{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.132,"endTime":2.965,"body":"(title swooshing)"},{"startTime":4.487,"endTime":6.75,"body":"- What I want to talk to you about"},{"startTime":6.75,"endTime":10.08,"body":"is the landscape of Roman Britain"},{"startTime":10.08,"endTime":12.69,"body":"in the sense of the countryside,"},{"startTime":12.69,"endTime":17.69,"body":"and it's my proposition that"},{"startTime":12.69,"endTime":17.69,"body":"I want to explore with you"},{"startTime":19.53,"endTime":23.19,"body":"that since the 1990s, really,"},{"startTime":23.19,"endTime":26.55,"body":"there's been a revolution in our knowledge"},{"startTime":26.55,"endTime":29.133,"body":"of the countryside in Roman Britain."},{"startTime":30.57,"endTime":35.31,"body":"Roman Britain's always been"},{"startTime":30.57,"endTime":35.31,"body":"fascinating for many people,"},{"startTime":35.31,"endTime":36.6,"body":"and glad to see"},{"startTime":36.6,"endTime":40.26,"body":"that it continues to fascinate"},{"startTime":36.6,"endTime":40.26,"body":"an audience this evening."},{"startTime":40.26,"endTime":41.94,"body":"And part of that fascination"},{"startTime":41.94,"endTime":45.942,"body":"is I think its perceived familiarity"},{"startTime":45.942,"endTime":48.75,"body":"between us and the Roman world."},{"startTime":48.75,"endTime":53.07,"body":"So when we see things like"},{"startTime":48.75,"endTime":53.07,"body":"the Orpheus mosaic here"},{"startTime":53.07,"endTime":55.41,"body":"from near Cirencester,"},{"startTime":55.41,"endTime":57.3,"body":"we can relate to it"},{"startTime":57.3,"endTime":60.993,"body":"through our own cultural"},{"startTime":57.3,"endTime":60.993,"body":"knowledge and understanding."},{"startTime":62.13,"endTime":67.13,"body":"But what I want to do this"},{"startTime":62.13,"endTime":67.13,"body":"evening is to argue for you"},{"startTime":67.26,"endTime":69.48,"body":"that the revolution"},{"startTime":69.48,"endTime":73.713,"body":"in our understanding of the"},{"startTime":69.48,"endTime":73.713,"body":"countryside in Roman Britain"},{"startTime":73.713,"endTime":75.39,"body":"is not just a revolution"},{"startTime":75.39,"endTime":79.86,"body":"as we'll see in the amount"},{"startTime":75.39,"endTime":79.86,"body":"of evidence that we've got,"},{"startTime":79.86,"endTime":82.62,"body":"but this is leading to new ideas"},{"startTime":82.62,"endTime":87.62,"body":"and new ways of understanding"},{"startTime":82.62,"endTime":87.62,"body":"cultural change in Britain"},{"startTime":89.07,"endTime":92.88,"body":"1,500 to 2,000 years ago."},{"startTime":92.88,"endTime":94.8,"body":"Now, I don't want to presume"},{"startTime":94.8,"endTime":98.1,"body":"with an intelligent audience like you"},{"startTime":98.1,"endTime":100.41,"body":"what your presumptions are"},{"startTime":100.41,"endTime":104.04,"body":"about Roman Britain and the Romans,"},{"startTime":104.04,"endTime":107.52,"body":"but I would suggest"},{"startTime":104.04,"endTime":107.52,"body":"that it's commonly held"},{"startTime":107.52,"endTime":111.27,"body":"that if you take images of Roman Britain,"},{"startTime":111.27,"endTime":113.67,"body":"people think about the Romans"},{"startTime":113.67,"endTime":116.46,"body":"as people coming from the Mediterranean"},{"startTime":116.46,"endTime":119.223,"body":"and settling in these islands,"},{"startTime":120.12,"endTime":123.12,"body":"that when we think about the countryside,"},{"startTime":123.12,"endTime":128.01,"body":"we tend to think about"},{"startTime":123.12,"endTime":128.01,"body":"those people coming in"},{"startTime":128.01,"endTime":131.37,"body":"and settling in big country houses."},{"startTime":131.37,"endTime":134.82,"body":"And I've got Fishbourne in"},{"startTime":131.37,"endTime":134.82,"body":"Sussex on the screen here"},{"startTime":134.82,"endTime":136.83,"body":"to illustrate that."},{"startTime":136.83,"endTime":139.05,"body":"And we think of those country houses"},{"startTime":139.05,"endTime":142.56,"body":"very much as being familiar,"},{"startTime":142.56,"endTime":145.92,"body":"like, for instance,"},{"startTime":142.56,"endTime":145.92,"body":"18th-century country houses,"},{"startTime":145.92,"endTime":150.483,"body":"the sort of places that you"},{"startTime":145.92,"endTime":150.483,"body":"visit with the National Trust."},{"startTime":151.38,"endTime":156.38,"body":"And alongside those big"},{"startTime":151.38,"endTime":156.38,"body":"palatial villa establishments,"},{"startTime":157.26,"endTime":161.633,"body":"there is also a common understanding,"},{"startTime":161.633,"endTime":163.773,"body":"actually a wrong understanding,"},{"startTime":163.773,"endTime":166.86,"body":"that the density of settlement"},{"startTime":163.773,"endTime":166.86,"body":"across Roman Britain"},{"startTime":166.86,"endTime":169.26,"body":"was relatively low,"},{"startTime":169.26,"endTime":172.89,"body":"and that the landscape,"},{"startTime":169.26,"endTime":172.89,"body":"particularly in the lowlands,"},{"startTime":172.89,"endTime":177.12,"body":"continued to be dominated"},{"startTime":172.89,"endTime":177.12,"body":"by uncleared woodland"},{"startTime":177.12,"endTime":181.893,"body":"with small parcels of exploited land."},{"startTime":183.6,"endTime":187.79,"body":"Those, I would suggest,"},{"startTime":183.6,"endTime":187.79,"body":"are common conceptions"},{"startTime":189.12,"endTime":191.88,"body":"about the landscape of Roman Britain"},{"startTime":191.88,"endTime":195.75,"body":"which have been changed,"},{"startTime":191.88,"endTime":195.75,"body":"as we'll see in a moment,"},{"startTime":195.75,"endTime":200.64,"body":"by recent archeological"},{"startTime":195.75,"endTime":200.64,"body":"work on a large scale."},{"startTime":200.64,"endTime":205.64,"body":"And to illustrate the way that"},{"startTime":200.64,"endTime":205.64,"body":"that change has taken place,"},{"startTime":205.969,"endTime":208.5,"body":"I start with a slide"},{"startTime":208.5,"endTime":212.46,"body":"of actually the part of"},{"startTime":208.5,"endTime":212.46,"body":"Cambridge where I live."},{"startTime":212.46,"endTime":215.67,"body":"I live just down here on Huntington Road."},{"startTime":215.67,"endTime":217.71,"body":"Those of you who are"},{"startTime":215.67,"endTime":217.71,"body":"familiar with Cambridge,"},{"startTime":217.71,"endTime":219.27,"body":"Castle Hill's down here,"},{"startTime":219.27,"endTime":221.76,"body":"Magdalene College and the"},{"startTime":219.27,"endTime":221.76,"body":"city center down there."},{"startTime":221.76,"endTime":223.83,"body":"As we head out on the Huntington Road,"},{"startTime":223.83,"endTime":226.59,"body":"which is the Roman Road from Cambridge"},{"startTime":226.59,"endTime":230.58,"body":"up towards Godmanchester"},{"startTime":226.59,"endTime":230.58,"body":"and the Roman North,"},{"startTime":230.58,"endTime":234.48,"body":"we've had large scale"},{"startTime":230.58,"endTime":234.48,"body":"development in recent years,"},{"startTime":234.48,"endTime":236.7,"body":"and what that shows"},{"startTime":236.7,"endTime":240.6,"body":"is that we have a densely"},{"startTime":236.7,"endTime":240.6,"body":"populated landscape."},{"startTime":240.6,"endTime":244.35,"body":"You can't see the blobs on here in detail,"},{"startTime":244.35,"endTime":249.35,"body":"but each of these blobs is a"},{"startTime":244.35,"endTime":249.35,"body":"settlement of the Roman period."},{"startTime":250.5,"endTime":253.41,"body":"So we're not talking about vast tracts"},{"startTime":253.41,"endTime":256.47,"body":"of exploited landscape."},{"startTime":256.47,"endTime":259.89,"body":"Virtually everywhere that has"},{"startTime":256.47,"endTime":259.89,"body":"been examined in recent years"},{"startTime":259.89,"endTime":261.36,"body":"in lowland Britain"},{"startTime":261.36,"endTime":264.66,"body":"has very high densities of sites."},{"startTime":264.66,"endTime":269.66,"body":"You can't walk more"},{"startTime":264.66,"endTime":269.66,"body":"than 500 or 1,000 meters"},{"startTime":270.18,"endTime":272.7,"body":"across the landscape of"},{"startTime":270.18,"endTime":272.7,"body":"lowland Roman Britain"},{"startTime":272.7,"endTime":277.7,"body":"without being on top of"},{"startTime":272.7,"endTime":277.7,"body":"a Roman settlement site."},{"startTime":277.86,"endTime":282.48,"body":"Furthermore, the nature of the archeology"},{"startTime":282.48,"endTime":286.29,"body":"that has been exposed in the recent past"},{"startTime":286.29,"endTime":289.86,"body":"is dominated by small farms."},{"startTime":289.86,"endTime":293.13,"body":"There is one villa in this area"},{"startTime":293.13,"endTime":296.22,"body":"down by the park and ride"},{"startTime":293.13,"endTime":296.22,"body":"site on Madingley Road,"},{"startTime":296.22,"endTime":299.07,"body":"if any of you are Cambridge people,"},{"startTime":299.07,"endTime":302.4,"body":"but the rest of the"},{"startTime":299.07,"endTime":302.4,"body":"settlements are small farms"},{"startTime":302.4,"endTime":304.32,"body":"connected by trackways"},{"startTime":304.32,"endTime":307.754,"body":"and with areas of field"},{"startTime":304.32,"endTime":307.754,"body":"systems in between."},{"startTime":307.754,"endTime":311.185,"body":"And as I say, that's not just the pattern"},{"startTime":311.185,"endTime":314.64,"body":"in central or the edge"},{"startTime":311.185,"endTime":314.64,"body":"of central Cambridge."},{"startTime":314.64,"endTime":316.77,"body":"It's a pattern that is replicated"},{"startTime":316.77,"endTime":319.65,"body":"across the whole of lowland Britain,"},{"startTime":319.65,"endTime":323.79,"body":"and large scale infrastructure projects,"},{"startTime":323.79,"endTime":327.607,"body":"the building of HS2, the"},{"startTime":323.79,"endTime":327.607,"body":"upgrading of the A14,"},{"startTime":328.47,"endTime":331.02,"body":"and currently the A428 in eastern England"},{"startTime":331.02,"endTime":333.12,"body":"are replicating this pattern."},{"startTime":333.12,"endTime":336.12,"body":"This week, I've been reading the reports"},{"startTime":336.12,"endTime":338.04,"body":"on the work on the A14"},{"startTime":338.04,"endTime":343.02,"body":"that was completed during"},{"startTime":338.04,"endTime":343.02,"body":"the COVID pandemic,"},{"startTime":343.02,"endTime":346.71,"body":"and there are literally"},{"startTime":343.02,"endTime":346.71,"body":"a dozen of these sites"},{"startTime":346.71,"endTime":349.263,"body":"that have been discovered"},{"startTime":346.71,"endTime":349.263,"body":"in the road works."},{"startTime":350.88,"endTime":355.62,"body":"So we are now seeing a"},{"startTime":350.88,"endTime":355.62,"body":"densely occupied landscape"},{"startTime":355.62,"endTime":360.06,"body":"and one that is highly"},{"startTime":355.62,"endTime":360.06,"body":"diverse in land use,"},{"startTime":360.06,"endTime":363.51,"body":"and just before I explore"},{"startTime":360.06,"endTime":363.51,"body":"some aspects of that,"},{"startTime":363.51,"endTime":365.58,"body":"I think it's worth pausing"},{"startTime":365.58,"endTime":368.733,"body":"to think how that"},{"startTime":365.58,"endTime":368.733,"body":"knowledge has come about."},{"startTime":370.59,"endTime":374.627,"body":"The first, in a sense,"},{"startTime":370.59,"endTime":374.627,"body":"revolution in our knowledge"},{"startTime":374.627,"endTime":378.06,"body":"of the density of landscape use"},{"startTime":378.06,"endTime":382.59,"body":"comes in the early to mid-20th century"},{"startTime":382.59,"endTime":386.62,"body":"with the development of"},{"startTime":382.59,"endTime":386.62,"body":"archeological aerial photography"},{"startTime":388.98,"endTime":392.34,"body":"first developed really by pilots"},{"startTime":392.34,"endTime":394.02,"body":"involved in the First World War,"},{"startTime":394.02,"endTime":397.92,"body":"and subsequently, RAF pilots"},{"startTime":394.02,"endTime":397.92,"body":"in the Second World War"},{"startTime":397.92,"endTime":401.73,"body":"who recognized that as they"},{"startTime":397.92,"endTime":401.73,"body":"flew over the landscape,"},{"startTime":401.73,"endTime":406.73,"body":"they could see the past"},{"startTime":401.73,"endTime":406.73,"body":"features shown in the crops."},{"startTime":408.0,"endTime":410.46,"body":"And what we're seeing"},{"startTime":408.0,"endTime":410.46,"body":"here is just a sample"},{"startTime":410.46,"endTime":413.71,"body":"of a landscape in eastern Yorkshire"},{"startTime":413.71,"endTime":417.93,"body":"where the differential"},{"startTime":413.71,"endTime":417.93,"body":"ripening of the crop"},{"startTime":417.93,"endTime":420.84,"body":"is showing buried field boundaries,"},{"startTime":420.84,"endTime":424.8,"body":"settlement features, pits, and so forth."},{"startTime":424.8,"endTime":429.63,"body":"Now that's something we've"},{"startTime":424.8,"endTime":429.63,"body":"known for a very long time,"},{"startTime":429.63,"endTime":432.03,"body":"for the best part of a hundred years,"},{"startTime":432.03,"endTime":435.99,"body":"but there's been a revolution"},{"startTime":432.03,"endTime":435.99,"body":"in collecting this information"},{"startTime":435.99,"endTime":440.61,"body":"both through different"},{"startTime":435.99,"endTime":440.61,"body":"forms of aerial photography"},{"startTime":440.61,"endTime":444.63,"body":"now with drones and so"},{"startTime":440.61,"endTime":444.63,"body":"forth and satellite images,"},{"startTime":444.63,"endTime":447.6,"body":"but also as mechanized agriculture"},{"startTime":447.6,"endTime":451.38,"body":"is gradually eating into"},{"startTime":447.6,"endTime":451.38,"body":"the buried landscape"},{"startTime":451.38,"endTime":456.38,"body":"and climate change is"},{"startTime":451.38,"endTime":456.38,"body":"enhancing periods of drought,"},{"startTime":456.66,"endTime":460.77,"body":"which is when these features first show."