{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":5.945,"endTime":12.661,"body":"So in the late Middle Ages, producing a witch and wok often involved synthesizing values"},{"startTime":12.661,"endTime":14.005,"body":"authorities and sources."},{"startTime":14.995,"endTime":22.526,"body":"However, it was not a solitary task, as many works resulted from longstanding exchanges of"},{"startTime":22.526,"endTime":27.045,"body":"ideas within networks or groups of acquaintances and friends."},{"startTime":28.245,"endTime":34.97,"body":"Although the publication process was distinct from present day practices, sharing an initial version of"},{"startTime":34.97,"endTime":35.418,"body":"one's works with a companion or a discipline represented one of the primary stages of"},{"startTime":35.418,"endTime":47.525,"body":"publication before creating a presentation copy intended for a patron or another recipient."},{"startTime":48.705,"endTime":56.288,"body":"Formal or informal exchanges existed in different disciplines and astronomy and astrology were not exceptions"},{"startTime":56.288,"endTime":57.805,"body":"to this rule."},{"startTime":59.345,"endTime":63.559,"body":"As the following discussion will show the lack of strict regulation, uh, of the study"},{"startTime":63.559,"endTime":65.245,"body":"of the science of the store."},{"startTime":65.305,"endTime":72.205,"body":"So science of the stores include during the Middle Ages, astronomy and its practical aspect."},{"startTime":72.355,"endTime":72.965,"body":"Astrology."},{"startTime":73.465,"endTime":79.174,"body":"So the study of the science of the story in the early medieval university, especially"},{"startTime":79.174,"endTime":79.555,"body":"in Paris and Oxford, uh, probably encouraged the rapid exchange of ideas between different groups"},{"startTime":79.555,"endTime":85.645,"body":"of scholars."},{"startTime":87.845,"endTime":93.675,"body":"Examining the practices of the science of the source through the lens of humanities of"},{"startTime":93.675,"endTime":94.064,"body":"learning, has recently explored and enhanced by constant muse allows for a better understanding of"},{"startTime":94.064,"endTime":94.452,"body":"the genesis of a wide range of forks and provide insight into the circulation of"},{"startTime":94.452,"endTime":105.725,"body":"ideas."},{"startTime":106.545,"endTime":109.005,"body":"As Muse and John Crossley have rightly underlines."},{"startTime":109.385,"endTime":116.497,"body":"The transmission of ideas always depends on the existence of networks of communication, and often"},{"startTime":116.497,"endTime":120.765,"body":"also of the physical transport of books and manuscripts."},{"startTime":121.885,"endTime":127.625,"body":"Informal networks of friends could often constitute just as powerful a community of learning as"},{"startTime":127.625,"endTime":128.008,"body":"some formal institutions, whether in the 12th century or the 15th century, and we'll see"},{"startTime":128.008,"endTime":136.045,"body":"that we'll focus on the 14th century."},{"startTime":136.905,"endTime":142.471,"body":"So the different aspects of this definition may be applied to different groups of scholars"},{"startTime":142.471,"endTime":146.925,"body":"found in the universities of Paris and Oxford in the 14th century."},{"startTime":149.185,"endTime":155.57,"body":"The study of both groups is made possible by the abundance of surviving manuscripts, often"},{"startTime":155.57,"endTime":158.125,"body":"autographs that circulated in this context."},{"startTime":158.305,"endTime":163.008,"body":"So here you have in front of you two autograph copy, one produced in Oxford"},{"startTime":163.008,"endTime":167.085,"body":"by Simon Brien and another one by Jean de Muir, produced in Paris."},{"startTime":167.345,"endTime":170.005,"body":"You will soon become more familiar with them."},{"startTime":172.025,"endTime":178.685,"body":"So the sources often show that those colors gathered around comparable astronomical texts and tables."},{"startTime":179.075,"endTime":184.885,"body":"This was facilitated by the shared access to sources through colleges, but also through friends."},{"startTime":186.065,"endTime":191.66,"body":"The spread of new texts and practices was thus facilitated by the formation of networks"},{"startTime":191.66,"endTime":193.525,"body":"of scholars with similar interests."},{"startTime":194.885,"endTime":198.365,"body":"Although the existence of those groups are tested for no year period."},{"startTime":198.505,"endTime":203.661,"body":"For this paper, I will focus on the 14th century and the university con con"},{"startTime":203.661,"endTime":204.005,"body":"context."