{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.0,"endTime":2.75,"body":"(text whooshing)"},{"startTime":5.82,"endTime":7.29,"body":"- Good evening, everyone."},{"startTime":7.29,"endTime":8.79,"body":"It's Valentine's Day"},{"startTime":8.79,"endTime":13.79,"body":"so I have decided to make"},{"startTime":8.79,"endTime":13.79,"body":"the ultimate sacrifice."},{"startTime":15.0,"endTime":18.06,"body":"I'm going to offer myself up"},{"startTime":18.06,"endTime":20.07,"body":"for one night only"},{"startTime":20.07,"endTime":22.953,"body":"to be the object of"},{"startTime":20.07,"endTime":22.953,"body":"all of your affections."},{"startTime":24.6,"endTime":28.32,"body":"And while it may be"},{"startTime":24.6,"endTime":28.32,"body":"something of a tall order"},{"startTime":28.32,"endTime":33.09,"body":"to be as attentive to all of"},{"startTime":28.32,"endTime":33.09,"body":"you exactly as you might like,"},{"startTime":33.09,"endTime":35.34,"body":"I'm willing to have a go"},{"startTime":35.34,"endTime":39.87,"body":"in the interests of our continued"},{"startTime":35.34,"endTime":39.87,"body":"exploration of cyberspace"},{"startTime":39.87,"endTime":41.31,"body":"and digital ethics."},{"startTime":41.31,"endTime":43.86,"body":"So let's imagine that you"},{"startTime":43.86,"endTime":48.363,"body":"and I really, really like each other."},{"startTime":49.38,"endTime":51.903,"body":"In fact, we may even be in love."},{"startTime":53.07,"endTime":54.51,"body":"And on this day of the year,"},{"startTime":54.51,"endTime":57.84,"body":"when we are directed by"},{"startTime":54.51,"endTime":57.84,"body":"the media and by retailers"},{"startTime":57.84,"endTime":61.14,"body":"to exchange loving words and gestures,"},{"startTime":61.14,"endTime":64.77,"body":"we may be inclined to"},{"startTime":61.14,"endTime":64.77,"body":"send one another cards"},{"startTime":64.77,"endTime":68.343,"body":"or messages that are sickly sweet,"},{"startTime":70.44,"endTime":72.84,"body":"fruity, and perhaps,"},{"startTime":72.84,"endTime":75.693,"body":"even a little bit naughty."},{"startTime":76.65,"endTime":80.04,"body":"The mood may be enhanced"},{"startTime":76.65,"endTime":80.04,"body":"with music and lighting,"},{"startTime":80.04,"endTime":82.62,"body":"but rather spoiled by the thought"},{"startTime":82.62,"endTime":84.45,"body":"that messages intended only"},{"startTime":84.45,"endTime":87.69,"body":"for one other person might be read"},{"startTime":87.69,"endTime":91.05,"body":"by someone entirely different."},{"startTime":91.05,"endTime":94.53,"body":"We may not want our parents, our siblings,"},{"startTime":94.53,"endTime":97.98,"body":"or our children to see these"},{"startTime":94.53,"endTime":97.98,"body":"for fear of embarrassment."},{"startTime":97.98,"endTime":102.72,"body":"So how might we feel about"},{"startTime":97.98,"endTime":102.72,"body":"them being intercepted"},{"startTime":102.72,"endTime":104.37,"body":"by the government"},{"startTime":104.37,"endTime":108.303,"body":"or read by an employee of"},{"startTime":104.37,"endTime":108.303,"body":"a social media company?"},{"startTime":111.51,"endTime":112.653,"body":"Hold that thought."},{"startTime":113.85,"endTime":115.5,"body":"For thousands of years,"},{"startTime":115.5,"endTime":118.83,"body":"people have practiced"},{"startTime":115.5,"endTime":118.83,"body":"the art of cryptography"},{"startTime":118.83,"endTime":121.11,"body":"and that's writing in code"},{"startTime":121.11,"endTime":125.73,"body":"or cipher to keep their"},{"startTime":121.11,"endTime":125.73,"body":"communication secret."},{"startTime":125.73,"endTime":129.06,"body":"They've also practiced"},{"startTime":125.73,"endTime":129.06,"body":"the science of encryption,"},{"startTime":129.06,"endTime":133.26,"body":"which is how we encode that information."},{"startTime":133.26,"endTime":136.32,"body":"According to the Roman"},{"startTime":133.26,"endTime":136.32,"body":"historian, Suetonius,"},{"startTime":136.32,"endTime":140.52,"body":"Julius Caesar used a substitution cipher"},{"startTime":140.52,"endTime":143.16,"body":"which shifted the"},{"startTime":140.52,"endTime":143.16,"body":"letters of the plain text"},{"startTime":143.16,"endTime":146.463,"body":"of his communications one by one."},{"startTime":147.54,"endTime":150.0,"body":"So Suetonius records that if he,"},{"startTime":150.0,"endTime":153.21,"body":"Julius Caesar, had anything"},{"startTime":150.0,"endTime":153.21,"body":"confidential to say,"},{"startTime":153.21,"endTime":155.1,"body":"he wrote it in cipher."},{"startTime":155.1,"endTime":158.58,"body":"That is, by so changing"},{"startTime":155.1,"endTime":158.58,"body":"the order of the letters"},{"startTime":158.58,"endTime":162.543,"body":"of the alphabet that not"},{"startTime":158.58,"endTime":162.543,"body":"a word could be made out."},{"startTime":163.507,"endTime":167.647,"body":"\"If anyone wishes to decipher"},{"startTime":163.507,"endTime":167.647,"body":"these,\" Suetonius says,"},{"startTime":167.647,"endTime":169.74,"body":"\"And get at their meaning,"},{"startTime":169.74,"endTime":172.71,"body":"he must substitute the fourth letter"},{"startTime":172.71,"endTime":176.37,"body":"of the alphabet, namely D, for A"},{"startTime":176.37,"endTime":178.65,"body":"and so with the others.\""},{"startTime":178.65,"endTime":180.09,"body":"Now incidentally,"},{"startTime":180.09,"endTime":181.8,"body":"there may be some of you"},{"startTime":180.09,"endTime":181.8,"body":"who are a bit eagle eyed,"},{"startTime":181.8,"endTime":183.51,"body":"some of the classicists"},{"startTime":181.8,"endTime":183.51,"body":"in the room as well,"},{"startTime":183.51,"endTime":186.9,"body":"and you're wondering"},{"startTime":183.51,"endTime":186.9,"body":"why A and B are repeated"},{"startTime":186.9,"endTime":187.83,"body":"at the bottom right."},{"startTime":187.83,"endTime":189.0,"body":"That is, of course,"},{"startTime":189.0,"endTime":193.083,"body":"because the Roman alphabet"},{"startTime":189.0,"endTime":193.083,"body":"had only 23 letters."},{"startTime":194.64,"endTime":199.64,"body":"Over time, these substitutions"},{"startTime":194.64,"endTime":199.64,"body":"became more complex."},{"startTime":199.68,"endTime":200.94,"body":"So for instance,"},{"startTime":200.94,"endTime":204.45,"body":"the Playfair cipher, used"},{"startTime":200.94,"endTime":204.45,"body":"by the British military"},{"startTime":204.45,"endTime":207.33,"body":"in the early parts of the 20th century,"},{"startTime":207.33,"endTime":210.54,"body":"split messages into pairs of letters"},{"startTime":210.54,"endTime":213.96,"body":"that were then swapped"},{"startTime":210.54,"endTime":213.96,"body":"according to their positions"},{"startTime":213.96,"endTime":215.58,"body":"in a five by five grid."},{"startTime":215.58,"endTime":219.86,"body":"So a short message like hi, H-I,"},{"startTime":220.95,"endTime":225.603,"body":"becomes K-E-K."},{"startTime":227.55,"endTime":229.83,"body":"Now there's a problem with"},{"startTime":227.55,"endTime":229.83,"body":"this kind of encryption,"},{"startTime":229.83,"endTime":232.59,"body":"which they call symmetric encryption."},{"startTime":232.59,"endTime":235.17,"body":"It's one which uses the same private key"},{"startTime":235.17,"endTime":238.17,"body":"to encode and decode the data."},{"startTime":238.17,"endTime":239.58,"body":"And that problem is"},{"startTime":239.58,"endTime":242.94,"body":"that once you know how"},{"startTime":239.58,"endTime":242.94,"body":"the substitution is made,"},{"startTime":242.94,"endTime":245.43,"body":"you can crack the whole message."},{"startTime":245.43,"endTime":247.38,"body":"And if the substitution instructions"},{"startTime":247.38,"endTime":249.57,"body":"are not changed regularly,"},{"startTime":249.57,"endTime":254.57,"body":"you can read all other"},{"startTime":249.57,"endTime":254.57,"body":"messages encrypted in this way."},{"startTime":255.78,"endTime":257.13,"body":"In the Second World War,"},{"startTime":257.13,"endTime":261.33,"body":"German forces famously"},{"startTime":257.13,"endTime":261.33,"body":"used enigma rotor machines"},{"startTime":261.33,"endTime":262.2,"body":"like this one"},{"startTime":262.2,"endTime":264.36,"body":"to perform consecutive rounds"},{"startTime":264.36,"endTime":266.733,"body":"of substitutions electromechanically."},{"startTime":268.02,"endTime":271.23,"body":"The code was changed daily and on Sundays,"},{"startTime":271.23,"endTime":276.23,"body":"5,000 intercepted messages"},{"startTime":271.23,"endTime":276.23,"body":"came into Bletchley Park here"},{"startTime":276.39,"endTime":277.47,"body":"in the UK,"},{"startTime":277.47,"endTime":280.92,"body":"now the site of the National"},{"startTime":277.47,"endTime":280.92,"body":"Museum of Computing."},{"startTime":280.92,"endTime":283.44,"body":"But that gives an"},{"startTime":280.92,"endTime":283.44,"body":"indication of the enormity"},{"startTime":283.44,"endTime":287.4,"body":"of the task facing those cryptanalysts"},{"startTime":287.4,"endTime":291.48,"body":"and the importance of another"},{"startTime":287.4,"endTime":291.48,"body":"electromechanical device,"},{"startTime":291.48,"endTime":295.953,"body":"the bomb in decrypting"},{"startTime":291.48,"endTime":295.953,"body":"at such a large scale."},{"startTime":297.6,"endTime":300.48,"body":"In the latter half of the 20th century,"},{"startTime":300.48,"endTime":303.66,"body":"digital encryption became"},{"startTime":300.48,"endTime":303.66,"body":"the dominant method"},{"startTime":303.66,"endTime":305.49,"body":"for concealing text."},{"startTime":305.49,"endTime":308.22,"body":"And its success has been due largely"},{"startTime":308.22,"endTime":312.66,"body":"to the increasingly complex"},{"startTime":308.22,"endTime":312.66,"body":"algorithmic calculations"},{"startTime":312.66,"endTime":315.3,"body":"that computers could quickly perform"},{"startTime":315.3,"endTime":318.42,"body":"over and above using pen and paper"},{"startTime":318.42,"endTime":321.15,"body":"or rotor machines."},{"startTime":321.15,"endTime":324.24,"body":"And internationally"},{"startTime":321.15,"endTime":324.24,"body":"recognized standards developed"},{"startTime":324.24,"endTime":326.19,"body":"for encryption algorithms"},{"startTime":326.19,"endTime":330.57,"body":"that comprised multiple rounds"},{"startTime":326.19,"endTime":330.57,"body":"of substitution using keys"},{"startTime":330.57,"endTime":335.1,"body":"of ever-longer bit length in binary code."},{"startTime":335.1,"endTime":338.76,"body":"So for example, the advanced"},{"startTime":335.1,"endTime":338.76,"body":"encryption system, AES,"},{"startTime":338.76,"endTime":342.45,"body":"uses multiple rounds of"},{"startTime":338.76,"endTime":342.45,"body":"encryption with 128 bit,"},{"startTime":342.45,"endTime":346.92,"body":"192 bit, or 256 bit keys."},{"startTime":346.92,"endTime":350.37,"body":"And the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman, RSA,"},{"startTime":350.37,"endTime":354.78,"body":"uses variable keys between 1,024"},{"startTime":354.78,"endTime":358.653,"body":"and 4,096 bits in length."},{"startTime":359.91,"endTime":362.82,"body":"Digital encryption has"},{"startTime":359.91,"endTime":362.82,"body":"also increasingly relied"},{"startTime":362.82,"endTime":365.49,"body":"on public key exchange,"},{"startTime":365.49,"endTime":368.58,"body":"what's known as asymmetric encryption."},{"startTime":368.58,"endTime":370.53,"body":"So let's break that down a bit."},{"startTime":370.53,"endTime":372.69,"body":"This key exchange scheme,"},{"startTime":372.69,"endTime":376.08,"body":"which was published by Whitfield"},{"startTime":372.69,"endTime":376.08,"body":"Diffie and Martin Hellman"},{"startTime":376.08,"endTime":379.53,"body":"in 1976, is widely used"},{"startTime":379.53,"endTime":382.38,"body":"to secure internet communications"},{"startTime":382.38,"endTime":384.66,"body":"and it allows two parties,"},{"startTime":384.66,"endTime":387.27,"body":"who aren't previously known to each other,"},{"startTime":387.27,"endTime":390.48,"body":"to generate a pair of keys,"},{"startTime":390.48,"endTime":394.17,"body":"one public and one private."},{"startTime":394.17,"endTime":398.16,"body":"They can then share the"},{"startTime":394.17,"endTime":398.16,"body":"public key with each other"},{"startTime":398.16,"endTime":401.343,"body":"while keeping hold of the private key."},{"startTime":402.54,"endTime":406.51,"body":"So that was my task of a very"},{"startTime":402.54,"endTime":406.51,"body":"brief history of cryptography"},{"startTime":407.49,"endTime":410.58,"body":"in about seven and a half"},{"startTime":407.49,"endTime":410.58,"body":"minutes, which is not too bad."},{"startTime":410.58,"endTime":412.83,"body":"I'm not sure if it's a world record,"},{"startTime":412.83,"endTime":415.743,"body":"but it's a record for"},{"startTime":412.83,"endTime":415.743,"body":"Gresham College, I think."},{"startTime":416.85,"endTime":420.87,"body":"Okay, all of this"},{"startTime":416.85,"endTime":420.87,"body":"encryption is only possible"},{"startTime":420.87,"endTime":423.93,"body":"when the message is in transit"},{"startTime":423.93,"endTime":427.32,"body":"on the move from one point to the next."},{"startTime":427.32,"endTime":430.41,"body":"As soon as the message reaches the servers"},{"startTime":430.41,"endTime":435.21,"body":"of the message platform, it"},{"startTime":430.41,"endTime":435.21,"body":"can still be read in the clear."},{"startTime":435.21,"endTime":439.29,"body":"And this means that the"},{"startTime":435.21,"endTime":439.29,"body":"companies operating the platforms"},{"startTime":439.29,"endTime":441.48,"body":"can read our messages"},{"startTime":441.48,"endTime":446.13,"body":"and that government"},{"startTime":441.48,"endTime":446.13,"body":"authorities can intercept them"},{"startTime":446.13,"endTime":447.393,"body":"and read them too."},{"startTime":449.25,"endTime":453.63,"body":"Now, a saying that you will"},{"startTime":449.25,"endTime":453.63,"body":"often hear in this context is"},{"startTime":453.63,"endTime":457.803,"body":"if you have nothing to hide,"},{"startTime":453.63,"endTime":457.803,"body":"you have nothing to fear."},{"startTime":458.73,"endTime":462.51,"body":"But I would argue that"},{"startTime":458.73,"endTime":462.51,"body":"this confuses privacy"},{"startTime":462.51,"endTime":463.713,"body":"with secrecy."},{"startTime":464.94,"endTime":466.41,"body":"Hiding."},{"startTime":466.41,"endTime":470.79,"body":"Hiding suggests concealment"},{"startTime":466.41,"endTime":470.79,"body":"for nefarious purposes,"},{"startTime":470.79,"endTime":472.56,"body":"being dishonest perhaps,"},{"startTime":472.56,"endTime":476.01,"body":"or otherwise lacking in transparency"},{"startTime":476.01,"endTime":479.79,"body":"and transparency is something"},{"startTime":476.01,"endTime":479.79,"body":"that helps us build trust"},{"startTime":479.79,"endTime":481.68,"body":"with other people."},{"startTime":481.68,"endTime":486.183,"body":"But we all have things that"},{"startTime":481.68,"endTime":486.183,"body":"we want to keep to ourselves."},{"startTime":487.23,"endTime":489.48,"body":"Perhaps it's something in our past"},{"startTime":489.48,"endTime":492.96,"body":"about which we now feel a bit embarrassed,"},{"startTime":492.96,"endTime":496.65,"body":"a thought that we worry might be shameful,"},{"startTime":496.65,"endTime":501.36,"body":"an opinion with which"},{"startTime":496.65,"endTime":501.36,"body":"others might not agree."},{"startTime":501.36,"endTime":504.75,"body":"Keeping things to ourselves can be an act"},{"startTime":504.75,"endTime":506.07,"body":"of self-regulation."},{"startTime":506.07,"endTime":509.34,"body":"It can prevent us hurting others"},{"startTime":509.34,"endTime":512.43,"body":"or speaking inappropriately."},{"startTime":512.43,"endTime":515.49,"body":"We may be asked to keep secrets for"},{"startTime":515.49,"endTime":519.393,"body":"or about other people in"},{"startTime":515.49,"endTime":519.393,"body":"order to protect them."},{"startTime":520.41,"endTime":522.78,"body":"So I used to work for law enforcement"},{"startTime":522.78,"endTime":524.19,"body":"and early in my career,"},{"startTime":524.19,"endTime":528.57,"body":"I signed the Official"},{"startTime":524.19,"endTime":528.57,"body":"Secrets Act in the UK."},{"startTime":528.57,"endTime":533.57,"body":"I was cleared to access"},{"startTime":528.57,"endTime":533.57,"body":"documents marked secret,"},{"startTime":533.7,"endTime":535.56,"body":"and the secrecy of that information"},{"startTime":535.56,"endTime":538.2,"body":"to which I was privy was determined"},{"startTime":538.2,"endTime":541.33,"body":"on the basis of national security"},{"startTime":542.19,"endTime":543.93,"body":"because sharing intelligence"},{"startTime":543.93,"endTime":546.84,"body":"beyond a very strict"},{"startTime":543.93,"endTime":546.84,"body":"circulation was deemed"},{"startTime":546.84,"endTime":548.79,"body":"to pose a risk to the country"},{"startTime":548.79,"endTime":550.56,"body":"and a risk to citizens."},{"startTime":550.56,"endTime":553.74,"body":"Far from being a threat to people,"},{"startTime":553.74,"endTime":557.37,"body":"secrecy, in this particular"},{"startTime":553.74,"endTime":557.37,"body":"context, was deployed"},{"startTime":557.37,"endTime":561.273,"body":"in the interest of"},{"startTime":557.37,"endTime":561.273,"body":"protecting them from harm."},{"startTime":562.92,"endTime":567.15,"body":"Whatever is secret is either"},{"startTime":562.92,"endTime":567.15,"body":"not allowed to be known"},{"startTime":567.15,"endTime":571.89,"body":"or it's only allowed to be"},{"startTime":567.15,"endTime":571.89,"body":"known by selected persons."},{"startTime":571.89,"endTime":576.27,"body":"Privacy, in contrast, is"},{"startTime":571.89,"endTime":576.27,"body":"freedom from interference"},{"startTime":576.27,"endTime":578.1,"body":"or intrusion."