},{"startTime":460.77,"endTime":464.43,"body":"The other very traditional way"},{"startTime":460.77,"endTime":464.43,"body":"of gathering this information"},{"startTime":464.43,"endTime":467.64,"body":"is simply walking across the landscape."},{"startTime":467.64,"endTime":469.86,"body":"If you walk across plowed fields"},{"startTime":469.86,"endTime":473.16,"body":"where there are buried"},{"startTime":469.86,"endTime":473.16,"body":"sites, generally speaking,"},{"startTime":473.16,"endTime":476.46,"body":"artifacts from the sites"},{"startTime":473.16,"endTime":476.46,"body":"come onto the surface,"},{"startTime":476.46,"endTime":478.71,"body":"and the traditional way of doing this"},{"startTime":478.71,"endTime":482.94,"body":"is to use amateur"},{"startTime":478.71,"endTime":482.94,"body":"archeologists or students"},{"startTime":482.94,"endTime":487.83,"body":"to sort of mass walk the"},{"startTime":482.94,"endTime":487.83,"body":"landscape and map what is there."},{"startTime":487.83,"endTime":491.253,"body":"Highly exploitative but"},{"startTime":487.83,"endTime":491.253,"body":"also highly effective."},{"startTime":492.24,"endTime":495.99,"body":"I've already mentioned"},{"startTime":492.24,"endTime":495.99,"body":"development archeology,"},{"startTime":495.99,"endTime":498.69,"body":"and in this sense,"},{"startTime":498.69,"endTime":503.01,"body":"changes in the way that archeological work"},{"startTime":503.01,"endTime":506.55,"body":"in advance of development"},{"startTime":503.01,"endTime":506.55,"body":"takes place in this country,"},{"startTime":506.55,"endTime":510.15,"body":"which happened in 1990,"},{"startTime":510.15,"endTime":511.35,"body":"have meant that there is"},{"startTime":511.35,"endTime":515.37,"body":"a lot more development-led"},{"startTime":511.35,"endTime":515.37,"body":"archeology now done"},{"startTime":515.37,"endTime":518.67,"body":"than there was 40 or 50 years ago."},{"startTime":518.67,"endTime":522.69,"body":"And in essence, if you are"},{"startTime":518.67,"endTime":522.69,"body":"building a new housing estate"},{"startTime":522.69,"endTime":524.4,"body":"or building a road,"},{"startTime":524.4,"endTime":527.25,"body":"you have to assess whether"},{"startTime":524.4,"endTime":527.25,"body":"there is archeology there"},{"startTime":527.25,"endTime":528.75,"body":"and the developer then,"},{"startTime":528.75,"endTime":532.44,"body":"if there is archeology that's"},{"startTime":528.75,"endTime":532.44,"body":"said to be significant,"},{"startTime":532.44,"endTime":535.14,"body":"then pays for an excavation."},{"startTime":535.14,"endTime":540.14,"body":"So we get large-scale"},{"startTime":535.14,"endTime":540.14,"body":"stripping of landscape"},{"startTime":540.78,"endTime":542.88,"body":"and their exploration."},{"startTime":542.88,"endTime":545.28,"body":"This is the Northwest"},{"startTime":542.88,"endTime":545.28,"body":"Cambridge development,"},{"startTime":545.28,"endTime":550.28,"body":"the Cambridge University project"},{"startTime":545.28,"endTime":550.28,"body":"dealt with by my colleagues"},{"startTime":550.59,"endTime":553.17,"body":"in Cambridge Archeological Unit,"},{"startTime":553.17,"endTime":555.63,"body":"where the area that is being built"},{"startTime":555.63,"endTime":557.28,"body":"onto the northwest of Cambridge"},{"startTime":557.28,"endTime":560.46,"body":"has been essentially completely stripped."},{"startTime":560.46,"endTime":565.35,"body":"Large acreages of landscape"},{"startTime":560.46,"endTime":565.35,"body":"explored through excavation,"},{"startTime":565.35,"endTime":569.133,"body":"which have just produced"},{"startTime":565.35,"endTime":569.133,"body":"massive amounts information."},{"startTime":570.507,"endTime":574.62,"body":"And the other development"},{"startTime":570.507,"endTime":574.62,"body":"that has taken place"},{"startTime":574.62,"endTime":577.56,"body":"largely as a result of"},{"startTime":574.62,"endTime":577.56,"body":"development pressure"},{"startTime":577.56,"endTime":580.56,"body":"and also the development of technology"},{"startTime":580.56,"endTime":585.56,"body":"is the use of ground-based"},{"startTime":580.56,"endTime":585.56,"body":"geophysical survey"},{"startTime":585.69,"endTime":587.64,"body":"to map landscapes."},{"startTime":587.64,"endTime":590.16,"body":"Again, it's technology"},{"startTime":587.64,"endTime":590.16,"body":"that has been around"},{"startTime":590.16,"endTime":591.63,"body":"for quite a long time,"},{"startTime":591.63,"endTime":593.31,"body":"but has now been mechanized"},{"startTime":593.31,"endTime":596.76,"body":"and computer imagery or processing"},{"startTime":596.76,"endTime":600.96,"body":"has enabled us to use this"},{"startTime":596.76,"endTime":600.96,"body":"on a much larger scale."},{"startTime":600.96,"endTime":602.31,"body":"The driver for this"},{"startTime":602.31,"endTime":605.52,"body":"has been very much"},{"startTime":602.31,"endTime":605.52,"body":"development-led archeology"},{"startTime":605.52,"endTime":607.44,"body":"where if you're going to build a road"},{"startTime":607.44,"endTime":610.17,"body":"or a housing estate or a pipeline,"},{"startTime":610.17,"endTime":612.18,"body":"you really want to gather the information"},{"startTime":612.18,"endTime":615.51,"body":"on what might be there"},{"startTime":612.18,"endTime":615.51,"body":"at a very early stage,"},{"startTime":615.51,"endTime":618.33,"body":"and the most common method of doing this"},{"startTime":618.33,"endTime":621.36,"body":"is to use gradiometers,"},{"startTime":621.36,"endTime":624.27,"body":"instruments that measure tiny variations"},{"startTime":624.27,"endTime":626.22,"body":"in the earth's magnetic field."},{"startTime":626.22,"endTime":629.13,"body":"And as with the aerial photographs,"},{"startTime":629.13,"endTime":633.84,"body":"that enables you to see what's"},{"startTime":629.13,"endTime":633.84,"body":"buried beneath the surface."},{"startTime":633.84,"endTime":636.93,"body":"This is one of our PhD students doing this"},{"startTime":636.93,"endTime":640.958,"body":"across an agricultural"},{"startTime":636.93,"endTime":640.958,"body":"landscape in eastern Yorkshire,"},{"startTime":640.958,"endTime":645.06,"body":"and you can see the sort of"},{"startTime":640.958,"endTime":645.06,"body":"scale upon which she can work."},{"startTime":645.06,"endTime":649.83,"body":"And pioneering work in this area"},{"startTime":649.83,"endTime":654.83,"body":"has been done by my friend and"},{"startTime":649.83,"endTime":654.83,"body":"colleague Dominic Powlesland"},{"startTime":655.44,"endTime":660.44,"body":"on the edges of the Vale of"},{"startTime":655.44,"endTime":660.44,"body":"Pickering in eastern Yorkshire,"},{"startTime":661.791,"endTime":666.791,"body":"where the gray represents the"},{"startTime":661.791,"endTime":666.791,"body":"areas that have been surveyed."},{"startTime":667.08,"endTime":670.53,"body":"The dark features are buried"},{"startTime":667.08,"endTime":670.53,"body":"archeological features."},{"startTime":670.53,"endTime":672.99,"body":"So what we're seeing here is a trackway"},{"startTime":672.99,"endTime":677.037,"body":"running across the landscape"},{"startTime":672.99,"endTime":677.037,"body":"with settlement beside it,"},{"startTime":679.17,"endTime":681.72,"body":"elements of the natural landscape"},{"startTime":681.72,"endTime":686.72,"body":"with field systems and geological"},{"startTime":681.72,"endTime":686.72,"body":"features and settlements"},{"startTime":688.8,"endTime":691.077,"body":"running all the way along here."},{"startTime":691.077,"endTime":692.97,"body":"And the remarkable thing about this"},{"startTime":692.97,"endTime":697.74,"body":"is where we've had this"},{"startTime":692.97,"endTime":697.74,"body":"type of archeological work"},{"startTime":697.74,"endTime":701.656,"body":"done in the past, over the last few years,"},{"startTime":701.656,"endTime":706.44,"body":"virtually all the areas"},{"startTime":701.656,"endTime":706.44,"body":"that we have surveyed"},{"startTime":706.44,"endTime":707.88,"body":"or have been looked at"},{"startTime":707.88,"endTime":711.78,"body":"have revealed high"},{"startTime":707.88,"endTime":711.78,"body":"densities of settlement."},{"startTime":711.78,"endTime":716.78,"body":"So this isn't just where"},{"startTime":711.78,"endTime":716.78,"body":"Dominic decided to do work"},{"startTime":717.78,"endTime":719.67,"body":"because there was archeology there."},{"startTime":719.67,"endTime":722.58,"body":"This is tens of hectares"},{"startTime":722.58,"endTime":725.1,"body":"where we're seeing the whole landscape"},{"startTime":725.1,"endTime":728.1,"body":"and we're seeing the different"},{"startTime":725.1,"endTime":728.1,"body":"phases of the landscape."},{"startTime":728.1,"endTime":729.54,"body":"So the trick with this"},{"startTime":729.54,"endTime":732.57,"body":"is not just identifying"},{"startTime":729.54,"endTime":732.57,"body":"where the settlements are,"},{"startTime":732.57,"endTime":734.88,"body":"and what's geology and so forth,"},{"startTime":734.88,"endTime":736.11,"body":"but trying to unpick it"},{"startTime":736.11,"endTime":740.97,"body":"to see the different"},{"startTime":736.11,"endTime":740.97,"body":"phases of development."},{"startTime":740.97,"endTime":745.97,"body":"And this has really"},{"startTime":740.97,"endTime":745.97,"body":"transformed the understanding"},{"startTime":746.19,"endTime":747.96,"body":"of ancient landscapes,"},{"startTime":747.96,"endTime":750.39,"body":"landscape of Roman Britain in particular,"},{"startTime":750.39,"endTime":755.39,"body":"moving us away from an"},{"startTime":750.39,"endTime":755.39,"body":"idea of isolated people"},{"startTime":755.4,"endTime":759.18,"body":"in isolated parts of the landscape,"},{"startTime":759.18,"endTime":764.18,"body":"but seeing it as a unified"},{"startTime":759.18,"endTime":764.18,"body":"whole, a total landscape."},{"startTime":766.458,"endTime":771.458,"body":"And the key with that is thinking"},{"startTime":766.458,"endTime":771.458,"body":"what the implications are."},{"startTime":774.9,"endTime":776.91,"body":"And if we just pause for a moment,"},{"startTime":776.91,"endTime":779.1,"body":"if we think about the social implications"},{"startTime":779.1,"endTime":781.53,"body":"of a totally occupied landscape,"},{"startTime":781.53,"endTime":785.16,"body":"we're not talking about people as,"},{"startTime":785.16,"endTime":788.52,"body":"for instance, living in"},{"startTime":785.16,"endTime":788.52,"body":"the outback in Australia,"},{"startTime":788.52,"endTime":792.63,"body":"where you have to go for"},{"startTime":788.52,"endTime":792.63,"body":"miles and miles and miles"},{"startTime":792.63,"endTime":795.51,"body":"for social interaction"},{"startTime":792.63,"endTime":795.51,"body":"with your neighbors."},{"startTime":795.51,"endTime":797.731,"body":"You're talking about a society"},{"startTime":797.731,"endTime":802.731,"body":"where you can metaphorically"},{"startTime":797.731,"endTime":802.731,"body":"go and borrow a pint of milk"},{"startTime":803.01,"endTime":806.07,"body":"from next door, if it's"},{"startTime":803.01,"endTime":806.07,"body":"a five-minute walk,"},{"startTime":806.07,"endTime":809.94,"body":"and that changes the way we"},{"startTime":806.07,"endTime":809.94,"body":"think about social interactions"},{"startTime":809.94,"endTime":813.303,"body":"and social change in"},{"startTime":809.94,"endTime":813.303,"body":"quite fundamental ways."},{"startTime":814.53,"endTime":819.53,"body":"And with this recent boom"},{"startTime":814.53,"endTime":819.53,"body":"in landscape archeology,"},{"startTime":823.32,"endTime":828.03,"body":"we have also seen some"},{"startTime":823.32,"endTime":828.03,"body":"fantastic academic work"},{"startTime":828.03,"endTime":831.36,"body":"in drawing evidence together,"},{"startTime":831.36,"endTime":833.58,"body":"and there have been a number of projects."},{"startTime":833.58,"endTime":837.33,"body":"The two really big projects"},{"startTime":833.58,"endTime":837.33,"body":"that I draw your attention to"},{"startTime":837.33,"endTime":839.46,"body":"and encourage you to go and look at"},{"startTime":839.46,"endTime":842.46,"body":"are the 2007 work"},{"startTime":842.46,"endTime":845.85,"body":"on the Atlas of Roman"},{"startTime":842.46,"endTime":845.85,"body":"Rural Settlement in England"},{"startTime":845.85,"endTime":848.4,"body":"by Jeremy Taylor,"},{"startTime":848.4,"endTime":852.45,"body":"which drew together evidence"},{"startTime":848.4,"endTime":852.45,"body":"from air photography,"},{"startTime":852.45,"endTime":855.42,"body":"from field walking, and from development"},{"startTime":855.42,"endTime":859.59,"body":"to try and get an overall"},{"startTime":855.42,"endTime":859.59,"body":"picture of what was going on"},{"startTime":859.59,"endTime":862.953,"body":"and explore regional variation in that,"},{"startTime":863.97,"endTime":865.95,"body":"and the more recent"},{"startTime":865.95,"endTime":869.91,"body":"Rural Settlement of Roman Britain Project"},{"startTime":869.91,"endTime":871.65,"body":"published in three volumes."},{"startTime":871.65,"endTime":876.65,"body":"It's a project led by Mike"},{"startTime":871.65,"endTime":876.65,"body":"Fulford from Redding University"},{"startTime":877.83,"endTime":880.98,"body":"and Neil Holbrook from"},{"startTime":877.83,"endTime":880.98,"body":"Cotswold Archeology,"},{"startTime":880.98,"endTime":884.25,"body":"and they've produced three bumper volumes"},{"startTime":884.25,"endTime":889.25,"body":"that seek to give a general understanding"},{"startTime":889.68,"endTime":894.063,"body":"of the nature of settlement and landscape"},{"startTime":895.2,"endTime":896.763,"body":"across the province."