},{"startTime":204.975,"endTime":210.667,"body":"First, I will examine the official statutes of the science of the stars in the"},{"startTime":210.667,"endTime":212.565,"body":"universities of Paris and Oxford."},{"startTime":213.075,"endTime":216.885,"body":"Then I will outline the formation of this group of scholars."},{"startTime":217.315,"endTime":221.285,"body":"They came together around various text and sources of authority."},{"startTime":221.915,"endTime":228.025,"body":"Finally, I will discuss the dissemination of scientific ideas and text produce in these networks"},{"startTime":228.025,"endTime":231.285,"body":"as well as the specializations of certain scholars."},{"startTime":232.505,"endTime":237.462,"body":"So the practice of the science of the stores in the universities of Paris and"},{"startTime":237.462,"endTime":239.445,"body":"Oxford is characterized on various levels."},{"startTime":240.605,"endTime":246.205,"body":"Astronomy was formally taught in the faculty of arts along with other mathematical sciences."},{"startTime":246.385,"endTime":253.429,"body":"So those mathematical sciences were called quadrivium and natural philosophies, or in quadrivium we have"},{"startTime":253.429,"endTime":258.125,"body":"arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music, astronomy, and of course astrology."},{"startTime":259.105,"endTime":262.485,"body":"So this served as a pro education."},{"startTime":263.435,"endTime":270.986,"body":"However, compared to compared to other disciplines, the teaching and practice of mathematics suffer, suffer"},{"startTime":270.986,"endTime":276.525,"body":"from a relative marginalization as reflect reflected in the university stages."},{"startTime":276.655,"endTime":277.005,"body":"Sorry."},{"startTime":277.425,"endTime":280.765,"body":"So here you can see, for example, we have the mention of quad rium."},{"startTime":280.865,"endTime":286.447,"body":"So mathematical science, but we don't have the details of the text, which is very"},{"startTime":286.447,"endTime":291.285,"body":"different for other disciplines such as theology or philosophy in the same statutes."},{"startTime":293.235,"endTime":299.698,"body":"However, uh, so in contrast to natural philosophy, which benefited from a series of regulations,"},{"startTime":299.698,"endTime":300.129,"body":"uh, governing its teaching following values, debates between the faculty of arts and the faculty"},{"startTime":300.129,"endTime":311.765,"body":"of theology, mathematics have ultimately been regulated to a lesser degree by statutes."},{"startTime":312.275,"endTime":318.552,"body":"This is probably because the disciplines of the court review have remained outside the disputes"},{"startTime":318.552,"endTime":320.645,"body":"based on Aris solution doctrines."},{"startTime":322.065,"endTime":329.981,"body":"The combinations of 1270 and 1277 only relate to astral determinism and do not aim"},{"startTime":329.981,"endTime":331.565,"body":"at individual texts."},{"startTime":332.115,"endTime":336.925,"body":"Instead, they addressed activities like astrological elections and interrogations."},{"startTime":337.705,"endTime":343.938,"body":"The relative silence of the statutes clearly does not reflect the reality of how astronomical"},{"startTime":343.938,"endTime":348.925,"body":"and astrological knowledge was transmitted within the universities of Paris and Oxford."},{"startTime":349.585,"endTime":353.165,"body":"It only attest to a greater autonomy in teaching and practices."},{"startTime":353.745,"endTime":360.677,"body":"The near lack of formal exercises, such as disputation or question dedicated to the science"},{"startTime":360.677,"endTime":366.685,"body":"of the stores, demonstrates the independence of this discipline in the academic landscape."},{"startTime":368.155,"endTime":374.685,"body":"This autonomy did not prevent the creation of educational materials and the standardization of teaching."},{"startTime":375.305,"endTime":383.783,"body":"For example, Oxford was more detailed than Paris when it prescribes the study of John"},{"startTime":383.783,"endTime":386.045,"body":"of Sacro Dessa nonetheless."},{"startTime":387.585,"endTime":393.555,"body":"So the Copus astronomic was the author in Paris in the 1250s and witnessed in"},{"startTime":393.555,"endTime":399.525,"body":"hundreds of manuscript and utilized as a guidebook until the close of the 14th century."},{"startTime":399.905,"endTime":405.211,"body":"So it's a collection basically of text of arithmetic, as you can see, and also"},{"startTime":405.211,"endTime":405.565,"body":"astronomy."