{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.142,"endTime":2.975,"body":"(whooshing music)"},{"startTime":5.19,"endTime":6.023,"body":"- Dear friends,"},{"startTime":6.023,"endTime":8.527,"body":"welcome to the fourth"},{"startTime":6.023,"endTime":8.527,"body":"lecture in our series,"},{"startTime":8.527,"endTime":10.077,"body":"\"The Life of Chords.\""},{"startTime":10.98,"endTime":13.44,"body":"I'm today joined by Peter Donohoe,"},{"startTime":13.44,"endTime":15.36,"body":"who is going to play"},{"startTime":15.36,"endTime":19.95,"body":"a lot of virtuosic and"},{"startTime":15.36,"endTime":19.95,"body":"interesting pieces for us,"},{"startTime":19.95,"endTime":21.72,"body":"and we're going to talk about"},{"startTime":21.72,"endTime":24.72,"body":"diminished and augmented chords."},{"startTime":24.72,"endTime":26.16,"body":"I have a picture of Liszt here"},{"startTime":26.16,"endTime":27.6,"body":"because he had most,"},{"startTime":27.6,"endTime":28.65,"body":"probably of all composers,"},{"startTime":28.65,"endTime":31.683,"body":"most to do with both of these kinds."},{"startTime":33.48,"endTime":35.46,"body":"So, we'll start with the chord"},{"startTime":35.46,"endTime":37.32,"body":"which is called diminished seventh chord."},{"startTime":37.32,"endTime":41.37,"body":"Now, these chords that I'm going"},{"startTime":37.32,"endTime":41.37,"body":"to talk to you about today,"},{"startTime":41.37,"endTime":44.85,"body":"they might not be just"},{"startTime":41.37,"endTime":44.85,"body":"as important structurally"},{"startTime":44.85,"endTime":48.51,"body":"as the ones we were"},{"startTime":44.85,"endTime":48.51,"body":"talking about last time,"},{"startTime":48.51,"endTime":51.78,"body":"in fact you probably can do without them,"},{"startTime":51.78,"endTime":54.48,"body":"but they bring a lot"},{"startTime":51.78,"endTime":54.48,"body":"of color to the music,"},{"startTime":54.48,"endTime":57.93,"body":"and expression, and particular effect,"},{"startTime":57.93,"endTime":61.62,"body":"so composers have always"},{"startTime":57.93,"endTime":61.62,"body":"been using them for effect,"},{"startTime":61.62,"endTime":65.76,"body":"for example, this"},{"startTime":61.62,"endTime":65.76,"body":"diminished seventh chord."},{"startTime":65.76,"endTime":68.51,"body":"(dramatic music)"},{"startTime":70.53,"endTime":73.38,"body":"So that was from the score of \"King Kong,\""},{"startTime":73.38,"endTime":75.33,"body":"and probably, even if"},{"startTime":73.38,"endTime":75.33,"body":"you didn't know that,"},{"startTime":75.33,"endTime":76.92,"body":"you probably would have guessed"},{"startTime":76.92,"endTime":79.143,"body":"that something terrible has happened."},{"startTime":80.34,"endTime":83.07,"body":"Or the gentler version of the same chord,"},{"startTime":83.07,"endTime":85.256,"body":"which is a harp glissando."},{"startTime":85.256,"endTime":88.98,"body":"(enchanting harp music)"},{"startTime":88.98,"endTime":90.6,"body":"So that has become so popular"},{"startTime":90.6,"endTime":94.47,"body":"that it's now a sound"},{"startTime":90.6,"endTime":94.47,"body":"that you can download,"},{"startTime":94.47,"endTime":95.73,"body":"it's a library of sounds,"},{"startTime":95.73,"endTime":98.67,"body":"harp glissando, diminished seventh chord,"},{"startTime":98.67,"endTime":100.53,"body":"if you want to use it in your piece,"},{"startTime":100.53,"endTime":104.013,"body":"so it is something like a stock idiom."},{"startTime":105.24,"endTime":108.81,"body":"So, if we look at a couple of composers"},{"startTime":108.81,"endTime":109.89,"body":"from the 20th century,"},{"startTime":109.89,"endTime":112.29,"body":"looking back at this chord,"},{"startTime":112.29,"endTime":113.46,"body":"Schoenberg, for example,"},{"startTime":113.46,"endTime":115.65,"body":"describes this diminished seventh"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":118.207,"endTime":122.257,"body":"\"Wherever one wanted to express"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":118.207,"endTime":122.257,"body":"pain, excitement, anger,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":122.257,"endTime":124.237,"body":"\"or some other strong feeling,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":124.237,"endTime":126.667,"body":"\"there we find, almost exclusively,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":126.667,"endTime":128.91,"body":"\"the diminished seventh chord.\""},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":128.91,"endTime":130.597,"body":"Or Luigi Dallapiccola says,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":130.597,"endTime":134.133,"body":"\"Every shock, every horror,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":130.597,"endTime":134.133,"body":"every rape and abduction,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":134.977,"endTime":139.027,"body":"\"every surprise, every"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":134.977,"endTime":139.027,"body":"apostrophe, every curse,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":139.027,"endTime":141.787,"body":"\"and sometimes even desperate invocations,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":141.787,"endTime":144.447,"body":"\"are underscored by the"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":141.787,"endTime":144.447,"body":"diminished seventh chord.\""},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":145.68,"endTime":148.98,"body":"So what is it, how do we get to it?"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":148.98,"endTime":151.59,"body":"So, on every note of the scale,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":151.59,"endTime":153.27,"body":"we can have a triad,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":153.27,"endTime":154.17,"body":"we talked about that."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":154.17,"endTime":156.15,"body":"Most of them are major and minor,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":156.15,"endTime":157.98,"body":"but there is one note of the scale,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":157.98,"endTime":160.11,"body":"which is the seventh"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":157.98,"endTime":160.11,"body":"note of the major scale,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":160.11,"endTime":163.8,"body":"where we don't get either"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":160.11,"endTime":163.8,"body":"a major or minor triad,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":163.8,"endTime":166.29,"body":"but we get a very strangely sounding,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":166.29,"endTime":168.45,"body":"maybe you can give us that?"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":168.45,"endTime":170.43,"body":"(eerie piano music)"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":170.43,"endTime":172.89,"body":"A triad which doesn't form a key,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":172.89,"endTime":174.12,"body":"there is no diminished key."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":174.12,"endTime":177.93,"body":"So the fifth, the interval of the fifth,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":177.93,"endTime":180.6,"body":"between the lower note"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":177.93,"endTime":180.6,"body":"and the higher note,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":180.6,"endTime":183.87,"body":"is not the pure, consonant"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":180.6,"endTime":183.87,"body":"fifth that we're used to,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":183.87,"endTime":186.748,"body":"it's squeezed, it's diminished."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":186.748,"endTime":189.72,"body":"(eerie piano music)"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":189.72,"endTime":193.29,"body":"And so if now we add"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":189.72,"endTime":193.29,"body":"another step like that,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":193.29,"endTime":196.14,"body":"another third on top to it,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":196.14,"endTime":198.868,"body":"so make it into a seventh chord,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":198.868,"endTime":202.688,"body":"(eerie piano music)"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":202.688,"endTime":204.709,"body":"that's our diminished seventh,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":204.709,"endTime":208.203,"body":"so that is the sonority"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":204.709,"endTime":208.203,"body":"that you want to hear."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":211.278,"endTime":213.09,"body":"Where do they come from,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":213.09,"endTime":215.04,"body":"where do get these chords,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":215.04,"endTime":219.0,"body":"and their associations, their"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":215.04,"endTime":219.0,"body":"expressive associations?"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":219.0,"endTime":221.67,"body":"They mainly come from opera,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":221.67,"endTime":226.29,"body":"and probably one of the first"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":221.67,"endTime":226.29,"body":"instances that we can find"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":226.29,"endTime":228.87,"body":"comes from an opera by Giovanni Legrenzi,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":228.87,"endTime":231.12,"body":"it's actually a popular aria"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":231.12,"endTime":233.79,"body":"which lots of singers have sung,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":233.79,"endTime":237.233,"body":"and it, amazingly, starts from that chord."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":240.335,"endTime":243.42,"body":"It's an aria about,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":243.42,"endTime":247.05,"body":"it's a complaint addressed to Cupid,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":247.05,"endTime":249.84,"body":"why are you tormenting me like this?"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":249.84,"endTime":253.56,"body":"How can you create all"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":249.84,"endTime":253.56,"body":"this torment for me?"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":253.56,"endTime":255.93,"body":"So it is something very tormented,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":255.93,"endTime":257.492,"body":"that's how it goes."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":257.492,"endTime":258.741,"body":"(dark piano music)"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":258.741,"endTime":260.962,"body":"♪ Che fiero costume ♪"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":260.962,"endTime":262.829,"body":"♪ D'aligero nume ♪"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":262.829,"endTime":265.79,"body":"♪ Che a forza di pene ♪"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":265.79,"endTime":267.54,"body":"- So just the very beginning"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":267.54,"endTime":271.053,"body":"is already extremely"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":267.54,"endTime":271.053,"body":"emotional and expressive."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":272.34,"endTime":274.98,"body":"If we take operas"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":274.98,"endTime":278.097,"body":"maybe of a composer that"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":274.98,"endTime":278.097,"body":"you've never heard about,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":278.097,"endTime":280.233,"body":"Johann Adolph Hasse,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":281.22,"endTime":282.51,"body":"and you will see then"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":282.51,"endTime":285.03,"body":"how ordinary people, so to speak,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":285.03,"endTime":286.503,"body":"use these chords."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":287.52,"endTime":289.26,"body":"These are a couple of recitatives,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":289.26,"endTime":291.81,"body":"and every one of them,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":291.81,"endTime":292.92,"body":"where this chord,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":292.92,"endTime":296.97,"body":"or this interval of"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":292.92,"endTime":296.97,"body":"diminished seventh appears,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":296.97,"endTime":300.66,"body":"has to do something with tears,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":300.66,"endTime":303.573,"body":"or with exclamation, with pain."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":304.41,"endTime":307.087,"body":"For example, the first one,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":307.087,"endTime":310.8,"body":"\"I'm going to find Fabrizio and cry,\""},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":310.8,"endTime":313.91,"body":"so if you could just give us a sense?"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":313.91,"endTime":317.243,"body":"(sorrowful piano music)"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":331.807,"endTime":335.67,"body":"\"O cara madre,\" \"Oh poor"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":331.807,"endTime":335.67,"body":"mother,\" \"Oh dear mother,\""},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":335.67,"endTime":339.19,"body":"so you have all these"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":335.67,"endTime":339.19,"body":"exclamations, and sighs, and tears"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":340.05,"endTime":341.223,"body":"in operas."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":342.27,"endTime":347.13,"body":"So this is all quite simple,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":342.27,"endTime":347.13,"body":"quite straightforward,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":347.13,"endTime":349.023,"body":"but at the same time as Hasse,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":349.86,"endTime":353.52,"body":"we have Bach as a contemporary of Hasse,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":353.52,"endTime":357.51,"body":"and Bach seems to have discovered"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":357.51,"endTime":359.7,"body":"the potential of the"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":357.51,"endTime":359.7,"body":"diminished seventh chord"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":359.7,"endTime":362.55,"body":"like nobody else has done,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":362.55,"endTime":364.563,"body":"he used it in so many ways,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":367.2,"endTime":371.853,"body":"I can't think of any other"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":367.2,"endTime":371.853,"body":"composer who has done that."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":372.9,"endTime":375.93,"body":"For example, there is this chorale,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":375.93,"endTime":377.497,"body":"the Lutheran chorale"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":377.497,"endTime":380.34,"body":"\"Durch Adams Fall ist ganz verderbt,\""},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":380.34,"endTime":382.683,"body":"which means that because"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":380.34,"endTime":382.683,"body":"of the fall of Adam,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":383.67,"endTime":386.793,"body":"the world is corrupt,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":383.67,"endTime":386.793,"body":"everything has been corrupted."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":388.53,"endTime":391.17,"body":"The melody of that chorale"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":388.53,"endTime":391.17,"body":"is on the top line,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":391.17,"endTime":393.75,"body":"but everything that happens underneath"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":393.75,"endTime":395.91,"body":"is kind of pictorial."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":395.91,"endTime":396.743,"body":"So first of all,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":396.743,"endTime":399.63,"body":"you have those intervals,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":399.63,"endTime":401.91,"body":"well, this is an organ piece originally,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":401.91,"endTime":402.84,"body":"so in the pedal,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":402.84,"endTime":406.19,"body":"you will have those diminished"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":402.84,"endTime":406.19,"body":"sevenths going down."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":408.939,"endTime":409.772,"body":"- [Peter] Would you like"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":408.939,"endTime":409.772,"body":"me to do the seventh?"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":409.772,"endTime":411.232,"body":"- [Marina] No, just separately."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":411.232,"endTime":414.149,"body":"(dark piano music)"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":419.61,"endTime":421.44,"body":"Very strange line,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":421.44,"endTime":423.96,"body":"it seems like Schoenberg has written it,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":423.96,"endTime":425.19,"body":"or something like that."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":425.19,"endTime":427.23,"body":"That represents Adam's fall,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":427.23,"endTime":428.52,"body":"and it's very strange,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":428.52,"endTime":431.61,"body":"it's very disturbing, in a sense."