},{"startTime":897.69,"endTime":902.69,"body":"Importantly, that Roman"},{"startTime":897.69,"endTime":902.69,"body":"Rural Settlement Project"},{"startTime":902.97,"endTime":907.44,"body":"is based very much on excavated sites,"},{"startTime":907.44,"endTime":909.69,"body":"particularly sites that"},{"startTime":907.44,"endTime":909.69,"body":"have been excavated"},{"startTime":909.69,"endTime":912.0,"body":"as a result of development pressures,"},{"startTime":912.0,"endTime":916.59,"body":"and as a result, it has"},{"startTime":912.0,"endTime":916.59,"body":"some inherent biases"},{"startTime":916.59,"endTime":921.18,"body":"towards areas where development"},{"startTime":916.59,"endTime":921.18,"body":"has been most intensive."},{"startTime":921.18,"endTime":926.13,"body":"So my own home area around"},{"startTime":921.18,"endTime":926.13,"body":"Cambridge figures very largely"},{"startTime":926.13,"endTime":929.28,"body":"because of the economic boom in that area,"},{"startTime":929.28,"endTime":930.84,"body":"the extent of development."},{"startTime":930.84,"endTime":931.98,"body":"The area that I'm going to spend"},{"startTime":931.98,"endTime":934.32,"body":"most of the lecture"},{"startTime":931.98,"endTime":934.32,"body":"talking about this evening"},{"startTime":934.32,"endTime":936.87,"body":"in rural Yorkshire"},{"startTime":936.87,"endTime":939.96,"body":"has had less development in it,"},{"startTime":939.96,"endTime":944.31,"body":"so the evidence from"},{"startTime":939.96,"endTime":944.31,"body":"development-led excavations"},{"startTime":944.31,"endTime":945.873,"body":"is much less."},{"startTime":947.37,"endTime":949.71,"body":"But just pause for a moment."},{"startTime":949.71,"endTime":951.57,"body":"Their work"},{"startTime":951.57,"endTime":954.663,"body":"that the Roman Rural"},{"startTime":951.57,"endTime":954.663,"body":"Settlement Project dealt with,"},{"startTime":955.53,"endTime":959.657,"body":"they processed the evidence"},{"startTime":955.53,"endTime":959.657,"body":"from 2,627 excavations."},{"startTime":964.68,"endTime":968.49,"body":"The project data finished"},{"startTime":964.68,"endTime":968.49,"body":"about eight years ago,"},{"startTime":968.49,"endTime":972.36,"body":"so there are many more"},{"startTime":968.49,"endTime":972.36,"body":"excavations since then."},{"startTime":972.36,"endTime":977.07,"body":"That's a complete change"},{"startTime":972.36,"endTime":977.07,"body":"from work even around 1990"},{"startTime":977.07,"endTime":979.27,"body":"when I wrote \"A Synthesis"},{"startTime":977.07,"endTime":979.27,"body":"of Roman Britain.\""},{"startTime":980.16,"endTime":983.28,"body":"And what the Rural Settlement Project"},{"startTime":983.28,"endTime":985.11,"body":"was able to demonstrate"},{"startTime":985.11,"endTime":988.56,"body":"is that there is immense"},{"startTime":985.11,"endTime":988.56,"body":"regional diversity"},{"startTime":988.56,"endTime":990.51,"body":"in the nature of the landscape,"},{"startTime":990.51,"endTime":993.213,"body":"the nature of settlement, and so forth."},{"startTime":995.196,"endTime":999.48,"body":"Not withstanding that regional diversity,"},{"startTime":999.48,"endTime":1004.48,"body":"there is a dominance of small farm sites."},{"startTime":1004.76,"endTime":1007.67,"body":"So the idea that the"},{"startTime":1004.76,"endTime":1007.67,"body":"landscape is dominated"},{"startTime":1007.67,"endTime":1010.85,"body":"by big sort of villas"},{"startTime":1010.85,"endTime":1012.74,"body":"has completely gone."},{"startTime":1012.74,"endTime":1016.34,"body":"Something less than one in a hundred sites"},{"startTime":1016.34,"endTime":1020.96,"body":"are stone, elaborate stone houses, villas."},{"startTime":1020.96,"endTime":1025.13,"body":"Most of them are small farmstead sites."},{"startTime":1025.13,"endTime":1027.2,"body":"They regionally vary,"},{"startTime":1027.2,"endTime":1029.93,"body":"but most of them are enclosed"},{"startTime":1029.93,"endTime":1033.563,"body":"by ditches, dykes, and so forth,"},{"startTime":1033.563,"endTime":1038.563,"body":"and some of them are dispersed"},{"startTime":1033.563,"endTime":1038.563,"body":"across the landscape,"},{"startTime":1038.81,"endTime":1040.97,"body":"others are more nucleated,"},{"startTime":1040.97,"endTime":1043.4,"body":"and there is differentiation within them."},{"startTime":1043.4,"endTime":1045.62,"body":"So they're not all the same."},{"startTime":1045.62,"endTime":1049.88,"body":"Differentiation between"},{"startTime":1045.62,"endTime":1049.88,"body":"very complex sort of farms"},{"startTime":1049.88,"endTime":1050.9,"body":"where there are clearly"},{"startTime":1050.9,"endTime":1053.99,"body":"lots of families gathered"},{"startTime":1050.9,"endTime":1053.99,"body":"together in one place,"},{"startTime":1053.99,"endTime":1058.78,"body":"and in other areas, dominance"},{"startTime":1053.99,"endTime":1058.78,"body":"by single family farmsteads."},{"startTime":1060.2,"endTime":1061.97,"body":"And the other factor"},{"startTime":1061.97,"endTime":1065.3,"body":"that has I think changed very considerably"},{"startTime":1065.3,"endTime":1069.71,"body":"is that alongside those farming sites,"},{"startTime":1069.71,"endTime":1074.45,"body":"there is increasing evidence"},{"startTime":1069.71,"endTime":1074.45,"body":"for nucleated settlements."},{"startTime":1074.45,"endTime":1076.61,"body":"I hesitate to use the word village,"},{"startTime":1076.61,"endTime":1081.11,"body":"but you get the general idea"},{"startTime":1076.61,"endTime":1081.11,"body":"of people living together,"},{"startTime":1081.11,"endTime":1086.029,"body":"not at one farm, but in communities,"},{"startTime":1086.029,"endTime":1088.64,"body":"who are presumably engaged in agriculture"},{"startTime":1088.64,"endTime":1092.27,"body":"as well as sort of small-scale"},{"startTime":1088.64,"endTime":1092.27,"body":"trading and so forth."},{"startTime":1092.27,"endTime":1094.937,"body":"Very often these nucleated settlements"},{"startTime":1094.937,"endTime":1097.58,"body":"are running along trackways and roads."},{"startTime":1097.58,"endTime":1100.1,"body":"So a landscape which,"},{"startTime":1100.1,"endTime":1103.64,"body":"far from being the sort"},{"startTime":1100.1,"endTime":1103.64,"body":"of wooded landscape"},{"startTime":1103.64,"endTime":1105.713,"body":"with occasional big houses in it,"},{"startTime":1105.713,"endTime":1107.96,"body":"it's not only totally occupied,"},{"startTime":1107.96,"endTime":1110.9,"body":"but is totally occupied by"},{"startTime":1107.96,"endTime":1110.9,"body":"diversity of settlement,"},{"startTime":1110.9,"endTime":1114.32,"body":"settlement that is much"},{"startTime":1110.9,"endTime":1114.32,"body":"more reminiscent, I think,"},{"startTime":1114.32,"endTime":1118.31,"body":"of what we expect of medieval settlement"},{"startTime":1118.31,"endTime":1121.793,"body":"than what we traditionally"},{"startTime":1118.31,"endTime":1121.793,"body":"thought of as Roman settlement."},{"startTime":1123.71,"endTime":1128.31,"body":"The other thing that comes"},{"startTime":1123.71,"endTime":1128.31,"body":"out of these broad syntheses"},{"startTime":1129.53,"endTime":1132.44,"body":"is an understanding"},{"startTime":1132.44,"endTime":1136.103,"body":"of the size of the"},{"startTime":1132.44,"endTime":1136.103,"body":"population of Roman Britain."},{"startTime":1137.21,"endTime":1141.54,"body":"And the Roman Rural"},{"startTime":1137.21,"endTime":1141.54,"body":"Settlement Project suggests"},{"startTime":1142.91,"endTime":1146.9,"body":"that the peak of numbers of"},{"startTime":1142.91,"endTime":1146.9,"body":"people living in Roman Britain"},{"startTime":1146.9,"endTime":1148.973,"body":"was in the second century AD,"},{"startTime":1150.29,"endTime":1153.17,"body":"when there were about 2 million"},{"startTime":1150.29,"endTime":1153.17,"body":"people in the countryside,"},{"startTime":1153.17,"endTime":1154.49,"body":"on their estimates."},{"startTime":1154.49,"endTime":1158.57,"body":"I'm afraid I veer further than they do."},{"startTime":1158.57,"endTime":1160.88,"body":"Some years ago, I"},{"startTime":1158.57,"endTime":1160.88,"body":"suggested that population"},{"startTime":1160.88,"endTime":1164.36,"body":"was in the region of 3.5 to 4 million,"},{"startTime":1164.36,"endTime":1166.46,"body":"and I put the peak later."},{"startTime":1166.46,"endTime":1169.64,"body":"I think they're probably right"},{"startTime":1166.46,"endTime":1169.64,"body":"that the peak is earlier,"},{"startTime":1169.64,"endTime":1174.64,"body":"but I would suggest that the"},{"startTime":1169.64,"endTime":1174.64,"body":"population of Roman Britain"},{"startTime":1175.34,"endTime":1178.55,"body":"was probably nearer the 4 million mark"},{"startTime":1178.55,"endTime":1180.65,"body":"than the 2 million mark."},{"startTime":1180.65,"endTime":1185.513,"body":"And that puts it in the sort"},{"startTime":1180.65,"endTime":1185.513,"body":"of area that we don't return to"},{"startTime":1186.44,"endTime":1189.5,"body":"in the landscape of England of Wales"},{"startTime":1189.5,"endTime":1193.283,"body":"until the time around Domesday"},{"startTime":1189.5,"endTime":1193.283,"body":"and a little bit after."},{"startTime":1194.87,"endTime":1199.4,"body":"The other thing that's important"},{"startTime":1194.87,"endTime":1199.4,"body":"for this large-scale work"},{"startTime":1199.4,"endTime":1202.25,"body":"that is sort of giving us"},{"startTime":1199.4,"endTime":1202.25,"body":"a general understanding"},{"startTime":1202.25,"endTime":1204.05,"body":"of what's going on"},{"startTime":1204.05,"endTime":1206.54,"body":"is that the balance"},{"startTime":1206.54,"endTime":1209.51,"body":"between different"},{"startTime":1206.54,"endTime":1209.51,"body":"sectors of the population"},{"startTime":1209.51,"endTime":1213.32,"body":"is now fairly firmly understood."},{"startTime":1213.32,"endTime":1216.74,"body":"And again, going back to"},{"startTime":1213.32,"endTime":1216.74,"body":"sort of traditional ideas,"},{"startTime":1216.74,"endTime":1219.35,"body":"we tended to think about the Roman army"},{"startTime":1219.35,"endTime":1222.56,"body":"as being a major feature of"},{"startTime":1219.35,"endTime":1222.56,"body":"the population of Britain,"},{"startTime":1222.56,"endTime":1226.04,"body":"the towns as being a major"},{"startTime":1222.56,"endTime":1226.04,"body":"feature of the population."},{"startTime":1226.04,"endTime":1228.05,"body":"It's now pretty clear"},{"startTime":1228.05,"endTime":1232.86,"body":"that this is largely an agrarian society."},{"startTime":1233.78,"endTime":1237.62,"body":"Probably something over"},{"startTime":1233.78,"endTime":1237.62,"body":"90% of the population"},{"startTime":1237.62,"endTime":1240.779,"body":"lived in the countryside."},{"startTime":1240.779,"endTime":1244.07,"body":"Only something like 3.5% of the population"},{"startTime":1244.07,"endTime":1249.07,"body":"are accounted for by soldiers"},{"startTime":1244.07,"endTime":1249.07,"body":"and people on the frontier,"},{"startTime":1249.8,"endTime":1254.51,"body":"and the other 6% or so are"},{"startTime":1249.8,"endTime":1254.51,"body":"sort of urban dwellers,"},{"startTime":1254.51,"endTime":1257.84,"body":"both in big cities like Roman Londinium"},{"startTime":1257.84,"endTime":1261.989,"body":"and down to the much smaller urban sites"},{"startTime":1261.989,"endTime":1266.498,"body":"that are dotted around the countryside"},{"startTime":1266.498,"endTime":1270.503,"body":"and acted as the administrative"},{"startTime":1266.498,"endTime":1270.503,"body":"foci for Roman Britain."},{"startTime":1273.92,"endTime":1278.27,"body":"Now the trend of those synthetic studies"},{"startTime":1278.27,"endTime":1282.95,"body":"has been very much to make"},{"startTime":1278.27,"endTime":1282.95,"body":"broad, general statements"},{"startTime":1282.95,"endTime":1287.81,"body":"looking at regional"},{"startTime":1282.95,"endTime":1287.81,"body":"variation, population size,"},{"startTime":1287.81,"endTime":1291.353,"body":"the nature of production and the economy."},{"startTime":1293.12,"endTime":1295.01,"body":"What I think it also does"},{"startTime":1295.01,"endTime":1300.01,"body":"is provide us with windows into past lives"},{"startTime":1302.24,"endTime":1306.17,"body":"and ways in which we can"},{"startTime":1302.24,"endTime":1306.17,"body":"change our understanding"},{"startTime":1306.17,"endTime":1310.22,"body":"of different aspects of the countryside."},{"startTime":1310.22,"endTime":1315.22,"body":"And I want to use the"},{"startTime":1310.22,"endTime":1315.22,"body":"second part of this lecture,"},{"startTime":1315.53,"endTime":1318.53,"body":"not to make broad general statements"},{"startTime":1318.53,"endTime":1321.17,"body":"about the landscape of Roman Britain,"},{"startTime":1321.17,"endTime":1324.428,"body":"but to focus largely on field work"},{"startTime":1324.428,"endTime":1327.23,"body":"with which I've been engaged,"},{"startTime":1327.23,"endTime":1330.8,"body":"mostly in North and East Yorkshire,"},{"startTime":1330.8,"endTime":1335.693,"body":"to explore how this"},{"startTime":1330.8,"endTime":1335.693,"body":"revolution in knowledge"},{"startTime":1336.59,"endTime":1338.87,"body":"is changing the way that we think"},{"startTime":1338.87,"endTime":1343.46,"body":"about individuals'"},{"startTime":1338.87,"endTime":1343.46,"body":"lives and social change."},{"startTime":1343.46,"endTime":1345.65,"body":"And so I said in the introduction,"},{"startTime":1345.65,"endTime":1348.41,"body":"my prime interest in many ways"},{"startTime":1348.41,"endTime":1351.89,"body":"is in thinking about how societies change"},{"startTime":1351.89,"endTime":1356.89,"body":"and how culture changes under"},{"startTime":1351.89,"endTime":1356.89,"body":"the influence of Roman power."