},{"startTime":406.665,"endTime":412.365,"body":"The content of this teaching is better understood when considering the various references to deform."},{"startTime":412.785,"endTime":416.525,"body":"So defora designated prescribed text."},{"startTime":417.025,"endTime":422.638,"body":"So those kind of nces may be found, for example, in manuscripts, but also in"},{"startTime":422.638,"endTime":423.012,"body":"catalogs such as, for example, the catalog of the college de mentioning this book, Defora,"},{"startTime":423.012,"endTime":431.245,"body":"which contained in fact John of Sabo trilogy."},{"startTime":431.545,"endTime":437.745,"body":"So Dera algorithms and Comus less regulated in Paris."},{"startTime":438.285,"endTime":442.756,"body":"The teaching of the TNT Tel Room or science of the stores in Latin was"},{"startTime":442.756,"endTime":444.545,"body":"also less frequent and certainly optional."},{"startTime":444.965,"endTime":451.225,"body":"The Colgate Institution facilitated this type of small group teaching during with D Booth."},{"startTime":451.325,"endTime":454.945,"body":"So fifth days, several example illustrates this practice."},{"startTime":455.245,"endTime":461.654,"body":"So in 1340 sooner a student, a student of Master Conrad de Meghan burg and"},{"startTime":461.654,"endTime":462.081,"body":"translator of the desper delivered a lecture on the sphere, potentially based on Journal of"},{"startTime":462.081,"endTime":469.345,"body":"Sacro Bosco sphere."},{"startTime":470.645,"endTime":477.705,"body":"In 1358, a bit later, Robert Lenor sought permission to teach two astrological text, namely"},{"startTime":477.705,"endTime":478.176,"body":"the pseudo locum and pet quad reported to this testimonies pertain to the teaching delivered"},{"startTime":478.176,"endTime":478.646,"body":"by the faculty of arts, which seems to have been restricted to basic text except"},{"startTime":478.646,"endTime":497.945,"body":"probably the locum, but I won't enter into too much detail in that."},{"startTime":499.415,"endTime":506.301,"body":"Nonetheless, alongside the preparatory instructions, that was a more advanced dissemination and practice of astronomy"},{"startTime":506.301,"endTime":506.76,"body":"and astrology by experience matter of arts who were frequently associated with the higher faculties"},{"startTime":506.76,"endTime":515.025,"body":"of theology and medicine."},{"startTime":516.304,"endTime":521.04,"body":"Although there is of course, uh, evidence of this form of lessons in light of"},{"startTime":521.04,"endTime":525.145,"body":"their conscience, it can be assumed that they patent to an advanced teaching."},{"startTime":526.205,"endTime":534.005,"body":"In 1320, master Joe Freedom mo of the University of Paris discussed astronomical tables in"},{"startTime":534.005,"endTime":540.765,"body":"histories, inized flows, calendario room pointing out the inadequacies of the elephantine tables."},{"startTime":541.505,"endTime":548.245,"body":"And in fact, those issues were explained during a lecture he gave the same year."},{"startTime":548.475,"endTime":554.55,"body":"Another master, John Vimo published a set of tables of which the Cohon reads that"},{"startTime":554.55,"endTime":554.955,"body":"they were composed for the use of the students of the university, university, sorry, of"},{"startTime":554.955,"endTime":562.245,"body":"Paris and all losers."},{"startTime":563.095,"endTime":567.125,"body":"There is no evidence of official university teaching in these mentions."},{"startTime":567.315,"endTime":574.382,"body":"However, it appears that that, that this represented a higher level of instruction were bonds"},{"startTime":574.382,"endTime":574.853,"body":"between masters and disciplines developed as well as communities of practitioners of the science of"},{"startTime":574.853,"endTime":583.805,"body":"the stars within the university."},{"startTime":584.145,"endTime":591.505,"body":"The college or Collegium in Latin constituted a raiser autonomous place were statutes regulated the"},{"startTime":591.505,"endTime":597.885,"body":"daily life of the community of scholars in addition to board and lodging."},{"startTime":597.885,"endTime":603.772,"body":"And in the absence of a university library, at that time until at least the"},{"startTime":603.772,"endTime":604.165,"body":"15th century, colleges provided access to a library comprised of books donated by patrons or"},{"startTime":604.165,"endTime":610.445,"body":"former fellows."},{"startTime":611.755,"endTime":612.045,"body":"Soki."