},{"startTime":578.1,"endTime":580.17,"body":"And unlike secrecy,"},{"startTime":580.17,"endTime":583.41,"body":"privacy is a human right enshrined"},{"startTime":583.41,"endTime":588.36,"body":"in Article 12 of the Universal"},{"startTime":583.41,"endTime":588.36,"body":"Declaration of Human Rights"},{"startTime":588.36,"endTime":591.6,"body":"as proclaimed by the United"},{"startTime":588.36,"endTime":591.6,"body":"Nations General Assembly"},{"startTime":591.6,"endTime":594.09,"body":"in 1948."},{"startTime":594.09,"endTime":596.79,"body":"It reads, \"No one shall be subjected"},{"startTime":596.79,"endTime":600.06,"body":"to arbitrary interference"},{"startTime":596.79,"endTime":600.06,"body":"with his privacy,"},{"startTime":600.06,"endTime":602.76,"body":"family, home or correspondence,"},{"startTime":602.76,"endTime":606.06,"body":"nor to attacks upon his"},{"startTime":602.76,"endTime":606.06,"body":"honor and reputation."},{"startTime":606.06,"endTime":609.93,"body":"Everyone has the right to"},{"startTime":606.06,"endTime":609.93,"body":"the protection of the law"},{"startTime":609.93,"endTime":613.347,"body":"against such interference or attacks.\""},{"startTime":614.82,"endTime":618.45,"body":"Admittedly, the use of"},{"startTime":614.82,"endTime":618.45,"body":"exclusively male pronouns here"},{"startTime":618.45,"endTime":619.92,"body":"is not great,"},{"startTime":619.92,"endTime":622.38,"body":"but I should stress that Article 2"},{"startTime":622.38,"endTime":625.2,"body":"of the Declaration states very clearly"},{"startTime":625.2,"endTime":627.87,"body":"that everyone is entitled"},{"startTime":625.2,"endTime":627.87,"body":"to the same rights"},{"startTime":627.87,"endTime":630.48,"body":"regardless of sex."},{"startTime":630.48,"endTime":634.2,"body":"And I want to draw your"},{"startTime":630.48,"endTime":634.2,"body":"attention to the word arbitrary"},{"startTime":634.2,"endTime":635.31,"body":"in the first line there"},{"startTime":635.31,"endTime":638.46,"body":"because it suggests"},{"startTime":635.31,"endTime":638.46,"body":"that there may be times"},{"startTime":638.46,"endTime":642.72,"body":"when interference with"},{"startTime":638.46,"endTime":642.72,"body":"one's privacy is permitted"},{"startTime":642.72,"endTime":646.65,"body":"as long as it is subject"},{"startTime":642.72,"endTime":646.65,"body":"to certain restrictions"},{"startTime":646.65,"endTime":648.93,"body":"and to oversight."},{"startTime":648.93,"endTime":651.51,"body":"And this is something that"},{"startTime":648.93,"endTime":651.51,"body":"the European Convention"},{"startTime":651.51,"endTime":655.53,"body":"on Human Rights probes"},{"startTime":651.51,"endTime":655.53,"body":"further these exceptions."},{"startTime":655.53,"endTime":658.5,"body":"So Article 8 of the convention states"},{"startTime":658.5,"endTime":661.14,"body":"that everyone has the right to respect"},{"startTime":661.14,"endTime":663.21,"body":"for his private and family life,"},{"startTime":663.21,"endTime":666.06,"body":"his home and his correspondence,"},{"startTime":666.06,"endTime":669.48,"body":"but also that there"},{"startTime":666.06,"endTime":669.48,"body":"shall be no interference"},{"startTime":669.48,"endTime":671.76,"body":"by a public authority with the exercise"},{"startTime":671.76,"endTime":676.76,"body":"of this right except"},{"startTime":671.76,"endTime":676.76,"body":"such as is in accordance"},{"startTime":676.77,"endTime":677.64,"body":"with the law"},{"startTime":677.64,"endTime":680.55,"body":"and is necessary in a democratic society"},{"startTime":680.55,"endTime":683.46,"body":"in the interests of national security,"},{"startTime":683.46,"endTime":687.09,"body":"public safety, or the economic"},{"startTime":683.46,"endTime":687.09,"body":"wellbeing of the country"},{"startTime":687.09,"endTime":690.36,"body":"for the prevention of disorder or crime,"},{"startTime":690.36,"endTime":692.79,"body":"for the protection of health or morals,"},{"startTime":692.79,"endTime":697.02,"body":"or for the protection of the"},{"startTime":692.79,"endTime":697.02,"body":"rights and freedoms of others."},{"startTime":697.02,"endTime":699.9,"body":"Well, those are quite a few"},{"startTime":697.02,"endTime":699.9,"body":"exceptions, aren't they?"},{"startTime":699.9,"endTime":703.833,"body":"And perhaps more than some"},{"startTime":699.9,"endTime":703.833,"body":"of us might have expected."},{"startTime":705.27,"endTime":709.71,"body":"The right to privacy is the"},{"startTime":705.27,"endTime":709.71,"body":"reason the police need a warrant"},{"startTime":709.71,"endTime":711.87,"body":"to search your house."},{"startTime":711.87,"endTime":714.54,"body":"In democratic countries with rule of law,"},{"startTime":714.54,"endTime":718.47,"body":"a search warrant or a similar"},{"startTime":714.54,"endTime":718.47,"body":"legal order is also required"},{"startTime":718.47,"endTime":720.69,"body":"to compel phone companies,"},{"startTime":720.69,"endTime":723.57,"body":"internet providers,"},{"startTime":720.69,"endTime":723.57,"body":"and messaging platforms"},{"startTime":723.57,"endTime":727.203,"body":"to disclose the content"},{"startTime":723.57,"endTime":727.203,"body":"of your communications."},{"startTime":728.31,"endTime":729.39,"body":"And at this point,"},{"startTime":729.39,"endTime":732.45,"body":"I think it's high time that"},{"startTime":729.39,"endTime":732.45,"body":"I introduced you to Alice"},{"startTime":732.45,"endTime":734.1,"body":"and Bob."},{"startTime":734.1,"endTime":735.48,"body":"As well as enjoying what seemed"},{"startTime":735.48,"endTime":738.27,"body":"to be totally impractical bike rides,"},{"startTime":738.27,"endTime":742.53,"body":"Alice and Bob are the golden"},{"startTime":738.27,"endTime":742.53,"body":"couple of cryptography"},{"startTime":742.53,"endTime":744.24,"body":"and you'll find that they pop up"},{"startTime":744.24,"endTime":748.02,"body":"in almost every discussion on the subject."},{"startTime":748.02,"endTime":751.41,"body":"So let's explore message security"},{"startTime":751.41,"endTime":755.07,"body":"through Alice and Bob's"},{"startTime":751.41,"endTime":755.07,"body":"experience of using apps."},{"startTime":755.07,"endTime":758.58,"body":"And making use of a"},{"startTime":755.07,"endTime":758.58,"body":"lovely, clear infographic,"},{"startTime":758.58,"endTime":762.15,"body":"which Martin Kleppmann,"},{"startTime":758.58,"endTime":762.15,"body":"a renowned cryptographer,"},{"startTime":762.15,"endTime":764.733,"body":"has very kindly agreed that we can use."},{"startTime":766.53,"endTime":769.38,"body":"When Alice sends a message to Bob,"},{"startTime":769.38,"endTime":771.93,"body":"as in the top row here,"},{"startTime":771.93,"endTime":775.38,"body":"it will look to her as if"},{"startTime":771.93,"endTime":775.38,"body":"the message has gone straight"},{"startTime":775.38,"endTime":779.04,"body":"to him, but there's an additional step."},{"startTime":779.04,"endTime":781.89,"body":"What she doesn't see in her app is that"},{"startTime":781.89,"endTime":784.5,"body":"in order for the message to reach Bob,"},{"startTime":784.5,"endTime":789.15,"body":"it has to pass through the app's servers."},{"startTime":789.15,"endTime":790.29,"body":"And as we mentioned,"},{"startTime":790.29,"endTime":794.37,"body":"even though the data"},{"startTime":790.29,"endTime":794.37,"body":"is encrypted in transit"},{"startTime":794.37,"endTime":798.27,"body":"when it's on the move"},{"startTime":794.37,"endTime":798.27,"body":"between two different points,"},{"startTime":798.27,"endTime":802.32,"body":"it comes to rest when"},{"startTime":798.27,"endTime":802.32,"body":"it reaches those servers"},{"startTime":802.32,"endTime":805.29,"body":"of the platform and when it's at rest,"},{"startTime":805.29,"endTime":810.15,"body":"however temporarily,"},{"startTime":805.29,"endTime":810.15,"body":"it's no longer encrypted."},{"startTime":810.15,"endTime":813.78,"body":"And this is what allows online providers,"},{"startTime":813.78,"endTime":815.7,"body":"like social media companies,"},{"startTime":815.7,"endTime":818.82,"body":"to identify what you are interested in,"},{"startTime":818.82,"endTime":820.92,"body":"to serve you adverts based"},{"startTime":820.92,"endTime":823.74,"body":"on the content of your conversations."},{"startTime":823.74,"endTime":825.93,"body":"And for the last decade at least,"},{"startTime":825.93,"endTime":829.65,"body":"this kind of access has"},{"startTime":825.93,"endTime":829.65,"body":"been a standard feature"},{"startTime":829.65,"endTime":832.113,"body":"of the business model of big tech."},{"startTime":833.13,"endTime":837.03,"body":"So while many of us may"},{"startTime":833.13,"endTime":837.03,"body":"suspect that Facebook"},{"startTime":837.03,"endTime":840.3,"body":"and others are listening to"},{"startTime":837.03,"endTime":840.3,"body":"our offline conversations"},{"startTime":840.3,"endTime":842.37,"body":"through our phone's microphones,"},{"startTime":842.37,"endTime":846.24,"body":"actually, it's been much more"},{"startTime":842.37,"endTime":846.24,"body":"practical for those companies"},{"startTime":846.24,"endTime":849.87,"body":"to mine our text chats for keywords"},{"startTime":849.87,"endTime":853.773,"body":"that correspond to products"},{"startTime":849.87,"endTime":853.773,"body":"that we may want to buy."},{"startTime":855.93,"endTime":859.53,"body":"Government authorities can"},{"startTime":855.93,"endTime":859.53,"body":"also request the content"},{"startTime":859.53,"endTime":860.88,"body":"of those messages."},{"startTime":860.88,"endTime":864.3,"body":"And this slide shows the"},{"startTime":860.88,"endTime":864.3,"body":"number of times law enforcement"},{"startTime":864.3,"endTime":868.83,"body":"around the world requested"},{"startTime":864.3,"endTime":868.83,"body":"user data from Meta,"},{"startTime":868.83,"endTime":873.09,"body":"Facebook's parent company, in"},{"startTime":868.83,"endTime":873.09,"body":"the first six months of 2022."},{"startTime":874.65,"endTime":876.69,"body":"I've included links to this report"},{"startTime":876.69,"endTime":879.6,"body":"and to data for the other tech companies"},{"startTime":879.6,"endTime":883.023,"body":"in the further reading for this"},{"startTime":879.6,"endTime":883.023,"body":"lecture in your transcripts."},{"startTime":884.04,"endTime":886.89,"body":"Many governments also have the legal power"},{"startTime":886.89,"endTime":889.95,"body":"to directly intercept your messages."},{"startTime":889.95,"endTime":892.74,"body":"Just like a telephone wire tap,"},{"startTime":892.74,"endTime":896.22,"body":"they've been able to listen"},{"startTime":892.74,"endTime":896.22,"body":"in live to what you do"},{"startTime":896.22,"endTime":898.14,"body":"and say online."},{"startTime":898.14,"endTime":900.9,"body":"And this process has"},{"startTime":898.14,"endTime":900.9,"body":"also relied on the fact"},{"startTime":900.9,"endTime":903.21,"body":"that data has not been encrypted"},{"startTime":903.21,"endTime":906.75,"body":"when it rests on the servers"},{"startTime":903.21,"endTime":906.75,"body":"of the platform being used"},{"startTime":906.75,"endTime":908.583,"body":"to send the message."},{"startTime":910.23,"endTime":914.46,"body":"Tech companies can also scan"},{"startTime":910.23,"endTime":914.46,"body":"the content of your messages"},{"startTime":914.46,"endTime":918.63,"body":"to identify serious crimes"},{"startTime":914.46,"endTime":918.63,"body":"such as the distribution"},{"startTime":918.63,"endTime":920.22,"body":"of child abuse material"},{"startTime":920.22,"endTime":922.68,"body":"or terrorist propaganda"},{"startTime":922.68,"endTime":925.14,"body":"and global mechanisms have developed"},{"startTime":925.14,"endTime":927.57,"body":"that give clearly illegal photos"},{"startTime":927.57,"endTime":932.57,"body":"and videos a unique"},{"startTime":927.57,"endTime":932.57,"body":"signature, a hash value."},{"startTime":932.85,"endTime":935.34,"body":"Those enable this kind of content"},{"startTime":935.34,"endTime":938.52,"body":"to be removed from many different apps"},{"startTime":938.52,"endTime":940.74,"body":"and reported to law enforcement"},{"startTime":940.74,"endTime":942.69,"body":"in lots of different countries."},{"startTime":942.69,"endTime":947.07,"body":"And this process is, in"},{"startTime":942.69,"endTime":947.07,"body":"fact, enshrined in US law."},{"startTime":947.07,"endTime":949.77,"body":"Some of the largest US-based platforms"},{"startTime":949.77,"endTime":952.32,"body":"make millions of reports,"},{"startTime":952.32,"endTime":956.73,"body":"29.4 million reports in 2021"},{"startTime":956.73,"endTime":958.95,"body":"of suspected child abuse material"},{"startTime":958.95,"endTime":962.55,"body":"to the National Center for"},{"startTime":958.95,"endTime":962.55,"body":"Missing and Exploited Children"},{"startTime":962.55,"endTime":965.34,"body":"in the US, NCMEC for short."},{"startTime":965.34,"endTime":969.54,"body":"And NCMEC sends these reports"},{"startTime":965.34,"endTime":969.54,"body":"to police all over the world"},{"startTime":969.54,"endTime":972.6,"body":"on the basis that"},{"startTime":969.54,"endTime":972.6,"body":"distributing, downloading,"},{"startTime":972.6,"endTime":975.78,"body":"possessing images of child sexual abuse"},{"startTime":975.78,"endTime":977.7,"body":"is a serious criminal offense"},{"startTime":977.7,"endTime":980.013,"body":"in the vast majority of countries."},{"startTime":981.54,"endTime":986.04,"body":"However, information that is plain text"},{"startTime":986.04,"endTime":991.04,"body":"that is unencrypted is also"},{"startTime":986.04,"endTime":991.04,"body":"vulnerable to criminals."},{"startTime":991.29,"endTime":994.83,"body":"If someone is able to hack"},{"startTime":991.29,"endTime":994.83,"body":"into the service provider"},{"startTime":994.83,"endTime":998.4,"body":"in that top row example"},{"startTime":994.83,"endTime":998.4,"body":"in the middle there,"},{"startTime":998.4,"endTime":1002.39,"body":"they too can read our"},{"startTime":998.4,"endTime":1002.39,"body":"messages in the clear."},{"startTime":1002.39,"endTime":1005.99,"body":"Information such as dates"},{"startTime":1002.39,"endTime":1005.99,"body":"of birth, home addresses,"},{"startTime":1005.99,"endTime":1008.09,"body":"credit card numbers, bank details,"},{"startTime":1008.09,"endTime":1011.69,"body":"passwords are valuable to the bad guys."},{"startTime":1011.69,"endTime":1014.66,"body":"So from a security perspective,"},{"startTime":1014.66,"endTime":1018.35,"body":"the next logical step is to encrypt data"},{"startTime":1018.35,"endTime":1022.28,"body":"so that it's unreadable for the"},{"startTime":1018.35,"endTime":1022.28,"body":"entire length of its journey"},{"startTime":1022.28,"endTime":1025.1,"body":"from sender to recipient."},{"startTime":1025.1,"endTime":1028.49,"body":"And this is known as end-to-end encryption"},{"startTime":1028.49,"endTime":1030.593,"body":"and it's shown in the middle row."},{"startTime":1031.46,"endTime":1032.96,"body":"In end-to-end encryption,"},{"startTime":1032.96,"endTime":1037.67,"body":"the message is still scrambled"},{"startTime":1032.96,"endTime":1037.67,"body":"and it can't be read even"},{"startTime":1037.67,"endTime":1041.03,"body":"when it is at rest on a platform service."},{"startTime":1041.03,"endTime":1044.0,"body":"And this has become the"},{"startTime":1041.03,"endTime":1044.0,"body":"new industry standard"},{"startTime":1044.0,"endTime":1046.55,"body":"for messaging platforms precisely"},{"startTime":1046.55,"endTime":1049.643,"body":"because it provides greater security."},{"startTime":1050.51,"endTime":1054.18,"body":"But it also presents practical challenges"},{"startTime":1055.22,"endTime":1059.48,"body":"because companies can no"},{"startTime":1055.22,"endTime":1059.48,"body":"longer read the content shared"},{"startTime":1059.48,"endTime":1060.98,"body":"on their platforms,"},{"startTime":1060.98,"endTime":1064.79,"body":"they also can no longer scan that content"},{"startTime":1064.79,"endTime":1069.08,"body":"for activity that breaks"},{"startTime":1064.79,"endTime":1069.08,"body":"their rules or breaks the law."},{"startTime":1069.08,"endTime":1072.23,"body":"And this is understandably"},{"startTime":1069.08,"endTime":1072.23,"body":"a concern to governments"},{"startTime":1072.23,"endTime":1073.79,"body":"who want to know"},{"startTime":1073.79,"endTime":1077.303,"body":"when their citizens are"},{"startTime":1073.79,"endTime":1077.303,"body":"committing serious crimes."},{"startTime":1078.2,"endTime":1080.78,"body":"Police, intelligence agencies,"},{"startTime":1080.78,"endTime":1083.72,"body":"and child protection"},{"startTime":1080.78,"endTime":1083.72,"body":"charities are among those"},{"startTime":1083.72,"endTime":1086.84,"body":"who would rather end-to-end"},{"startTime":1083.72,"endTime":1086.84,"body":"encryption wasn't deployed"},{"startTime":1086.84,"endTime":1090.983,"body":"at all on the most popular"},{"startTime":1086.84,"endTime":1090.983,"body":"apps and platforms."},{"startTime":1092.36,"endTime":1094.7,"body":"Government authorities can still intercept"},{"startTime":1094.7,"endTime":1095.9,"body":"that data themselves"},{"startTime":1095.9,"endTime":1098.18,"body":"and they can still request"},{"startTime":1095.9,"endTime":1098.18,"body":"it from the company,"},{"startTime":1098.18,"endTime":1102.35,"body":"but they can't unscramble it"},{"startTime":1098.18,"endTime":1102.35,"body":"so that it reads as clear text."},{"startTime":1102.35,"endTime":1104.333,"body":"It remains jumbled."},{"startTime":1105.23,"endTime":1108.14,"body":"Now whether that's a good"},{"startTime":1105.23,"endTime":1108.14,"body":"thing or a bad thing,"},{"startTime":1108.14,"endTime":1111.143,"body":"very much depends on your perspective."},{"startTime":1112.04,"endTime":1115.52,"body":"Any parent of a child"},{"startTime":1112.04,"endTime":1115.52,"body":"in a democratic country"},{"startTime":1115.52,"endTime":1118.97,"body":"with rule of law may understandably want"},{"startTime":1118.97,"endTime":1123.803,"body":"that child's safety to be"},{"startTime":1118.97,"endTime":1123.803,"body":"prioritized above all else."