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":431.61,"endTime":433.05,"body":"Then, in the middle,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":433.05,"endTime":436.2,"body":"there is a kind of snaking line,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":436.2,"endTime":439.5,"body":"which might even be"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":436.2,"endTime":439.5,"body":"representing the serpent"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":439.5,"endTime":443.023,"body":"that was implicated in Adam's fall."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":443.023,"endTime":446.19,"body":"(snaking piano music)"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":451.77,"endTime":453.36,"body":"Yeah, so there's a snaking line,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":453.36,"endTime":454.62,"body":"and then there is the top line,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":454.62,"endTime":456.09,"body":"which is just the melody of a chorale,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":456.09,"endTime":458.25,"body":"and it's very simple."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":458.25,"endTime":460.353,"body":"So there's quite a lot of complexity."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":462.39,"endTime":464.01,"body":"I think, if people,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":464.01,"endTime":467.01,"body":"when they would have heard"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":464.01,"endTime":467.01,"body":"this music for the first time,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":467.01,"endTime":469.23,"body":"they would be extremely surprised,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":469.23,"endTime":472.71,"body":"because the harmony becomes very complex,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":472.71,"endTime":476.88,"body":"and it's really disturbed"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":472.71,"endTime":476.88,"body":"by these diminished sevenths"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":476.88,"endTime":478.167,"body":"which appear every now and again,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":478.167,"endTime":481.98,"body":"and kind of corrupt it, almost."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":481.98,"endTime":484.98,"body":"So if I can ask you to"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":481.98,"endTime":484.98,"body":"play us the whole piece,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":484.98,"endTime":486.21,"body":"it's a very beautiful piece,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":486.21,"endTime":490.89,"body":"it's in the arrangement by Busoni,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":490.89,"endTime":493.11,"body":"so it's a piano version,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":493.11,"endTime":494.61,"body":"and we'll just hear it complete."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":494.61,"endTime":495.853,"body":"- Yes, of course."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":495.853,"endTime":498.093,"body":"We should clarify, maybe,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":498.093,"endTime":500.94,"body":"that the original is an organ piece,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":500.94,"endTime":504.99,"body":"which Busoni was very,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":500.94,"endTime":504.99,"body":"very good at transcribing"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":504.99,"endTime":505.823,"body":"for the piano,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":505.823,"endTime":509.19,"body":"he did many, many of"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":505.823,"endTime":509.19,"body":"Bach's great organ works"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":509.19,"endTime":510.54,"body":"for piano solo,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":510.54,"endTime":512.49,"body":"and this is one of them,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":512.49,"endTime":514.29,"body":"a brilliant transcription."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":517.726,"endTime":520.893,"body":"(elegant piano music)"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":624.958,"endTime":626.163,"body":"- It's quite amazing."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":626.163,"endTime":626.999,"body":"(audience applauds)"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":626.999,"endTime":629.973,"body":"Thank you, thank you very much,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":629.973,"endTime":633.0,"body":"it's quite amazing, quite confusing."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":633.0,"endTime":635.193,"body":"Really, it's impossible to tell, I think,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":635.193,"endTime":638.7,"body":"that it was written at the"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":635.193,"endTime":638.7,"body":"beginning of the 18th century,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":638.7,"endTime":641.883,"body":"it's complex."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":643.86,"endTime":648.86,"body":"Bach used the chord also"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":643.86,"endTime":648.86,"body":"in a very dramatic way,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":649.918,"endTime":654.0,"body":"if you're thinking of exclamation,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":654.0,"endTime":657.03,"body":"or a chord that is really surprising you,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":657.03,"endTime":660.827,"body":"really gives you the jilt, makes you jump."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":663.72,"endTime":667.65,"body":"This is how he does it in"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":663.72,"endTime":667.65,"body":"his \"St. Matthew Passion,\""},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":667.65,"endTime":671.13,"body":"in the very important moment"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":671.13,"endTime":673.533,"body":"when Pontius Pilate asks the question,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":675.36,"endTime":677.19,"body":"who are we going to save,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":677.19,"endTime":680.28,"body":"is it Jesus or it going to be Barabbas?"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":680.28,"endTime":685.28,"body":"And the crowd chooses Barabbas to save,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":685.32,"endTime":686.82,"body":"and you will hear this chord,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":686.82,"endTime":687.72,"body":"it's very separate"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":687.72,"endTime":690.48,"body":"from everything that precedes"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":687.72,"endTime":690.48,"body":"it and that follows it,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":690.48,"endTime":692.073,"body":"it's extremely dramatic,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":693.84,"endTime":694.811,"body":"that's how it goes."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":694.811,"endTime":697.293,"body":"♪ Diesen zweien ♪"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":697.293,"endTime":702.29,"body":"♪ Den ich euch soll losgeben? ♪"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":702.29,"endTime":704.873,"body":"♪ Sie sprachen ♪"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":706.09,"endTime":709.501,"body":"♪ Barrabam ♪"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":706.09,"endTime":709.501,"body":"(discordant music)"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":709.501,"endTime":713.408,"body":"♪ Pilatus sprach zu ihnen ♪"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":713.408,"endTime":715.05,"body":"- It really stands out,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":715.05,"endTime":717.69,"body":"so I think there's a direct"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":715.05,"endTime":717.69,"body":"line from that moment"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":717.69,"endTime":719.97,"body":"to what you've just heard in \"King Kong,\""},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":719.97,"endTime":724.97,"body":"this really incredibly dramatic moment."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":726.9,"endTime":730.14,"body":"Another piece which is also astonishing,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":730.14,"endTime":731.85,"body":"I think possibly even more astonishing"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":731.85,"endTime":734.31,"body":"than the chorale prelude that we've heard,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":734.31,"endTime":738.03,"body":"is Bach's \"Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue,\""},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":738.03,"endTime":739.44,"body":"although we are, right now,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":739.44,"endTime":741.213,"body":"interested in the fantasia."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":744.18,"endTime":746.31,"body":"The title of it, chromatic,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":746.31,"endTime":747.51,"body":"already tells us"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":747.51,"endTime":750.78,"body":"that it will have a lot"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":747.51,"endTime":750.78,"body":"of these tonal colors,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":750.78,"endTime":752.58,"body":"and one of the most important colors"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":752.58,"endTime":753.99,"body":"is the diminished seventh,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":753.99,"endTime":756.843,"body":"and it is used here in all kinds of ways."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":757.8,"endTime":759.93,"body":"One way, for example, could be"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":759.93,"endTime":764.31,"body":"to make it into an extension"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":759.93,"endTime":764.31,"body":"of a dominant seventh chord"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":764.31,"endTime":765.723,"body":"so that you get a ninth,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":766.77,"endTime":767.641,"body":"if you could?"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":767.641,"endTime":770.808,"body":"(elegant piano music)"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":772.14,"endTime":777.12,"body":"So it sort of appears on top there."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":777.12,"endTime":781.59,"body":"Another way is to have several"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":777.12,"endTime":781.59,"body":"diminished chords in a row,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":781.59,"endTime":784.11,"body":"kind of snaking downwards,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":784.11,"endTime":789.11,"body":"and what that does is completely"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":784.11,"endTime":789.11,"body":"remove the sense of a key,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":789.78,"endTime":791.34,"body":"remove the sense of tonality,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":791.34,"endTime":793.74,"body":"so it disorientates us,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":793.74,"endTime":796.04,"body":"there's something woozy"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":793.74,"endTime":796.04,"body":"about it, isn't there?"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":797.543,"endTime":800.71,"body":"(strange piano music)"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":805.2,"endTime":808.65,"body":"There's also a dramatic turning point,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":808.65,"endTime":810.09,"body":"the use of it,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":810.09,"endTime":812.59,"body":"like in \"St. Matthew Passion.\""},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":812.59,"endTime":815.84,"body":"(dramatic piano music)"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":824.04,"endTime":826.05,"body":"Then it also can be used"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":826.05,"endTime":828.15,"body":"with a different melodic note,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":828.15,"endTime":829.71,"body":"an extra dissonance on top,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":829.71,"endTime":832.77,"body":"which becomes very plaintive,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":832.77,"endTime":834.51,"body":"it's like a sigh, like a lament,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":834.51,"endTime":837.393,"body":"but also incredibly expressive."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":838.556,"endTime":841.889,"body":"(plaintive piano music)"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":860.34,"endTime":864.6,"body":"And finally, another"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":860.34,"endTime":864.6,"body":"way that he can use it,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":864.6,"endTime":867.51,"body":"he can stay on that"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":864.6,"endTime":867.51,"body":"chord a very long time,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":867.51,"endTime":870.42,"body":"all that that is in yellow,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":870.42,"endTime":873.15,"body":"is basically an elaboration of this chord,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":873.15,"endTime":874.71,"body":"and while we are on it,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":874.71,"endTime":876.15,"body":"we don't know which key,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":876.15,"endTime":879.42,"body":"we've forgotten the key"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":876.15,"endTime":879.42,"body":"that we were in before,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":879.42,"endTime":884.42,"body":"so then that allows him to go"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":879.42,"endTime":884.42,"body":"somewhere else quite distant,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":885.03,"endTime":887.19,"body":"because we've already"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":885.03,"endTime":887.19,"body":"forgotten what they key was."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":887.19,"endTime":890.46,"body":"So it's way to completely mislead you"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":890.46,"endTime":892.68,"body":"and make you lose your way,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":892.68,"endTime":894.261,"body":"so maybe you could play that?"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":894.261,"endTime":897.428,"body":"(elegant piano music)"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":942.955,"endTime":946.38,"body":"We're going in all sorts"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":942.955,"endTime":946.38,"body":"directions, and all that,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":946.38,"endTime":947.73,"body":"because the diminished seventh"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":947.73,"endTime":950.043,"body":"kind of loosened us out of the key."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":951.57,"endTime":954.96,"body":"Now, I would like you to play"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":951.57,"endTime":954.96,"body":"the whole of the fantasia,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":954.96,"endTime":956.76,"body":"because it's such a marvelous piece,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":956.76,"endTime":960.48,"body":"and it definitely has"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":956.76,"endTime":960.48,"body":"this, I think, tragic,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":960.48,"endTime":963.24,"body":"a sense of tragedy as well,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":963.24,"endTime":968.24,"body":"because it condenses these chords"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":969.24,"endTime":972.777,"body":"to the point of almost"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":969.24,"endTime":972.777,"body":"unbearable intensity."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":974.697,"endTime":978.126,"body":"Let me just check that it works. Okay."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":978.126,"endTime":981.626,"body":"(intricate toccata music)"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1061.759,"endTime":1065.176,"body":"(reflective piano music)"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1152.746,"endTime":1155.913,"body":"(elegant piano music)"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1353.302,"endTime":1356.302,"body":"(audience applauds)"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1362.513,"endTime":1365.063,"body":"It's an extraordinary piece, isn't it."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1366.92,"endTime":1369.89,"body":"This is Bach's son, saying,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1369.89,"endTime":1371.667,"body":"many years later,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1371.667,"endTime":1374.817,"body":"\"No chord is more convenient"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1371.667,"endTime":1374.817,"body":"than the diminished seventh"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1374.817,"endTime":1378.027,"body":"\"as a means of reaching"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1374.817,"endTime":1378.027,"body":"the most distant key"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1378.027,"endTime":1382.22,"body":"\"more quickly and with"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1378.027,"endTime":1382.22,"body":"agreeable suddenness,\""},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1382.22,"endTime":1385.67,"body":"so obviously, he must have"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1382.22,"endTime":1385.67,"body":"learned a thing or two"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1385.67,"endTime":1387.14,"body":"from his father."