},{"startTime":613.065,"endTime":619.883,"body":"So Cate structural cultivated the sense of community and esp core and many, uh, enduring"},{"startTime":619.883,"endTime":620.338,"body":"intellectual connections persisted, persisted well after leaving the university, there are values clues in text"},{"startTime":620.338,"endTime":629.885,"body":"and conce that point towards the college."},{"startTime":629.945,"endTime":635.675,"body":"The so as a center of scientific production in the 14th century, the scientific contents"},{"startTime":635.675,"endTime":641.405,"body":"of its slavery were exceptional and reflected the scientific practices of some of its fellows."},{"startTime":642.215,"endTime":647.706,"body":"Those scholars were inspired, uh, to visit the college and to access this amazing library"},{"startTime":647.706,"endTime":648.073,"body":"such as Jean Deir, for example, who are notated many scientific manuscripts house in the"},{"startTime":648.073,"endTime":653.565,"body":"Saban."},{"startTime":653.585,"endTime":659.382,"body":"You have here one example of a manuscript from the College of Saban and notated"},{"startTime":659.382,"endTime":659.769,"body":"by Jean Deir, who also in fact drew this horoscope chart of the date of"},{"startTime":659.769,"endTime":670.205,"body":"Usman death as indicated by the Cohon in some of Jean Demi's work."},{"startTime":670.545,"endTime":673.645,"body":"He produced them during his tenure as a host of the college."},{"startTime":674.025,"endTime":679.153,"body":"So during c the beginning of the 1320s, and in 13, 13 19 for his"},{"startTime":679.153,"endTime":681.205,"body":"cans to the the alpine table."},{"startTime":681.305,"endTime":688.282,"body":"So astronomical tables, he was a simple host, so a member of the college not,"},{"startTime":688.282,"endTime":688.747,"body":"um, um, a fellow, a similar context is found at Merton College in Oxford West"},{"startTime":688.747,"endTime":695.725,"body":"College."},{"startTime":695.755,"endTime":702.685,"body":"From the same generation shared a similar interest in astronomical and astrological writings and practices."},{"startTime":703.355,"endTime":710.03,"body":"This sense of the community prompt them to offer reciprocal aid to one another in"},{"startTime":710.03,"endTime":710.475,"body":"his astrological predictions of the conjunctions of certain and Jupiter of 1357 and 13 60,"},{"startTime":710.475,"endTime":710.92,"body":"65, sorry, John Chenin cite Simon Breeden's calculation of the motion of the Ace fair"},{"startTime":710.92,"endTime":725.605,"body":"that he completed in 1340."},{"startTime":726.425,"endTime":730.205,"body":"You can see here the mention of Simon Brien in the manuscript."},{"startTime":731.635,"endTime":735.965,"body":"This calculation was likely commissioned by John himself in that same year."},{"startTime":736.135,"endTime":743.041,"body":"Simon also resigned his position as merchant procurator in favor of a elect Aire, a"},{"startTime":743.041,"endTime":747.645,"body":"nest teamed master who was known other than John Sheen."},{"startTime":748.425,"endTime":754.982,"body":"Nan noted for his astrological works collaborations endure beyond the stay in college as evident"},{"startTime":754.982,"endTime":757.605,"body":"in wills related to former fellows."},{"startTime":758.025,"endTime":763.745,"body":"The communal memory of this group was preserved in written works and manuscript and also"},{"startTime":763.745,"endTime":769.085,"body":"in certain bequests along with books be decreased to his former college, Simon Brien."},{"startTime":769.085,"endTime":775.338,"body":"So still the same in his will dated to 1368 left a large Astro labbe"},{"startTime":775.338,"endTime":779.925,"body":"to his colleague and Fred and friend William Reed sighted here."},{"startTime":780.025,"endTime":783.445,"body":"Uh, so part of he was part of the Merchant circle too."},{"startTime":784.945,"endTime":790.19,"body":"So beyond the shared environment of activity and living, the defining characteristic of these communities"},{"startTime":790.19,"endTime":790.54,"body":"of learning is a shared engagement with the science of the stores and with particular"},{"startTime":790.54,"endTime":796.485,"body":"text and tables."},{"startTime":797.265,"endTime":802.017,"body":"In the 14th centuries, there was a partial focus on assimilating a fresh array, uh,"},{"startTime":802.017,"endTime":803.285,"body":"of tables in parameters."},{"startTime":803.615,"endTime":810.809,"body":"Those tables were originally compiled as the court of Alphonso 10 of Casti between 1263"},{"startTime":810.809,"endTime":817.045,"body":"and 1272 by two Jewish astronomers, Isaiah, Sid and Juda and Moses Cohen."