},{"startTime":1359.54,"endTime":1362.87,"body":"And I want to do this by looking first"},{"startTime":1362.87,"endTime":1367.87,"body":"at how we understand one"},{"startTime":1362.87,"endTime":1367.87,"body":"particular villa landscape."},{"startTime":1368.72,"endTime":1373.72,"body":"I then want to look at some"},{"startTime":1368.72,"endTime":1373.72,"body":"elements of rural diversity"},{"startTime":1374.75,"endTime":1379.75,"body":"in landscapes in the Yorkshire area,"},{"startTime":1380.21,"endTime":1384.68,"body":"and then come to think about networking"},{"startTime":1384.68,"endTime":1389.68,"body":"and how people related to one"},{"startTime":1384.68,"endTime":1389.68,"body":"another through the landscape."},{"startTime":1391.49,"endTime":1396.49,"body":"And I'm going to return"},{"startTime":1391.49,"endTime":1396.49,"body":"to the villa as a concept"},{"startTime":1397.88,"endTime":1400.733,"body":"as my first case study,"},{"startTime":1401.6,"endTime":1406.37,"body":"focusing on thinking"},{"startTime":1401.6,"endTime":1406.37,"body":"about what villas mean,"},{"startTime":1406.37,"endTime":1407.993,"body":"what they represent."},{"startTime":1408.95,"endTime":1413.95,"body":"And again, if we go back to"},{"startTime":1408.95,"endTime":1413.95,"body":"the sort of understandings"},{"startTime":1414.02,"endTime":1418.44,"body":"that were common when I was"},{"startTime":1414.02,"endTime":1418.44,"body":"being taught Roman Britain"},{"startTime":1419.33,"endTime":1422.753,"body":"at the University of London in the 1970s,"},{"startTime":1423.59,"endTime":1427.46,"body":"we have a general view"},{"startTime":1427.46,"endTime":1432.46,"body":"that the Roman Empire"},{"startTime":1427.46,"endTime":1432.46,"body":"generated economic growth,"},{"startTime":1436.1,"endTime":1440.39,"body":"that the arrival of a monetary economy"},{"startTime":1440.39,"endTime":1445.39,"body":"enabled people to engage in"},{"startTime":1440.39,"endTime":1445.39,"body":"profit-making agriculture"},{"startTime":1448.88,"endTime":1453.88,"body":"and the profit-making"},{"startTime":1448.88,"endTime":1453.88,"body":"agriculture led to aspirations"},{"startTime":1455.48,"endTime":1459.62,"body":"towards expressing identity"},{"startTime":1459.62,"endTime":1463.01,"body":"through becoming as Roman as possible,"},{"startTime":1463.01,"endTime":1465.593,"body":"what we used to call romanization."},{"startTime":1466.88,"endTime":1469.79,"body":"And the general assumption"},{"startTime":1469.79,"endTime":1474.29,"body":"was that if you acquired"},{"startTime":1469.79,"endTime":1474.29,"body":"wealth in Roman Britain,"},{"startTime":1474.29,"endTime":1476.63,"body":"what you would naturally"},{"startTime":1474.29,"endTime":1476.63,"body":"do in the countryside"},{"startTime":1476.63,"endTime":1481.43,"body":"is to try and emulate the"},{"startTime":1476.63,"endTime":1481.43,"body":"Roman way of doing things"},{"startTime":1481.43,"endTime":1485.153,"body":"by building a villa to live in,"},{"startTime":1486.08,"endTime":1490.76,"body":"and this was based on"},{"startTime":1486.08,"endTime":1490.76,"body":"an underlying assumption"},{"startTime":1490.76,"endTime":1494.57,"body":"that the culture represented"},{"startTime":1490.76,"endTime":1494.57,"body":"by the Mediterranean"},{"startTime":1494.57,"endTime":1495.79,"body":"was superior to that"},{"startTime":1495.79,"endTime":1498.983,"body":"of the indigenous populations of Britain."},{"startTime":1500.2,"endTime":1504.89,"body":"Today we would question a"},{"startTime":1500.2,"endTime":1504.89,"body":"lot of those assumptions"},{"startTime":1504.89,"endTime":1508.79,"body":"about the natural choice"},{"startTime":1504.89,"endTime":1508.79,"body":"and superior culture,"},{"startTime":1508.79,"endTime":1513.79,"body":"and emphasize, I think,"},{"startTime":1508.79,"endTime":1513.79,"body":"that the building of villas"},{"startTime":1514.01,"endTime":1518.003,"body":"was something that was a"},{"startTime":1514.01,"endTime":1518.003,"body":"matter of cultural choice."},{"startTime":1519.84,"endTime":1524.84,"body":"Whatever we think about"},{"startTime":1519.84,"endTime":1524.84,"body":"why people chose that,"},{"startTime":1525.74,"endTime":1530.21,"body":"what has become clear over"},{"startTime":1525.74,"endTime":1530.21,"body":"the last 40 or 50 years"},{"startTime":1530.21,"endTime":1534.65,"body":"is that most of the villas"},{"startTime":1530.21,"endTime":1534.65,"body":"that we see in Britain"},{"startTime":1534.65,"endTime":1539.63,"body":"are a result of an evolution"},{"startTime":1534.65,"endTime":1539.63,"body":"of the sites through time,"},{"startTime":1540.59,"endTime":1543.92,"body":"moving from Iron Age-style landscapes"},{"startTime":1543.92,"endTime":1548.92,"body":"dominated by roundhouses,"},{"startTime":1543.92,"endTime":1548.92,"body":"usually in enclosed settlements,"},{"startTime":1550.13,"endTime":1554.15,"body":"through building in"},{"startTime":1550.13,"endTime":1554.15,"body":"timber, and then in stone,"},{"startTime":1554.15,"endTime":1558.8,"body":"and the stone buildings gradually growing"},{"startTime":1558.8,"endTime":1563.8,"body":"as the estate becomes more"},{"startTime":1558.8,"endTime":1563.8,"body":"wealthy and more profitable."},{"startTime":1567.435,"endTime":1571.76,"body":"That's important, and it's"},{"startTime":1567.435,"endTime":1571.76,"body":"important to bear in mind"},{"startTime":1571.76,"endTime":1576.76,"body":"that wherever else we're"},{"startTime":1571.76,"endTime":1576.76,"body":"going with this discussion,"},{"startTime":1577.1,"endTime":1579.47,"body":"that the underlying pattern"},{"startTime":1579.47,"endTime":1582.35,"body":"that is repeated time and time again"},{"startTime":1582.35,"endTime":1586.43,"body":"is that there is a very"},{"startTime":1582.35,"endTime":1586.43,"body":"strong element of continuity"},{"startTime":1586.43,"endTime":1590.96,"body":"of settlement locations in Britain."},{"startTime":1590.96,"endTime":1593.09,"body":"There is churn, there is change."},{"startTime":1593.09,"endTime":1597.053,"body":"Some sites die out and"},{"startTime":1593.09,"endTime":1597.053,"body":"others are newly replaced,"},{"startTime":1597.053,"endTime":1599.57,"body":"but there is no evidence whatsoever"},{"startTime":1599.57,"endTime":1603.35,"body":"for any complete landscape change"},{"startTime":1603.35,"endTime":1607.793,"body":"as a result of Roman"},{"startTime":1603.35,"endTime":1607.793,"body":"annexation, Roman power."},{"startTime":1609.53,"endTime":1612.71,"body":"But if we want to understand that process"},{"startTime":1612.71,"endTime":1617.09,"body":"beyond the, if you like, the"},{"startTime":1612.71,"endTime":1617.09,"body":"place where the people lived"},{"startTime":1617.09,"endTime":1618.653,"body":"at the center of the villa,"},{"startTime":1619.61,"endTime":1622.76,"body":"we need to think further about this,"},{"startTime":1622.76,"endTime":1625.65,"body":"and I want to use as an example here"},{"startTime":1626.75,"endTime":1630.8,"body":"a very wonderful site up on"},{"startTime":1626.75,"endTime":1630.8,"body":"the Yorkshire Wolds at Rudston,"},{"startTime":1630.8,"endTime":1635.8,"body":"and if you haven't seen"},{"startTime":1630.8,"endTime":1635.8,"body":"the Rudston mosaics,"},{"startTime":1636.44,"endTime":1639.53,"body":"do go to Hull Museum and look at them."},{"startTime":1639.53,"endTime":1643.07,"body":"They're some of the finest sets of mosaics"},{"startTime":1643.07,"endTime":1644.72,"body":"from Roman Britain."},{"startTime":1644.72,"endTime":1649.72,"body":"I've got here from Ian Stead's"},{"startTime":1644.72,"endTime":1649.72,"body":"excavations in the 1960s"},{"startTime":1649.79,"endTime":1652.113,"body":"an image of the mosaic"},{"startTime":1652.113,"endTime":1655.28,"body":"with the charioteer at the center"},{"startTime":1655.28,"endTime":1657.53,"body":"and the seasons in the corners."},{"startTime":1657.53,"endTime":1662.53,"body":"Wonderful examples of the art of mosaic"},{"startTime":1662.93,"endTime":1664.253,"body":"in late Roman Britain,"},{"startTime":1665.15,"endTime":1669.29,"body":"and David Neal and Steven Cosh's placing"},{"startTime":1669.29,"endTime":1671.84,"body":"of some of the other mosaics"},{"startTime":1669.29,"endTime":1671.84,"body":"within the buildings."},{"startTime":1671.84,"endTime":1674.51,"body":"These are the sorts of things we see"},{"startTime":1674.51,"endTime":1679.51,"body":"with rooms probably used for"},{"startTime":1674.51,"endTime":1679.51,"body":"dining, for entertaining,"},{"startTime":1679.88,"endTime":1681.95,"body":"and bathing suite."},{"startTime":1681.95,"endTime":1685.1,"body":"People in this settlement"},{"startTime":1685.1,"endTime":1689.0,"body":"taking on Roman ways of doing things,"},{"startTime":1689.0,"endTime":1692.27,"body":"Roman ways of dining,"},{"startTime":1689.0,"endTime":1692.27,"body":"Roman ways of bathing,"},{"startTime":1692.27,"endTime":1695.063,"body":"and Roman styles of decoration."},{"startTime":1696.08,"endTime":1699.08,"body":"But the excavations at Rudston"},{"startTime":1699.08,"endTime":1702.56,"body":"in the 1930s and then in the 1960s"},{"startTime":1702.56,"endTime":1707.56,"body":"focused simply on the buildings,"},{"startTime":1702.56,"endTime":1707.56,"body":"the mosaics, and so forth."},{"startTime":1708.2,"endTime":1713.2,"body":"If we are able to pan out from"},{"startTime":1708.2,"endTime":1713.2,"body":"the villa excavation there,"},{"startTime":1715.58,"endTime":1718.787,"body":"in the 1990s, Cathy Stoertz"},{"startTime":1718.787,"endTime":1722.39,"body":"and the Royal Commission"},{"startTime":1718.787,"endTime":1722.39,"body":"of Historical Monuments"},{"startTime":1722.39,"endTime":1726.35,"body":"used the then-available"},{"startTime":1722.39,"endTime":1726.35,"body":"air photographic evidence"},{"startTime":1726.35,"endTime":1728.78,"body":"to map the landscape."},{"startTime":1728.78,"endTime":1731.933,"body":"Now, you won't be able to see"},{"startTime":1728.78,"endTime":1731.933,"body":"the detail of this on here."},{"startTime":1732.86,"endTime":1736.31,"body":"I'll come to a closer view in a moment."},{"startTime":1736.31,"endTime":1741.17,"body":"And what we're able to see from that"},{"startTime":1741.17,"endTime":1743.36,"body":"is that the pre-Roman landscape"},{"startTime":1743.36,"endTime":1747.08,"body":"in this part of eastern Yorkshire"},{"startTime":1747.08,"endTime":1752.08,"body":"is dominated by very"},{"startTime":1747.08,"endTime":1752.08,"body":"large property boundaries"},{"startTime":1753.71,"endTime":1756.38,"body":"represented by enormous earthworks,"},{"startTime":1756.38,"endTime":1758.9,"body":"the so-called Yorkshire Dykes,"},{"startTime":1758.9,"endTime":1762.32,"body":"which divide the landscape into blocks,"},{"startTime":1762.32,"endTime":1766.88,"body":"and settlement is largely,"},{"startTime":1762.32,"endTime":1766.88,"body":"in the pre-Roman period,"},{"startTime":1766.88,"endTime":1770.18,"body":"focused along those boundaries,"},{"startTime":1770.18,"endTime":1775.18,"body":"leaving the areas in between"},{"startTime":1770.18,"endTime":1775.18,"body":"as large open fields."},{"startTime":1776.93,"endTime":1780.14,"body":"And I think it's reasonable to conclude"},{"startTime":1780.14,"endTime":1781.73,"body":"that those large open fields"},{"startTime":1781.73,"endTime":1786.5,"body":"were ranges for stock, probably sheep,"},{"startTime":1786.5,"endTime":1791.5,"body":"where you could keep them"},{"startTime":1786.5,"endTime":1791.5,"body":"enclosed, but in a communal area,"},{"startTime":1792.26,"endTime":1795.053,"body":"and you lived to one side of it."},{"startTime":1796.649,"endTime":1799.22,"body":"But what we've been able to do"},{"startTime":1799.22,"endTime":1804.22,"body":"by using further, more recent"},{"startTime":1799.22,"endTime":1804.22,"body":"air photographic survey"},{"startTime":1804.86,"endTime":1807.32,"body":"and geophysical survey,"},{"startTime":1807.32,"endTime":1811.853,"body":"largely the work here of our"},{"startTime":1807.32,"endTime":1811.853,"body":"PhD students, Eleanor Maw,"},{"startTime":1813.02,"endTime":1818.02,"body":"is to map what's going on in"},{"startTime":1813.02,"endTime":1818.02,"body":"the vicinity of the villa here,"},{"startTime":1818.417,"endTime":1823.417,"body":"and what we see is that the"},{"startTime":1818.417,"endTime":1823.417,"body":"large range for running sheep on"},{"startTime":1826.91,"endTime":1831.91,"body":"is at some stage divided"},{"startTime":1826.91,"endTime":1831.91,"body":"into small fields,"},{"startTime":1833.24,"endTime":1835.1,"body":"that one block of landscape"},{"startTime":1835.1,"endTime":1838.1,"body":"is completely divided up into fields."},{"startTime":1838.1,"endTime":1841.07,"body":"Now that looks like it's a pattern"},{"startTime":1841.07,"endTime":1843.8,"body":"of privatization of the land."},{"startTime":1843.8,"endTime":1846.53,"body":"The communal sheep run"},{"startTime":1846.53,"endTime":1850.82,"body":"is being divided up into field systems."},{"startTime":1850.82,"endTime":1854.42,"body":"And by placing the 1960s excavation"},{"startTime":1854.42,"endTime":1858.62,"body":"in the context of the geophysical survey"},{"startTime":1858.62,"endTime":1861.05,"body":"and using the evidence"},{"startTime":1858.62,"endTime":1861.05,"body":"from the excavation,"},{"startTime":1861.05,"endTime":1866.05,"body":"we can unpick the story"},{"startTime":1861.05,"endTime":1866.05,"body":"of what's going on here."},{"startTime":1866.12,"endTime":1869.79,"body":"I have to say that our initial expectation"},{"startTime":1872.36,"endTime":1875.48,"body":"was that we would see the villa"},{"startTime":1875.48,"endTime":1878.57,"body":"related to the dividing"},{"startTime":1875.48,"endTime":1878.57,"body":"up of the landscape."