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1387.14,"endTime":1388.31,"body":"And you would think,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1388.31,"endTime":1391.01,"body":"this is such an encyclopedia"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1388.31,"endTime":1391.01,"body":"of the use of this chord"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1391.01,"endTime":1395.06,"body":"that there was nothing for"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1391.01,"endTime":1395.06,"body":"Bach's followers to do."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1395.06,"endTime":1395.893,"body":"Well, thankfully,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1395.893,"endTime":1397.94,"body":"Bach's music was"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1395.893,"endTime":1397.94,"body":"forgotten for a long time,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1397.94,"endTime":1399.59,"body":"so they were discovering"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1399.59,"endTime":1402.05,"body":"the potential of the"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1399.59,"endTime":1402.05,"body":"diminished seventh chord"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1402.05,"endTime":1403.133,"body":"on their own."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1405.65,"endTime":1407.36,"body":"The next chapter of our lecture"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1407.36,"endTime":1409.76,"body":"is about two contexts"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1409.76,"endTime":1413.06,"body":"that scholars have identified"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1409.76,"endTime":1413.06,"body":"in 18th century music"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1413.06,"endTime":1416.81,"body":"in which this chord appears most,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1416.81,"endTime":1419.78,"body":"and they call them ombra, as in shadow,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1419.78,"endTime":1423.263,"body":"and tempesta, as in tempest or storm."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1426.32,"endTime":1428.543,"body":"The first word, you can see,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1429.5,"endTime":1432.83,"body":"refers to the supernatural,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1432.83,"endTime":1434.75,"body":"to the supernatural horrors"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1434.75,"endTime":1436.7,"body":"in which the 18th century"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1436.7,"endTime":1439.463,"body":"started taking more and more interest."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1440.33,"endTime":1442.25,"body":"And in particular,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1442.25,"endTime":1444.59,"body":"this is an ode to Shakespeare"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1444.59,"endTime":1447.17,"body":"by the composer William Boyce,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1447.17,"endTime":1449.27,"body":"and there is a moment hear,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1449.27,"endTime":1450.29,"body":"if we could just there,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1450.29,"endTime":1452.57,"body":"where that diminished seventh comes in,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1452.57,"endTime":1455.037,"body":"it comes in with the word,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1455.037,"endTime":1456.957,"body":"\"And terror with distorted mien"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1456.957,"endTime":1458.78,"body":"\"erects the hair and chills the blood,\""},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1458.78,"endTime":1461.177,"body":"you have these chords coming in."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1461.177,"endTime":1464.094,"body":"(dark piano music)"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1467.038,"endTime":1468.211,"body":"- [Peter] Would you like a bit more?"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1468.211,"endTime":1469.671,"body":"- A bit more, yeah."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1469.671,"endTime":1472.588,"body":"(dark piano music)"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1495.32,"endTime":1497.03,"body":"So it's interesting"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1497.03,"endTime":1502.03,"body":"that it is associated with"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1497.03,"endTime":1502.03,"body":"particularly those words,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1502.58,"endTime":1506.123,"body":"with terror and raised hair."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1507.2,"endTime":1509.78,"body":"We have quite a lot of theory about this"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1509.78,"endTime":1512.51,"body":"coming at the same time."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1512.51,"endTime":1516.59,"body":"For example, Edmund Burke writes about"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1516.59,"endTime":1518.57,"body":"the new aesthetic category"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1518.57,"endTime":1520.61,"body":"which he calls the sublime,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1520.61,"endTime":1524.06,"body":"something that is more"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1520.61,"endTime":1524.06,"body":"intense than the beautiful,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1524.06,"endTime":1527.48,"body":"something that exceeds our human scale,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1527.48,"endTime":1529.85,"body":"something that is so strong"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1529.85,"endTime":1533.54,"body":"that it excites our feelings"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1533.54,"endTime":1536.51,"body":"almost to an impossible degree."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1536.51,"endTime":1537.597,"body":"And this is what he says,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1537.597,"endTime":1539.277,"body":"\"Whatever is fitted in any sort"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1539.277,"endTime":1542.037,"body":"\"to excite the ideas of pain, of danger,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1542.037,"endTime":1542.87,"body":"\"that is to say,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1542.87,"endTime":1545.727,"body":"\"whatever is in any sort terrible,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1545.727,"endTime":1548.067,"body":"\"or is conversant about terrible objects,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1548.067,"endTime":1550.557,"body":"\"or operates in a manner"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1548.067,"endTime":1550.557,"body":"analogous to terror,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1550.557,"endTime":1552.687,"body":"\"is a source of the sublime,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1552.687,"endTime":1555.657,"body":"\"that is, it is productive"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1552.687,"endTime":1555.657,"body":"of the strongest emotion"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1555.657,"endTime":1559.31,"body":"\"which the mind is capable of feeling.\""},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1559.31,"endTime":1564.31,"body":"And another Scottish poet, James Beattie,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1564.59,"endTime":1567.26,"body":"writes a few years later"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1567.26,"endTime":1569.787,"body":"about that pleasing horror,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1569.787,"endTime":1574.28,"body":"\"which, when joined to words"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1569.787,"endTime":1574.28,"body":"descriptive of terrible ideas\""},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1574.28,"endTime":1578.843,"body":"music can invoke quite"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1574.28,"endTime":1578.843,"body":"effectively, effectually."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1579.98,"endTime":1583.49,"body":"So it's the idea that"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1579.98,"endTime":1583.49,"body":"horror can be pleasing,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1583.49,"endTime":1587.21,"body":"that it is something that"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1583.49,"endTime":1587.21,"body":"we're looking for in music."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1587.21,"endTime":1591.38,"body":"And I think probably one"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1587.21,"endTime":1591.38,"body":"of the ultimate expressions"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1591.38,"endTime":1594.62,"body":"of this ombra topic, ombra context"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1594.62,"endTime":1599.42,"body":"is the final scene of"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1594.62,"endTime":1599.42,"body":"Mozart's \"Don Giovanni,\""},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1599.42,"endTime":1602.75,"body":"where the statue finally comes for him,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1602.75,"endTime":1606.811,"body":"and it begins precisely with"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1602.75,"endTime":1606.811,"body":"a diminished seventh chord."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1606.811,"endTime":1611.144,"body":"(intense and dark orchestral music)"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1619.321,"endTime":1624.321,"body":"♪ Don Giovanni ♪"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1624.348,"endTime":1629.348,"body":"♪ A cenar teco ♪"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1630.64,"endTime":1634.223,"body":"♪ M'invitasti e son venuto ♪"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1641.371,"endTime":1646.11,"body":"♪ Non l'avrei giammai creduto ♪"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1646.11,"endTime":1650.879,"body":"♪ Ma faro quel che potro ♪"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1650.879,"endTime":1653.93,"body":"♪ Leporello, un altra cena ♪"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1653.93,"endTime":1657.898,"body":"♪ Fa che subito si porti ♪"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1657.898,"endTime":1659.986,"body":"♪ Ah padron ♪"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1659.986,"endTime":1662.678,"body":"♪ Ah padron, siam tutti morti ♪"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1662.678,"endTime":1665.319,"body":"♪ Vanne dico ♪"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1665.319,"endTime":1667.902,"body":"♪ Ferma un po' ♪"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1669.049,"endTime":1670.7,"body":"- Another one comes in."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1670.7,"endTime":1673.94,"body":"So it's full, of course,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1670.7,"endTime":1673.94,"body":"of other elements,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1673.94,"endTime":1675.47,"body":"such as the trombones,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1675.47,"endTime":1679.64,"body":"that introduce this very funereal rhythm,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1679.64,"endTime":1683.12,"body":"but the harmony and these"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1679.64,"endTime":1683.12,"body":"diminished seventh chords"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1683.12,"endTime":1687.713,"body":"play a great role in"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1683.12,"endTime":1687.713,"body":"intensifying this moment."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1690.65,"endTime":1693.083,"body":"And we also find"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1693.083,"endTime":1698.06,"body":"that that very capacity"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1693.083,"endTime":1698.06,"body":"of the diminished seventh"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1698.06,"endTime":1703.06,"body":"to make us forget what they key is,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1703.34,"endTime":1705.53,"body":"to lose all orientation,"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1705.53,"endTime":1708.2,"body":"is also being considered sublime."},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1708.2,"endTime":1710.81,"body":"This is the English"},{"speaker":"as the expressive chord of the time","startTime":1708.2,"endTime":1710.81,"body":"composer William Crotch"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1712.647,"endTime":1714.387,"body":"\"When the harmony and modulations"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1714.387,"endTime":1716.367,"body":"\"are learned and mysterious,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1716.367,"endTime":1717.927,"body":"\"when the ear is unable"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1717.927,"endTime":1720.987,"body":"\"to anticipate the transitions"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1717.927,"endTime":1720.987,"body":"from chord to chord"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1720.987,"endTime":1722.757,"body":"\"and from key to key,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1722.757,"endTime":1725.277,"body":"\"if the melody and measure are grave,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1725.277,"endTime":1727.55,"body":"\"the effect will be sublime.\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1727.55,"endTime":1729.5,"body":"I think we can refer this very much"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1729.5,"endTime":1732.68,"body":"to the \"Chromatic Fantasia\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1729.5,"endTime":1732.68,"body":"that you've played for us,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1732.68,"endTime":1734.57,"body":"because, although, probably,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1734.57,"endTime":1736.37,"body":"the word wouldn't have been used then,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1736.37,"endTime":1739.763,"body":"but it certainly answers this description."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1741.32,"endTime":1743.36,"body":"Now, if we talk about the other context,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1743.36,"endTime":1744.98,"body":"which is the storm,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1744.98,"endTime":1748.5,"body":"there are obviously natural storms"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1749.69,"endTime":1752.63,"body":"depicted in music extremely efficiently,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1752.63,"endTime":1756.32,"body":"for example in the \"Pastoral Symphony,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1756.32,"endTime":1761.06,"body":"where the storm actually"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1756.32,"endTime":1761.06,"body":"interrupts the previous movement,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1761.06,"endTime":1763.7,"body":"the previous movement"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1761.06,"endTime":1763.7,"body":"doesn't have an opportunity"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1763.7,"endTime":1765.593,"body":"to quite finish."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1768.97,"endTime":1772.803,"body":"(triumphant orchestral music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1774.36,"endTime":1777.693,"body":"(dark orchestral music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1799.731,"endTime":1803.231,"body":"(stormy orchestral music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1811.25,"endTime":1814.97,"body":"So, everything was lovely"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1811.25,"endTime":1814.97,"body":"in the previous movement,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1814.97,"endTime":1817.82,"body":"and suddenly, you really feel"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1814.97,"endTime":1817.82,"body":"like the clouds have darkened"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1817.82,"endTime":1820.04,"body":"and you get a bit of rain coming in,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1820.04,"endTime":1821.12,"body":"and then, finally,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1821.12,"endTime":1826.12,"body":"the thunder and lightning come in."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1826.67,"endTime":1828.32,"body":"And in Beethoven's pieces"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1828.32,"endTime":1832.13,"body":"which don't have necessarily"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1828.32,"endTime":1832.13,"body":"that pictorial title,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1832.13,"endTime":1833.57,"body":"so we don't know, for example,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1833.57,"endTime":1834.95,"body":"what \"Appassionata\" is about,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1834.95,"endTime":1836.603,"body":"it's not his own title,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1837.47,"endTime":1839.73,"body":"but we can compare to that"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1840.92,"endTime":1842.72,"body":"what we've just heard in the \"Pastoral\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1842.72,"endTime":1846.207,"body":"and I suppose deduce that, also,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1846.207,"endTime":1849.56,"body":"\"Appassionata\" has to do"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1846.207,"endTime":1849.56,"body":"something with a storm."