and"},{"startTime":3686.61,"endTime":3690.27,"body":"extremely kind of troubled piece."},{"startTime":3690.27,"endTime":3692.04,"body":"It's based on Faust."},{"startTime":3692.04,"endTime":3696.54,"body":"So this is Faust with all his questions"},{"startTime":3696.54,"endTime":3700.32,"body":"and all the trials and tribulations."},{"startTime":3700.32,"endTime":3701.4,"body":"Why I chose this,"},{"startTime":3701.4,"endTime":3703.53,"body":"because he will hear"},{"startTime":3701.4,"endTime":3703.53,"body":"that at the very start,"},{"startTime":3703.53,"endTime":3706.95,"body":"it begins with a cadence,"},{"startTime":3703.53,"endTime":3706.95,"body":"with a series of cadences."},{"startTime":3706.95,"endTime":3711.27,"body":"So instead of saving them for the end,"},{"startTime":3711.27,"endTime":3713.16,"body":"using them kind of syntactically,"},{"startTime":3713.16,"endTime":3716.7,"body":"he already uses them as"},{"startTime":3713.16,"endTime":3716.7,"body":"his main thematic material."},{"startTime":3716.7,"endTime":3718.32,"body":"It's very typical of Rachmaninoff"},{"startTime":3718.32,"endTime":3722.28,"body":"because of his connection"},{"startTime":3718.32,"endTime":3722.28,"body":"with Russian Orthodox music."},{"startTime":3722.28,"endTime":3725.88,"body":"So it's one of his favorite"},{"startTime":3722.28,"endTime":3725.88,"body":"things to play with his cadence."},{"startTime":3725.88,"endTime":3728.13,"body":"So you will hear at the very start,"},{"startTime":3728.13,"endTime":3730.77,"body":"this cadence not actually"},{"startTime":3728.13,"endTime":3730.77,"body":"acting as a cadence,"},{"startTime":3730.77,"endTime":3734.25,"body":"but acting as his thematic material."},{"startTime":3734.25,"endTime":3738.863,"body":"But I also want you to try"},{"startTime":3734.25,"endTime":3738.863,"body":"to pick out the moment,"},{"startTime":3738.863,"endTime":3742.2,"body":"it'll be quite sort of well in,"},{"startTime":3742.2,"endTime":3744.06,"body":"almost at the end of the movement"},{"startTime":3744.06,"endTime":3747.96,"body":"when you have a huge climax and"},{"startTime":3744.06,"endTime":3747.96,"body":"there'll be trills going on."},{"startTime":3747.96,"endTime":3752.01,"body":"There'll be a lot of kind of"},{"startTime":3747.96,"endTime":3752.01,"body":"trilling on a major scale."},{"startTime":3752.01,"endTime":3756.72,"body":"And the trills tell us that"},{"startTime":3752.01,"endTime":3756.72,"body":"this is the dominant seventh."},{"startTime":3756.72,"endTime":3759.69,"body":"And you will have a"},{"startTime":3756.72,"endTime":3759.69,"body":"resolution at a major chord."},{"startTime":3759.69,"endTime":3762.12,"body":"So maybe you won't hear"},{"startTime":3759.69,"endTime":3762.12,"body":"it this first time,"},{"startTime":3762.12,"endTime":3764.28,"body":"but if you listen to the"},{"startTime":3762.12,"endTime":3764.28,"body":"lecture the second time,"},{"startTime":3764.28,"endTime":3765.69,"body":"you will pick it up."},{"startTime":3765.69,"endTime":3769.35,"body":"And that's also, that's the"},{"startTime":3765.69,"endTime":3769.35,"body":"main cadence of the movement"},{"startTime":3769.35,"endTime":3772.92,"body":"because it's kind of a"},{"startTime":3769.35,"endTime":3772.92,"body":"much more large scale thing"},{"startTime":3772.92,"endTime":3774.48,"body":"with what you have at the start."},{"startTime":3774.48,"endTime":3776.85,"body":"So this is a little introduction."},{"startTime":3776.85,"endTime":3780.9,"body":"And now let's bring Alexander back,"},{"startTime":3780.9,"endTime":3782.463,"body":"and I hope he's there."},{"startTime":3784.287,"endTime":3786.311,"body":"And give him applause."},{"startTime":3786.311,"endTime":3789.478,"body":"(audience applauding)"},{"startTime":3817.344,"endTime":3821.427,"body":"(\"Sonata No. 1\" by Rachmaninoff)"},{"startTime":4613.651,"endTime":4616.901,"body":"(audience applauding)"},{"startTime":4635.271,"endTime":4636.849,"body":"- Thank you so much."},{"startTime":4636.849,"endTime":4637.682,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":4639.832,"endTime":4642.411,"body":"Professor Frolova, thank you"},{"startTime":4639.832,"endTime":4642.411,"body":"for another fascinating lecture"},{"startTime":4642.411,"endTime":4643.877,"body":"and a very great thank"},{"startTime":4642.411,"endTime":4643.877,"body":"you to you, Alexander,"},{"startTime":4643.877,"endTime":4646.01,"body":"for such a beautiful performance."},{"startTime":4646.01,"endTime":4648.98,"body":"We hope you can all join us"},{"startTime":4646.01,"endTime":4648.98,"body":"for Marina's next lecture"},{"startTime":4648.98,"endTime":4650.99,"body":"on Thursday, the 9th of February,"},{"startTime":4650.99,"endTime":4654.35,"body":"which will be on diminished"},{"startTime":4650.99,"endTime":4654.35,"body":"and augmented chords."},{"startTime":4654.35,"endTime":4655.85,"body":"Thank you all for joining us this evening."},{"startTime":4655.85,"endTime":4657.029,"body":"Have a lovely night."},{"startTime":4657.029,"endTime":4659.42,"body":"- And we're going to"},{"startTime":4657.029,"endTime":4659.42,"body":"have Peter Delhoe back."},{"startTime":4659.42,"endTime":4661.253,"body":"by the way, for that lecture."},{"startTime":4659.42,"endTime":4661.253,"body":"- Yes."},{"startTime":4661.253,"endTime":4662.81,"body":"Yes, we will."},{"startTime":4662.81,"endTime":4663.984,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":4663.984,"endTime":4667.234,"body":"(audience applauding)"}]}