},{"startTime":1878.57,"endTime":1883.57,"body":"So big landowner in the"},{"startTime":1878.57,"endTime":1883.57,"body":"landscape and builds a villa,"},{"startTime":1885.38,"endTime":1887.18,"body":"sort of privatizing the land"},{"startTime":1887.18,"endTime":1889.52,"body":"and moving from a communal"},{"startTime":1887.18,"endTime":1889.52,"body":"way of doing things"},{"startTime":1889.52,"endTime":1890.48,"body":"in the Iron Age"},{"startTime":1890.48,"endTime":1893.48,"body":"to a Roman way of doing"},{"startTime":1890.48,"endTime":1893.48,"body":"things with private property"},{"startTime":1893.48,"endTime":1895.34,"body":"in the early Roman period."},{"startTime":1895.34,"endTime":1896.93,"body":"When you push it all together,"},{"startTime":1896.93,"endTime":1900.023,"body":"what we discover is it's"},{"startTime":1896.93,"endTime":1900.023,"body":"a more complicated story."},{"startTime":1900.92,"endTime":1903.08,"body":"Yes, the landscape is divided up,"},{"startTime":1903.08,"endTime":1906.26,"body":"but it's not divided up at the"},{"startTime":1903.08,"endTime":1906.26,"body":"time of the Roman conquest."},{"startTime":1906.26,"endTime":1910.52,"body":"It's divided up three or"},{"startTime":1906.26,"endTime":1910.52,"body":"four generations later."},{"startTime":1910.52,"endTime":1915.52,"body":"So it's not the Romans arrive,"},{"startTime":1910.52,"endTime":1915.52,"body":"the landscape's divided up,"},{"startTime":1915.83,"endTime":1917.72,"body":"someone takes it over."},{"startTime":1917.72,"endTime":1919.76,"body":"It's a more gradual process."},{"startTime":1919.76,"endTime":1924.76,"body":"And secondly, it's clear that"},{"startTime":1919.76,"endTime":1924.76,"body":"the division of the landscape"},{"startTime":1924.86,"endTime":1927.02,"body":"takes place the best part of 100 years"},{"startTime":1927.02,"endTime":1930.5,"body":"before the villa is constructed."},{"startTime":1930.5,"endTime":1934.22,"body":"So this is not a question of"},{"startTime":1930.5,"endTime":1934.22,"body":"gradual accumulation of wealth."},{"startTime":1934.22,"endTime":1936.8,"body":"It's question, as I would see it,"},{"startTime":1936.8,"endTime":1940.97,"body":"as a series of cultural decisions"},{"startTime":1940.97,"endTime":1943.52,"body":"by the people who are living here,"},{"startTime":1943.52,"endTime":1945.89,"body":"not only how to divide the landscape up"},{"startTime":1945.89,"endTime":1948.2,"body":"and use it for farming and so forth,"},{"startTime":1948.2,"endTime":1951.08,"body":"but the way that they want"},{"startTime":1948.2,"endTime":1951.08,"body":"to express their identity,"},{"startTime":1951.08,"endTime":1952.7,"body":"the way they want to live."},{"startTime":1952.7,"endTime":1957.7,"body":"And it's a long period of a"},{"startTime":1952.7,"endTime":1957.7,"body":"multi-generational change,"},{"startTime":1958.1,"endTime":1959.974,"body":"rather than one of"},{"startTime":1959.974,"endTime":1963.683,"body":"a simple sort of the Romans"},{"startTime":1959.974,"endTime":1963.683,"body":"arrive and things change."},{"startTime":1966.522,"endTime":1969.5,"body":"What I would also emphasize here"},{"startTime":1969.5,"endTime":1974.5,"body":"is that what we see in that"},{"startTime":1969.5,"endTime":1974.5,"body":"mosaic and the ways of living"},{"startTime":1976.67,"endTime":1981.05,"body":"are a series of very"},{"startTime":1976.67,"endTime":1981.05,"body":"deliberate cultural choices,"},{"startTime":1981.05,"endTime":1983.39,"body":"that it's not simply a question"},{"startTime":1983.39,"endTime":1986.72,"body":"of emulating things coming from outside."},{"startTime":1986.72,"endTime":1991.707,"body":"It's reinterpreting them"},{"startTime":1986.72,"endTime":1991.707,"body":"in a contemporary way."},{"startTime":1993.664,"endTime":1997.43,"body":"And the second example that"},{"startTime":1993.664,"endTime":1997.43,"body":"I want to take with you"},{"startTime":1997.43,"endTime":2002.14,"body":"is to look at the density"},{"startTime":1997.43,"endTime":2002.14,"body":"and diversity of landscape"},{"startTime":2002.14,"endTime":2006.376,"body":"and how it changes in an area"},{"startTime":2002.14,"endTime":2006.376,"body":"of lowland East Yorkshire"},{"startTime":2006.376,"endTime":2009.37,"body":"in the area between Hull and York."},{"startTime":2009.37,"endTime":2011.95,"body":"The site is a place called Hayton,"},{"startTime":2011.95,"endTime":2016.69,"body":"the A1079 running from Hull to York"},{"startTime":2016.69,"endTime":2019.03,"body":"diagonally across the screen here."},{"startTime":2019.03,"endTime":2023.833,"body":"And as in the instance"},{"startTime":2019.03,"endTime":2023.833,"body":"of the Cambridge area"},{"startTime":2023.833,"endTime":2026.14,"body":"that we looked at before,"},{"startTime":2026.14,"endTime":2029.23,"body":"through archeological work,"},{"startTime":2029.23,"endTime":2032.95,"body":"largely in this case, aerial"},{"startTime":2029.23,"endTime":2032.95,"body":"photography and geophysics,"},{"startTime":2032.95,"endTime":2035.65,"body":"we've been able to map the"},{"startTime":2032.95,"endTime":2035.65,"body":"density of settlements,"},{"startTime":2035.65,"endTime":2037.45,"body":"and each one of these rings"},{"startTime":2037.45,"endTime":2041.05,"body":"represents a farm site in this landscape."},{"startTime":2041.05,"endTime":2043.509,"body":"Again, incredibly densely occupied,"},{"startTime":2043.509,"endTime":2048.509,"body":"but in this landscape the"},{"startTime":2043.509,"endTime":2048.509,"body":"settlements are largely focused"},{"startTime":2049.66,"endTime":2053.677,"body":"on a stream that is running"},{"startTime":2049.66,"endTime":2053.677,"body":"through the landscape down here,"},{"startTime":2053.677,"endTime":2057.04,"body":"and the settlements are on"},{"startTime":2053.677,"endTime":2057.04,"body":"the gravel beside the stream"},{"startTime":2057.04,"endTime":2060.34,"body":"with the heavier land to either"},{"startTime":2057.04,"endTime":2060.34,"body":"side being set-aside field."},{"startTime":2060.34,"endTime":2061.9,"body":"So we can see, if you like,"},{"startTime":2061.9,"endTime":2065.47,"body":"the economic geography"},{"startTime":2061.9,"endTime":2065.47,"body":"of the landscape in this."},{"startTime":2065.47,"endTime":2070.47,"body":"And here we see transformation"},{"startTime":2065.47,"endTime":2070.47,"body":"around about AD 70,"},{"startTime":2072.49,"endTime":2074.98,"body":"lasting for 10 or 15 years."},{"startTime":2074.98,"endTime":2079.93,"body":"The Roman army arrive, about"},{"startTime":2074.98,"endTime":2079.93,"body":"500 soldiers are based here."},{"startTime":2079.93,"endTime":2082.3,"body":"The soldiers have a fort."},{"startTime":2082.3,"endTime":2086.71,"body":"The fort is to one side"},{"startTime":2082.3,"endTime":2086.71,"body":"of the existing farmstead,"},{"startTime":2086.71,"endTime":2088.48,"body":"but it looks as though"},{"startTime":2088.48,"endTime":2090.7,"body":"from the detail of the aerial photography"},{"startTime":2090.7,"endTime":2093.94,"body":"that people gathered around the fort."},{"startTime":2093.94,"endTime":2097.54,"body":"There is a large roundhouse"},{"startTime":2093.94,"endTime":2097.54,"body":"just outside the fort."},{"startTime":2097.54,"endTime":2101.143,"body":"So people are cozying up, if"},{"startTime":2097.54,"endTime":2101.143,"body":"you like, to the Roman army."},{"startTime":2102.73,"endTime":2104.89,"body":"When the fort moves on"},{"startTime":2104.89,"endTime":2108.62,"body":"with Roman military deployments elsewhere,"},{"startTime":2108.62,"endTime":2111.97,"body":"very soon after, the"},{"startTime":2108.62,"endTime":2111.97,"body":"Roman road is laid out,"},{"startTime":2111.97,"endTime":2114.49,"body":"running straight through"},{"startTime":2111.97,"endTime":2114.49,"body":"the landscape here,"},{"startTime":2114.49,"endTime":2117.52,"body":"forming, and we'll come"},{"startTime":2114.49,"endTime":2117.52,"body":"back to this in a moment,"},{"startTime":2117.52,"endTime":2118.81,"body":"something of a crossroads"},{"startTime":2118.81,"endTime":2121.93,"body":"with the traditional"},{"startTime":2118.81,"endTime":2121.93,"body":"routeway along the valley,"},{"startTime":2121.93,"endTime":2126.93,"body":"and you get a shift of"},{"startTime":2121.93,"endTime":2126.93,"body":"populations beginning to form"},{"startTime":2128.92,"endTime":2131.41,"body":"one of these nucleated village sites"},{"startTime":2131.41,"endTime":2134.983,"body":"along the side of the road"},{"startTime":2131.41,"endTime":2134.983,"body":"here on one side of the river."},{"startTime":2135.94,"endTime":2139.39,"body":"Within the landscape itself,"},{"startTime":2139.39,"endTime":2142.9,"body":"the farmsteads have quite"},{"startTime":2139.39,"endTime":2142.9,"body":"different histories."},{"startTime":2142.9,"endTime":2144.46,"body":"We haven't excavated all of them,"},{"startTime":2144.46,"endTime":2148.073,"body":"but we've collected material"},{"startTime":2144.46,"endTime":2148.073,"body":"from several of them."},{"startTime":2148.073,"endTime":2152.02,"body":"The one we've excavated"},{"startTime":2148.073,"endTime":2152.02,"body":"over here shows a transition"},{"startTime":2152.02,"endTime":2156.1,"body":"towards what you might describe"},{"startTime":2152.02,"endTime":2156.1,"body":"as a sort of small villa."},{"startTime":2156.1,"endTime":2160.12,"body":"It has a bathhouse, it has"},{"startTime":2156.1,"endTime":2160.12,"body":"stone buildings and so forth,"},{"startTime":2160.12,"endTime":2163.36,"body":"and engages with the Roman economy."},{"startTime":2163.36,"endTime":2166.78,"body":"Others of them seem to"},{"startTime":2163.36,"endTime":2166.78,"body":"have kept their distance."},{"startTime":2166.78,"endTime":2168.46,"body":"Some of them die out,"},{"startTime":2168.46,"endTime":2171.55,"body":"but others of them also develop"},{"startTime":2171.55,"endTime":2176.55,"body":"into more elaborate types"},{"startTime":2171.55,"endTime":2176.55,"body":"of Roman style buildings."},{"startTime":2180.07,"endTime":2185.07,"body":"So we see cultural change,"},{"startTime":2180.07,"endTime":2185.07,"body":"but it's an evolution,"},{"startTime":2186.31,"endTime":2189.79,"body":"and it's an evolution that"},{"startTime":2186.31,"endTime":2189.79,"body":"is largely promoted, I think,"},{"startTime":2189.79,"endTime":2192.37,"body":"by the development of the road network"},{"startTime":2192.37,"endTime":2195.58,"body":"and connections to outside,"},{"startTime":2195.58,"endTime":2197.62,"body":"rather than the traditional view"},{"startTime":2197.62,"endTime":2200.62,"body":"that the military changed things."},{"startTime":2200.62,"endTime":2205.62,"body":"If we pan out a little bit"},{"startTime":2200.62,"endTime":2205.62,"body":"further in this same landscape,"},{"startTime":2205.81,"endTime":2209.11,"body":"the Hayden study area was up here."},{"startTime":2209.11,"endTime":2210.19,"body":"Few years before that,"},{"startTime":2210.19,"endTime":2214.0,"body":"we did work down in the"},{"startTime":2210.19,"endTime":2214.0,"body":"Holme on Spalding Moor area,"},{"startTime":2214.0,"endTime":2217.45,"body":"just a few miles to the south."},{"startTime":2217.45,"endTime":2221.14,"body":"The Roman road running from"},{"startTime":2217.45,"endTime":2221.14,"body":"Bath runs up through here,"},{"startTime":2221.14,"endTime":2224.857,"body":"and what this map shows"},{"startTime":2221.14,"endTime":2224.857,"body":"is the known distribution"},{"startTime":2224.857,"endTime":2229.12,"body":"partly from pot and antiquity scheme data"},{"startTime":2229.12,"endTime":2231.973,"body":"of Roman coins through the landscape,"},{"startTime":2232.853,"endTime":2235.96,"body":"and the coins act as a sort of measure"},{"startTime":2235.96,"endTime":2239.86,"body":"for the distribution of sites"},{"startTime":2239.86,"endTime":2243.25,"body":"and interaction with the Roman economy."},{"startTime":2243.25,"endTime":2245.77,"body":"And what's remarkable"},{"startTime":2243.25,"endTime":2245.77,"body":"is that the Hayden area"},{"startTime":2245.77,"endTime":2247.21,"body":"and the areas along the road"},{"startTime":2247.21,"endTime":2249.52,"body":"have high levels of interaction,"},{"startTime":2249.52,"endTime":2252.19,"body":"whereas the Holme on Spalding Moor area,"},{"startTime":2252.19,"endTime":2254.77,"body":"although it's not deserted,"},{"startTime":2254.77,"endTime":2256.54,"body":"has very little interaction"},{"startTime":2256.54,"endTime":2259.603,"body":"at the level of the coin-using economy."},{"startTime":2260.71,"endTime":2262.09,"body":"But at the same time,"},{"startTime":2262.09,"endTime":2266.928,"body":"that area is densely"},{"startTime":2262.09,"endTime":2266.928,"body":"occupied by settlement sites,"},{"startTime":2266.928,"endTime":2270.67,"body":"settlement sites represented"},{"startTime":2266.928,"endTime":2270.67,"body":"by enclosures and so forth."},{"startTime":2270.67,"endTime":2273.31,"body":"There's a lack of field systems here,"},{"startTime":2273.31,"endTime":2276.94,"body":"but what we seem to have is an economy"},{"startTime":2276.94,"endTime":2280.0,"body":"that is very specialized."},{"startTime":2280.0,"endTime":2281.14,"body":"In the Late Iron Age,"},{"startTime":2281.14,"endTime":2283.81,"body":"this is an area where they produced iron."},{"startTime":2283.81,"endTime":2285.25,"body":"In the Roman period,"},{"startTime":2285.25,"endTime":2289.33,"body":"the iron deposits from"},{"startTime":2285.25,"endTime":2289.33,"body":"the bog ore in the valley,"},{"startTime":2289.33,"endTime":2290.44,"body":"lowland valley system"},{"startTime":2290.44,"endTime":2293.62,"body":"seems to be worked out, and"},{"startTime":2290.44,"endTime":2293.62,"body":"they moved to producing pottery."},{"startTime":2293.62,"endTime":2297.01,"body":"So we've got a pottery kiln,"},{"startTime":2293.62,"endTime":2297.01,"body":"one of whole number here."