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1849.56,"endTime":1852.59,"body":"It might be a storm of"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1849.56,"endTime":1852.59,"body":"emotions and feelings,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1852.59,"endTime":1856.04,"body":"not necessarily a natural occurrence,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1856.04,"endTime":1860.12,"body":"but it's the same kind of"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1856.04,"endTime":1860.12,"body":"thing that happens there."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1860.12,"endTime":1862.73,"body":"And I would like you to"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1860.12,"endTime":1862.73,"body":"play, also, the transition"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1862.73,"endTime":1867.32,"body":"from the unfinished,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1862.73,"endTime":1867.32,"body":"interrupted slow movement"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1867.32,"endTime":1868.387,"body":"to the finale."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1869.614,"endTime":1872.781,"body":"(elegant piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1915.423,"endTime":1918.34,"body":"(dark piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1938.653,"endTime":1940.76,"body":"I think it's extraordinary"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1940.76,"endTime":1944.21,"body":"how that chord is also voiced,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1944.21,"endTime":1946.538,"body":"it's quite an unpleasant sound, isn't it."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1946.538,"endTime":1948.86,"body":"(dark piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1948.86,"endTime":1951.8,"body":"I remember, my child had"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1948.86,"endTime":1951.8,"body":"it as an alarm clock,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1951.8,"endTime":1952.633,"body":"and I also thought"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1952.633,"endTime":1956.06,"body":"that was a very unpleasant"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1952.633,"endTime":1956.06,"body":"way to wake up in the morning,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1956.06,"endTime":1957.923,"body":"it'll definitely get you out of bed."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1960.14,"endTime":1963.02,"body":"There are a couple more ways"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1963.02,"endTime":1966.62,"body":"in which he uses the"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1963.02,"endTime":1966.62,"body":"chord later on as well,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1966.62,"endTime":1969.29,"body":"interrupting the music,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1969.29,"endTime":1970.43,"body":"sending us, again,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1970.43,"endTime":1975.43,"body":"into this strange sense of uncertainty."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1976.683,"endTime":1980.6,"body":"(darkly energetic piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":1999.53,"endTime":2002.83,"body":"And I think you have another one,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2002.83,"endTime":2005.758,"body":"where it also, once again,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2005.758,"endTime":2009.76,"body":"sounds like an interruption"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2005.758,"endTime":2009.76,"body":"of the flow of the stream,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2009.76,"endTime":2011.23,"body":"and every single time,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2011.23,"endTime":2013.607,"body":"it happens with the diminished seventh."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2013.607,"endTime":2016.774,"body":"(elegant piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2021.319,"endTime":2024.319,"body":"(eerie piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2049.979,"endTime":2052.829,"body":"(elegant piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2052.829,"endTime":2053.77,"body":"Yes, thank you very much."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2053.77,"endTime":2056.29,"body":"So you really can feel it,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2056.29,"endTime":2057.79,"body":"how everything stops,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2057.79,"endTime":2061.603,"body":"you're suspended, without the key,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2063.04,"endTime":2064.033,"body":"for a moment."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2065.35,"endTime":2068.51,"body":"I was looking for something more modern"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2069.49,"endTime":2072.52,"body":"that would also use this tempesta context,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2072.52,"endTime":2076.12,"body":"and I found a lovely"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2072.52,"endTime":2076.12,"body":"piece by Thea Musgrave,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2076.12,"endTime":2078.31,"body":"which is called \"Turbulent Landscapes,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2078.31,"endTime":2081.67,"body":"so it's actually based"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2078.31,"endTime":2081.67,"body":"on paintings by Turner,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2081.67,"endTime":2085.69,"body":"and each one of them is"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2081.67,"endTime":2085.69,"body":"turbulent in some way,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2085.69,"endTime":2090.69,"body":"and she uses this diminished"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2085.69,"endTime":2090.69,"body":"harmony almost throughout"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2090.79,"endTime":2092.41,"body":"in these pieces,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2092.41,"endTime":2095.433,"body":"and also, she uses a scale"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2095.433,"endTime":2098.53,"body":"that is associated with"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2095.433,"endTime":2098.53,"body":"this diminished harmony,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2098.53,"endTime":2101.59,"body":"and that scale is called"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2098.53,"endTime":2101.59,"body":"an octatonic scale."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2101.59,"endTime":2102.73,"body":"It's called octatonic"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2102.73,"endTime":2105.58,"body":"because it has eight notes in it."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2105.58,"endTime":2108.34,"body":"So if we half fill-in"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2108.34,"endTime":2111.01,"body":"every little bit of the"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2108.34,"endTime":2111.01,"body":"diminished seventh chord,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2111.01,"endTime":2112.433,"body":"we should be able to get it,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2112.433,"endTime":2114.585,"body":"if you can just play it?"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2114.585,"endTime":2118.002,"body":"(unsettling piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2121.12,"endTime":2123.4,"body":"Yeah, very strange scale, unusual scale,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2123.4,"endTime":2127.163,"body":"so you will hear it for"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2123.4,"endTime":2127.163,"body":"a moment in this piece,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2127.163,"endTime":2130.996,"body":"(unsettling orchestral music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2164.86,"endTime":2167.53,"body":"So it's called \"Sunrise"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2164.86,"endTime":2167.53,"body":"with Sea Monsters,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2167.53,"endTime":2168.58,"body":"I think, the sea monsters,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2168.58,"endTime":2170.11,"body":"she uses the tuba"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2170.11,"endTime":2172.807,"body":"to represent at least one of the monsters,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2172.807,"endTime":2176.2,"body":"and the tuba is playing"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2172.807,"endTime":2176.2,"body":"this strange scale."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2176.2,"endTime":2178.99,"body":"So you can see how that idea, that context"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2178.99,"endTime":2182.383,"body":"actually has survived"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2178.99,"endTime":2182.383,"body":"into the 21st century."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2183.49,"endTime":2186.07,"body":"Now, we are approaching"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2183.49,"endTime":2186.07,"body":"an interesting topic,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2186.07,"endTime":2188.62,"body":"which some of you might"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2186.07,"endTime":2188.62,"body":"have already predicted"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2188.62,"endTime":2192.283,"body":"that I will have to address."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2193.24,"endTime":2196.66,"body":"There is this common perception"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2196.66,"endTime":2198.97,"body":"that one of the intervals,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2198.97,"endTime":2201.043,"body":"or actually, there are two of them,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2201.043,"endTime":2205.983,"body":"if you show us how the interval"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2201.043,"endTime":2205.983,"body":"of the tritone is part,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2205.983,"endTime":2209.68,"body":"(eerie piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2209.68,"endTime":2211.473,"body":"is part of the dominant seventh,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2211.473,"endTime":2213.04,"body":"so then there is another one,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2213.04,"endTime":2214.49,"body":"kind of interlocking with it."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2215.674,"endTime":2218.674,"body":"(eerie piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2219.94,"endTime":2222.553,"body":"So you have two tritones together."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2223.94,"endTime":2224.995,"body":"(eerie piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2224.995,"endTime":2225.828,"body":"Yeah, exactly."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2230.02,"endTime":2232.18,"body":"People get excited about that"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2232.18,"endTime":2233.56,"body":"because they have this idea that,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2233.56,"endTime":2234.73,"body":"during the Middle Ages,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2234.73,"endTime":2238.84,"body":"this interval of a tritone"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2234.73,"endTime":2238.84,"body":"was a forbidden interval,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2238.84,"endTime":2240.1,"body":"and the reason for that"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2240.1,"endTime":2243.07,"body":"was that it was associated with the Devil,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2243.07,"endTime":2244.99,"body":"diabolus in musica."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2244.99,"endTime":2246.73,"body":"You must have heard that?"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2246.73,"endTime":2247.563,"body":"- Yes I have,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2247.563,"endTime":2252.48,"body":"I must actually tell a really"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2247.563,"endTime":2252.48,"body":"strange story about that."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2253.52,"endTime":2254.83,"body":"There is a comedian,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2254.83,"endTime":2257.38,"body":"who's a very intelligent,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2254.83,"endTime":2257.38,"body":"incredibly clever man,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2257.38,"endTime":2259.9,"body":"with an unbelievable musical brain,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2259.9,"endTime":2261.58,"body":"called Bill Bailey,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2261.58,"endTime":2264.43,"body":"I'm sure many of you"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2261.58,"endTime":2264.43,"body":"know him, or know of him."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2264.43,"endTime":2265.81,"body":"Apparently, we look alike,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2265.81,"endTime":2268.575,"body":"and we've never been seen"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2265.81,"endTime":2268.575,"body":"together in the same room, so."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2268.575,"endTime":2269.973,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2268.575,"endTime":2269.973,"body":"But anyway,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2270.88,"endTime":2272.59,"body":"he was interviewed on,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2272.59,"endTime":2274.51,"body":"I think it was \"GMTV,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2274.51,"endTime":2276.04,"body":"several years ago,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2276.04,"endTime":2278.62,"body":"in anticipation of a"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2276.04,"endTime":2278.62,"body":"tour that he was doing"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2278.62,"endTime":2280.78,"body":"that was around classical music,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2280.78,"endTime":2282.343,"body":"and the funny aspects of it,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2283.237,"endTime":2287.41,"body":"and he was trying to explain"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2283.237,"endTime":2287.41,"body":"to the people on \"GMTV\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2287.41,"endTime":2289.27,"body":"about the tritone,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2289.27,"endTime":2293.8,"body":"and I've never seen such an"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2289.27,"endTime":2293.8,"body":"expression of total blank,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2293.8,"endTime":2297.01,"body":"glazed-over faces"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2297.01,"endTime":2297.94,"body":"that he was greeted with,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2297.94,"endTime":2299.47,"body":"because they were very worried, obviously,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2299.47,"endTime":2302.38,"body":"that everyone would turn over onto BBC"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2302.38,"endTime":2304.28,"body":"because he was being too intellectual."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2305.17,"endTime":2307.93,"body":"But it was really very"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2305.17,"endTime":2307.93,"body":"interesting to actually discover,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2307.93,"endTime":2308.763,"body":"through Marina,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2308.763,"endTime":2310.18,"body":"that it's wrong,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2310.18,"endTime":2313.03,"body":"it's not the case that, in medieval times,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2313.03,"endTime":2315.97,"body":"the tritone was associated with the Devil."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2315.97,"endTime":2317.89,"body":"- Yes, people have been"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2315.97,"endTime":2317.89,"body":"looking really hard,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2317.89,"endTime":2319.87,"body":"looking through about 60 treatises,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2319.87,"endTime":2322.12,"body":"not in a single one of it"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2322.12,"endTime":2325.27,"body":"there is that association."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2325.27,"endTime":2329.11,"body":"There is a description of the tritone"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2329.11,"endTime":2331.09,"body":"as something very unpleasant,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2331.09,"endTime":2332.47,"body":"something very unpleasant to the ear,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2332.47,"endTime":2333.823,"body":"something to avoid,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2334.78,"endTime":2338.99,"body":"but the first time this phrase"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2334.78,"endTime":2338.99,"body":"diabolus in musica is used"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2338.99,"endTime":2340.78,"body":"is actually 1725,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2340.78,"endTime":2342.76,"body":"so well after the Middle Ages,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2342.76,"endTime":2346.63,"body":"and it's by a composer and theorist"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2346.63,"endTime":2348.1,"body":"who wrote a book on counterpoint"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2348.1,"endTime":2349.6,"body":"called Fux,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2349.6,"endTime":2351.25,"body":"and basically,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2351.25,"endTime":2356.207,"body":"he comes out with this little"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2351.25,"endTime":2356.207,"body":"pneumonic phrase for singers,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2356.207,"endTime":2360.46,"body":"\"Mi contra fa, diabolus in musica,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2360.46,"endTime":2364.0,"body":"so it's something to remind"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2360.46,"endTime":2364.0,"body":"them of what not to do"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2364.0,"endTime":2365.59,"body":"when they're singing."