},{"startTime":1124.67,"endTime":1127.49,"body":"But a journalist who risks their life"},{"startTime":1127.49,"endTime":1132.49,"body":"to report the truth under a"},{"startTime":1127.49,"endTime":1132.49,"body":"repressive regime may depend"},{"startTime":1132.53,"endTime":1134.48,"body":"on the privacy and security"},{"startTime":1134.48,"endTime":1138.683,"body":"of their online communications"},{"startTime":1134.48,"endTime":1138.683,"body":"simply to survive."},{"startTime":1139.79,"endTime":1144.44,"body":"And because encryption"},{"startTime":1139.79,"endTime":1144.44,"body":"is either on for everyone"},{"startTime":1144.44,"endTime":1146.99,"body":"or off for everyone,"},{"startTime":1146.99,"endTime":1150.17,"body":"it's not possible for companies to decide"},{"startTime":1150.17,"endTime":1153.05,"body":"that they will turn it on for journalists"},{"startTime":1153.05,"endTime":1155.213,"body":"but off for criminals."},{"startTime":1156.11,"endTime":1158.15,"body":"There's also a further complication,"},{"startTime":1158.15,"endTime":1160.04,"body":"as if we needed anymore,"},{"startTime":1160.04,"endTime":1162.05,"body":"that as we explored in the first lecture"},{"startTime":1162.05,"endTime":1165.47,"body":"of this series, Who Owns the Internet,"},{"startTime":1165.47,"endTime":1167.69,"body":"countries do not always agree"},{"startTime":1167.69,"endTime":1170.93,"body":"about what constitutes criminality."},{"startTime":1170.93,"endTime":1174.23,"body":"We have internationally"},{"startTime":1170.93,"endTime":1174.23,"body":"accepted definitions"},{"startTime":1174.23,"endTime":1179.23,"body":"of child abuse material but"},{"startTime":1174.23,"endTime":1179.23,"body":"not of terrorist content"},{"startTime":1179.24,"endTime":1183.08,"body":"and certainly not of prohibited speech."},{"startTime":1183.08,"endTime":1185.06,"body":"So a journalist may, in fact,"},{"startTime":1185.06,"endTime":1188.12,"body":"be considered a criminal simply"},{"startTime":1188.12,"endTime":1190.343,"body":"for criticizing the government."},{"startTime":1192.11,"endTime":1194.81,"body":"We have some proposed solutions"},{"startTime":1194.81,"endTime":1196.04,"body":"and one of these has been"},{"startTime":1196.04,"endTime":1198.47,"body":"to give government authorities keys"},{"startTime":1198.47,"endTime":1201.44,"body":"to decode encrypted communications"},{"startTime":1201.44,"endTime":1204.32,"body":"in exceptional circumstances."},{"startTime":1204.32,"endTime":1207.77,"body":"For example, where there"},{"startTime":1204.32,"endTime":1207.77,"body":"is a legitimate suspicion"},{"startTime":1207.77,"endTime":1210.77,"body":"that a serious crime is being committed"},{"startTime":1210.77,"endTime":1212.813,"body":"on the app in question."},{"startTime":1214.1,"endTime":1218.0,"body":"But as soon as we consider how"},{"startTime":1214.1,"endTime":1218.0,"body":"that might work in practice,"},{"startTime":1218.0,"endTime":1223.0,"body":"we have to admit that this"},{"startTime":1218.0,"endTime":1223.0,"body":"too has significant drawbacks."},{"startTime":1223.61,"endTime":1225.98,"body":"And in the case of end-to-end encryption"},{"startTime":1225.98,"endTime":1229.52,"body":"where the tech companies"},{"startTime":1225.98,"endTime":1229.52,"body":"themselves don't have keys"},{"startTime":1229.52,"endTime":1232.16,"body":"to unscramble the messages,"},{"startTime":1232.16,"endTime":1236.36,"body":"this would require them to"},{"startTime":1232.16,"endTime":1236.36,"body":"build new vulnerabilities"},{"startTime":1236.36,"endTime":1239.27,"body":"into the protocol specifically"},{"startTime":1239.27,"endTime":1241.22,"body":"for the benefit of law enforcement"},{"startTime":1241.22,"endTime":1243.65,"body":"and intelligence agencies."},{"startTime":1243.65,"endTime":1245.81,"body":"And this is exactly what happened"},{"startTime":1245.81,"endTime":1250.31,"body":"when the FBI asked Apple"},{"startTime":1245.81,"endTime":1250.31,"body":"to do the following"},{"startTime":1250.31,"endTime":1254.33,"body":"after the terrorist attack"},{"startTime":1250.31,"endTime":1254.33,"body":"at San Bernardino, California"},{"startTime":1254.33,"endTime":1255.89,"body":"in 2015."},{"startTime":1255.89,"endTime":1260.75,"body":"They issued a court order"},{"startTime":1255.89,"endTime":1260.75,"body":"demanding the Apple write software"},{"startTime":1260.75,"endTime":1263.99,"body":"that would enable them"},{"startTime":1260.75,"endTime":1263.99,"body":"to unlock the iPhone"},{"startTime":1263.99,"endTime":1266.09,"body":"of one of the suspects."},{"startTime":1266.09,"endTime":1268.52,"body":"Apple opposed the order on the basis"},{"startTime":1268.52,"endTime":1271.67,"body":"that that tool would create a backdoor"},{"startTime":1271.67,"endTime":1275.21,"body":"to everyone's iPhones all over the world,"},{"startTime":1275.21,"endTime":1278.513,"body":"not just the one belonging to the suspect."},{"startTime":1279.44,"endTime":1280.37,"body":"In the end,"},{"startTime":1280.37,"endTime":1283.43,"body":"the FBI did gain access to the phone"},{"startTime":1283.43,"endTime":1284.9,"body":"and that was reportedly"},{"startTime":1284.9,"endTime":1288.5,"body":"with the help of professional hackers."},{"startTime":1288.5,"endTime":1291.44,"body":"And this in turn raises further questions"},{"startTime":1291.44,"endTime":1294.35,"body":"about the knock-on effects"},{"startTime":1291.44,"endTime":1294.35,"body":"of measures designed"},{"startTime":1294.35,"endTime":1297.623,"body":"to make our communication more secure."},{"startTime":1299.81,"endTime":1303.47,"body":"When technology presents"},{"startTime":1299.81,"endTime":1303.47,"body":"obstacles, by and large,"},{"startTime":1303.47,"endTime":1308.27,"body":"humanity has a way of finding workarounds."},{"startTime":1308.27,"endTime":1310.49,"body":"And to get around end-to-end encryption,"},{"startTime":1310.49,"endTime":1313.16,"body":"some governments have purchased software"},{"startTime":1313.16,"endTime":1316.22,"body":"that effectively hacks"},{"startTime":1313.16,"endTime":1316.22,"body":"into people's devices"},{"startTime":1316.22,"endTime":1319.73,"body":"where content is still readable"},{"startTime":1319.73,"endTime":1324.233,"body":"and tools that spy on"},{"startTime":1319.73,"endTime":1324.233,"body":"their communications."},{"startTime":1325.13,"endTime":1328.46,"body":"Research by Citizen Lab in 2018 found"},{"startTime":1328.46,"endTime":1330.98,"body":"that Pegasus spyware,"},{"startTime":1330.98,"endTime":1334.67,"body":"produced by an Israeli"},{"startTime":1330.98,"endTime":1334.67,"body":"company called NSO Group,"},{"startTime":1334.67,"endTime":1336.95,"body":"had been installed on pupil's smartphones"},{"startTime":1336.95,"endTime":1340.28,"body":"in 45 countries precisely"},{"startTime":1340.28,"endTime":1344.63,"body":"so their messages could"},{"startTime":1340.28,"endTime":1344.63,"body":"be read in the clear."},{"startTime":1344.63,"endTime":1346.28,"body":"And although the company has claimed"},{"startTime":1346.28,"endTime":1348.35,"body":"that the software is only intended"},{"startTime":1348.35,"endTime":1351.5,"body":"for use against criminals and terrorists,"},{"startTime":1351.5,"endTime":1353.96,"body":"more than 600 politicians"},{"startTime":1353.96,"endTime":1357.02,"body":"and government officials were"},{"startTime":1353.96,"endTime":1357.02,"body":"targeted around the world,"},{"startTime":1357.02,"endTime":1360.14,"body":"including French"},{"startTime":1357.02,"endTime":1360.14,"body":"president, Emmanuel Macron,"},{"startTime":1360.14,"endTime":1364.82,"body":"and the leader of the Opposition"},{"startTime":1360.14,"endTime":1364.82,"body":"Congress party in India."},{"startTime":1364.82,"endTime":1368.45,"body":"Other targets were Amazon"},{"startTime":1364.82,"endTime":1368.45,"body":"founder, Jeff Bezos,"},{"startTime":1368.45,"endTime":1371.45,"body":"the editor of the Financial Times,"},{"startTime":1371.45,"endTime":1375.08,"body":"murdered Mexican"},{"startTime":1371.45,"endTime":1375.08,"body":"journalist, Cecilio Pineda,"},{"startTime":1375.08,"endTime":1377.42,"body":"and a number of people close"},{"startTime":1377.42,"endTime":1380.843,"body":"to the murdered Saudi"},{"startTime":1377.42,"endTime":1380.843,"body":"journalist, Jamal Khashoggi."},{"startTime":1382.43,"endTime":1386.18,"body":"Further analysis was conducted"},{"startTime":1382.43,"endTime":1386.18,"body":"by the Pegasus Project,"},{"startTime":1386.18,"endTime":1387.68,"body":"which was a team of researchers"},{"startTime":1387.68,"endTime":1389.727,"body":"from \"The Guardian\", \"Le Monde\","},{"startTime":1389.727,"endTime":1393.23,"body":"\"The Washington Post\","},{"startTime":1389.727,"endTime":1393.23,"body":"and other media outlets."},{"startTime":1393.23,"endTime":1396.47,"body":"And they identified a number"},{"startTime":1393.23,"endTime":1396.47,"body":"of governments believed"},{"startTime":1396.47,"endTime":1401.18,"body":"to be NSO customers including"},{"startTime":1396.47,"endTime":1401.18,"body":"Mexico, Saudi Arabia,"},{"startTime":1401.18,"endTime":1405.143,"body":"Hungary, India, and the"},{"startTime":1401.18,"endTime":1405.143,"body":"United Arab Emirates."},{"startTime":1406.94,"endTime":1409.28,"body":"Meanwhile, some companies"},{"startTime":1409.28,"endTime":1410.93,"body":"and governments have proposed"},{"startTime":1410.93,"endTime":1414.05,"body":"a different legitimate workaround"},{"startTime":1414.05,"endTime":1417.47,"body":"but that also accesses our devices."},{"startTime":1417.47,"endTime":1420.59,"body":"This is known as client side scanning"},{"startTime":1420.59,"endTime":1423.71,"body":"and it uses the processing"},{"startTime":1420.59,"endTime":1423.71,"body":"power of your phone"},{"startTime":1423.71,"endTime":1427.913,"body":"or tablet to look for"},{"startTime":1423.71,"endTime":1427.913,"body":"known child abuse material."},{"startTime":1428.78,"endTime":1430.94,"body":"In August, 2021,"},{"startTime":1430.94,"endTime":1434.15,"body":"Apple announced that it"},{"startTime":1430.94,"endTime":1434.15,"body":"would use this very approach"},{"startTime":1434.15,"endTime":1438.95,"body":"to scan everyone's camera"},{"startTime":1434.15,"endTime":1438.95,"body":"rolls in their iPhotos."},{"startTime":1438.95,"endTime":1442.01,"body":"This was met with strong approval"},{"startTime":1442.01,"endTime":1444.41,"body":"from child protection advocates,"},{"startTime":1444.41,"endTime":1446.81,"body":"but absolute consternation"},{"startTime":1446.81,"endTime":1450.83,"body":"from leading privacy"},{"startTime":1446.81,"endTime":1450.83,"body":"campaigners and cryptographers."},{"startTime":1450.83,"endTime":1453.11,"body":"One of the concerns expressed was"},{"startTime":1453.11,"endTime":1455.27,"body":"that Apple would come under pressure"},{"startTime":1455.27,"endTime":1459.44,"body":"to point the tool at other"},{"startTime":1455.27,"endTime":1459.44,"body":"types of content such"},{"startTime":1459.44,"endTime":1463.433,"body":"as political speech or"},{"startTime":1459.44,"endTime":1463.433,"body":"anti-government activities."},{"startTime":1465.53,"endTime":1468.47,"body":"Technology with any kind of backdoor"},{"startTime":1468.47,"endTime":1473.47,"body":"in it is necessarily no"},{"startTime":1468.47,"endTime":1473.47,"body":"longer as secure as it was."},{"startTime":1474.59,"endTime":1477.29,"body":"And for a backdoor ever"},{"startTime":1474.59,"endTime":1477.29,"body":"to be proportionate,"},{"startTime":1477.29,"endTime":1479.21,"body":"we would need to be assured"},{"startTime":1479.21,"endTime":1482.15,"body":"that governments would never misuse it,"},{"startTime":1482.15,"endTime":1485.0,"body":"that individual law enforcement officers"},{"startTime":1485.0,"endTime":1487.1,"body":"and national security agents"},{"startTime":1487.1,"endTime":1491.87,"body":"have the utmost personal"},{"startTime":1487.1,"endTime":1491.87,"body":"integrity at all times,"},{"startTime":1491.87,"endTime":1495.8,"body":"and that large organizations"},{"startTime":1491.87,"endTime":1495.8,"body":"have perfect oversights"},{"startTime":1495.8,"endTime":1500.8,"body":"and control over who can access"},{"startTime":1495.8,"endTime":1500.8,"body":"their systems and networks."},{"startTime":1501.08,"endTime":1505.97,"body":"Now, it's impossible for us"},{"startTime":1501.08,"endTime":1505.97,"body":"to be certain of any of these."},{"startTime":1505.97,"endTime":1508.64,"body":"Different countries have different ideas"},{"startTime":1508.64,"endTime":1512.12,"body":"about what is criminal"},{"startTime":1508.64,"endTime":1512.12,"body":"and what is dangerous."},{"startTime":1512.12,"endTime":1514.67,"body":"Government authorities all over the world"},{"startTime":1514.67,"endTime":1517.43,"body":"are ultimately made up of humans"},{"startTime":1517.43,"endTime":1520.67,"body":"and some humans break the rules"},{"startTime":1520.67,"endTime":1525.383,"body":"and ultimately, no organization"},{"startTime":1520.67,"endTime":1525.383,"body":"is completely unhackable."},{"startTime":1528.62,"endTime":1532.49,"body":"Meanwhile, a war of words has ensued"},{"startTime":1532.49,"endTime":1535.343,"body":"between governments and tech companies."},{"startTime":1536.27,"endTime":1541.27,"body":"In October, 2019, the UK's then"},{"startTime":1536.27,"endTime":1541.27,"body":"home secretary, Priti Patel,"},{"startTime":1541.94,"endTime":1545.33,"body":"US Attorney General, William Barr,"},{"startTime":1545.33,"endTime":1549.59,"body":"Acting US Secretary of Homeland"},{"startTime":1545.33,"endTime":1549.59,"body":"Security, Kevin Mcaleenan,"},{"startTime":1549.59,"endTime":1553.1,"body":"and Australian Minister for"},{"startTime":1549.59,"endTime":1553.1,"body":"Home Affairs, Peter Dutton,"},{"startTime":1553.1,"endTime":1557.69,"body":"sent an open letter to"},{"startTime":1553.1,"endTime":1557.69,"body":"Facebook CEO, Mark Zuckerberg,"},{"startTime":1557.69,"endTime":1559.73,"body":"concerning the company's plans"},{"startTime":1559.73,"endTime":1563.93,"body":"to apply end-to-end encryption"},{"startTime":1559.73,"endTime":1563.93,"body":"to all of its services"},{"startTime":1563.93,"endTime":1566.003,"body":"and it opened as follows,"},{"startTime":1567.207,"endTime":1571.22,"body":"\"We are writing to request"},{"startTime":1567.207,"endTime":1571.22,"body":"that Facebook does not proceed"},{"startTime":1571.22,"endTime":1574.28,"body":"with its plan to implement"},{"startTime":1571.22,"endTime":1574.28,"body":"end-to-end encryption"},{"startTime":1574.28,"endTime":1577.88,"body":"across its messaging"},{"startTime":1574.28,"endTime":1577.88,"body":"services without ensuring"},{"startTime":1577.88,"endTime":1580.59,"body":"that there is no reduction to user safety"},{"startTime":1581.51,"endTime":1585.05,"body":"and without including a"},{"startTime":1581.51,"endTime":1585.05,"body":"means for lawful access"},{"startTime":1585.05,"endTime":1589.94,"body":"to the content of communications"},{"startTime":1585.05,"endTime":1589.94,"body":"to protect our citizens.\""},{"startTime":1589.94,"endTime":1593.87,"body":"So the ministers then saw"},{"startTime":1589.94,"endTime":1593.87,"body":"only one viable solution"},{"startTime":1593.87,"endTime":1594.703,"body":"to the problem,"},{"startTime":1594.703,"endTime":1597.56,"body":"which was continued government access"},{"startTime":1597.56,"endTime":1601.463,"body":"to people's messages in"},{"startTime":1597.56,"endTime":1601.463,"body":"the clear unencrypted."},{"startTime":1602.57,"endTime":1606.44,"body":"Facebook's failure to"},{"startTime":1602.57,"endTime":1606.44,"body":"guarantee this is portrayed"},{"startTime":1606.44,"endTime":1608.513,"body":"as endangering people."},{"startTime":1609.77,"endTime":1612.8,"body":"This letter is still"},{"startTime":1609.77,"endTime":1612.8,"body":"publicly available online."},{"startTime":1612.8,"endTime":1615.11,"body":"I've included the link at"},{"startTime":1612.8,"endTime":1615.11,"body":"the bottom of this slide"},{"startTime":1615.11,"endTime":1617.63,"body":"but also in the transcript"},{"startTime":1615.11,"endTime":1617.63,"body":"to this lecture."},{"startTime":1617.63,"endTime":1620.96,"body":"And if you choose to read it in full,"},{"startTime":1620.96,"endTime":1623.27,"body":"you will see that at no point"},{"startTime":1623.27,"endTime":1626.09,"body":"in this letter do the"},{"startTime":1623.27,"endTime":1626.09,"body":"ministers acknowledge"},{"startTime":1626.09,"endTime":1629.48,"body":"that it's impossible"},{"startTime":1626.09,"endTime":1629.48,"body":"to ensure the security"},{"startTime":1629.48,"endTime":1632.21,"body":"and integrity of end-to-end encryption"},{"startTime":1632.21,"endTime":1636.143,"body":"if you build in backdoors"},{"startTime":1632.21,"endTime":1636.143,"body":"for government agencies."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1639.417,"endTime":1644.0,"body":"\"Companies should not"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1639.417,"endTime":1644.0,"body":"deliberately design their systems"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1644.0,"endTime":1646.58,"body":"to preclude any form of access"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1646.58,"endTime":1649.1,"body":"to content even for preventing"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1649.1,"endTime":1652.88,"body":"or investigating the most serious crimes."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1652.88,"endTime":1656.24,"body":"This puts our citizens and society at risk"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1656.24,"endTime":1660.23,"body":"by severe eroding a"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1656.24,"endTime":1660.23,"body":"company's ability to detect"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1660.23,"endTime":1662.18,"body":"and respond to illegal content"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1662.18,"endTime":1666.53,"body":"and activity such as child"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1662.18,"endTime":1666.53,"body":"sexual exploitation and abuse,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1666.53,"endTime":1670.55,"body":"terrorism, and foreign"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1666.53,"endTime":1670.55,"body":"adversaries attempts"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1670.55,"endTime":1672.5,"body":"to undermine democratic values"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1672.5,"endTime":1677.12,"body":"and institutions preventing"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1672.5,"endTime":1677.12,"body":"the prosecution of offenders"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1677.12,"endTime":1679.367,"body":"and safeguarding of victims.