},{"startTime":2297.01,"endTime":2299.23,"body":"That pottery is being distributed"},{"startTime":2299.23,"endTime":2301.84,"body":"across the whole of Northern England,"},{"startTime":2301.84,"endTime":2306.19,"body":"but if you like, the"},{"startTime":2301.84,"endTime":2306.19,"body":"economic benefit from it,"},{"startTime":2306.19,"endTime":2307.27,"body":"as far as we can see,"},{"startTime":2307.27,"endTime":2310.06,"body":"is not flowing back into that local area."},{"startTime":2310.06,"endTime":2312.1,"body":"It's presumably going somewhere else,"},{"startTime":2312.1,"endTime":2314.05,"body":"and that suggests"},{"startTime":2314.05,"endTime":2318.67,"body":"that we're able to distinguish"},{"startTime":2314.05,"endTime":2318.67,"body":"different lifeways,"},{"startTime":2318.67,"endTime":2320.26,"body":"and what I would suggest"},{"startTime":2320.26,"endTime":2322.57,"body":"that we're seeing in the Holme area"},{"startTime":2322.57,"endTime":2326.5,"body":"is a landscape that is dominated"},{"startTime":2322.57,"endTime":2326.5,"body":"by woodland management,"},{"startTime":2326.5,"endTime":2328.03,"body":"charcoal production,"},{"startTime":2328.03,"endTime":2331.66,"body":"the use of wood for potting and so forth."},{"startTime":2331.66,"endTime":2335.29,"body":"Very different from the"},{"startTime":2331.66,"endTime":2335.29,"body":"agricultural landscapes up here"},{"startTime":2335.29,"endTime":2339.01,"body":"and arguably under the control"},{"startTime":2339.01,"endTime":2340.99,"body":"of someone who's living elsewhere."},{"startTime":2340.99,"endTime":2345.763,"body":"So the money is not flowing"},{"startTime":2340.99,"endTime":2345.763,"body":"back into that landscape."},{"startTime":2346.96,"endTime":2350.53,"body":"So what that illustrates"},{"startTime":2346.96,"endTime":2350.53,"body":"for us is, if you like,"},{"startTime":2350.53,"endTime":2355.53,"body":"a diversity of different"},{"startTime":2350.53,"endTime":2355.53,"body":"approaches that are taking place,"},{"startTime":2355.732,"endTime":2358.753,"body":"even very locally within Roman Britain."},{"startTime":2360.175,"endTime":2364.51,"body":"And can we use that sort of evidence"},{"startTime":2364.51,"endTime":2368.05,"body":"for understanding how culture develops"},{"startTime":2368.05,"endTime":2370.0,"body":"and the connections"},{"startTime":2370.0,"endTime":2372.523,"body":"between different parts of the landscape?"},{"startTime":2374.53,"endTime":2377.59,"body":"What I would suggest is that we can,"},{"startTime":2377.59,"endTime":2380.23,"body":"and if we go back to the Hayden area,"},{"startTime":2380.23,"endTime":2385.23,"body":"we're looking here up the"},{"startTime":2380.23,"endTime":2385.23,"body":"valley into the Yorkshire Wolds."},{"startTime":2385.72,"endTime":2387.58,"body":"The area we've been looking at just now"},{"startTime":2387.58,"endTime":2389.41,"body":"is just down bottom here,"},{"startTime":2389.41,"endTime":2391.42,"body":"and just on the bottom edge of the screen"},{"startTime":2391.42,"endTime":2395.17,"body":"is where we dug the Burnby Lane site,"},{"startTime":2395.17,"endTime":2397.3,"body":"the site that has the bathhouse"},{"startTime":2397.3,"endTime":2400.213,"body":"and a small sort of villa type settlement."},{"startTime":2401.29,"endTime":2404.14,"body":"What we think is happening here"},{"startTime":2404.14,"endTime":2407.29,"body":"is that there is a traditional"},{"startTime":2404.14,"endTime":2407.29,"body":"routeway, if you like,"},{"startTime":2407.29,"endTime":2410.5,"body":"for driving stock from summer pasture"},{"startTime":2410.5,"endTime":2411.76,"body":"up on the top of the wolds,"},{"startTime":2411.76,"endTime":2415.69,"body":"those large sort of ranges"},{"startTime":2411.76,"endTime":2415.69,"body":"we were looking at earlier"},{"startTime":2415.69,"endTime":2417.94,"body":"and we'll return to in a moment,"},{"startTime":2417.94,"endTime":2422.071,"body":"down to the lowlands for sort of lambing"},{"startTime":2422.071,"endTime":2426.94,"body":"and presumably for sale"},{"startTime":2422.071,"endTime":2426.94,"body":"into the Roman economy,"},{"startTime":2426.94,"endTime":2431.94,"body":"and that routeway is one of the networks"},{"startTime":2433.69,"endTime":2435.913,"body":"that we can trace through the archeology."},{"startTime":2437.17,"endTime":2441.82,"body":"It looks like it's a predominantly"},{"startTime":2437.17,"endTime":2441.82,"body":"sheep rearing economy."},{"startTime":2441.82,"endTime":2443.08,"body":"And interestingly,"},{"startTime":2443.08,"endTime":2448.08,"body":"alongside those quite"},{"startTime":2443.08,"endTime":2448.08,"body":"Roman style ways of living"},{"startTime":2448.81,"endTime":2452.41,"body":"in the Burnby Lane site we excavated,"},{"startTime":2452.41,"endTime":2454.9,"body":"there are also a large number of deposits"},{"startTime":2454.9,"endTime":2459.133,"body":"of feasting debris from sheep,"},{"startTime":2460.09,"endTime":2462.4,"body":"not just discarded."},{"startTime":2462.4,"endTime":2465.13,"body":"This example here is one of my favorites,"},{"startTime":2465.13,"endTime":2468.52,"body":"where they've had a feast."},{"startTime":2468.52,"endTime":2473.52,"body":"They have buried three young sheeps' heads"},{"startTime":2474.61,"endTime":2479.05,"body":"with the forelimbs of the"},{"startTime":2474.61,"endTime":2479.05,"body":"sheep, just underneath the nose,"},{"startTime":2479.05,"endTime":2481.69,"body":"and they've then filled the pit with clay."},{"startTime":2481.69,"endTime":2484.12,"body":"So what we're seeing is something"},{"startTime":2484.12,"endTime":2487.21,"body":"that's quite difficult to"},{"startTime":2484.12,"endTime":2487.21,"body":"imagine what's going on,"},{"startTime":2487.21,"endTime":2488.92,"body":"but it's very deliberate,"},{"startTime":2488.92,"endTime":2491.32,"body":"and it seems to have sort of religious"},{"startTime":2491.32,"endTime":2492.76,"body":"and cultural connotations,"},{"startTime":2492.76,"endTime":2496.21,"body":"so the sheep are not only"},{"startTime":2492.76,"endTime":2496.21,"body":"important economically,"},{"startTime":2496.21,"endTime":2500.2,"body":"they're also important"},{"startTime":2496.21,"endTime":2500.2,"body":"sort of symbolically"},{"startTime":2500.2,"endTime":2503.293,"body":"and arguably in religious terms."},{"startTime":2504.13,"endTime":2509.13,"body":"And if we follow that routeway"},{"startTime":2504.13,"endTime":2509.13,"body":"down to the Roman road,"},{"startTime":2510.22,"endTime":2513.91,"body":"the settlement we were"},{"startTime":2510.22,"endTime":2513.91,"body":"talking about was this one."},{"startTime":2513.91,"endTime":2516.49,"body":"There's an area next to the Roman road"},{"startTime":2516.49,"endTime":2520.483,"body":"where there is no evidence for settlement."},{"startTime":2521.5,"endTime":2523.09,"body":"It's completely empty."},{"startTime":2523.09,"endTime":2524.44,"body":"We've done geophysics on it,"},{"startTime":2524.44,"endTime":2526.51,"body":"there's nothing showing"},{"startTime":2524.44,"endTime":2526.51,"body":"the air photographs,"},{"startTime":2526.51,"endTime":2530.38,"body":"but there are very large"},{"startTime":2526.51,"endTime":2530.38,"body":"numbers of metal objects"},{"startTime":2530.38,"endTime":2532.84,"body":"that have been found there,"},{"startTime":2532.84,"endTime":2535.18,"body":"and the way that we interpret this"},{"startTime":2535.18,"endTime":2538.54,"body":"is that being connected up to the wolds,"},{"startTime":2538.54,"endTime":2543.54,"body":"when you bring your sheep"},{"startTime":2538.54,"endTime":2543.54,"body":"down seasonally to market,"},{"startTime":2543.64,"endTime":2547.15,"body":"you're probably gathering"},{"startTime":2543.64,"endTime":2547.15,"body":"with people from elsewhere,"},{"startTime":2547.15,"endTime":2549.04,"body":"and there's probably something,"},{"startTime":2549.04,"endTime":2552.25,"body":"a seasonal fair, a seasonal marketplace"},{"startTime":2552.25,"endTime":2556.09,"body":"taking place in the fields"},{"startTime":2552.25,"endTime":2556.09,"body":"beside the Roman road"},{"startTime":2556.09,"endTime":2560.89,"body":"where the sheep can be"},{"startTime":2556.09,"endTime":2560.89,"body":"sold on to the traders"},{"startTime":2560.89,"endTime":2562.9,"body":"who are using the road system."},{"startTime":2562.9,"endTime":2566.05,"body":"That brings in all kinds of other stuff"},{"startTime":2566.05,"endTime":2570.397,"body":"that gets sort of lost in"},{"startTime":2566.05,"endTime":2570.397,"body":"the fields in the fair."},{"startTime":2570.397,"endTime":2575.397,"body":"And I always think of Thomas"},{"startTime":2570.397,"endTime":2575.397,"body":"Hardy's sort of seasonal fair"},{"startTime":2578.14,"endTime":2579.793,"body":"at Weyhill,"},{"startTime":2581.17,"endTime":2582.4,"body":"in this time,"},{"startTime":2582.4,"endTime":2586.9,"body":"that although there's"},{"startTime":2582.4,"endTime":2586.9,"body":"absolutely nothing in the field,"},{"startTime":2586.9,"endTime":2590.95,"body":"you can imagine that for a few days,"},{"startTime":2590.95,"endTime":2593.92,"body":"perhaps in the late"},{"startTime":2590.95,"endTime":2593.92,"body":"summer or early autumn,"},{"startTime":2593.92,"endTime":2595.39,"body":"everyone comes in,"},{"startTime":2595.39,"endTime":2598.0,"body":"and that becomes a sort of focus"},{"startTime":2598.0,"endTime":2600.913,"body":"for people within the landscape."},{"startTime":2602.05,"endTime":2606.583,"body":"And at the other end of that"},{"startTime":2602.05,"endTime":2606.583,"body":"route up on the wolds itself,"},{"startTime":2607.72,"endTime":2610.66,"body":"on one of these settlements"},{"startTime":2610.66,"endTime":2614.89,"body":"that seems to be focused on the edges"},{"startTime":2614.89,"endTime":2619.89,"body":"of a large sort of"},{"startTime":2614.89,"endTime":2619.89,"body":"range for running sheep,"},{"startTime":2621.01,"endTime":2626.01,"body":"we have the deposition of bullion coins"},{"startTime":2628.45,"endTime":2630.28,"body":"of different periods."},{"startTime":2630.28,"endTime":2631.54,"body":"They're not a hoard."},{"startTime":2631.54,"endTime":2633.31,"body":"They are individual coins"},{"startTime":2633.31,"endTime":2636.01,"body":"that are buried within the landscape,"},{"startTime":2636.01,"endTime":2639.43,"body":"which I would suggest represent the wealth"},{"startTime":2639.43,"endTime":2642.61,"body":"going back up into these upland areas."},{"startTime":2642.61,"endTime":2644.35,"body":"But in these upland areas,"},{"startTime":2644.35,"endTime":2647.973,"body":"they're not being used in the Roman way."},{"startTime":2647.973,"endTime":2650.92,"body":"They're being used as sort of something"},{"startTime":2650.92,"endTime":2653.223,"body":"that we don't quite know what to do with."},{"startTime":2653.223,"endTime":2654.31,"body":"So they're being buried,"},{"startTime":2654.31,"endTime":2656.98,"body":"and probably being buried"},{"startTime":2654.31,"endTime":2656.98,"body":"as a matter of choice,"},{"startTime":2656.98,"endTime":2661.98,"body":"again in what appears to"},{"startTime":2656.98,"endTime":2661.98,"body":"be a quasi-religious way."},{"startTime":2662.02,"endTime":2665.47,"body":"So these people are"},{"startTime":2662.02,"endTime":2665.47,"body":"networked with the lowlands"},{"startTime":2665.47,"endTime":2667.69,"body":"but they're behaving in a way"},{"startTime":2667.69,"endTime":2669.64,"body":"that isn't, if you like, Roman."},{"startTime":2669.64,"endTime":2674.64,"body":"It is more related to"},{"startTime":2669.64,"endTime":2674.64,"body":"their indigenous choices,"},{"startTime":2674.77,"endTime":2676.333,"body":"indigenous cultures."},{"startTime":2679.39,"endTime":2684.04,"body":"And not very far away from that site,"},{"startTime":2684.04,"endTime":2686.56,"body":"literally half a mile away,"},{"startTime":2686.56,"endTime":2691.56,"body":"we had excavated another part"},{"startTime":2686.56,"endTime":2691.56,"body":"of that boundary settlement,"},{"startTime":2692.95,"endTime":2696.07,"body":"where we found another"},{"startTime":2696.07,"endTime":2699.1,"body":"sort of what you might"},{"startTime":2696.07,"endTime":2699.1,"body":"call a cultural hybrid."},{"startTime":2699.1,"endTime":2701.14,"body":"It's a hall-type building,"},{"startTime":2701.14,"endTime":2703.0,"body":"it's not a Roman villa if you like,"},{"startTime":2703.0,"endTime":2705.79,"body":"but it's using Roman building methods,"},{"startTime":2705.79,"endTime":2709.153,"body":"the central workhall, a couple"},{"startTime":2705.79,"endTime":2709.153,"body":"of private areas within it,"},{"startTime":2710.8,"endTime":2712.9,"body":"a communal type building"},{"startTime":2712.9,"endTime":2715.66,"body":"rather than the sorts of"},{"startTime":2712.9,"endTime":2715.66,"body":"things that we see nearby"},{"startTime":2715.66,"endTime":2719.383,"body":"in the Rudston villa, of"},{"startTime":2715.66,"endTime":2719.383,"body":"private spaces and so forth."},{"startTime":2720.58,"endTime":2722.35,"body":"Now this is an interesting hybrid,"},{"startTime":2722.35,"endTime":2725.92,"body":"because it reflects communal living"},{"startTime":2725.92,"endTime":2729.52,"body":"as was in existence in"},{"startTime":2725.92,"endTime":2729.52,"body":"the area in the Iron Age,"},{"startTime":2729.52,"endTime":2733.36,"body":"and written in stone, if you like,"},{"startTime":2733.36,"endTime":2734.65,"body":"and written in stone"},{"startTime":2734.65,"endTime":2737.47,"body":"in a very visible part of the landscape."},{"startTime":2737.47,"endTime":2741.31,"body":"But it's not either a Roman"},{"startTime":2737.47,"endTime":2741.31,"body":"or an indigenous style."},{"startTime":2741.31,"endTime":2745.573,"body":"It's a hybrid which is hybrid of choice."