},{"startTime":817.465,"endTime":822.827,"body":"It is not known in what form they crossed, uh, the Pyrene, but they were"},{"startTime":822.827,"endTime":826.045,"body":"used for the first time in Paris in 1319."},{"startTime":826.525,"endTime":833.141,"body":"Although a marginal notation from 1304 recently discovered by David jut provides preliminary evidence of"},{"startTime":833.141,"endTime":833.582,"body":"its use either in France or in Italy, it is probable that the tables were"},{"startTime":833.582,"endTime":842.405,"body":"brought to Paris without any canons."},{"startTime":842.405,"endTime":849.093,"body":"So canons are the text which which usually describe how to use the tables to"},{"startTime":849.093,"endTime":854.445,"body":"compute a variety of values such as planetary positions or astronomical phenomena."},{"startTime":855.755,"endTime":862.112,"body":"Therefore, one of the initiatives of the Parisian circle was to familiarize themselves with this"},{"startTime":862.112,"endTime":862.536,"body":"materials to create canons to accompany the tables and to base some of their works"},{"startTime":862.536,"endTime":870.165,"body":"on the alpine parameters."},{"startTime":870.865,"endTime":876.591,"body":"The recognition of Alfon Soin as an equal authority to Pmy appears to have been"},{"startTime":876.591,"endTime":879.645,"body":"established in the earliest works, employing those parameters."},{"startTime":880.355,"endTime":886.8,"body":"John Deir praised the alpine tables in two of his early works and as and"},{"startTime":886.8,"endTime":887.23,"body":"as achieved that he had experimented with them through observations in his expo in Tan"},{"startTime":887.23,"endTime":887.659,"body":"Regal Fancy just here completed in 1321, Jean Deur provides values empirical proofs to verify"},{"startTime":887.659,"endTime":888.089,"body":"particular values such as, for example, the accurate length of the tropical year of the"},{"startTime":888.089,"endTime":908.285,"body":"main motion of the sun."},{"startTime":909.345,"endTime":915.258,"body":"One of his precise observations relates to the measurement using a large quadrants cariaga of"},{"startTime":915.258,"endTime":915.652,"body":"the meridian altitude of the sun at the moment of the vernal equinox, which occurred"},{"startTime":915.652,"endTime":927.085,"body":"in IL in 1319, while John Deir was still affiliated with the faculty of history."},{"startTime":927.385,"endTime":933.58,"body":"And John Deir, as you can see, is also the author of Treatise on this"},{"startTime":933.58,"endTime":936.885,"body":"instrument Instruments the Coga as early as 1321."},{"startTime":936.905,"endTime":942.071,"body":"The assembly of canonical copies of tables and canons seems to have been undertaken over"},{"startTime":942.071,"endTime":946.205,"body":"a short period of time by several Parisian masters with close links."},{"startTime":946.905,"endTime":952.421,"body":"The development of this corpus involves the production of model writings on the basis of"},{"startTime":952.421,"endTime":953.525,"body":"Al Albertan siege."},{"startTime":954.145,"endTime":959.685,"body":"The alpine tables establish a shared foundation for comparable techniques."},{"startTime":960.705,"endTime":967.319,"body":"The manuscript and text of this expert reveal several indications of the cooperation and even"},{"startTime":967.319,"endTime":969.965,"body":"the intellectual lineage in some cases."},{"startTime":970.625,"endTime":977.783,"body":"So ideas and works seems to have circulated rapidly within this group, although the text"},{"startTime":977.783,"endTime":978.26,"body":"of first course insight into these connections and collaborations, the personal manuscripts of certain astronomers"},{"startTime":978.26,"endTime":978.737,"body":"elucidates, uh, these interactions in his notebook where he records observations, mainly computations, but also"},{"startTime":978.737,"endTime":994.485,"body":"drafts copy of his treatises."},{"startTime":994.915,"endTime":998.165,"body":"Jean Deir refers to the work of values of his contemporaries."},{"startTime":998.185,"endTime":1002.925,"body":"So here I will give you three examples, but there are many in this manuscript."},{"startTime":1003.545,"endTime":1009.11,"body":"So first on the blank leaf, John Deir compiles tables detailing the precise holy velocities"},{"startTime":1009.11,"endTime":1010.965,"body":"of the sun and moon."},{"startTime":1011.705,"endTime":1012.325,"body":"In the heading."