\""},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1680.33,"endTime":1683.9,"body":"The closing words of the"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1680.33,"endTime":1683.9,"body":"letter present the issue"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1683.9,"endTime":1686.27,"body":"as a crisis point."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1686.27,"endTime":1688.67,"body":"As you have recognized, it is critical"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1688.67,"endTime":1692.06,"body":"to get this right for the"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1688.67,"endTime":1692.06,"body":"future of the internet."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1692.06,"endTime":1694.01,"body":"I would agree with that."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1694.01,"endTime":1697.01,"body":"Children's safety and"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1694.01,"endTime":1697.01,"body":"law enforcement's ability"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1697.01,"endTime":1702.01,"body":"to bring criminals to justice"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1697.01,"endTime":1702.01,"body":"must not be the ultimate cost"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1702.17,"endTime":1705.293,"body":"of Facebook taking"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1702.17,"endTime":1705.293,"body":"forward these proposals."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1706.82,"endTime":1711.56,"body":"The debate in this letter is"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1706.82,"endTime":1711.56,"body":"reduced to a binary choice"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1711.56,"endTime":1715.04,"body":"between end-to-end"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1711.56,"endTime":1715.04,"body":"encryption on the one hand"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1715.04,"endTime":1718.16,"body":"and safe children and"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1715.04,"endTime":1718.16,"body":"effective criminal justice"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1718.16,"endTime":1719.54,"body":"on the other."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1719.54,"endTime":1721.19,"body":"The future of child safety"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1721.19,"endTime":1724.46,"body":"and enforcement of law"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1721.19,"endTime":1724.46,"body":"and order are depicted"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1724.46,"endTime":1728.0,"body":"as hinging on Facebook's decision alone."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1728.0,"endTime":1730.28,"body":"One would be forgiven for thinking"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1730.28,"endTime":1734.18,"body":"that Mark Zuckerberg had"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1730.28,"endTime":1734.18,"body":"invented end-to-end encryption"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1734.18,"endTime":1737.15,"body":"and that Facebook was the"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1734.18,"endTime":1737.15,"body":"first major tech company"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1737.15,"endTime":1739.13,"body":"to propose using it."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1739.13,"endTime":1742.91,"body":"But he didn't and it wasn't."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1742.91,"endTime":1747.91,"body":"Apple incorporated it into"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1742.91,"endTime":1747.91,"body":"its messaging app, iMessage,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1748.01,"endTime":1749.093,"body":"some years ago."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1750.98,"endTime":1754.67,"body":"Inevitably, Facebook"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1750.98,"endTime":1754.67,"body":"published a reply letter"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1754.67,"endTime":1757.37,"body":"on its website a few weeks later."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1757.37,"endTime":1759.53,"body":"It was written by the heads of WhatsApp"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1759.53,"endTime":1762.417,"body":"and Facebook Messenger and they wrote,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1762.417,"endTime":1765.38,"body":"\"We all want people to have the ability"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1765.38,"endTime":1769.61,"body":"to communicate privately and safely"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1769.61,"endTime":1773.93,"body":"without harm or abuse"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1769.61,"endTime":1773.93,"body":"from hackers, criminals,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1773.93,"endTime":1776.987,"body":"or importantly, repressive regimes.\""},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1777.95,"endTime":1781.28,"body":"So where the ministers"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1777.95,"endTime":1781.28,"body":"depicted end-to-end encryption"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1781.28,"endTime":1782.48,"body":"as the threat,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1782.48,"endTime":1787.48,"body":"Facebook instead casts the"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1782.48,"endTime":1787.48,"body":"minister's demands in that role."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1787.82,"endTime":1792.26,"body":"They say, \"Cybersecurity"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1787.82,"endTime":1792.26,"body":"experts have repeatedly proven"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1792.26,"endTime":1795.98,"body":"that when you weaken any"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1792.26,"endTime":1795.98,"body":"part of an encrypted system,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1795.98,"endTime":1799.31,"body":"you weaken it for everyone everywhere."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1799.31,"endTime":1801.44,"body":"The backdoor access you are demanding"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1801.44,"endTime":1805.88,"body":"for law enforcement would be"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1801.44,"endTime":1805.88,"body":"a gift to criminals, hackers,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1805.88,"endTime":1809.06,"body":"and repressive regimes creating a way"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1809.06,"endTime":1811.67,"body":"for them to enter our systems"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1811.67,"endTime":1815.81,"body":"and leaving every person on"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1811.67,"endTime":1815.81,"body":"our platforms more vulnerable"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1815.81,"endTime":1817.787,"body":"to real life harm.\""},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1818.87,"endTime":1821.09,"body":"The mention of repressive regimes here"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1821.09,"endTime":1823.79,"body":"raises an important point."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1823.79,"endTime":1827.15,"body":"The ministers, doubtless,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1823.79,"endTime":1827.15,"body":"considered their countries"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1827.15,"endTime":1829.73,"body":"to be good democracies,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1829.73,"endTime":1832.82,"body":"but there is no way for tech companies"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1832.82,"endTime":1834.95,"body":"to build an encryption backdoor"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1834.95,"endTime":1838.7,"body":"that can only be used by good countries."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1838.7,"endTime":1842.27,"body":"And there is no universally"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1838.7,"endTime":1842.27,"body":"accepted objective way"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1842.27,"endTime":1844.7,"body":"in the first place to distinguish"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1844.7,"endTime":1848.63,"body":"between good countries and bad ones."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1848.63,"endTime":1850.79,"body":"And this has been summed up very neatly"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1850.79,"endTime":1854.12,"body":"by Harvard cryptography"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1850.79,"endTime":1854.12,"body":"lecturer, Bruce Schneier,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1854.12,"endTime":1857.48,"body":"who said, \"You have to make a choice."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1857.48,"endTime":1862.07,"body":"Either everyone gets to"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1857.48,"endTime":1862.07,"body":"spy or no one gets to spy."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1862.07,"endTime":1866.45,"body":"You can't have we get to spy, you don't."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1866.45,"endTime":1869.567,"body":"That's not the way the tech works.\""},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1870.62,"endTime":1873.8,"body":"So in this very public exchange of letters"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1873.8,"endTime":1877.13,"body":"between powerful"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1873.8,"endTime":1877.13,"body":"governments on the one hand"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1877.13,"endTime":1879.17,"body":"and one of the world's largest"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1879.17,"endTime":1881.39,"body":"and most powerful tech companies,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1881.39,"endTime":1885.65,"body":"end-to-end encryption is"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1881.39,"endTime":1885.65,"body":"presented simultaneously"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1885.65,"endTime":1889.85,"body":"as the most and least responsible choice,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1889.85,"endTime":1893.15,"body":"the safest and the least safe,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1893.15,"endTime":1896.51,"body":"the strongest and the most vulnerable,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1896.51,"endTime":1900.74,"body":"in citizens' best interests"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1896.51,"endTime":1900.74,"body":"and their very worst."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1900.74,"endTime":1903.8,"body":"And in this highly polarized debate,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1903.8,"endTime":1905.99,"body":"whether governments and tech companies are"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1905.99,"endTime":1909.17,"body":"on the side of the angels or the devil,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1909.17,"endTime":1913.373,"body":"seem to be a matter"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1909.17,"endTime":1913.373,"body":"entirely of perspective."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1915.47,"endTime":1919.31,"body":"Both the ministers and"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1915.47,"endTime":1919.31,"body":"Facebook also presume"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1919.31,"endTime":1922.823,"body":"to speak for citizens, for all of us."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1923.84,"endTime":1927.44,"body":"But when we actually ask"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1923.84,"endTime":1927.44,"body":"the public what they think,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1927.44,"endTime":1928.91,"body":"it gives rise to answers"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1928.91,"endTime":1933.08,"body":"that perhaps more accurately"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1928.91,"endTime":1933.08,"body":"reflect the complexity"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1933.08,"endTime":1936.65,"body":"of the moral and ethical choices at stake."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1936.65,"endTime":1939.74,"body":"There does appear to be"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1936.65,"endTime":1939.74,"body":"some public expectation"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1939.74,"endTime":1943.073,"body":"that online communication"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1939.74,"endTime":1943.073,"body":"should be private."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1944.03,"endTime":1947.66,"body":"In 2020, \"The Sun\" newspaper"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1944.03,"endTime":1947.66,"body":"published an article"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1947.66,"endTime":1951.08,"body":"with the headline \"Booked, Facebook Plot"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1951.08,"endTime":1955.22,"body":"to Encrypt All Chats Will"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1951.08,"endTime":1955.22,"body":"Help Child Abusers to Hide,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1955.22,"endTime":1957.68,"body":"Former Police Chief Warns\"."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1957.68,"endTime":1959.24,"body":"And that former police chief has gone"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1959.24,"endTime":1962.84,"body":"on to be the commissioner of"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1959.24,"endTime":1962.84,"body":"the London Metropolitan Police,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1962.84,"endTime":1964.58,"body":"the largest police force in the UK."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1964.58,"endTime":1966.95,"body":"So it is Mark Rowley."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1966.95,"endTime":1971.423,"body":"And it relayed his concerns"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1966.95,"endTime":1971.423,"body":"over end-to-end encryption."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1972.35,"endTime":1976.13,"body":"The online version of this"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1972.35,"endTime":1976.13,"body":"article invited readers"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1976.13,"endTime":1978.5,"body":"to take part in a poll"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1978.5,"endTime":1982.52,"body":"and given the negative thrust"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1978.5,"endTime":1982.52,"body":"of Mr. Rowley's comments,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1982.52,"endTime":1985.58,"body":"I was quite surprised, back in 2020,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1985.58,"endTime":1988.16,"body":"to see that the largest"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1985.58,"endTime":1988.16,"body":"proportion of voters"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1988.16,"endTime":1989.81,"body":"on \"The Sun's\" website,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1989.81,"endTime":1993.44,"body":"58% still thought that messages"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1993.44,"endTime":1996.413,"body":"on Facebook should be"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1993.44,"endTime":1996.413,"body":"end-to-end encrypted."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1997.49,"endTime":2002.49,"body":"Now last month, \"The"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":1997.49,"endTime":2002.49,"body":"Sun\" very kindly agreed"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2002.53,"endTime":2004.963,"body":"to rerun this poll for us."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2006.19,"endTime":2009.97,"body":"15 and a half thousand votes were cast"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2009.97,"endTime":2012.67,"body":"in just three days."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2012.67,"endTime":2013.69,"body":"And these are the results"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2013.69,"endTime":2016.12,"body":"and you are the very"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2013.69,"endTime":2016.12,"body":"first people to see them."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2016.12,"endTime":2017.923,"body":"This is brand new data."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2019.51,"endTime":2022.693,"body":"Should Facebook encrypt all of your chats?"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2023.86,"endTime":2027.67,"body":"Definitely, 47%."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2027.67,"endTime":2031.39,"body":"No, absolutely not, 28%."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2031.39,"endTime":2034.563,"body":"I'm not sure, 24%."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2035.62,"endTime":2038.41,"body":"So we then asked a second question."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2038.41,"endTime":2043.05,"body":"Should the government have"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2038.41,"endTime":2043.05,"body":"access to your online chats?"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2043.05,"endTime":2047.17,"body":"33,000 votes were cast in just a few days"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2047.17,"endTime":2049.243,"body":"and the results were as follows."