},{"startTime":2746.56,"endTime":2750.19,"body":"And I would also draw"},{"startTime":2746.56,"endTime":2750.19,"body":"attention to the fact"},{"startTime":2750.19,"endTime":2755.19,"body":"that these types of big hall buildings"},{"startTime":2755.44,"endTime":2758.62,"body":"are actually very common"},{"startTime":2755.44,"endTime":2758.62,"body":"within Roman Britain."},{"startTime":2758.62,"endTime":2762.013,"body":"They are one of the most"},{"startTime":2758.62,"endTime":2762.013,"body":"common forms of building."},{"startTime":2762.85,"endTime":2765.573,"body":"Very often we don't have"},{"startTime":2762.85,"endTime":2765.573,"body":"good evidence for them,"},{"startTime":2765.573,"endTime":2767.53,"body":"as at a site in Surrey here,"},{"startTime":2767.53,"endTime":2771.46,"body":"where we have very good"},{"startTime":2767.53,"endTime":2771.46,"body":"evidence for the survival,"},{"startTime":2771.46,"endTime":2772.81,"body":"and this is a reconstruction"},{"startTime":2772.81,"endTime":2776.62,"body":"of one of the sites we"},{"startTime":2772.81,"endTime":2776.62,"body":"dug in East Yorkshire."},{"startTime":2776.62,"endTime":2778.75,"body":"And the point I would want to make here"},{"startTime":2778.75,"endTime":2782.2,"body":"is that this is timber architecture"},{"startTime":2782.2,"endTime":2786.43,"body":"being used for high status display,"},{"startTime":2786.43,"endTime":2789.67,"body":"massive buildings, communal buildings"},{"startTime":2789.67,"endTime":2794.59,"body":"that were important for"},{"startTime":2789.67,"endTime":2794.59,"body":"the people living in them,"},{"startTime":2794.59,"endTime":2797.072,"body":"but which represents something"},{"startTime":2797.072,"endTime":2802.072,"body":"that is a creation of the"},{"startTime":2797.072,"endTime":2802.072,"body":"Roman provinces, Roman Britain,"},{"startTime":2802.6,"endTime":2807.6,"body":"rather than the Mediterranean"},{"startTime":2802.6,"endTime":2807.6,"body":"ideas coming in."},{"startTime":2808.967,"endTime":2811.3,"body":"And I would further emphasize"},{"startTime":2811.3,"endTime":2813.37,"body":"these are habitation buildings."},{"startTime":2813.37,"endTime":2815.32,"body":"There's a lovely press release recently"},{"startTime":2815.32,"endTime":2820.32,"body":"from the newly-discovered Roman"},{"startTime":2815.32,"endTime":2820.32,"body":"site in the East Midlands,"},{"startTime":2825.038,"endTime":2830.038,"body":"where Historic England talked"},{"startTime":2825.038,"endTime":2830.038,"body":"about one of these structures"},{"startTime":2830.56,"endTime":2831.7,"body":"having a bath put in it,"},{"startTime":2831.7,"endTime":2836.11,"body":"and it was the earliest"},{"startTime":2831.7,"endTime":2836.11,"body":"British barn conversion,"},{"startTime":2836.11,"endTime":2840.857,"body":"and I'd almost exploded with sort of fury"},{"startTime":2841.99,"endTime":2844.3,"body":"because these things aren't barns."},{"startTime":2844.3,"endTime":2846.55,"body":"These are great halls,"},{"startTime":2846.55,"endTime":2849.94,"body":"and what we're seeing in the example"},{"startTime":2849.94,"endTime":2853.84,"body":"that recently come up in the East Midlands"},{"startTime":2853.84,"endTime":2856.96,"body":"is the elaboration and the combination"},{"startTime":2856.96,"endTime":2859.48,"body":"of a Roman way of bathing"},{"startTime":2859.48,"endTime":2864.07,"body":"with a very important British"},{"startTime":2859.48,"endTime":2864.07,"body":"way of showing your status."},{"startTime":2864.07,"endTime":2866.53,"body":"'Cause these buildings"},{"startTime":2864.07,"endTime":2866.53,"body":"are using huge trees."},{"startTime":2866.53,"endTime":2867.88,"body":"They're massive."},{"startTime":2867.88,"endTime":2872.26,"body":"They're like the scale"},{"startTime":2867.88,"endTime":2872.26,"body":"of medieval tithe barns."},{"startTime":2872.26,"endTime":2877.09,"body":"So they're big high status"},{"startTime":2872.26,"endTime":2877.09,"body":"things which represent a way"},{"startTime":2877.09,"endTime":2881.11,"body":"that these people were"},{"startTime":2877.09,"endTime":2881.11,"body":"showing to their neighbors"},{"startTime":2881.11,"endTime":2883.0,"body":"and other people passing by"},{"startTime":2883.0,"endTime":2886.843,"body":"their choices in the way"},{"startTime":2883.0,"endTime":2886.843,"body":"that they wished to live."},{"startTime":2888.19,"endTime":2892.21,"body":"Now, in this evening's talk,"},{"startTime":2892.21,"endTime":2894.58,"body":"I have quite deliberately"},{"startTime":2894.58,"endTime":2898.99,"body":"focused on bits of the"},{"startTime":2894.58,"endTime":2898.99,"body":"culture of Roman Britain"},{"startTime":2898.99,"endTime":2903.99,"body":"that are arguably less"},{"startTime":2898.99,"endTime":2903.99,"body":"classical and more diverse"},{"startTime":2905.65,"endTime":2909.28,"body":"than you had probably expected."},{"startTime":2909.28,"endTime":2912.7,"body":"I do want to finish by emphasizing"},{"startTime":2912.7,"endTime":2915.85,"body":"that that's not the whole"},{"startTime":2912.7,"endTime":2915.85,"body":"period of Roman Britain."},{"startTime":2915.85,"endTime":2920.85,"body":"There were people in Roman"},{"startTime":2915.85,"endTime":2920.85,"body":"Britain who chose to do things"},{"startTime":2920.98,"endTime":2925.0,"body":"in a very classical Mediterranean way."},{"startTime":2925.0,"endTime":2929.89,"body":"And I used, thanks to the"},{"startTime":2925.0,"endTime":2929.89,"body":"Boxford History Project,"},{"startTime":2929.89,"endTime":2934.63,"body":"the remarkable mosaic found"},{"startTime":2929.89,"endTime":2934.63,"body":"four or five years ago,"},{"startTime":2934.63,"endTime":2936.49,"body":"this site in Wilshire,"},{"startTime":2936.49,"endTime":2941.017,"body":"which is telling the story"},{"startTime":2936.49,"endTime":2941.017,"body":"of classical mythology"},{"startTime":2943.09,"endTime":2945.64,"body":"in the mosaic."},{"startTime":2945.64,"endTime":2948.25,"body":"And what this stands for"},{"startTime":2948.25,"endTime":2951.25,"body":"is the fact that there were"},{"startTime":2948.25,"endTime":2951.25,"body":"people in Roman Britain"},{"startTime":2951.25,"endTime":2955.24,"body":"who chose to adopt Mediterranean ways,"},{"startTime":2955.24,"endTime":2956.65,"body":"and when they did it,"},{"startTime":2956.65,"endTime":2960.823,"body":"they did it as well as anyone"},{"startTime":2956.65,"endTime":2960.823,"body":"else in Western Europe."},{"startTime":2961.69,"endTime":2966.69,"body":"But for me, what I hope I've shown you"},{"startTime":2967.96,"endTime":2970.48,"body":"is that there are other"},{"startTime":2967.96,"endTime":2970.48,"body":"aspects of Roman Britain"},{"startTime":2970.48,"endTime":2974.11,"body":"which are showing"},{"startTime":2970.48,"endTime":2974.11,"body":"different cultural choices"},{"startTime":2974.11,"endTime":2975.34,"body":"of Roman Britain,"},{"startTime":2975.34,"endTime":2978.79,"body":"which is perhaps less Roman"},{"startTime":2978.79,"endTime":2983.2,"body":"and less familiar than you had expected."},{"startTime":2983.2,"endTime":2986.143,"body":"And that's my main message for you,"},{"startTime":2987.19,"endTime":2992.19,"body":"that if we quote LP"},{"startTime":2987.19,"endTime":2992.19,"body":"Hartley, \"The Go-Between,\""},{"startTime":2993.197,"endTime":2995.77,"body":"\"The past is a foreign country."},{"startTime":2995.77,"endTime":2998.32,"body":"They do things differently there.\""},{"startTime":2998.32,"endTime":3000.75,"body":"I hope you've seen something"},{"startTime":3000.75,"endTime":3002.85,"body":"of those differences this evening."},{"startTime":3002.85,"endTime":3004.477,"body":"Thank you very much."},{"startTime":3004.477,"endTime":3007.644,"body":"(audience applauding)"},{"startTime":3011.242,"endTime":3012.75,"body":"- Professor Millett, thank you very much."},{"startTime":3012.75,"endTime":3015.18,"body":"Lots of fun ideas to discuss."},{"startTime":3015.18,"endTime":3017.19,"body":"Got a lot of questions online for you,"},{"startTime":3017.19,"endTime":3019.56,"body":"so I'll start with a couple here"},{"startTime":3019.56,"endTime":3021.36,"body":"and then I'll open it up to the floor"},{"startTime":3021.36,"endTime":3023.61,"body":"with my colleague who has"},{"startTime":3021.36,"endTime":3023.61,"body":"a roaming mic for you."},{"startTime":3023.61,"endTime":3025.62,"body":"So first question for you."},{"startTime":3025.62,"endTime":3027.72,"body":"In Northumberland, there are suggestions"},{"startTime":3027.72,"endTime":3030.54,"body":"that modern parish"},{"startTime":3027.72,"endTime":3030.54,"body":"boundaries in the rural areas"},{"startTime":3030.54,"endTime":3033.003,"body":"may have Iron Age origins."},{"startTime":3033.003,"endTime":3037.17,"body":"Do the sites that you"},{"startTime":3033.003,"endTime":3037.17,"body":"mentioned support that idea?"},{"startTime":3037.17,"endTime":3040.53,"body":"- That's a very complicated"},{"startTime":3037.17,"endTime":3040.53,"body":"and very difficult question."},{"startTime":3040.53,"endTime":3041.363,"body":"- Good start."},{"startTime":3042.27,"endTime":3045.6,"body":"- There is some evidence"},{"startTime":3045.6,"endTime":3049.65,"body":"that there are"},{"startTime":3045.6,"endTime":3049.65,"body":"continuations of boundaries,"},{"startTime":3049.65,"endTime":3052.41,"body":"but those are largely in areas"},{"startTime":3052.41,"endTime":3055.68,"body":"where the landscape is very constrained."},{"startTime":3055.68,"endTime":3059.34,"body":"So if you have a"},{"startTime":3055.68,"endTime":3059.34,"body":"constrained upland valley,"},{"startTime":3059.34,"endTime":3063.33,"body":"then the boundary that"},{"startTime":3059.34,"endTime":3063.33,"body":"you had in the Iron Age"},{"startTime":3063.33,"endTime":3066.03,"body":"is probably going to be the"},{"startTime":3063.33,"endTime":3066.03,"body":"same one as we've got today."},{"startTime":3066.03,"endTime":3068.04,"body":"That's not necessarily the same"},{"startTime":3068.04,"endTime":3071.67,"body":"as meaning that there has"},{"startTime":3068.04,"endTime":3071.67,"body":"been a direct continuity,"},{"startTime":3071.67,"endTime":3073.86,"body":"and for the most part,"},{"startTime":3073.86,"endTime":3078.86,"body":"the evidence of discontinuities"},{"startTime":3073.86,"endTime":3078.86,"body":"over long periods of time"},{"startTime":3079.41,"endTime":3082.65,"body":"is stronger than the"},{"startTime":3079.41,"endTime":3082.65,"body":"evidence of continuity."},{"startTime":3082.65,"endTime":3086.7,"body":"But in the upland areas, and"},{"startTime":3082.65,"endTime":3086.7,"body":"upland Northumberland is one,"},{"startTime":3086.7,"endTime":3089.733,"body":"you can see why there might be those."},{"startTime":3091.17,"endTime":3092.003,"body":"- I've got another one."},{"startTime":3092.003,"endTime":3094.8,"body":"Is it compulsory for"},{"startTime":3092.003,"endTime":3094.8,"body":"developers to disclose"},{"startTime":3094.8,"endTime":3097.86,"body":"that there is archeological importance"},{"startTime":3097.86,"endTime":3099.57,"body":"where they plan to develop"},{"startTime":3099.57,"endTime":3101.927,"body":"in the sites that they plan to develop?"},{"startTime":3103.95,"endTime":3106.38,"body":"- It is effectively compulsory"},{"startTime":3106.38,"endTime":3110.13,"body":"in the sense that if you"},{"startTime":3106.38,"endTime":3110.13,"body":"apply for planning permission"},{"startTime":3110.13,"endTime":3112.05,"body":"to do a housing development,"},{"startTime":3112.05,"endTime":3116.28,"body":"the planning authority will"},{"startTime":3112.05,"endTime":3116.28,"body":"want to see the evidence"},{"startTime":3116.28,"endTime":3119.01,"body":"of whether there or not"},{"startTime":3116.28,"endTime":3119.01,"body":"there is archeology there,"},{"startTime":3119.01,"endTime":3121.77,"body":"and their planning advisors"},{"startTime":3121.77,"endTime":3126.36,"body":"will monitor the quality of the work."},{"startTime":3126.36,"endTime":3128.81,"body":"So it's not..."},{"startTime":3129.75,"endTime":3132.03,"body":"I doubt that anyone would"},{"startTime":3129.75,"endTime":3132.03,"body":"really want to get round it,"},{"startTime":3132.03,"endTime":3136.73,"body":"but if they did, there are"},{"startTime":3132.03,"endTime":3136.73,"body":"mechanisms to to police that,"},{"startTime":3136.73,"endTime":3137.98,"body":"if I can put it that way."},{"startTime":3138.9,"endTime":3140.85,"body":"- Do we have any questions in the room?"},{"startTime":3141.877,"endTime":3143.16,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3143.16,"endTime":3144.27,"body":"Just got a mic for you."},{"startTime":3144.27,"endTime":3146.13,"body":"- [Mark] Yes, Mark Willingdale."},{"startTime":3146.13,"endTime":3149.37,"body":"From your view of the"},{"startTime":3146.13,"endTime":3149.37,"body":"population and the landscape,"},{"startTime":3149.37,"endTime":3152.43,"body":"would you say therefore that"},{"startTime":3149.37,"endTime":3152.43,"body":"the image of the landscape"},{"startTime":3152.43,"endTime":3155.61,"body":"is more one of cleared fields"},{"startTime":3152.43,"endTime":3155.61,"body":"without hedgerows and things,"},{"startTime":3155.61,"endTime":3157.707,"body":"it's quite clear patchy landscape,"},{"startTime":3157.707,"endTime":3160.74,"body":"and then blocks of woodlands on the hills?"},{"startTime":3160.74,"endTime":3161.642,"body":"- Yeah."},{"startTime":3161.642,"endTime":3162.475,"body":"- [Mark] So it's much more open"},{"startTime":3162.475,"endTime":3164.023,"body":"than one would imagine really."},{"startTime":3164.023,"endTime":3166.587,"body":"- I would largely agree with that."},{"startTime":3166.587,"endTime":3170.133,"body":"I think that hedgerows"},{"startTime":3166.587,"endTime":3170.133,"body":"were probably important."