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2365.59,"endTime":2367.69,"body":"So maybe the phrase indeed existed,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2367.69,"endTime":2371.527,"body":"but it probably just was a joke, actually,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2371.527,"endTime":2373.9,"body":"the tritone didn't have to be forbidden"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2373.9,"endTime":2375.43,"body":"for that reason."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2375.43,"endTime":2377.2,"body":"They were trying to avoid it"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2377.2,"endTime":2381.52,"body":"precisely to avoid that"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2377.2,"endTime":2381.52,"body":"kind of unpleasant sound."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2381.52,"endTime":2383.59,"body":"And it is considered"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2383.59,"endTime":2386.693,"body":"the most dissonant interval that there is,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2386.693,"endTime":2389.59,"body":"the frequency ratio is quite high,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2389.59,"endTime":2390.97,"body":"so it is quite harsh,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2390.97,"endTime":2391.81,"body":"and this is why"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2391.81,"endTime":2396.16,"body":"people always represent car"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2391.81,"endTime":2396.16,"body":"horns, or something, in music"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2396.16,"endTime":2397.9,"body":"with a tritone,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2397.9,"endTime":2399.94,"body":"like Gershwin, I think,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2397.9,"endTime":2399.94,"body":"in \"American in Paris.\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2399.94,"endTime":2401.055,"body":"- [Peter] Yes, that's right."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2401.055,"endTime":2404.59,"body":"(dissonant piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2404.59,"endTime":2406.75,"body":"- Although your own car horn"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2406.75,"endTime":2408.25,"body":"is not actually tuned to the tritone,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2408.25,"endTime":2410.62,"body":"it's a minor third."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2410.62,"endTime":2412.33,"body":"But anyway, there's this perception"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2412.33,"endTime":2415.047,"body":"that it's the most dissonant"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2412.33,"endTime":2415.047,"body":"and the most unpleasant."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2415.047,"endTime":2417.04,"body":"- Do you mind if I just mention something"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2417.04,"endTime":2418.99,"body":"that's just occurred to me?"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2418.99,"endTime":2420.19,"body":"Britten's \"War Requiem,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2420.19,"endTime":2421.87,"body":"Benjamin Britten's \"War Requiem,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2421.87,"endTime":2425.26,"body":"which of course is in memoriam"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2425.26,"endTime":2427.87,"body":"of all the people who died"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2425.26,"endTime":2427.87,"body":"in the First World War,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2427.87,"endTime":2430.09,"body":"an incredibly tragic work,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2430.09,"endTime":2431.56,"body":"but there's this moment,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2431.56,"endTime":2434.02,"body":"which I think comes three times,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2434.02,"endTime":2436.955,"body":"where the choir sings something like this."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2436.955,"endTime":2438.652,"body":"I hope I get it right."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2438.652,"endTime":2442.069,"body":"(melancholy piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2444.522,"endTime":2446.665,"body":"And at that point, the tubular bells go."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2446.665,"endTime":2449.23,"body":"(dissonant tinkling music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2449.23,"endTime":2451.17,"body":"And eventually, it resolves onto this,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2451.17,"endTime":2452.003,"body":"(elegant piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2452.003,"endTime":2453.28,"body":"which is the end of the requiem."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2453.28,"endTime":2454.479,"body":"But this bell,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2454.479,"endTime":2455.59,"body":"(dissonant tinkling music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2455.59,"endTime":2459.149,"body":"which is exactly the tritone"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2455.59,"endTime":2459.149,"body":"that we're talking about,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2459.149,"endTime":2463.42,"body":"it's piercing, and so incredibly tragic"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2463.42,"endTime":2464.89,"body":"in the context,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2464.89,"endTime":2466.21,"body":"it's a wonderful moment."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2466.21,"endTime":2467.449,"body":"It just occurred to me"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2467.449,"endTime":2469.739,"body":"that I remember it well from my youth"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2469.739,"endTime":2471.79,"body":"as a fantastic representation"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2471.79,"endTime":2473.563,"body":"of the tragedy of war."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2475.18,"endTime":2478.84,"body":"- At some point, I think,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2475.18,"endTime":2478.84,"body":"in the 19th century,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2478.84,"endTime":2479.98,"body":"I'm not quite sure when,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2479.98,"endTime":2481.66,"body":"and probably from Fux,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2481.66,"endTime":2483.52,"body":"but composers started realizing"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2483.52,"endTime":2485.17,"body":"that it's associated with the Devil,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2485.17,"endTime":2486.61,"body":"and started actually using it"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2486.61,"endTime":2488.26,"body":"as a representation of the Devil,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2488.26,"endTime":2491.08,"body":"and the diminished seventh"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2488.26,"endTime":2491.08,"body":"chord also in that context,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2491.08,"endTime":2494.56,"body":"in particular related to Satan."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2494.56,"endTime":2496.12,"body":"One very famous example"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2496.12,"endTime":2499.961,"body":"is from Weber's opera \"Der Freischutz,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2499.961,"endTime":2502.54,"body":"where you have this Wolf's Glen scene,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2502.54,"endTime":2505.36,"body":"where magic bullets are made,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2505.36,"endTime":2508.57,"body":"and these are the bullets"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2505.36,"endTime":2508.57,"body":"which cannot miss their target,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2508.57,"endTime":2511.63,"body":"so obviously, they're made"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2508.57,"endTime":2511.63,"body":"with the help of the Devil."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2511.63,"endTime":2513.1,"body":"And there's this character,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2513.1,"endTime":2514.18,"body":"he's called Samiel,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2514.18,"endTime":2515.59,"body":"but actually, eventually,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2515.59,"endTime":2518.08,"body":"we realize that it's the Devil himself,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2518.08,"endTime":2520.09,"body":"and every time Samiel appears,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2520.09,"endTime":2523.09,"body":"you hear the tritone,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2520.09,"endTime":2523.09,"body":"and you hear a tremolo,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2523.09,"endTime":2524.59,"body":"and that diminished seventh chord,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2524.59,"endTime":2526.867,"body":"and it's the first ever"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2524.59,"endTime":2526.867,"body":"leitmotif in music,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2526.867,"endTime":2530.2,"body":"the first ever little snatch of music"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2530.2,"endTime":2533.29,"body":"that tells us exactly what is happening."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2533.29,"endTime":2536.325,"body":"So I just wanted to paly you"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2533.29,"endTime":2536.325,"body":"a little bit from that scene."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2536.325,"endTime":2539.742,"body":"♪ Mondes fiel aufs Kraut ♪"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2544.193,"endTime":2549.193,"body":"♪ Uhui, uhui ♪"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2544.193,"endTime":2549.193,"body":"(dissonant music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2549.822,"endTime":2553.822,"body":"♪ Spinnweb' ist mit Blut betaut ♪"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2560.714,"endTime":2565.714,"body":"♪ Uhui, uhui ♪"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2560.714,"endTime":2565.714,"body":"(dissonant music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2565.75,"endTime":2569.56,"body":"- Some kind of witches"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2565.75,"endTime":2569.56,"body":"shouting there the tritone."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2569.56,"endTime":2571.457,"body":"At the very same time,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2571.457,"endTime":2573.79,"body":"very close to that, 10 years later,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2573.79,"endTime":2576.64,"body":"we have Berlioz's \"Symphonie Fantastique,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2576.64,"endTime":2578.65,"body":"and in the finale,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2578.65,"endTime":2581.26,"body":"we have a Witches' Sabbath,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2581.26,"endTime":2583.93,"body":"also starting with a diminished seventh,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2583.93,"endTime":2586.45,"body":"and not just one,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2586.45,"endTime":2591.45,"body":"but a whole chain of them descending,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2593.02,"endTime":2593.86,"body":"like, I don't know,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2593.86,"endTime":2595.81,"body":"witches cackling with laughter,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2595.81,"endTime":2597.746,"body":"or something like that."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2597.746,"endTime":2601.079,"body":"(dark orchestral music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2621.886,"endTime":2624.01,"body":"Again, very disjointed music,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2624.01,"endTime":2626.5,"body":"they're just gathering for the sabbath,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2626.5,"endTime":2629.77,"body":"but you feel that something"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2626.5,"endTime":2629.77,"body":"really, really evil"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2629.77,"endTime":2631.183,"body":"is happening there."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2632.74,"endTime":2634.66,"body":"I should have shown this first,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2634.66,"endTime":2635.8,"body":"these are the tritones,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2635.8,"endTime":2639.88,"body":"how they are formed within"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2635.8,"endTime":2639.88,"body":"the diminished seventh chord,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2639.88,"endTime":2642.1,"body":"and these are our people"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2642.1,"endTime":2647.1,"body":"who came up with this"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2642.1,"endTime":2647.1,"body":"idea in the 18th century."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2647.44,"endTime":2649.543,"body":"One of them, actually, Mattheson, says,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2650.657,"endTime":2652.907,"body":"\"Older singers called"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2650.657,"endTime":2652.907,"body":"this pleasant interval"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2652.907,"endTime":2654.25,"body":"\"the devil in music,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2654.25,"endTime":2656.05,"body":"and you wonder,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2656.05,"endTime":2657.49,"body":"he might have been sarcastic,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2657.49,"endTime":2660.19,"body":"we don't know how to read these treatises,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2660.19,"endTime":2662.533,"body":"or maybe he considered it pleasant,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2664.06,"endTime":2668.26,"body":"but it might have been"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2664.06,"endTime":2668.26,"body":"described as hostile to nature,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2668.26,"endTime":2669.64,"body":"annoying and irritating,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2669.64,"endTime":2671.413,"body":"but not as the devil."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2672.49,"endTime":2676.84,"body":"Once again, if we even go"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2672.49,"endTime":2676.84,"body":"later on into the 20th century,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2676.84,"endTime":2678.52,"body":"this association just stays,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2678.52,"endTime":2680.74,"body":"so you have a piece by George Crumb"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2680.74,"endTime":2683.222,"body":"which is called \"Devil-music.\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2683.222,"endTime":2686.139,"body":"(unsettling music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2697.72,"endTime":2701.713,"body":"So violins and electronics"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2697.72,"endTime":2701.713,"body":"making it even more unpleasant."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2704.92,"endTime":2706.75,"body":"Now, we finally come to Liszt,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2706.75,"endTime":2710.65,"body":"and this is a particularly"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2706.75,"endTime":2710.65,"body":"interesting thread"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2710.65,"endTime":2711.76,"body":"in Liszt's works,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2711.76,"endTime":2716.5,"body":"because he wrote a lot of"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2711.76,"endTime":2716.5,"body":"works about Mephistopheles,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2716.5,"endTime":2719.77,"body":"there are at least four Mephisto waltzes,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2719.77,"endTime":2721.96,"body":"there's a Mephisto polka,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2721.96,"endTime":2724.75,"body":"there's a Faust symphony,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2724.75,"endTime":2726.49,"body":"there is a B minor sonata"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2726.49,"endTime":2730.33,"body":"which seems to be also"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2726.49,"endTime":2730.33,"body":"connected to that idea,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2730.33,"endTime":2732.1,"body":"so there's a whole lot of them."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2732.1,"endTime":2733.9,"body":"And he starts,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2733.9,"endTime":2736.81,"body":"the first time he uses this tritone"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2736.81,"endTime":2737.95,"body":"and diminished harmony"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2737.95,"endTime":2738.94,"body":"for the Devil"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2738.94,"endTime":2743.267,"body":"is in his fantaisie on \"Robert le Diable,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2743.267,"endTime":2744.52,"body":"\"Robert the Devil,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2744.52,"endTime":2745.78,"body":"another Meyerbeer opera,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2745.78,"endTime":2747.343,"body":"again around,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2749.38,"endTime":2752.263,"body":"I think it should be"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2749.38,"endTime":2752.263,"body":"'31, actually, not '41."