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2050.47,"endTime":2055.47,"body":"Yes, they should have access"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2050.47,"endTime":2055.47,"body":"to our online chats, 7%."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2055.9,"endTime":2060.16,"body":"No, absolutely not, 84%."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2060.16,"endTime":2064.263,"body":"Hmm, I'm not sure, 9%."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2065.89,"endTime":2069.73,"body":"Now what these responses here tell me is"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2069.73,"endTime":2072.22,"body":"that members of the public understand"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2072.22,"endTime":2073.39,"body":"that the decision whether"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2073.39,"endTime":2076.72,"body":"or not to deploy end-to-end"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2073.39,"endTime":2076.72,"body":"encryption is not"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2076.72,"endTime":2079.75,"body":"as straightforward as presented"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2079.75,"endTime":2084.75,"body":"by some of the most ardent"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2079.75,"endTime":2084.75,"body":"advocates for or against it."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2084.94,"endTime":2089.56,"body":"The people who voted I'm not"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2084.94,"endTime":2089.56,"body":"sure are just as interesting,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2089.56,"endTime":2091.96,"body":"perhaps even more so than those"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2091.96,"endTime":2094.72,"body":"whose opinions were more certain."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2094.72,"endTime":2097.96,"body":"Because it is one of the most difficult"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2097.96,"endTime":2101.41,"body":"ethical dilemmas the"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2097.96,"endTime":2101.41,"body":"global community has faced"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2101.41,"endTime":2104.083,"body":"in regard to information technology."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2105.07,"endTime":2108.61,"body":"And since end-to-end"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2105.07,"endTime":2108.61,"body":"encryption increases the risk"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2108.61,"endTime":2110.8,"body":"to some members of society"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2110.8,"endTime":2115.03,"body":"and reduces the risk to"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2110.8,"endTime":2115.03,"body":"other members of society,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2115.03,"endTime":2119.41,"body":"some researchers have tried to"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2115.03,"endTime":2119.41,"body":"take a utilitarian approach,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2119.41,"endTime":2122.59,"body":"one that draws on Jeremy"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2119.41,"endTime":2122.59,"body":"Bentham's philosophy"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2122.59,"endTime":2125.713,"body":"of the greatest happiness"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2122.59,"endTime":2125.713,"body":"for the greatest number."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2127.27,"endTime":2129.46,"body":"But any attempt that we make"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2129.46,"endTime":2132.04,"body":"at an accurate cost benefit analysis"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2132.04,"endTime":2135.34,"body":"quickly encounters real obstacles."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2135.34,"endTime":2138.34,"body":"We simply don't have the data"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2138.34,"endTime":2141.28,"body":"to quantify people harmed"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2141.28,"endTime":2145.33,"body":"versus people unharmed in the UK"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2145.33,"endTime":2149.83,"body":"and we certainly don't have"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2145.33,"endTime":2149.83,"body":"them for the wider world."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2149.83,"endTime":2152.23,"body":"Even where we do have partial data,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2152.23,"endTime":2153.13,"body":"for instance,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2153.13,"endTime":2156.73,"body":"the reports of child abuse"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2153.13,"endTime":2156.73,"body":"material to NCMEC in the US"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2156.73,"endTime":2158.83,"body":"that I showed you earlier,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2158.83,"endTime":2162.97,"body":"it's not possible for us"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2158.83,"endTime":2162.97,"body":"to verify the direct impact"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2162.97,"endTime":2165.85,"body":"of end-to-end encryption"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2162.97,"endTime":2165.85,"body":"on those report numbers"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2165.85,"endTime":2168.07,"body":"until it's actually deployed."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2168.07,"endTime":2171.97,"body":"And it's even harder for"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2168.07,"endTime":2171.97,"body":"us to quantify its impact"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2171.97,"endTime":2175.513,"body":"on the safety of individual"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2171.97,"endTime":2175.513,"body":"children around the world."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2176.56,"endTime":2180.07,"body":"And besides, the more"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2176.56,"endTime":2180.07,"body":"we go down this route"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2180.07,"endTime":2182.59,"body":"of trying to quantify harm,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2182.59,"endTime":2187.09,"body":"the more distasteful"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2182.59,"endTime":2187.09,"body":"that endeavor becomes,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2187.09,"endTime":2190.72,"body":"insisting on a tally of children harmed"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2190.72,"endTime":2194.83,"body":"is understandably unacceptable"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2190.72,"endTime":2194.83,"body":"to child protection advocates"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2194.83,"endTime":2196.81,"body":"for whom every single instance"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2196.81,"endTime":2200.44,"body":"of child abuse is one too many."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2200.44,"endTime":2201.97,"body":"And at the same time,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2201.97,"endTime":2206.86,"body":"arguments that pit child"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2201.97,"endTime":2206.86,"body":"safety against privacy bully us"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2206.86,"endTime":2209.32,"body":"into an unholy reckoning."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2209.32,"endTime":2212.83,"body":"They force us into weighing"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2209.32,"endTime":2212.83,"body":"the life of a child"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2212.83,"endTime":2216.61,"body":"against the life of a"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2212.83,"endTime":2216.61,"body":"human rights activist."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2216.61,"endTime":2219.07,"body":"And as a human, as a citizen,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2219.07,"endTime":2222.1,"body":"I don't ever want to be"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2219.07,"endTime":2222.1,"body":"put in that position."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2222.1,"endTime":2225.01,"body":"In fact, I object to it,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2225.01,"endTime":2229.03,"body":"particularly when the different"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2225.01,"endTime":2229.03,"body":"parties in the debate appear"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2229.03,"endTime":2231.07,"body":"to underplay the fact"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2231.07,"endTime":2234.85,"body":"that end-to-end encryption"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2231.07,"endTime":2234.85,"body":"is a wicked problem."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2234.85,"endTime":2239.85,"body":"It's one that cannot be solved"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2234.85,"endTime":2239.85,"body":"simply by appealing to logic,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2239.95,"endTime":2241.903,"body":"ethics, or emotion."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2244.18,"endTime":2248.92,"body":"So is end-to-end encryption"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2244.18,"endTime":2248.92,"body":"the best thing ever"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2248.92,"endTime":2250.393,"body":"or the worst thing ever?"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2251.26,"endTime":2255.37,"body":"Well, I maintain that this"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2251.26,"endTime":2255.37,"body":"is the wrong question."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2255.37,"endTime":2259.9,"body":"Whether secret communications"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2255.37,"endTime":2259.9,"body":"are good or bad depends"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2259.9,"endTime":2264.9,"body":"so much on one's individual"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2259.9,"endTime":2264.9,"body":"perspective and context."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2265.27,"endTime":2269.65,"body":"For an intelligence agency,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2265.27,"endTime":2269.65,"body":"secrecy is a good thing."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2269.65,"endTime":2272.8,"body":"Transparency is a risk."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2272.8,"endTime":2274.93,"body":"For human rights defenders,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2274.93,"endTime":2278.11,"body":"that secrecy is seen as counteractive"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2278.11,"endTime":2281.26,"body":"to the greater transparency"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2278.11,"endTime":2281.26,"body":"that's required"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2281.26,"endTime":2283.333,"body":"to hold governments accountable."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2284.35,"endTime":2288.01,"body":"The ideal response to aim for a balance"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2288.01,"endTime":2292.63,"body":"between operational"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2288.01,"endTime":2292.63,"body":"secrecy and transparency"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2292.63,"endTime":2295.57,"body":"that is sufficiently"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2292.63,"endTime":2295.57,"body":"accountable to the public"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2295.57,"endTime":2297.58,"body":"while protecting the techniques"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2297.58,"endTime":2299.98,"body":"and assets of those charged"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2299.98,"endTime":2304.483,"body":"with keeping us safe is"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2299.98,"endTime":2304.483,"body":"no simple feat to achieve."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2306.07,"endTime":2308.95,"body":"And as soon as we accept"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2306.07,"endTime":2308.95,"body":"that the deployment"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2308.95,"endTime":2312.19,"body":"of secure messaging is not simply a battle"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2312.19,"endTime":2315.76,"body":"of absolute safety"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2312.19,"endTime":2315.76,"body":"versus absolute privacy,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2315.76,"endTime":2319.51,"body":"we're confronted with"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2315.76,"endTime":2319.51,"body":"the need for key actors"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2319.51,"endTime":2322.51,"body":"to start changing their mindsets,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2322.51,"endTime":2325.06,"body":"for governments to stop arguing"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2325.06,"endTime":2327.49,"body":"with the laws of mathematics,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2327.49,"endTime":2330.49,"body":"and for all involved to take a longer view"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2330.49,"endTime":2333.31,"body":"of the potential consequences."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2333.31,"endTime":2335.8,"body":"According to those polls in \"The Sun\","},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2335.8,"endTime":2337.21,"body":"some of us are comfortable"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2337.21,"endTime":2340.12,"body":"with the idea of governmental authorities"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2340.12,"endTime":2343.48,"body":"intercepting our text messages or calls"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2343.48,"endTime":2344.803,"body":"and that's fair enough."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2346.42,"endTime":2350.68,"body":"But what about our eye"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2346.42,"endTime":2350.68,"body":"movements, our physical gestures,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2350.68,"endTime":2352.51,"body":"our thought patterns?"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2352.51,"endTime":2356.11,"body":"Because a tool to our communications now"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2356.11,"endTime":2360.16,"body":"might also give governments"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2356.11,"endTime":2360.16,"body":"the ability in the future"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2360.16,"endTime":2362.29,"body":"to read encrypted data captured"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2362.29,"endTime":2364.39,"body":"by next generation virtual"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2364.39,"endTime":2368.26,"body":"and augmented reality"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2364.39,"endTime":2368.26,"body":"platforms by haptic technology"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2368.26,"endTime":2371.74,"body":"and by brain computer interfaces,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2371.74,"endTime":2374.893,"body":"all of which are already in development."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2375.97,"endTime":2379.09,"body":"As the data that's"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2375.97,"endTime":2379.09,"body":"collected on us becomes more"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2379.09,"endTime":2381.13,"body":"and more intrusive,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2381.13,"endTime":2385.75,"body":"the debate will intensify about"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2381.13,"endTime":2385.75,"body":"how that data is processed,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2385.75,"endTime":2390.75,"body":"stored, and accessed by"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2385.75,"endTime":2390.75,"body":"governments and companies alike."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2390.88,"endTime":2393.76,"body":"So tech companies will"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2390.88,"endTime":2393.76,"body":"need to find new ways"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2393.76,"endTime":2395.62,"body":"of keeping their users safe"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2395.62,"endTime":2398.68,"body":"and demonstrating how they do that."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2398.68,"endTime":2403.33,"body":"Among these are tools that"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2398.68,"endTime":2403.33,"body":"empower users to prevent harm."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2403.33,"endTime":2404.98,"body":"Imagine that."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2404.98,"endTime":2407.56,"body":"A great example and particularly apt"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2407.56,"endTime":2412.09,"body":"for today for Valentine's Day is StopNCII,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2412.09,"endTime":2415.06,"body":"also in the further"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2412.09,"endTime":2415.06,"body":"reading for this lecture."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2415.06,"endTime":2419.14,"body":"And that enables people"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2415.06,"endTime":2419.14,"body":"to stop intimate images"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2419.14,"endTime":2421.93,"body":"of them being shared on social media"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2421.93,"endTime":2425.05,"body":"and on the wider web"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2421.93,"endTime":2425.05,"body":"without their consent."