},{"startTime":3171.285,"endTime":3175.86,"body":"The site at Shiptonthorpe"},{"startTime":3171.285,"endTime":3175.86,"body":"that I just touched on,"},{"startTime":3175.86,"endTime":3178.31,"body":"we had a water hole,"},{"startTime":3178.31,"endTime":3181.98,"body":"and in the bottom of the water"},{"startTime":3178.31,"endTime":3181.98,"body":"hole, we had hedge clippings."},{"startTime":3181.98,"endTime":3184.89,"body":"Now, you don't very often find that"},{"startTime":3184.89,"endTime":3187.95,"body":"and a hedge doesn't show very well"},{"startTime":3187.95,"endTime":3189.78,"body":"in air photographic evidence."},{"startTime":3189.78,"endTime":3192.6,"body":"You got the ditch but not"},{"startTime":3189.78,"endTime":3192.6,"body":"the bank and the hedge."},{"startTime":3192.6,"endTime":3197.6,"body":"So yes, my image of Roman"},{"startTime":3192.6,"endTime":3197.6,"body":"Britain is largely small fields"},{"startTime":3199.11,"endTime":3201.18,"body":"for arable and pasture,"},{"startTime":3201.18,"endTime":3203.52,"body":"but with ditch boundaries,"},{"startTime":3203.52,"endTime":3207.38,"body":"but a lot of them with hawthorn"},{"startTime":3203.52,"endTime":3207.38,"body":"hedges and so forth on them."},{"startTime":3207.38,"endTime":3208.59,"body":"- [Audience Member 1]"},{"startTime":3207.38,"endTime":3208.59,"body":"Thank you for your talk."},{"startTime":3208.59,"endTime":3210.15,"body":"I was interested in what you said"},{"startTime":3210.15,"endTime":3213.03,"body":"about the individual"},{"startTime":3210.15,"endTime":3213.03,"body":"coins that were found."},{"startTime":3213.03,"endTime":3213.936,"body":"- Yeah."},{"startTime":3213.936,"endTime":3214.769,"body":"- [Audience Member 1] I was wondering"},{"startTime":3214.769,"endTime":3216.87,"body":"why you thought that there might be"},{"startTime":3216.87,"endTime":3218.79,"body":"some religious aspect to that,"},{"startTime":3218.79,"endTime":3221.97,"body":"rather than, for example,"},{"startTime":3218.79,"endTime":3221.97,"body":"they just got dropped there."},{"startTime":3221.97,"endTime":3222.803,"body":"- Yeah."},{"startTime":3225.09,"endTime":3227.97,"body":"On most of these sites,"},{"startTime":3227.97,"endTime":3230.52,"body":"you get low value coins, bronze coins,"},{"startTime":3230.52,"endTime":3233.403,"body":"and they're the money that"},{"startTime":3230.52,"endTime":3233.403,"body":"drops out of people's pockets."},{"startTime":3234.737,"endTime":3239.737,"body":"And those are generally"},{"startTime":3234.737,"endTime":3239.737,"body":"found in the occupied areas."},{"startTime":3242.04,"endTime":3246.09,"body":"The image that I sort of"},{"startTime":3242.04,"endTime":3246.09,"body":"passed over quite quickly there"},{"startTime":3246.09,"endTime":3251.09,"body":"showed that these are all"},{"startTime":3246.09,"endTime":3251.09,"body":"silver coins of various dates."},{"startTime":3252.36,"endTime":3254.28,"body":"So it's not a hoard,"},{"startTime":3254.28,"endTime":3258.72,"body":"and they are buried, not"},{"startTime":3254.28,"endTime":3258.72,"body":"within the settlement itself,"},{"startTime":3258.72,"endTime":3261.57,"body":"but on the edges of the fields roundabout,"},{"startTime":3261.57,"endTime":3264.93,"body":"and there's a lot of evidence accumulating"},{"startTime":3264.93,"endTime":3269.76,"body":"that people were, for reasons"},{"startTime":3264.93,"endTime":3269.76,"body":"that we don't fully understand"},{"startTime":3269.76,"endTime":3271.65,"body":"quite deliberately going"},{"startTime":3269.76,"endTime":3271.65,"body":"out and burying things."},{"startTime":3271.65,"endTime":3276.65,"body":"So at the building with"},{"startTime":3271.65,"endTime":3276.65,"body":"the hall that we excavated,"},{"startTime":3276.81,"endTime":3280.993,"body":"just out of the back there,"},{"startTime":3276.81,"endTime":3280.993,"body":"there was a nice broach,"},{"startTime":3280.993,"endTime":3283.2,"body":"complete courtyard, nothing in it,"},{"startTime":3283.2,"endTime":3285.9,"body":"just a little hole and a"},{"startTime":3283.2,"endTime":3285.9,"body":"broach put in the ground."},{"startTime":3285.9,"endTime":3288.42,"body":"And what my reading of this"},{"startTime":3288.42,"endTime":3292.05,"body":"is that what's going on is that"},{"startTime":3288.42,"endTime":3292.05,"body":"these things are important,"},{"startTime":3292.05,"endTime":3292.883,"body":"they're coming in,"},{"startTime":3292.883,"endTime":3296.97,"body":"but people didn't really know"},{"startTime":3292.883,"endTime":3296.97,"body":"quite how to relate to them,"},{"startTime":3296.97,"endTime":3301.97,"body":"so they are putting them"},{"startTime":3296.97,"endTime":3301.97,"body":"outside where they live,"},{"startTime":3302.37,"endTime":3304.23,"body":"not inside where they live,"},{"startTime":3304.23,"endTime":3306.57,"body":"and I see that as probably having"},{"startTime":3306.57,"endTime":3309.78,"body":"some sort of religious focus to it,"},{"startTime":3309.78,"endTime":3312.004,"body":"but it's highly controversial."},{"startTime":3312.004,"endTime":3314.657,"body":"You could feel free to differ."},{"startTime":3318.698,"endTime":3320.16,"body":"- [Audience Member 2] Oh, hi."},{"startTime":3320.16,"endTime":3322.44,"body":"Thanks for a very, very interesting talk."},{"startTime":3322.44,"endTime":3325.14,"body":"You've used the word settlements a lot."},{"startTime":3325.14,"endTime":3326.85,"body":"Does that just mean single house,"},{"startTime":3326.85,"endTime":3328.56,"body":"or is it a fairly elastic term?"},{"startTime":3328.56,"endTime":3330.54,"body":"Can it mean groups of houses?"},{"startTime":3330.54,"endTime":3334.5,"body":"And if we get into, say, third century,"},{"startTime":3334.5,"endTime":3335.7,"body":"a couple of hundred years"},{"startTime":3335.7,"endTime":3338.91,"body":"after the actual military conquest,"},{"startTime":3338.91,"endTime":3339.93,"body":"who's living in them?"},{"startTime":3339.93,"endTime":3341.16,"body":"Is it the descendants"},{"startTime":3341.16,"endTime":3342.75,"body":"or the people who are living in Britain"},{"startTime":3342.75,"endTime":3344.37,"body":"at the time of the Roman conquest?"},{"startTime":3344.37,"endTime":3346.86,"body":"Is it possibly descendants of soldiers?"},{"startTime":3346.86,"endTime":3349.86,"body":"Is there like a"},{"startTime":3346.86,"endTime":3349.86,"body":"colonization in that sense?"},{"startTime":3349.86,"endTime":3352.533,"body":"- There's very little"},{"startTime":3349.86,"endTime":3352.533,"body":"evidence for colonization."},{"startTime":3353.82,"endTime":3354.78,"body":"There are odd sites"},{"startTime":3354.78,"endTime":3356.55,"body":"where you can say that might be someone"},{"startTime":3356.55,"endTime":3358.143,"body":"coming in from outside,"},{"startTime":3359.04,"endTime":3361.8,"body":"but for the most part,"},{"startTime":3359.04,"endTime":3361.8,"body":"these are the descendants"},{"startTime":3361.8,"endTime":3363.72,"body":"of the people who'd lived in the country"},{"startTime":3363.72,"endTime":3364.92,"body":"at the time of invasion."},{"startTime":3367.001,"endTime":3370.717,"body":"The first part of your"},{"startTime":3367.001,"endTime":3370.717,"body":"question was, sorry."},{"startTime":3370.717,"endTime":3372.41,"body":"- [Audience Member 2] When"},{"startTime":3370.717,"endTime":3372.41,"body":"you say settlements..."},{"startTime":3372.41,"endTime":3373.493,"body":"- Oh, oh yeah."},{"startTime":3373.493,"endTime":3377.04,"body":"Well, I'm using it in a portmanteau sense."},{"startTime":3377.04,"endTime":3381.78,"body":"Some of them are isolated"},{"startTime":3377.04,"endTime":3381.78,"body":"individual family farms."},{"startTime":3381.78,"endTime":3384.36,"body":"Some of them seem to be what you see"},{"startTime":3384.36,"endTime":3387.15,"body":"in the West Country,"},{"startTime":3384.36,"endTime":3387.15,"body":"Middle Ages, you know,"},{"startTime":3387.15,"endTime":3388.65,"body":"clusters of farms,"},{"startTime":3388.65,"endTime":3389.483,"body":"and some of them are"},{"startTime":3389.483,"endTime":3391.59,"body":"these sort of more nucleated settlements"},{"startTime":3391.59,"endTime":3394.59,"body":"where they're presumably not kin related"},{"startTime":3394.59,"endTime":3397.59,"body":"but they're people just"},{"startTime":3394.59,"endTime":3397.59,"body":"juxtaposed in living,"},{"startTime":3397.59,"endTime":3399.45,"body":"and one of the things that's come out"},{"startTime":3399.45,"endTime":3401.64,"body":"from this massive archeological evidence"},{"startTime":3401.64,"endTime":3404.31,"body":"is it's highly varied."},{"startTime":3404.31,"endTime":3407.61,"body":"So different areas of the"},{"startTime":3404.31,"endTime":3407.61,"body":"country, different patterns,"},{"startTime":3407.61,"endTime":3412.61,"body":"and locally, as you could see"},{"startTime":3407.61,"endTime":3412.61,"body":"in the example I was giving,"},{"startTime":3413.263,"endTime":3416.313,"body":"differences just in a neighborhood."},{"startTime":3417.33,"endTime":3419.79,"body":"- I'll just take one from online again."},{"startTime":3419.79,"endTime":3423.36,"body":"This relates to the Gallo-Roman coin hoard"},{"startTime":3423.36,"endTime":3426.063,"body":"that was found in Jersey in 2012."},{"startTime":3427.17,"endTime":3429.51,"body":"This person asks, what"},{"startTime":3427.17,"endTime":3429.51,"body":"do you make of this find,"},{"startTime":3429.51,"endTime":3430.83,"body":"and how do you think it changed"},{"startTime":3430.83,"endTime":3432.633,"body":"the understanding of Roman Britain?"},{"startTime":3436.41,"endTime":3438.513,"body":"- Coin hoards are very complicated."},{"startTime":3441.03,"endTime":3445.17,"body":"Some of them are clearly people's savings"},{"startTime":3445.17,"endTime":3450.17,"body":"being hidden for safekeeping."},{"startTime":3451.89,"endTime":3455.7,"body":"Some of them may be related"},{"startTime":3451.89,"endTime":3455.7,"body":"to what we were talking about"},{"startTime":3455.7,"endTime":3457.53,"body":"with individual coins,"},{"startTime":3457.53,"endTime":3460.323,"body":"that where there is a"},{"startTime":3457.53,"endTime":3460.323,"body":"religious aspect to it."},{"startTime":3462.06,"endTime":3466.23,"body":"That huge hoard has been"},{"startTime":3462.06,"endTime":3466.23,"body":"incredibly important"},{"startTime":3466.23,"endTime":3467.4,"body":"for understanding"},{"startTime":3467.4,"endTime":3470.58,"body":"the production of those"},{"startTime":3467.4,"endTime":3470.58,"body":"coinages and so forth."},{"startTime":3470.58,"endTime":3473.28,"body":"I'm not sure, 'cause I"},{"startTime":3470.58,"endTime":3473.28,"body":"don't know the detail"},{"startTime":3473.28,"endTime":3474.6,"body":"of the find spot,"},{"startTime":3474.6,"endTime":3475.71,"body":"where I would place it"},{"startTime":3475.71,"endTime":3480.71,"body":"on the there for safekeeping,"},{"startTime":3475.71,"endTime":3480.71,"body":"there for religious purposes."},{"startTime":3481.04,"endTime":3482.107,"body":"- [Audience Member 3] Thank you."},{"startTime":3482.107,"endTime":3482.94,"body":"- [Audience Member 4] I'm fascinated"},{"startTime":3482.94,"endTime":3485.163,"body":"by the division of the land at Rudston."},{"startTime":3486.99,"endTime":3491.37,"body":"Are we looking at people who"},{"startTime":3486.99,"endTime":3491.37,"body":"previously had a communal field"},{"startTime":3491.37,"endTime":3492.69,"body":"where they kept their sheep?"},{"startTime":3492.69,"endTime":3495.87,"body":"Are they then going over"},{"startTime":3492.69,"endTime":3495.87,"body":"to agricultural production,"},{"startTime":3495.87,"endTime":3497.64,"body":"I mean, agrarian stuff?"},{"startTime":3497.64,"endTime":3500.22,"body":"And if so, what relationship"},{"startTime":3497.64,"endTime":3500.22,"body":"do you think they had"},{"startTime":3500.22,"endTime":3501.87,"body":"with the people in the big house?"},{"startTime":3504.014,"endTime":3505.914,"body":"- We don't know,"},{"startTime":3505.914,"endTime":3510.914,"body":"because we haven't been"},{"startTime":3505.914,"endTime":3510.914,"body":"able to sample those fields,"},{"startTime":3510.93,"endTime":3515.46,"body":"and that's obviously what"},{"startTime":3510.93,"endTime":3515.46,"body":"needs to be done next."},{"startTime":3515.46,"endTime":3518.52,"body":"My guess from the scale"},{"startTime":3515.46,"endTime":3518.52,"body":"of the fields and so forth"},{"startTime":3518.52,"endTime":3522.24,"body":"is people moving over"},{"startTime":3518.52,"endTime":3522.24,"body":"to agrarian production,"},{"startTime":3522.24,"endTime":3524.31,"body":"and that's probably to do with the demand"},{"startTime":3524.31,"endTime":3526.89,"body":"for wheat and so forth."},{"startTime":3526.89,"endTime":3531.89,"body":"My own guess is that this is"},{"startTime":3526.89,"endTime":3531.89,"body":"annexation of communal land,"},{"startTime":3534.42,"endTime":3537.99,"body":"and one suspects from what one has seen"},{"startTime":3537.99,"endTime":3540.603,"body":"in other historical periods"},{"startTime":3537.99,"endTime":3540.603,"body":"when that's taken place,"},{"startTime":3540.603,"endTime":3543.48,"body":"that that would not be a situation"},{"startTime":3543.48,"endTime":3545.58,"body":"that wasn't without tension,"},{"startTime":3545.58,"endTime":3548.293,"body":"if I can put it that way. (laughs)"},{"startTime":3549.57,"endTime":3552.15,"body":"- That is all the time"},{"startTime":3549.57,"endTime":3552.15,"body":"we have this evening."},{"startTime":3552.15,"endTime":3554.67,"body":"Please join me in thanking"},{"startTime":3552.15,"endTime":3554.67,"body":"Professor Millett again."},{"startTime":3554.67,"endTime":3556.274,"body":"Thanks very much."},{"startTime":3556.274,"endTime":3559.441,"body":"(audience applauding)"}]}