},{"startTime":1012.585,"endTime":1017.793,"body":"As you can see here, uh, the note, he notes that the lunar veloc align"},{"startTime":1017.793,"endTime":1018.14,"body":"with John Vimo table of lunar velocities in minutes per day, as well as that"},{"startTime":1018.14,"endTime":1025.085,"body":"John of Saxony, so both contemporaries"},{"startTime":1027.704,"endTime":1028.805,"body":"On another leaf."},{"startTime":1028.875,"endTime":1034.601,"body":"John discusses a technique for calculating the time of pap in conjunction through lunar parallax"},{"startTime":1034.601,"endTime":1035.365,"body":"in longitude."},{"startTime":1035.944,"endTime":1041.297,"body":"He makes a comparison between the methods used by John of Saxon, a northern contemporary"},{"startTime":1041.297,"endTime":1041.654,"body":"and John of Sicily, um, who was also a Parisian of astronomer of the late"},{"startTime":1041.654,"endTime":1047.365,"body":"13th century."},{"startTime":1050.465,"endTime":1056.062,"body":"Now, at the end of his calculation of the solo eclipse of May 13th 33,"},{"startTime":1056.062,"endTime":1056.435,"body":"a detailed computation, John inserted a note referring to fin who was calculated, uh, who"},{"startTime":1056.435,"endTime":1065.765,"body":"had calculated, sorry, the equation of time for the todo latitude."},{"startTime":1066.935,"endTime":1073.557,"body":"So these values references are all linked to preparatory calculations that Jean Demir did not"},{"startTime":1073.557,"endTime":1075.765,"body":"preserve in his own works."},{"startTime":1076.955,"endTime":1083.357,"body":"They testified to a period of learning and the beginnings of certain practices certainly justified"},{"startTime":1083.357,"endTime":1083.784,"body":"again by the absence of original cans accompanying, um, the tables intellectual lineage great, um,"},{"startTime":1083.784,"endTime":1084.211,"body":"contributed greatly, uh, to the dissemination of works and ideas when some of these scholar"},{"startTime":1084.211,"endTime":1098.725,"body":"worked together at the same level."},{"startTime":1099.605,"endTime":1104.885,"body":"Informal teaching certainly led to the creation of master discipline relationships."},{"startTime":1106.395,"endTime":1110.603,"body":"This lineage is evident in the case of John of Linear and two of his"},{"startTime":1110.603,"endTime":1111.165,"body":"own disciplines."},{"startTime":1111.475,"endTime":1113.565,"body":"John of Saxony and John of Genu."},{"startTime":1114.075,"endTime":1118.416,"body":"John of Saxony was probably one of the first to hold John of linear's canons"},{"startTime":1118.416,"endTime":1119.285,"body":"in his hands."},{"startTime":1119.595,"endTime":1124.88,"body":"This can be deduced from his autograph copy of the Canons on the premium er,"},{"startTime":1124.88,"endTime":1130.165,"body":"so on the spherical astronomy if you want, and the planetary cans, it is dated."},{"startTime":1130.305,"endTime":1133.845,"body":"So the copy is dated 1323 as you can see on the telephone."},{"startTime":1134.065,"endTime":1139.906,"body":"So one year after the completion of the cans by fin who completed his cans"},{"startTime":1139.906,"endTime":1140.685,"body":"in 1322."},{"startTime":1141.715,"endTime":1148.472,"body":"This manuscript also contains work by other members of the circle, such as John Deir"},{"startTime":1148.472,"endTime":1150.725,"body":"again, but also John Vimo."},{"startTime":1152.155,"endTime":1158.375,"body":"This text were all written between 1320 and 1324 when John of Saxony was still"},{"startTime":1158.375,"endTime":1159.205,"body":"a student."},{"startTime":1160.115,"endTime":1166.758,"body":"This manuscript testified to the intense activity of this group from the early 1320s and"},{"startTime":1166.758,"endTime":1167.201,"body":"to the early determination of their writings among their students, John of Genoa followed in"},{"startTime":1167.201,"endTime":1180.045,"body":"the footstep of his master's Astronomical Works, which is cited in several of his writings."},{"startTime":1180.665,"endTime":1186.54,"body":"His dependence on the work of Journal of Linear is evident in his canes eclipse,"},{"startTime":1186.54,"endTime":1186.932,"body":"so basically canons on eclipses, which he completed in 1332 when he had just obtained"},{"startTime":1186.932,"endTime":1196.725,"body":"his medical degree in one of the paragraphs preceding the Colophon."},{"startTime":1196.955,"endTime":1202.247,"body":"John of Genoa justified his choices and sources with regard to the method of of"},{"startTime":1202.247,"endTime":1204.365,"body":"calculating the duration of the eclipse."