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2425.05,"endTime":2426.853,"body":"It empowers them to do that."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2428.26,"endTime":2431.23,"body":"As for government agencies"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2428.26,"endTime":2431.23,"body":"who have grown used"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2431.23,"endTime":2435.55,"body":"to regular access to the metadata,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2435.55,"endTime":2437.08,"body":"the traffic data,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2437.08,"endTime":2440.35,"body":"and the contents of our communications,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2440.35,"endTime":2442.69,"body":"they will need to find new routes"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2442.69,"endTime":2445.18,"body":"for evidencing online crimes"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2445.18,"endTime":2448.84,"body":"or perhaps return to the old routes,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2448.84,"endTime":2451.06,"body":"the tried and tested method"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2451.06,"endTime":2454.51,"body":"of using covert human investigators"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2454.51,"endTime":2457.57,"body":"to infiltrate criminal groups."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2457.57,"endTime":2460.0,"body":"And the criminal justice system may need"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2460.0,"endTime":2463.93,"body":"to refocus its evidence"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2460.0,"endTime":2463.93,"body":"gathering on suspects"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2463.93,"endTime":2468.343,"body":"and victims' devices again with consent."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2470.32,"endTime":2471.49,"body":"2000 years ago,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2471.49,"endTime":2474.64,"body":"my favorite Roman and incidentally,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2474.64,"endTime":2476.56,"body":"the subject of my PhD,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2476.56,"endTime":2480.275,"body":"the Roman satirist, Juvenal, he asked,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2480.275,"endTime":2483.76,"body":"(Victoria speaking in foreign language)"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2483.76,"endTime":2486.52,"body":"who will guard the guards themselves?"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2486.52,"endTime":2489.46,"body":"And this maxim is still regularly applied"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2489.46,"endTime":2492.61,"body":"to modern surveillance"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2489.46,"endTime":2492.61,"body":"conducted by governments"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2492.61,"endTime":2494.293,"body":"and by tech companies."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2495.46,"endTime":2498.82,"body":"But oversight is only possible"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2498.82,"endTime":2502.63,"body":"when authorities lift"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2498.82,"endTime":2502.63,"body":"their customary secrecy"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2502.63,"endTime":2506.11,"body":"to such an extent that we"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2502.63,"endTime":2506.11,"body":"can scrutinize their methods"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2506.11,"endTime":2508.36,"body":"and hold them accountable."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2508.36,"endTime":2510.07,"body":"And by the same token,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2510.07,"endTime":2512.68,"body":"companies may wish to conceal the details"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2512.68,"endTime":2514.69,"body":"of their security operations"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2514.69,"endTime":2516.31,"body":"because how they do"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2516.31,"endTime":2520.96,"body":"what they do has a"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2516.31,"endTime":2520.96,"body":"commercially competitive value"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2520.96,"endTime":2524.17,"body":"and making public how"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2520.96,"endTime":2524.17,"body":"they identify criminals"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2524.17,"endTime":2526.69,"body":"and terrorists can also give"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2526.69,"endTime":2529.45,"body":"the bad guys valuable information"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2529.45,"endTime":2531.613,"body":"on how to game their systems."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2532.54,"endTime":2534.16,"body":"But the alternative,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2534.16,"endTime":2537.4,"body":"if they keep everything secret is that we,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2537.4,"endTime":2542.05,"body":"the people, cannot judge if"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2537.4,"endTime":2542.05,"body":"they are abusing their power"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2542.05,"endTime":2544.453,"body":"or overstepping their bounds."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2545.38,"endTime":2546.64,"body":"So paradoxically,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2546.64,"endTime":2550.75,"body":"it may be the very opposite"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2546.64,"endTime":2550.75,"body":"of privacy and secrecy,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2550.75,"endTime":2554.14,"body":"transparency that helps us determine how"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2554.14,"endTime":2557.44,"body":"to proceed with securing"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2554.14,"endTime":2557.44,"body":"our communications"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2557.44,"endTime":2561.67,"body":"and overseeing surveillance in the future."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2561.67,"endTime":2564.67,"body":"Because the more we can see for ourselves"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2564.67,"endTime":2566.59,"body":"what is done with our data,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2566.59,"endTime":2569.95,"body":"the better we can chart"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2566.59,"endTime":2569.95,"body":"the right course of action"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2569.95,"endTime":2571.003,"body":"for society."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2573.19,"endTime":2575.89,"body":"That said, my fervent"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2575.89,"endTime":2577.57,"body":"and my heartwell wish"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2577.57,"endTime":2582.403,"body":"for you on Valentine's Day is"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2577.57,"endTime":2582.403,"body":"that whatever you get up to,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2584.47,"endTime":2588.13,"body":"you at least have the"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2584.47,"endTime":2588.13,"body":"option of doing it away"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2588.13,"endTime":2589.453,"body":"from prying eyes."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2590.56,"endTime":2591.831,"body":"Thank you very much."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2591.831,"endTime":2594.998,"body":"(audience applauding)"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2602.506,"endTime":2603.91,"body":"- Thank you so much, Professor Baines,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2603.91,"endTime":2604.96,"body":"for such a fascinating lecture."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2604.96,"endTime":2606.22,"body":"I've got a couple of questions,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2606.22,"endTime":2608.11,"body":"actually one question online"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2608.11,"endTime":2610.42,"body":"and then we'll go to the room in a second."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2610.42,"endTime":2614.14,"body":"So my first question for"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2610.42,"endTime":2614.14,"body":"you is we were talking"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2614.14,"endTime":2615.04,"body":"before the start of the lecture"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2615.04,"endTime":2617.89,"body":"about decrypting Mary Queen of Scots."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2617.89,"endTime":2618.723,"body":"- Yes."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2618.723,"endTime":2621.58,"body":"- Can you tell me the story"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2618.723,"endTime":2621.58,"body":"about why that matters?"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2621.58,"endTime":2625.87,"body":"- This is so exciting and"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2621.58,"endTime":2625.87,"body":"it was reported in the news,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2625.87,"endTime":2628.93,"body":"I think, a few hours after"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2625.87,"endTime":2628.93,"body":"I sent through my slides"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2628.93,"endTime":2630.97,"body":"and my transcript for this lecture"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2630.97,"endTime":2634.153,"body":"so I didn't quite have chance"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2630.97,"endTime":2634.153,"body":"to to squeeze it in there."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2635.11,"endTime":2638.05,"body":"So as many of you will know, Mary Stuart,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2638.05,"endTime":2641.38,"body":"Mary Queen of Scots, she wrote in cipher,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2641.38,"endTime":2642.64,"body":"in a graphic cipher."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2642.64,"endTime":2644.98,"body":"So it's a cluster of"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2642.64,"endTime":2644.98,"body":"symbols for each letter"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2644.98,"endTime":2647.29,"body":"or word or idea."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2647.29,"endTime":2650.68,"body":"And you also may know if"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2647.29,"endTime":2650.68,"body":"you did history at school,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2650.68,"endTime":2654.61,"body":"those letters were"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2650.68,"endTime":2654.61,"body":"intercepted by Walsingham,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2654.61,"endTime":2657.55,"body":"Elizabeth I's spy master."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2657.55,"endTime":2661.33,"body":"And the decoding, the"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2657.55,"endTime":2661.33,"body":"decrypting of those letters led,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2661.33,"endTime":2665.68,"body":"in no small part, to her prosecution"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2665.68,"endTime":2668.53,"body":"for treason and her execution."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2668.53,"endTime":2672.46,"body":"Now we've always had the"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2668.53,"endTime":2672.46,"body":"letters on the English side,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2672.46,"endTime":2675.79,"body":"but she was writing too in French"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2675.79,"endTime":2676.993,"body":"to people in France."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2678.31,"endTime":2683.09,"body":"And this is a great example to"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2678.31,"endTime":2683.09,"body":"me of security and obscurity"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2684.4,"endTime":2686.53,"body":"because three,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2686.53,"endTime":2688.51,"body":"I wouldn't say amateur cryptographers"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2688.51,"endTime":2690.34,"body":"cause one of them is"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2688.51,"endTime":2690.34,"body":"computer science professor"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2690.34,"endTime":2692.5,"body":"and I think that would be"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2690.34,"endTime":2692.5,"body":"doing him a disservice."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2692.5,"endTime":2695.65,"body":"But three people who'd been"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2692.5,"endTime":2695.65,"body":"working to decrypt documents"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2695.65,"endTime":2697.96,"body":"in the French National Library"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2697.96,"endTime":2700.27,"body":"spent the last 10 years doing so,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2700.27,"endTime":2703.93,"body":"found a bunch of letters"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2700.27,"endTime":2703.93,"body":"that were considered"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2703.93,"endTime":2706.18,"body":"by the French National Library"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2706.18,"endTime":2707.923,"body":"to be something to do with Italy."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2709.09,"endTime":2711.28,"body":"And they've been there"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2709.09,"endTime":2711.28,"body":"for hundreds of years,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2711.28,"endTime":2712.36,"body":"over 400 years."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2712.36,"endTime":2716.35,"body":"It's 436 years since"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2712.36,"endTime":2716.35,"body":"her execution, I think."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2716.35,"endTime":2717.37,"body":"1587?"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2717.37,"endTime":2718.87,"body":"Yeah, that sounds about right."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2719.8,"endTime":2723.347,"body":"And so they were reading these"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2719.8,"endTime":2723.347,"body":"letters and they thought,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2723.347,"endTime":2724.54,"body":"\"Well, these are odd letters"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2724.54,"endTime":2727.24,"body":"because they've got"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2724.54,"endTime":2727.24,"body":"feminine pronouns in them.\""},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2727.24,"endTime":2730.09,"body":"They appear to be written in French"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2730.09,"endTime":2733.81,"body":"and they start seeing this"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2730.09,"endTime":2733.81,"body":"keyword of Walsingham popping up"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2733.81,"endTime":2737.713,"body":"and they realize that these"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2733.81,"endTime":2737.713,"body":"are letters from Mary Stuart."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2738.7,"endTime":2742.66,"body":"But what kept those letters secret"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2742.66,"endTime":2745.99,"body":"and encrypted all that time?"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2745.99,"endTime":2748.03,"body":"The fact that people didn't"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2745.99,"endTime":2748.03,"body":"think they were hers."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2748.03,"endTime":2749.59,"body":"The fact that they sat in an archive"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2749.59,"endTime":2751.48,"body":"and someone assumed they"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2749.59,"endTime":2751.48,"body":"were somebody else's"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2751.48,"endTime":2752.83,"body":"and they weren't relevant."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2752.83,"endTime":2756.19,"body":"So it's a fantastic example"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2752.83,"endTime":2756.19,"body":"of security and obscurity."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2756.19,"endTime":2757.51,"body":"And I think obscurity is something"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2757.51,"endTime":2761.08,"body":"that I haven't touched on"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2757.51,"endTime":2761.08,"body":"enough in this lecture."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2761.08,"endTime":2764.14,"body":"Yes, if you have nothing to"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2761.08,"endTime":2764.14,"body":"hide, you have nothing to fear."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2764.14,"endTime":2765.97,"body":"But actually, for most of us,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2765.97,"endTime":2767.713,"body":"if you're not that interesting,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2768.85,"endTime":2771.49,"body":"your communications are not"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2768.85,"endTime":2771.49,"body":"necessarily going to be flagged"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2771.49,"endTime":2772.323,"body":"as suspicious."