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2754.328,"endTime":2757.245,"body":"(dark piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2765.94,"endTime":2767.08,"body":"So, very striking beginning."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2767.08,"endTime":2768.64,"body":"It's not actually in the opera,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2768.64,"endTime":2769.813,"body":"he makes it much worse."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2772.75,"endTime":2776.92,"body":"I think it might have been something"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2776.92,"endTime":2778.54,"body":"almost autobiographical,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2778.54,"endTime":2782.14,"body":"because both his virtuoso"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2778.54,"endTime":2782.14,"body":"predecessor, Paganini,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2782.14,"endTime":2784.21,"body":"the virtuoso violinist,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2784.21,"endTime":2788.56,"body":"and Liszt, who was so exceptionally"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2784.21,"endTime":2788.56,"body":"virtuosic on the piano,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2788.56,"endTime":2789.63,"body":"they were compared to the Devil,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2789.63,"endTime":2790.66,"body":"it was felt"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2790.66,"endTime":2792.88,"body":"that there was something"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2790.66,"endTime":2792.88,"body":"supernatural about their playing."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2792.88,"endTime":2796.03,"body":"You can see that both Robert"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2792.88,"endTime":2796.03,"body":"Schumann and Clara Schumann"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2796.03,"endTime":2798.767,"body":"describe him as the demon,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2798.767,"endTime":2800.837,"body":"\"The demon's power began to awake,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2800.837,"endTime":2803.477,"body":"\"he first toyed with the"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2800.837,"endTime":2803.477,"body":"public as if to test it"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2803.477,"endTime":2805.427,"body":"\"then gave it something more profound,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2805.427,"endTime":2808.787,"body":"\"until every single listener"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2805.427,"endTime":2808.787,"body":"was drawn up into his art,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2808.787,"endTime":2810.767,"body":"\"and then the entire mass of the audience"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2810.767,"endTime":2812.147,"body":"\"began to rise and fall"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2812.147,"endTime":2815.057,"body":"\"exactly in accordance with his will."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2815.057,"endTime":2816.437,"body":"\"With the exception of Paganini,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2816.437,"endTime":2818.357,"body":"\"I have never encountered any artist"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2818.357,"endTime":2820.757,"body":"\"who possessed to such a high degree"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2820.757,"endTime":2823.787,"body":"\"Liszt's powers of subjugating, elevating,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2823.787,"endTime":2825.13,"body":"\"and leading the public,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2825.13,"endTime":2827.47,"body":"so they really felt it was demonic power."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2827.47,"endTime":2828.4,"body":"And Clara Schumann,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2828.4,"endTime":2832.06,"body":"who really disliked him,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2828.4,"endTime":2832.06,"body":"I think, quite a lot,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2832.06,"endTime":2833.117,"body":"had to admit as well,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2833.117,"endTime":2834.107,"body":"\"He played, as always"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2834.107,"endTime":2836.207,"body":"\"with a truly demonic bravura."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2836.207,"endTime":2838.727,"body":"\"He lorded it over the piano like a devil,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2838.727,"endTime":2841.6,"body":"\"I know no other way to express it.\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2841.6,"endTime":2845.29,"body":"So I think he was aware"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2841.6,"endTime":2845.29,"body":"that this was happening,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2845.29,"endTime":2847.33,"body":"and possibly,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2847.33,"endTime":2852.33,"body":"some of his struggles were"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2847.33,"endTime":2852.33,"body":"represented in music as well,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2852.61,"endTime":2853.87,"body":"because, as you might know,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2853.87,"endTime":2858.25,"body":"he later ended up being a minor cleric,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2858.25,"endTime":2859.69,"body":"a religious figure,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2859.69,"endTime":2861.64,"body":"and wearing religious dress,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2861.64,"endTime":2865.423,"body":"so he certainly was torn"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2861.64,"endTime":2865.423,"body":"between Heaven and Hell."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2866.8,"endTime":2867.82,"body":"Some of these struggles"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2867.82,"endTime":2871.81,"body":"are represented in his"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2867.82,"endTime":2871.81,"body":"amazing, extremely long work,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2871.81,"endTime":2874.477,"body":"which is his \"Piano Sonata in D Minor,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2875.62,"endTime":2877.78,"body":"and there is a theme,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2877.78,"endTime":2880.63,"body":"although, again, there is no title there,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2880.63,"endTime":2883.09,"body":"it doesn't tell us that"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2880.63,"endTime":2883.09,"body":"it's Mephistopheles,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2883.09,"endTime":2884.14,"body":"or that it's devilish,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2884.14,"endTime":2886.6,"body":"but we can guess, can't we,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2886.6,"endTime":2888.413,"body":"if you could give us a sense of it."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2890.89,"endTime":2893.807,"body":"(dark piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2921.46,"endTime":2925.693,"body":"Lots of diminished seventh"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2921.46,"endTime":2925.693,"body":"chords thrown in there,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2927.16,"endTime":2931.392,"body":"I put circles round them all."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2931.392,"endTime":2934.813,"body":"And on the very last page,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2935.77,"endTime":2936.82,"body":"it's a very long work,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2936.82,"endTime":2938.293,"body":"I can't remember how long."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2939.443,"endTime":2940.74,"body":"- [Peter] 31 1/2 minutes."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2940.74,"endTime":2942.424,"body":"- [Marina] 31 1/2 minutes,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2942.424,"endTime":2944.943,"body":"so it depends on how fast you play."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2944.943,"endTime":2945.776,"body":"- [Peter] Depends on who's playing it."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2948.01,"endTime":2949.66,"body":"- [Marina] But up to the last page,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2949.66,"endTime":2950.98,"body":"even on the last page,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2950.98,"endTime":2954.97,"body":"you still get a little bit"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2950.98,"endTime":2954.97,"body":"of that Mephistopheles theme"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2954.97,"endTime":2955.803,"body":"in the harmony,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2955.803,"endTime":2957.19,"body":"and then, after that,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2957.19,"endTime":2959.41,"body":"only that last two lines,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2959.41,"endTime":2961.15,"body":"there are just pure triads,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2961.15,"endTime":2964.69,"body":"which are supposed to be"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2961.15,"endTime":2964.69,"body":"more religious and heavenly."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2964.69,"endTime":2966.16,"body":"- [Peter] Yes, it's a resolution"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2966.16,"endTime":2967.91,"body":"of the conflict of the whole piece."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2970.316,"endTime":2973.649,"body":"(consonant piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":2999.343,"endTime":3002.523,"body":"- So you think that there is a resolution?"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3003.363,"endTime":3006.382,"body":"- I really like to think so, yeah."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3006.382,"endTime":3009.0,"body":"There's a massive climax"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3006.382,"endTime":3009.0,"body":"earlier on in the piece,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3009.0,"endTime":3010.89,"body":"on the diminished seventh,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3010.89,"endTime":3014.22,"body":"it really makes a very big"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3010.89,"endTime":3014.22,"body":"point of the actual harmony."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3014.22,"endTime":3015.118,"body":"May I play it?"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3015.118,"endTime":3015.951,"body":"- Yeah, sure."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3015.951,"endTime":3017.37,"body":"- It's just a few seconds."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3017.37,"endTime":3020.37,"body":"(grand piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3042.84,"endTime":3047.55,"body":"So that's absolutely the pinnacle"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3042.84,"endTime":3047.55,"body":"of that part of the piece."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3050.73,"endTime":3052.89,"body":"- And of course, like"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3050.73,"endTime":3052.89,"body":"in the \"Faust Symphony,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3052.89,"endTime":3055.08,"body":"where there is actually a movement"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3055.08,"endTime":3057.27,"body":"which is called \"Mephistopheles,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3057.27,"endTime":3062.27,"body":"that also begins in the same way."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3062.849,"endTime":3066.182,"body":"(dark orchestral music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3072.9,"endTime":3074.61,"body":"Again, this laughter,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3074.61,"endTime":3075.783,"body":"demonic laughter."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3077.43,"endTime":3079.89,"body":"Now, we're moving to the augmented triad,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3079.89,"endTime":3081.69,"body":"and this is going to be"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3079.89,"endTime":3081.69,"body":"a much shorter chapter"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3081.69,"endTime":3084.69,"body":"because it hasn't been used for so long."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3084.69,"endTime":3087.69,"body":"And in fact, a lot of people,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3087.69,"endTime":3089.31,"body":"when, even, they recognized"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3089.31,"endTime":3093.453,"body":"that there was a theoretical"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3089.31,"endTime":3093.453,"body":"possibility to get this triad,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3094.853,"endTime":3097.26,"body":"it appears in the minor,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3097.26,"endTime":3098.73,"body":"like in C minor,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3098.73,"endTime":3101.13,"body":"it would be note three of the chord,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3101.13,"endTime":3102.483,"body":"so it's kind of there."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3104.04,"endTime":3107.22,"body":"But it was not used very much,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3107.22,"endTime":3108.453,"body":"and they referred to it"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3108.453,"endTime":3111.3,"body":"as a chord of extraordinary hardness,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3111.3,"endTime":3113.82,"body":"as sharp musical spice,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3113.82,"endTime":3117.03,"body":"and also, as one theorist said,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3117.03,"endTime":3119.43,"body":"something quite useless,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3119.43,"endTime":3123.12,"body":"so they were not very keen on using it,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3123.12,"endTime":3125.13,"body":"with the exception of Haydn,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3125.13,"endTime":3127.41,"body":"because Haydn would try anything,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3127.41,"endTime":3130.44,"body":"we've played so many examples from Haydn"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3130.44,"endTime":3131.49,"body":"for various things,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3131.49,"endTime":3133.11,"body":"he really experiments with things."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3133.11,"endTime":3135.153,"body":"So in one of the string quartets,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3136.05,"endTime":3138.24,"body":"in the trio of the minuet, of all places,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3138.24,"endTime":3141.72,"body":"which is supposed to be"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3138.24,"endTime":3141.72,"body":"extremely simple music,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3141.72,"endTime":3144.813,"body":"but you have this augmented triad,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3145.65,"endTime":3148.56,"body":"which maybe you can give us first"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3148.56,"endTime":3150.51,"body":"what it actually sounds like."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3150.51,"endTime":3151.65,"body":"- [Peter] An augmented triad?"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3151.65,"endTime":3153.135,"body":"- Yeah, any."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3153.135,"endTime":3154.604,"body":"(strange piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3154.604,"endTime":3157.41,"body":"Yeah, so there are two"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3154.604,"endTime":3157.41,"body":"big thirds stuck together,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3157.41,"endTime":3158.93,"body":"so it's more than a fifth,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3158.93,"endTime":3161.1,"body":"so it's a kind of augmented fifth"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3161.1,"endTime":3163.14,"body":"rather than a diminished one,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3163.14,"endTime":3166.803,"body":"so a very strange sounding chord."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3167.91,"endTime":3170.52,"body":"They actually show you when it happens,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3170.52,"endTime":3172.5,"body":"it's a kind of painful moment,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3172.5,"endTime":3176.13,"body":"with a little bit of an"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3172.5,"endTime":3176.13,"body":"extra melodic note added in,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3176.13,"endTime":3178.44,"body":"and then the second time"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3176.13,"endTime":3178.44,"body":"that kind of music comes in,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3178.44,"endTime":3180.12,"body":"it's actually a diminished seventh,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3180.12,"endTime":3183.21,"body":"so as if Haydn knew what"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3180.12,"endTime":3183.21,"body":"lecture I was going to,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3183.21,"endTime":3184.86,"body":"so he has both augmented triad"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3184.86,"endTime":3185.693,"body":"and then diminished seventh,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3185.693,"endTime":3187.35,"body":"and he comes back to that."