},{"startTime":1204.555,"endTime":1209.938,"body":"John of Geno advised the reader to rely, as you can see on Alani, but"},{"startTime":1209.938,"endTime":1214.245,"body":"also John of linear whose scans are longer than they are difficult."},{"startTime":1214.505,"endTime":1220.544,"body":"So this is for the rectification of the parallax that he advised to rely on"},{"startTime":1220.544,"endTime":1220.947,"body":"those otters, both disciplines, John of Saxony and John of Genoa made John of linear"},{"startTime":1220.947,"endTime":1221.349,"body":"an authority on Parisian ine astronomy who can serve as a foundation and model, and"},{"startTime":1221.349,"endTime":1235.845,"body":"were soon to be transmitted to England shortly."},{"startTime":1236.185,"endTime":1244.474,"body":"Um, so in the 1330s, the dissemination of recently written treatise is an integral aspect"},{"startTime":1244.474,"endTime":1246.685,"body":"of the publication procedure."},{"startTime":1247.385,"endTime":1252.677,"body":"The ultimate version of a text is circulated within a group of scholars in order"},{"startTime":1252.677,"endTime":1256.205,"body":"to benefit from suggestions or advice, so something very modern."},{"startTime":1257.315,"endTime":1261.805,"body":"This group served as an optimal forum for the circulation of ideas and first drafts."},{"startTime":1262.115,"endTime":1268.769,"body":"Nonetheless, obtaining tangible evidence of his preliminary exchanges is extremely infrequent for the medieval period,"},{"startTime":1268.769,"endTime":1269.212,"body":"as most often it is a definite, a definitive version of the medieval work which"},{"startTime":1269.212,"endTime":1278.085,"body":"survived in manuscripts to this day."},{"startTime":1278.925,"endTime":1283.045,"body":"A rare counter example is a personal list of learned contained in John Deon's book."},{"startTime":1283.905,"endTime":1289.191,"body":"As you can see here, the document provides an inventory of work of works that"},{"startTime":1289.191,"endTime":1294.125,"body":"were lent by Jean Deir to various persons including a number of Parisian masters."},{"startTime":1295.065,"endTime":1301.627,"body":"The majority of these loans pertain to compositions by Jean Deir, including his very own"},{"startTime":1301.627,"endTime":1305.565,"body":"can to the Alpine tables completed in INE 1339."},{"startTime":1306.065,"endTime":1311.507,"body":"Uh, at the saw this list provides evidence of Jean in influential network at the"},{"startTime":1311.507,"endTime":1311.87,"body":"University of Paris, as well as you know, the locations such as the Court of"},{"startTime":1311.87,"endTime":1318.765,"body":"Neva and the Papal Korea."},{"startTime":1319.505,"endTime":1325.331,"body":"So basically when people were returning the text, John of Muir Jean Deir was basically"},{"startTime":1325.331,"endTime":1326.885,"body":"crossing out the entry."},{"startTime":1327.345,"endTime":1331.005,"body":"So that's why you have, uh, all these entries clo crossed out."},{"startTime":1331.225,"endTime":1333.605,"body":"So it's an entry per, uh, individual."},{"startTime":1334.825,"endTime":1341.325,"body":"The rape division of contemporary works among a group of scholars, or the influence played"},{"startTime":1341.325,"endTime":1346.525,"body":"by key figures is particularly striking when considering the Merchant College Circle."},{"startTime":1347.615,"endTime":1352.963,"body":"Simon Breeden physician and theology and William Reed Bishop of Chichester and Bibi o file"},{"startTime":1352.963,"endTime":1353.32,"body":"seem to have been the key figures in the construction of a community motivated by"},{"startTime":1353.32,"endTime":1361.165,"body":"the study of the science of the stars."},{"startTime":1362.685,"endTime":1370.119,"body":"A manuscript compiled by William Reed from 1368 to 1385 may be perceived as a"},{"startTime":1370.119,"endTime":1374.085,"body":"portable library of the compositions of his contemporaries."},{"startTime":1376.135,"endTime":1384.705,"body":"This volumes present a distinctive dossier concerning planetary conjunctions and their associated astrological prognostications."},{"startTime":1385.485,"endTime":1391.88,"body":"It also highlights the fact that astronomy was often a vehicle for the calculation of"},{"startTime":1391.88,"endTime":1394.865,"body":"astronomic astrological shots and elaboration of predictions."},{"startTime":1396.325,"endTime":1402.571,"body":"The manuscript, uh, jig B 1 76 present at the Boian Library and compiled by"},{"startTime":1402.571,"endTime":1407.985,"body":"William Reed contains one of only two works, uh, composed by William Reed."},{"startTime":1407.985,"endTime":1410.985,"body":"So the Almanac Soce composed in 1337."