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2772.323,"endTime":2774.7,"body":"And I think a fair point is that"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2774.7,"endTime":2776.62,"body":"when we are scanning for content,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2776.62,"endTime":2779.89,"body":"and I used to work on the team in Facebook"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2779.89,"endTime":2782.05,"body":"that worked with law"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2779.89,"endTime":2782.05,"body":"enforcement, you know,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2782.05,"endTime":2784.78,"body":"reporting and acting on"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2782.05,"endTime":2784.78,"body":"this kind of content."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2784.78,"endTime":2788.923,"body":"So I can see all sides of this"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2784.78,"endTime":2788.923,"body":"very, very tricky problem."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2790.06,"endTime":2791.47,"body":"But when you're scanning for content,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2791.47,"endTime":2793.9,"body":"you're not reading everybody's messages"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2793.9,"endTime":2796.12,"body":"just in case they mention something."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2796.12,"endTime":2799.45,"body":"You're looking for particular"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2796.12,"endTime":2799.45,"body":"signatures of images"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2799.45,"endTime":2801.55,"body":"or particular keywords being used"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2801.55,"endTime":2803.41,"body":"in particular contexts."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2803.41,"endTime":2806.32,"body":"That said, end-to-end encryption prevents"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2806.32,"endTime":2808.24,"body":"that kind of scanning and flagging"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2808.24,"endTime":2810.85,"body":"and that's what's really"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2808.24,"endTime":2810.85,"body":"problematic about it."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2810.85,"endTime":2812.17,"body":"But I love this idea"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2812.17,"endTime":2814.03,"body":"and I'd like to probe this idea a bit more"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2814.03,"endTime":2818.537,"body":"of security through"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2814.03,"endTime":2818.537,"body":"obscurity hiding in crowds."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2818.537,"endTime":2820.57,"body":"- [Audience Member #1] I wanted"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2818.537,"endTime":2820.57,"body":"to ask more about Pegasus."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2820.57,"endTime":2824.29,"body":"You said that when somebody comes up"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2824.29,"endTime":2825.22,"body":"with an encryption system,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2825.22,"endTime":2826.66,"body":"somebody else is trying to break it,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2826.66,"endTime":2827.493,"body":"let's just assume."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2827.493,"endTime":2828.52,"body":"So is there anybody,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2828.52,"endTime":2829.96,"body":"do you know of anybody working"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2829.96,"endTime":2833.083,"body":"to make Pegasus irrelevant somehow?"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2833.92,"endTime":2835.333,"body":"- Well, yes."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2836.65,"endTime":2840.88,"body":"So the trouble with Pegasus is"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2836.65,"endTime":2840.88,"body":"that it hacks people's phones"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2840.88,"endTime":2844.09,"body":"and one of the dominant, sorry,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2844.09,"endTime":2847.54,"body":"the trouble with Pegasus is"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2844.09,"endTime":2847.54,"body":"that it hacks people's phones."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2847.54,"endTime":2850.78,"body":"So it relies on people"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2847.54,"endTime":2850.78,"body":"like you and me not falling"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2850.78,"endTime":2853.93,"body":"for the scam and letting"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2850.78,"endTime":2853.93,"body":"it into our phones."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2853.93,"endTime":2855.94,"body":"So one of the really,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2853.93,"endTime":2855.94,"body":"really important things"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2855.94,"endTime":2858.4,"body":"that we can do there is awareness."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2858.4,"endTime":2859.99,"body":"And so the Pegasus Project"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2859.99,"endTime":2861.97,"body":"and Citizen Lab I thought were very good,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2861.97,"endTime":2863.567,"body":"particularly \"The Guardian\" newspaper,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2863.567,"endTime":2867.37,"body":"\"The Washington Post\" in"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2863.567,"endTime":2867.37,"body":"getting the story out there"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2867.37,"endTime":2869.38,"body":"so that people could understand"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2869.38,"endTime":2872.0,"body":"that they might get a WhatsApp message"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2873.13,"endTime":2874.9,"body":"that looks genuine,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2874.9,"endTime":2876.08,"body":"that looks legitimate"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2877.09,"endTime":2879.16,"body":"and that if they were to click on a link"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2879.16,"endTime":2881.65,"body":"or they were to open that message,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2881.65,"endTime":2884.2,"body":"that spyware was downloaded"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2881.65,"endTime":2884.2,"body":"onto their phone."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2884.2,"endTime":2885.4,"body":"And that appears to be what happened"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2885.4,"endTime":2888.04,"body":"to Jeff Bezos, certainly."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2888.04,"endTime":2890.23,"body":"There is a story, reportedly,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2890.23,"endTime":2895.23,"body":"around getting a message,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2890.23,"endTime":2895.23,"body":"allegedly, from a Saudi prince"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2895.54,"endTime":2898.27,"body":"and possibly having his"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2895.54,"endTime":2898.27,"body":"phone infected that way,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2898.27,"endTime":2901.517,"body":"or someone pretending to be"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2898.27,"endTime":2901.517,"body":"a Saudi prince, I should say,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2901.517,"endTime":2902.867,"body":"before we get into trouble."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2903.85,"endTime":2907.27,"body":"So that relies really on"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2903.85,"endTime":2907.27,"body":"people's personal security"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2907.27,"endTime":2908.95,"body":"and not falling for phishing scams."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2908.95,"endTime":2912.97,"body":"What I would say is come"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2908.95,"endTime":2912.97,"body":"back for the sixth lecture"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2912.97,"endTime":2915.61,"body":"of my series where we're going"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2912.97,"endTime":2915.61,"body":"to talk about cybersecurity"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2915.61,"endTime":2916.723,"body":"for humans."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2919.848,"endTime":2920.681,"body":"- [Audience Member #2] Is just getting"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2920.681,"endTime":2921.514,"body":"on Signal enough?"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2920.681,"endTime":2921.514,"body":"- Yep."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2921.514,"endTime":2922.506,"body":"- [Audience Member #2] Do"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2921.514,"endTime":2922.506,"body":"you have to be on WhatsApp"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2922.506,"endTime":2923.7,"body":"or can you just get it anywhere..."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2923.7,"endTime":2926.71,"body":"- So WhatsApp is end-to-end encrypted."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2926.71,"endTime":2928.84,"body":"Signal is end-to-end encrypted."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2928.84,"endTime":2930.67,"body":"So you're probably going"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2928.84,"endTime":2930.67,"body":"to have the same problem"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2930.67,"endTime":2932.71,"body":"of people trying to get into your device."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2932.71,"endTime":2937.71,"body":"Again, I think unless you"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2932.71,"endTime":2937.71,"body":"are of particular interest"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2938.32,"endTime":2940.933,"body":"to a hostile regime, which you might be,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2942.31,"endTime":2946.33,"body":"then, by and large, you"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2942.31,"endTime":2946.33,"body":"might not be of interest"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2946.33,"endTime":2948.01,"body":"for that kind of targeted attack."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2948.01,"endTime":2949.48,"body":"Cause it really is a targeted attack,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2949.48,"endTime":2950.59,"body":"not a random one."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2950.59,"endTime":2952.84,"body":"But what we're going to be"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2950.59,"endTime":2952.84,"body":"covering in a later lecture,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2952.84,"endTime":2955.15,"body":"the last lecture of this year is looking"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2955.15,"endTime":2956.83,"body":"at how we can all protect ourselves"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2956.83,"endTime":2961.005,"body":"from those kinds of social"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2956.83,"endTime":2961.005,"body":"engineering attacks."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2961.005,"endTime":2963.31,"body":"- [Audience Member #3] Most"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2961.005,"endTime":2963.31,"body":"modern encryption algorithms"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2963.31,"endTime":2966.85,"body":"are variants of the RSA one,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2963.31,"endTime":2966.85,"body":"which you mentioned earlier."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2966.85,"endTime":2968.86,"body":"And they rely, as everybody knows,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2968.86,"endTime":2972.79,"body":"in the inability to decompose"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2968.86,"endTime":2972.79,"body":"the peak of the public key"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2972.79,"endTime":2975.22,"body":"because it is made of"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2972.79,"endTime":2975.22,"body":"very large prime numbers"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2975.22,"endTime":2976.081,"body":"and another number."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2976.081,"endTime":2976.914,"body":"- Yes."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2978.026,"endTime":2978.859,"body":"- [Audience Member #3] However,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2978.859,"endTime":2982.21,"body":"the NSA has got stunning"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2978.859,"endTime":2982.21,"body":"resources in computing"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2982.21,"endTime":2984.55,"body":"and what makes you think that they cannot"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2984.55,"endTime":2987.67,"body":"and have not already"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2984.55,"endTime":2987.67,"body":"generated every prime number"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2987.67,"endTime":2990.58,"body":"that is available to the word length"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2990.58,"endTime":2994.24,"body":"and the register combination"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2990.58,"endTime":2994.24,"body":"word length of every machine"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2994.24,"endTime":2995.89,"body":"and therefore, they can actually"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2995.89,"endTime":2997.513,"body":"do this decryption quite easily."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":2998.5,"endTime":2999.56,"body":"- So"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3001.89,"endTime":3003.66,"body":"there's two things I"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3001.89,"endTime":3003.66,"body":"want to touch on there"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3003.66,"endTime":3005.07,"body":"and I hope I remember both of them"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3005.07,"endTime":3007.44,"body":"cause I'll be frustrated"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3005.07,"endTime":3007.44,"body":"if I forget the second one."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3007.44,"endTime":3010.47,"body":"Right, the first one is that we do tend"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3010.47,"endTime":3012.54,"body":"to have a bit of a double standard"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3012.54,"endTime":3017.19,"body":"where governments recommend"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3012.54,"endTime":3017.19,"body":"use of certain standards"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3017.19,"endTime":3019.92,"body":"or use of certain products"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3019.92,"endTime":3023.31,"body":"or they outlaw use of certain products,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3023.31,"endTime":3025.23,"body":"but then you find them"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3023.31,"endTime":3025.23,"body":"using them themselves"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3025.23,"endTime":3027.27,"body":"or they're using them"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3025.23,"endTime":3027.27,"body":"and they recommend them"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3027.27,"endTime":3028.92,"body":"and then you find them"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3027.27,"endTime":3028.92,"body":"hacking them themselves."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3028.92,"endTime":3032.313,"body":"So a great example of that is, of course,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3033.24,"endTime":3035.91,"body":"the UK government's public opposition"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3035.91,"endTime":3039.27,"body":"to end-to-end encryption on"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3035.91,"endTime":3039.27,"body":"WhatsApp and Facebook Messenger."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3039.27,"endTime":3042.18,"body":"But as you will know, if you"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3039.27,"endTime":3042.18,"body":"follow the news in the UK,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3042.18,"endTime":3044.52,"body":"the government is being sued by privacy"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3044.52,"endTime":3048.03,"body":"and transparency organizations"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3044.52,"endTime":3048.03,"body":"for using WhatsApp"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3048.03,"endTime":3049.26,"body":"for the secret, you know,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3049.26,"endTime":3051.54,"body":"confidential business of government"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3051.54,"endTime":3055.26,"body":"and those messages not being"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3051.54,"endTime":3055.26,"body":"available for scrutiny."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3055.26,"endTime":3059.88,"body":"So it's a little bit"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3055.26,"endTime":3059.88,"body":"double-edged, I would say."