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3187.35,"endTime":3189.24,"body":"And every time that that happens,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3189.24,"endTime":3190.774,"body":"you will notice it."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3190.774,"endTime":3193.857,"body":"(dark strings music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3219.0,"endTime":3221.511,"body":"There's the diminished seventh."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3221.511,"endTime":3224.594,"body":"(dark strings music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3231.383,"endTime":3234.053,"body":"They're really making a meal out of it."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3235.377,"endTime":3237.09,"body":"So that is a very strange,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3237.09,"endTime":3240.333,"body":"but quite an isolated example."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3242.64,"endTime":3246.15,"body":"Even as late as 1850,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3246.15,"endTime":3248.017,"body":"one of the theorists, A.B. Marx, said,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3248.017,"endTime":3250.207,"body":"\"If we take the major"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3248.017,"endTime":3250.207,"body":"triad and raise the fifth,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3250.207,"endTime":3252.247,"body":"\"we're confronted by the shrill sound"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3252.247,"endTime":3253.627,"body":"\"of the augmented triad."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3253.627,"endTime":3256.807,"body":"\"No one has ever dared to"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3253.627,"endTime":3256.807,"body":"use several of these triads"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3256.807,"endTime":3258.667,"body":"\"in succession,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3258.667,"endTime":3261.687,"body":"\"and we should do nothing"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3258.667,"endTime":3261.687,"body":"to encourage this.\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3263.28,"endTime":3265.59,"body":"So sure enough, Liszt,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3265.59,"endTime":3266.73,"body":"three years later,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3266.73,"endTime":3268.473,"body":"does exactly the same thing."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3270.474,"endTime":3274.391,"body":"(dark and chaotic piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3281.82,"endTime":3284.553,"body":"So that's quite an"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3281.82,"endTime":3284.553,"body":"extraordinarily horrible noise."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3286.71,"endTime":3290.13,"body":"So it was particularly loved,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3290.13,"endTime":3291.75,"body":"this idea of using this chord,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3291.75,"endTime":3293.19,"body":"and was proud of it."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3293.19,"endTime":3295.387,"body":"He actually wrote about it,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3295.387,"endTime":3297.577,"body":"\"The augmented triad was"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3295.387,"endTime":3297.577,"body":"still something remarkable"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3297.577,"endTime":3298.41,"body":"\"at the time."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3298.41,"endTime":3301.137,"body":"\"Wagner had used these"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3298.41,"endTime":3301.137,"body":"chords for the Venusberg,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3301.137,"endTime":3302.46,"body":"in \"Tannhauser,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3302.46,"endTime":3304.807,"body":"actually, there's not much there,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3304.807,"endTime":3308.34,"body":"\"but I had written them for the"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3304.807,"endTime":3308.34,"body":"first time already in 1841,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3308.34,"endTime":3310.89,"body":"so there was a little bit"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3308.34,"endTime":3310.89,"body":"of competition going on"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3310.89,"endTime":3313.057,"body":"of who would use this chord."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3313.057,"endTime":3315.757,"body":"\"This brought much adverse"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3313.057,"endTime":3315.757,"body":"criticism upon me,\" he says,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3315.757,"endTime":3317.707,"body":"\"but I didn't trouble over the matter.\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3320.97,"endTime":3322.56,"body":"The first time,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3322.56,"endTime":3325.68,"body":"in '41, he mentions the 1841,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3325.68,"endTime":3328.74,"body":"he actually uses it very prominently"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3328.74,"endTime":3330.39,"body":"as a kind of individual chord,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3330.39,"endTime":3331.803,"body":"not connected to anything,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3333.78,"endTime":3337.68,"body":"something that occupies a whole bar."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3337.68,"endTime":3340.2,"body":"And it's in Liszt's Petrarch sonnet,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3340.2,"endTime":3342.66,"body":"which first appears as a song,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3342.66,"endTime":3345.36,"body":"later on, he turns it into a piano piece."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3345.36,"endTime":3347.28,"body":"And the text of that sonnet,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3347.28,"endTime":3348.33,"body":"it's about love,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3348.33,"endTime":3353.16,"body":"how love completely tears"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3348.33,"endTime":3353.16,"body":"you apart, infatuation,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3353.16,"endTime":3353.993,"body":"he says,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3353.993,"endTime":3356.287,"body":"\"I find no peace but have no war to wage,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3356.287,"endTime":3359.07,"body":"\"I fear, I hope, I burn,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3356.287,"endTime":3359.07,"body":"and turn into ice,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3359.07,"endTime":3362.57,"body":"so you're kind of torn into"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3359.07,"endTime":3362.57,"body":"these different directions,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3365.31,"endTime":3368.763,"body":"and I think that's what it"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3365.31,"endTime":3368.763,"body":"probably is associated with."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3370.374,"endTime":3373.374,"body":"(sweet piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3400.255,"endTime":3403.08,"body":"So you can see how it can be beautiful,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3403.08,"endTime":3407.4,"body":"but it still creates this"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3403.08,"endTime":3407.4,"body":"moment of strangeness."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3407.4,"endTime":3409.44,"body":"And most famously,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3409.44,"endTime":3413.097,"body":"he used that chord at the"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3409.44,"endTime":3413.097,"body":"beginning of his \"Faust Symphony.\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3413.94,"endTime":3416.1,"body":"Amazingly, even back in the 18th century,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3416.1,"endTime":3418.02,"body":"one of the theorists says that,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3418.02,"endTime":3419.88,"body":"although it's a very unpleasant sound,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3419.88,"endTime":3423.63,"body":"but it would be good to use"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3423.63,"endTime":3426.87,"body":"in the context of death,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3423.63,"endTime":3426.87,"body":"suffering, and doubt,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3426.87,"endTime":3428.85,"body":"and I like that doubt"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3428.85,"endTime":3431.49,"body":"is one of the things that"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3428.85,"endTime":3431.49,"body":"he wants to use it for."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3431.49,"endTime":3432.54,"body":"Liszt, of course,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3432.54,"endTime":3437.37,"body":"uses it exactly for Faust's"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3432.54,"endTime":3437.37,"body":"doubts and questions."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3437.37,"endTime":3439.2,"body":"And it's an extraordinary beginning,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3439.2,"endTime":3440.22,"body":"I will play it,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3440.22,"endTime":3443.07,"body":"the first 12 notes are all different."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3443.07,"endTime":3447.93,"body":"So basically, he uses"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3443.07,"endTime":3447.93,"body":"up four of these triads,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3447.93,"endTime":3449.13,"body":"four times three,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3449.13,"endTime":3451.923,"body":"he uses up all the notes"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3449.13,"endTime":3451.923,"body":"of the chromatic scale."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3453.731,"endTime":3457.481,"body":"(reflective classical music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3475.68,"endTime":3478.32,"body":"There is no key in this passage at all,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3478.32,"endTime":3480.72,"body":"because, again, just like"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3478.32,"endTime":3480.72,"body":"a diminished seventh chord,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3480.72,"endTime":3483.003,"body":"it gives us this sense of strangeness."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3484.59,"endTime":3487.38,"body":"The next person to use"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3484.59,"endTime":3487.38,"body":"all 12 notes like that"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3487.38,"endTime":3488.213,"body":"was Schoenberg,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3489.48,"endTime":3494.0,"body":"so Liszt really does"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3489.48,"endTime":3494.0,"body":"some amazing experiments"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3495.12,"endTime":3496.443,"body":"in that regard."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3497.49,"endTime":3500.79,"body":"Liszt communicated very"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3497.49,"endTime":3500.79,"body":"much with Russian composers,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3500.79,"endTime":3502.89,"body":"who learned a lot from him,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3502.89,"endTime":3505.32,"body":"and he learned a lot from them,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3505.32,"endTime":3508.77,"body":"so there was a kind of going"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3505.32,"endTime":3508.77,"body":"back and forth between them."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3508.77,"endTime":3512.25,"body":"And Russian composers"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3508.77,"endTime":3512.25,"body":"starting using this triad"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3512.25,"endTime":3513.87,"body":"as part of something"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3513.87,"endTime":3517.2,"body":"that we associate very much"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3513.87,"endTime":3517.2,"body":"with the Russian harmony,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3517.2,"endTime":3518.43,"body":"you will recognize"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3518.43,"endTime":3523.11,"body":"this sliding from major"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3518.43,"endTime":3523.11,"body":"to minor, and back."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3523.11,"endTime":3524.49,"body":"If you could give us a little bit"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3524.49,"endTime":3525.89,"body":"of that \"Scheherazade\" tune?"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3527.967,"endTime":3530.967,"body":"(sweet piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3538.406,"endTime":3540.246,"body":"We're in the minor now."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3540.246,"endTime":3543.663,"body":"(reflective piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3550.43,"endTime":3552.21,"body":"So that sounds, to a lot of people,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3552.21,"endTime":3553.65,"body":"like very Russian music,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3553.65,"endTime":3557.1,"body":"because they used this"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3553.65,"endTime":3557.1,"body":"pattern, basically, to death,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3557.1,"endTime":3558.84,"body":"in almost every piece."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3558.84,"endTime":3560.07,"body":"In almost every theme"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3560.07,"endTime":3561.78,"body":"where they wanted to"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3560.07,"endTime":3561.78,"body":"create a Russian style,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3561.78,"endTime":3563.25,"body":"they would go from major to minor"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3563.25,"endTime":3564.57,"body":"via the augmented triad,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3564.57,"endTime":3566.25,"body":"and then, very often, back,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3566.25,"endTime":3569.223,"body":"also via the augmented triad."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3571.02,"endTime":3575.793,"body":"Just coming back to Liszt's"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3571.02,"endTime":3575.793,"body":"sonata for a moment,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3576.66,"endTime":3580.08,"body":"I wanted to introduce a moment"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3580.08,"endTime":3582.06,"body":"when the augmented triad is used"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3582.06,"endTime":3584.67,"body":"as part of a very special chord,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3584.67,"endTime":3586.17,"body":"a kind of portal"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3586.17,"endTime":3587.82,"body":"that transfers us"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3587.82,"endTime":3592.08,"body":"from one part of a"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3587.82,"endTime":3592.08,"body":"sonata into another one,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3592.08,"endTime":3594.33,"body":"in a very unusual way."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3594.33,"endTime":3598.11,"body":"This is actually a dominant"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3594.33,"endTime":3598.11,"body":"seventh with a raised fifth,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3598.11,"endTime":3599.82,"body":"so the augmented triad"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3599.82,"endTime":3603.0,"body":"is kind of part of the"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3599.82,"endTime":3603.0,"body":"dominant seventh chord."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3603.0,"endTime":3605.28,"body":"But the point is"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3605.28,"endTime":3610.14,"body":"that it shouldn't be in the"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3605.28,"endTime":3610.14,"body":"key where we're starting from,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3610.14,"endTime":3611.13,"body":"which is G minor,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3611.13,"endTime":3612.993,"body":"so it shouldn't be there,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3614.37,"endTime":3616.083,"body":"it appears in a magical way."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3618.562,"endTime":3621.729,"body":"(elegant piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3651.96,"endTime":3654.33,"body":"So that absolutely magical moment,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3654.33,"endTime":3655.773,"body":"and once again,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3658.11,"endTime":3659.64,"body":"this is called enharmonicism,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3659.64,"endTime":3663.06,"body":"where one chord is completely renamed,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3663.06,"endTime":3663.893,"body":"all the notes,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3663.893,"endTime":3666.33,"body":"you can see here in his manuscript,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3666.33,"endTime":3669.54,"body":"they all had flats,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3669.54,"endTime":3671.49,"body":"and the next chord has all sharps,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3671.49,"endTime":3672.69,"body":"and even double sharps,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3672.69,"endTime":3677.69,"body":"so everything morphs into something else"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3678.21,"endTime":3680.07,"body":"that is useful for a distant key."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3680.07,"endTime":3684.57,"body":"So again, this is what"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3680.07,"endTime":3684.57,"body":"he uses these chords for,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3684.57,"endTime":3688.35,"body":"again, moments of"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3684.57,"endTime":3688.35,"body":"sublimity, sublime beauty,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3688.35,"endTime":3692.223,"body":"and very unusual modulation."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3694.95,"endTime":3696.0,"body":"Late in life,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3696.0,"endTime":3698.61,"body":"Liszt tried even to write pieces"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3698.61,"endTime":3701.94,"body":"where the chord almost becomes a tonic,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3701.94,"endTime":3702.84,"body":"the augmented triad,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3702.84,"endTime":3705.72,"body":"he sort of sits on it"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3702.84,"endTime":3705.72,"body":"for a very long time."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3705.72,"endTime":3708.36,"body":"This is, again, in the context of death,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3708.36,"endTime":3711.6,"body":"so this is one piece called"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3708.36,"endTime":3711.6,"body":"\"La Lugubre Gondola,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3711.6,"endTime":3714.0,"body":"so it's a funeral gondola"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3714.0,"endTime":3715.35,"body":"that takes the body,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3715.35,"endTime":3718.08,"body":"floating on the lagoon,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3718.08,"endTime":3718.98,"body":"to the cemetery,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3718.98,"endTime":3723.633,"body":"so it's supposed to float in"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3718.98,"endTime":3723.633,"body":"limbo between life and death."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3724.923,"endTime":3728.173,"body":"(mournful piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3756.45,"endTime":3757.74,"body":"We sit on this chord,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3757.74,"endTime":3762.36,"body":"it's an extraordinary expansion"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3762.36,"endTime":3767.103,"body":"of the remit of that chord."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3768.63,"endTime":3770.4,"body":"We have a sense that Liszt,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3770.4,"endTime":3772.32,"body":"in his late years,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3772.32,"endTime":3773.97,"body":"was trying various ways"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3773.97,"endTime":3775.89,"body":"to unsettle tonality"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3775.89,"endTime":3777.78,"body":"and actually write some music"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3777.78,"endTime":3780.423,"body":"that could possibly be without a key,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3781.32,"endTime":3783.45,"body":"and one of them, he actually called that,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3783.45,"endTime":3786.067,"body":"he called it \"Bagatelle Sans Tonalite,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3786.067,"endTime":3787.797,"body":"\"Bagatelle Without a Key.\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3789.81,"endTime":3790.98,"body":"Also, in the manuscript,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3790.98,"endTime":3795.143,"body":"it had a subtitle, \"Mephisto Waltz No. 4,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3795.143,"endTime":3797.931,"body":"and it starts with a tritone, doesn't it,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3797.931,"endTime":3799.32,"body":"(dark piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3799.32,"endTime":3803.347,"body":"so it's again a portrayal of evil."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3803.347,"endTime":3805.62,"body":"\"And it's a highly"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3803.347,"endTime":3805.62,"body":"capricious tone picture,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3805.62,"endTime":3807.247,"body":"as one of the listeners said,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3807.247,"endTime":3809.167,"body":"\"which whirls through all the keys"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3809.167,"endTime":3810.757,"body":"\"and then ends abruptly"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3810.757,"endTime":3812.06,"body":"\"one a chord of the diminished seventh,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3812.06,"endTime":3814.11,"body":"it doesn't actually have a proper ending."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3816.09,"endTime":3817.489,"body":"Peter's going to play the whole of it,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3817.489,"endTime":3818.906,"body":"it's quite short."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3824.605,"endTime":3827.522,"body":"(dark piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3836.953,"endTime":3840.203,"body":"(frenetic piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3990.674,"endTime":3992.29,"body":"(audience applauds)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3992.29,"endTime":3993.123,"body":"Thank you."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":3997.477,"endTime":3999.183,"body":"Thank you very much."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4000.74,"endTime":4004.34,"body":"The augmented triad also is"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4000.74,"endTime":4004.34,"body":"associated with its own scale,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4004.34,"endTime":4005.84,"body":"and that's the whole-tone scale,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4005.84,"endTime":4007.14,"body":"if you could just give us."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4008.544,"endTime":4011.36,"body":"(unsettling piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4011.36,"endTime":4013.763,"body":"That's an even weirder scale."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4014.777,"endTime":4016.92,"body":"And the first time that was used"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4018.26,"endTime":4019.85,"body":"in a very dramatic way"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4019.85,"endTime":4021.26,"body":"was by Glinka"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4021.26,"endTime":4025.4,"body":"in his scene of abduction of Lyudmila,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4025.4,"endTime":4027.5,"body":"she's abducted in the"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4025.4,"endTime":4027.5,"body":"middle of her wedding feast,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4027.5,"endTime":4030.38,"body":"and this evil sorcerer comes in"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4030.38,"endTime":4032.75,"body":"and they grab her away,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4032.75,"endTime":4034.16,"body":"and this strange scale,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4034.16,"endTime":4036.68,"body":"which Glinka called chemical scale,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4036.68,"endTime":4038.98,"body":"sounds in the whole orchestra."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4038.98,"endTime":4043.147,"body":"(darkly intense orchestral music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4059.83,"endTime":4062.12,"body":"So he was extremely proud of that,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4062.12,"endTime":4065.63,"body":"and then all the Russians"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4062.12,"endTime":4065.63,"body":"also wanted to use that scale,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4065.63,"endTime":4068.57,"body":"Mussorgsky used it for Boris' nightmares,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4068.57,"endTime":4070.01,"body":"and things like that."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4070.01,"endTime":4075.01,"body":"And Debussy, who was"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4070.01,"endTime":4075.01,"body":"very keen on Mussorgsky,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4075.71,"endTime":4077.87,"body":"also got interested in that scale,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4077.87,"endTime":4082.4,"body":"and then it became very"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4077.87,"endTime":4082.4,"body":"much part of his language."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4082.4,"endTime":4084.65,"body":"So we, at the very end,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4084.65,"endTime":4086.33,"body":"will have this mini recital"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4086.33,"endTime":4089.12,"body":"with Peter playing a couple of pieces,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4089.12,"endTime":4091.13,"body":"one of them is called \"Voiles,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4091.13,"endTime":4094.64,"body":"which is translated as veils or sails,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4094.64,"endTime":4095.473,"body":"we don't know,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4095.473,"endTime":4096.5,"body":"so something misty,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4096.5,"endTime":4100.64,"body":"so I've chosen a picture"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4096.5,"endTime":4100.64,"body":"for you to represent that,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4100.64,"endTime":4102.26,"body":"and that is all,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4102.26,"endTime":4104.3,"body":"except for the little middle section,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4104.3,"endTime":4109.25,"body":"it's all full of these augmented triads"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4109.25,"endTime":4113.33,"body":"and whole-tone harmonies of various sorts."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4113.33,"endTime":4114.74,"body":"- In fact, almost the whole piece"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4114.74,"endTime":4116.903,"body":"is based on the same harmony, isn't it,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4117.77,"endTime":4119.27,"body":"so much so that,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4119.27,"endTime":4121.85,"body":"on one occasion when I"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4119.27,"endTime":4121.85,"body":"was playing this piece,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4121.85,"endTime":4123.05,"body":"I didn't realize"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4123.05,"endTime":4125.633,"body":"that the piano pedal had"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4123.05,"endTime":4125.633,"body":"stopped working properly,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4127.07,"endTime":4131.21,"body":"because it sounds fine"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4127.07,"endTime":4131.21,"body":"all on the same pedal."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4131.21,"endTime":4133.31,"body":"- [Marina] So you can leave it on."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4133.31,"endTime":4134.63,"body":"- And then I finished the piece,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4134.63,"endTime":4136.91,"body":"and of course backed away from the piano"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4136.91,"endTime":4138.23,"body":"in readiness for the next one,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4138.23,"endTime":4139.063,"body":"and realized"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4139.063,"endTime":4141.561,"body":"the piano was just continuing"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4139.063,"endTime":4141.561,"body":"to play this sound,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4141.561,"endTime":4142.394,"body":"(eerie piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4142.394,"endTime":4144.05,"body":"and it wouldn't stop,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4144.05,"endTime":4146.35,"body":"which was when the whole"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4144.05,"endTime":4146.35,"body":"concert was canceled."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4148.76,"endTime":4153.76,"body":"- And the second piece is"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4148.76,"endTime":4153.76,"body":"called \"The Joyous Island,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4154.227,"endTime":4155.33,"body":"\"L'Isle Joyuese,\""},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4155.33,"endTime":4160.097,"body":"and in it, that scale is used"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4155.33,"endTime":4160.097,"body":"in a very different context,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4160.097,"endTime":4161.72,"body":"and actually, quite unusual,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4161.72,"endTime":4165.23,"body":"it's not for something"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4161.72,"endTime":4165.23,"body":"horrible or death related,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4165.23,"endTime":4166.34,"body":"it's the opposite,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4166.34,"endTime":4167.51,"body":"it's the joys of love."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4167.51,"endTime":4169.74,"body":"He was inspired by Watteau's pictures"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4170.84,"endTime":4174.29,"body":"of all kind of things going"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4170.84,"endTime":4174.29,"body":"on in the 18th century,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4174.29,"endTime":4175.73,"body":"which was very decadent."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4175.73,"endTime":4179.69,"body":"And I think it gives you a contrast,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4179.69,"endTime":4182.27,"body":"you will hear a lot of major chords,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4182.27,"endTime":4184.61,"body":"fanfares, very joyful,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4184.61,"endTime":4187.28,"body":"but there is also this dizziness"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4187.28,"endTime":4189.65,"body":"that comes from the whole-tone,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4189.65,"endTime":4193.34,"body":"which I think adds something into it."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4193.34,"endTime":4197.0,"body":"So, I've come to the end of my lecture"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4197.0,"endTime":4200.12,"body":"so that now we're just going"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4197.0,"endTime":4200.12,"body":"to hear these two pieces"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4200.12,"endTime":4201.5,"body":"from Peter,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4201.5,"endTime":4204.78,"body":"so please give him a bit of"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4201.5,"endTime":4204.78,"body":"applause before that happens."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4206.806,"endTime":4209.806,"body":"(audience applauds)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4211.958,"endTime":4215.375,"body":"(unsettling piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4339.219,"endTime":4342.386,"body":"(radiant piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4367.092,"endTime":4370.509,"body":"(unsettling piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4448.069,"endTime":4450.461,"body":"(\"L'Isle Joyeuse\" by Claude Debussy)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4450.461,"endTime":4453.628,"body":"(jarring piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4486.303,"endTime":4489.553,"body":"(pleasant piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4493.216,"endTime":4496.383,"body":"(jarring piano music)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4800.16,"endTime":4803.16,"body":"(audience applauds)"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4812.909,"endTime":4815.51,"body":"- [Moderator] I'd like to"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4812.909,"endTime":4815.51,"body":"thank Professor Frolova-Walker,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4815.51,"endTime":4816.59,"body":"that was incredible,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4816.59,"endTime":4817.91,"body":"an incredible lecture,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4817.91,"endTime":4819.56,"body":"we all feel really educated,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4819.56,"endTime":4822.77,"body":"from \"Appassionata\" to the"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4819.56,"endTime":4822.77,"body":"shadows and the devils,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4822.77,"endTime":4824.99,"body":"and particularly, I'd like"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4822.77,"endTime":4824.99,"body":"to thank Peter Donohoe,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4824.99,"endTime":4826.37,"body":"that's made the evening"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4826.37,"endTime":4828.56,"body":"and was a real pleasure for all of us,"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4828.56,"endTime":4830.983,"body":"and I think we've all been"},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4828.56,"endTime":4830.983,"body":"very privileged tonight."},{"speaker":"writing in 1806","startTime":4832.129,"endTime":4835.129,"body":"(audience applauds)"}]}