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3059.88,"endTime":3062.04,"body":"Now you're talking about prime factoring"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3062.04,"endTime":3064.71,"body":"and that brings us into a consideration"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3064.71,"endTime":3065.94,"body":"of quantum computing,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3065.94,"endTime":3068.23,"body":"which I didn't touch on in the lecture"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3069.3,"endTime":3071.61,"body":"and so far we haven't"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3069.3,"endTime":3071.61,"body":"done a lecture on quantum,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3071.61,"endTime":3073.23,"body":"I don't think,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3073.23,"endTime":3078.1,"body":"but it may be high time that"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3073.23,"endTime":3078.1,"body":"we do considering lectures"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3079.224,"endTime":3081.003,"body":"for further series in later years."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3082.41,"endTime":3087.0,"body":"There's a lot of hype at"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3082.41,"endTime":3087.0,"body":"the moment around the,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3087.0,"endTime":3088.59,"body":"well, a lot of genuine concern"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3088.59,"endTime":3092.52,"body":"as well around the potential"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3088.59,"endTime":3092.52,"body":"for quantum computers"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3092.52,"endTime":3095.67,"body":"to be able to crack RSA"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3095.67,"endTime":3098.343,"body":"and other leading encryption standards."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3100.44,"endTime":3104.37,"body":"And the trouble with that"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3100.44,"endTime":3104.37,"body":"is that we don't know"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3104.37,"endTime":3107.1,"body":"when quantum computers are"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3104.37,"endTime":3107.1,"body":"going to be able to do that."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3107.1,"endTime":3109.083,"body":"So we don't quite know when to panic,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3110.13,"endTime":3115.13,"body":"but as and when those those"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3110.13,"endTime":3115.13,"body":"standard algorithms are cracked,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3115.56,"endTime":3117.51,"body":"we've got a problem."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3117.51,"endTime":3120.33,"body":"And so now banks, financial institutions,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3120.33,"endTime":3122.25,"body":"other people, governments,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3122.25,"endTime":3125.43,"body":"other people who, you know, really do need"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3125.43,"endTime":3127.89,"body":"to have secure communications"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3125.43,"endTime":3127.89,"body":"are now looking"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3127.89,"endTime":3131.91,"body":"at quantum safe or"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3127.89,"endTime":3131.91,"body":"post-quantum cryptography."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3131.91,"endTime":3135.99,"body":"What we have in place to"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3131.91,"endTime":3135.99,"body":"secure communications and data"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3135.99,"endTime":3140.13,"body":"when quantum computers crack"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3135.99,"endTime":3140.13,"body":"our existing algorithms."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3140.13,"endTime":3141.913,"body":"I wouldn't want to put money on it."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3145.98,"endTime":3147.6,"body":"Chris Reese, I'm sorry"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3145.98,"endTime":3147.6,"body":"to drag you into this,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3147.6,"endTime":3148.433,"body":"but I'm looking at you."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3148.433,"endTime":3152.43,"body":"I mean, we could have a"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3148.433,"endTime":3152.43,"body":"debate about this for days."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3152.43,"endTime":3153.263,"body":"Some people would say,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3153.263,"endTime":3155.94,"body":"\"It's 2030 and you need"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3153.263,"endTime":3155.94,"body":"to panic right now.\""},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3155.94,"endTime":3157.86,"body":"Some people would say,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3155.94,"endTime":3157.86,"body":"\"Oh, it's more like 2050.\""},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3157.86,"endTime":3159.007,"body":"And other people would say,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3159.007,"endTime":3162.42,"body":"\"Well, we've got a good 50 to 100 years"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3162.42,"endTime":3163.95,"body":"before this is a problem."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3163.95,"endTime":3167.04,"body":"But at least people are"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3163.95,"endTime":3167.04,"body":"showing some foresights"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3167.04,"endTime":3169.02,"body":"and realizing it's going to be a problem."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3169.02,"endTime":3170.97,"body":"At least we're not there"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3170.97,"endTime":3173.94,"body":"and wondering how we're"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3170.97,"endTime":3173.94,"body":"going to react to it.\""},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3173.94,"endTime":3174.87,"body":"- [Chris] I guess we shouldn't take"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3174.87,"endTime":3176.193,"body":"too long, Victoria."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3177.06,"endTime":3178.32,"body":"I was going to ask about quantum,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3178.32,"endTime":3180.69,"body":"but as you've kind of answered it,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3180.69,"endTime":3183.693,"body":"would you like to comment on"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3180.69,"endTime":3183.693,"body":"the use of AI in encryption?"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3185.04,"endTime":3188.55,"body":"- Ooh."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3185.04,"endTime":3188.55,"body":"(Victoria chuckling nervously)"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3188.55,"endTime":3189.383,"body":"Gosh."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3190.47,"endTime":3192.963,"body":"Help me out here, Chris, in what respect?"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3194.91,"endTime":3196.98,"body":"Cause we have the ability of AI"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3196.98,"endTime":3199.89,"body":"to do the grunt work of that."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3199.89,"endTime":3201.51,"body":"What what were you"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3199.89,"endTime":3201.51,"body":"thinking of in particular?"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3201.51,"endTime":3204.6,"body":"- [Chris] Well, I don't know"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3201.51,"endTime":3204.6,"body":"the answer to the question,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3204.6,"endTime":3205.55,"body":"about the question,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3207.0,"endTime":3210.63,"body":"but I would've thought"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3207.0,"endTime":3210.63,"body":"that AI can be deployed"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3210.63,"endTime":3211.98,"body":"not so much to,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3211.98,"endTime":3214.683,"body":"obviously, not to break"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3211.98,"endTime":3214.683,"body":"end-to-end encryption,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3215.52,"endTime":3219.66,"body":"but to mount attacks on encrypted"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3219.66,"endTime":3220.739,"body":"- Oh, right, okay."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3219.66,"endTime":3220.739,"body":"- [Chris] communications,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3220.739,"endTime":3221.572,"body":"for instance."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3221.572,"endTime":3223.5,"body":"- So criminal AI?"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3221.572,"endTime":3223.5,"body":"- [Chris] And/or defense."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3223.5,"endTime":3226.15,"body":"- Yeah, I mean, so"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3223.5,"endTime":3226.15,"body":"there's a lot of concern"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3227.46,"endTime":3229.71,"body":"about cyber criminal use of AI"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3229.71,"endTime":3231.063,"body":"across the board, really."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3233.07,"endTime":3234.9,"body":"And please bring me back to your question"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3234.9,"endTime":3236.52,"body":"if I get too far off this topic,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3236.52,"endTime":3239.91,"body":"because there's a whole kind"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3236.52,"endTime":3239.91,"body":"of cyber criminal underground"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3239.91,"endTime":3242.943,"body":"to describe to you here,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3239.91,"endTime":3242.943,"body":"which is another lecture."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3244.62,"endTime":3248.94,"body":"So we've certainly seen"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3244.62,"endTime":3248.94,"body":"automated delivery of attacks"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3248.94,"endTime":3250.53,"body":"for many, many years."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3250.53,"endTime":3253.83,"body":"So when you get a phishing"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3250.53,"endTime":3253.83,"body":"email, by and large,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3253.83,"endTime":3255.9,"body":"it's not somebody on another terminal"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3255.9,"endTime":3258.6,"body":"or another device typing"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3255.9,"endTime":3258.6,"body":"out that email to you."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3258.6,"endTime":3260.767,"body":"And you can see the"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3258.6,"endTime":3260.767,"body":"telltale signs of that in,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3260.767,"endTime":3262.77,"body":"you know, the language that's used."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3262.77,"endTime":3265.29,"body":"So automated delivery of even some"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3265.29,"endTime":3268.26,"body":"of the lowest level attacks,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3268.26,"endTime":3271.5,"body":"automated delivery of"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3268.26,"endTime":3271.5,"body":"denial of service attacks"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3271.5,"endTime":3272.85,"body":"that bring down people's websites."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3272.85,"endTime":3276.993,"body":"It's much more efficient"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3272.85,"endTime":3276.993,"body":"to point a tool at that."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3278.67,"endTime":3280.353,"body":"For me, I think,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3281.34,"endTime":3282.87,"body":"and I think you are going to have some"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3282.87,"endTime":3284.61,"body":"much more interesting answers than I have,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3284.61,"endTime":3285.75,"body":"but if I think about AI,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3285.75,"endTime":3288.42,"body":"I think about automation,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3288.42,"endTime":3291.51,"body":"but also the learning ability."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3291.51,"endTime":3296.51,"body":"So it's that combination"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3291.51,"endTime":3296.51,"body":"of we can do this at scale"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3296.61,"endTime":3298.503,"body":"in a way that humans can't,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3300.33,"endTime":3304.23,"body":"but also in a way that learns"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3304.23,"endTime":3306.12,"body":"from what works and what doesn't."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3306.12,"endTime":3308.49,"body":"And I think that certainly is a concern."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3308.49,"endTime":3309.81,"body":"But what we're seeing,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3309.81,"endTime":3313.05,"body":"I would say in the cyber"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3309.81,"endTime":3313.05,"body":"world for both attack"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3313.05,"endTime":3315.81,"body":"and defense is greater"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3313.05,"endTime":3315.81,"body":"automation full stop."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3315.81,"endTime":3319.32,"body":"So as you know in the cybersecurity world,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3319.32,"endTime":3322.17,"body":"automation is what is taking the pain"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3322.17,"endTime":3325.02,"body":"out of security operations,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3325.02,"endTime":3326.97,"body":"incident response for humans"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3326.97,"endTime":3329.19,"body":"and arguably, giving the humans who work"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3329.19,"endTime":3332.25,"body":"in cybersecurity a much"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3329.19,"endTime":3332.25,"body":"more interesting job"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3332.25,"endTime":3335.07,"body":"cause they're not just looking"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3332.25,"endTime":3335.07,"body":"at lines and lines of code"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3335.07,"endTime":3337.74,"body":"for something that looks suspicious."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3337.74,"endTime":3339.99,"body":"- I think, Professor Baines,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3337.74,"endTime":3339.99,"body":"I think we are probably at,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3339.99,"endTime":3340.98,"body":"- We're coming up to time."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3340.98,"endTime":3342.103,"body":"- Time, unfortunately."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3342.103,"endTime":3344.64,"body":"- Yeah."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3342.103,"endTime":3344.64,"body":"- But can we just flag"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3344.64,"endTime":3345.87,"body":"up your next lecture to everyone,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3345.87,"endTime":3346.95,"body":"- Please do, yes."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3345.87,"endTime":3346.95,"body":"- In the room?"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3346.95,"endTime":3349.38,"body":"So the next lecture is"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3346.95,"endTime":3349.38,"body":"Defeating Digital Viruses,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3349.38,"endTime":3352.02,"body":"Lessons From the"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3349.38,"endTime":3352.02,"body":"Pandemic, 6:00 PM Tuesday,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3352.02,"endTime":3353.82,"body":"the 21st of March."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3353.82,"endTime":3356.79,"body":"Please do sign up, you'll get"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3353.82,"endTime":3356.79,"body":"a follow up email after this."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3356.79,"endTime":3358.38,"body":"Otherwise, you can go online and sign up."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3358.38,"endTime":3359.79,"body":"Thank you so much, Professor Baines,"},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3359.79,"endTime":3360.81,"body":"for such a fascinating lecture."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3360.81,"endTime":3364.253,"body":"- Thank you."},{"speaker":"The letter continues","startTime":3360.81,"endTime":3364.253,"body":"(audience applauding)"}]}