},{"startTime":1411.405,"endTime":1416.355,"body":"It is not strictly speaking an almanac or an ephe this, but raise a list"},{"startTime":1416.355,"endTime":1416.685,"body":"of the daily true positions of the sun given for a four year cycle here,"},{"startTime":1416.685,"endTime":1422.625,"body":"13 41, 13 44."},{"startTime":1423.285,"endTime":1429.574,"body":"The Almanac is derived from the alpine parameters recently transmitted to England, which were later"},{"startTime":1429.574,"endTime":1435.445,"body":"used by William Reed for his tables based on the Oxford Meridian in 1340."},{"startTime":1437.505,"endTime":1442.805,"body":"The same work may be found in another copy by the same scribe, so the"},{"startTime":1442.805,"endTime":1447.045,"body":"copy is UHB 1 78, still a manuscript of the Boian Library."},{"startTime":1447.915,"endTime":1454.685,"body":"This manuscript belonged and was partly copied by Simon Breeden friend of William Reed."},{"startTime":1454.865,"endTime":1462.502,"body":"So both copies were in fact copied by Simon Breeden himself, himself, sorry, the Alman"},{"startTime":1462.502,"endTime":1467.085,"body":"ole was therefore circulated soon after William read composite."},{"startTime":1467.545,"endTime":1473.289,"body":"It is possible that Simon collaborated with William during this time, as Simon was concurrently"},{"startTime":1473.289,"endTime":1473.672,"body":"working on his commentary of book three of the Al Majet, which focused on the"},{"startTime":1473.672,"endTime":1480.565,"body":"movement of the sun."},{"startTime":1481.385,"endTime":1487.48,"body":"The link between Simon Brien and William Re, William Re sorry, is also evidenced by"},{"startTime":1487.48,"endTime":1487.886,"body":"the administrative role they played in the college, so merchant college and by the church"},{"startTime":1487.886,"endTime":1498.045,"body":"benefits they individually obtain in Wiam in Kent and in Chichester."},{"startTime":1499.985,"endTime":1504.916,"body":"The same manuscript also present further evidence of the collaboration between William Reed and John"},{"startTime":1504.916,"endTime":1505.245,"body":"Chenin."},{"startTime":1505.985,"endTime":1512.443,"body":"It includes William Reed's initial computations using his own set of table for the meridian"},{"startTime":1512.443,"endTime":1512.873,"body":"of Fox, Oxford based i I, uh, on the Alpine parameters to support John Sheen's"},{"startTime":1512.873,"endTime":1521.485,"body":"prediction of the 1345 triple conjunction."},{"startTime":1522.395,"endTime":1529.601,"body":"This collaboration emphasizes the expertise of both individual with one specializing in astronomical calculations and"},{"startTime":1529.601,"endTime":1533.925,"body":"the other astrological predictions as it is also specified."},{"startTime":1534.345,"endTime":1541.667,"body":"Uh, by, in the table of contents of the manuscript written by William REIT's clerk,"},{"startTime":1541.667,"endTime":1547.525,"body":"it is written William Calculated and John Sheen prognosticate the English astrologers."},{"startTime":1547.625,"endTime":1555.003,"body":"So John Sheen, uh, prediction did not depend solely on William REIT's calculations at the"},{"startTime":1555.003,"endTime":1555.495,"body":"end of his judgment on the conjunctions of 1357 and 1365, he explicitly mentioned his"},{"startTime":1555.495,"endTime":1555.987,"body":"reliance on Walter Elden calculations for the duration and intensity of the partial lunar eclipse"},{"startTime":1555.987,"endTime":1573.205,"body":"that occurred on the 31st July, 1357."},{"startTime":1573.865,"endTime":1581.928,"body":"And its subsequent catastrophic consequences, it seems evident from both mentions that certain scholars processed"},{"startTime":1581.928,"endTime":1582.466,"body":"expertise in the realm of astronomical computations while others were more oriented to towards the"},{"startTime":1582.466,"endTime":1591.605,"body":"field of astrology."},{"startTime":1592.265,"endTime":1597.647,"body":"We have here the very beginning of a sort of specialization, if you want, so"},{"startTime":1597.647,"endTime":1598.365,"body":"to conclude."},{"startTime":1599.885,"endTime":1607.642,"body":"Although evidence of joint reflection and collective work on a copy of scientific text and"},{"startTime":1607.642,"endTime":1608.159,"body":"table is mostly scattered examination of personal manuscripts of medieval scholar provides insight into their"},{"startTime":1608.159,"endTime":1621.605,"body":"working methods, scientific practices and relationships with their contemporaries in certain circle."},{"startTime":1621.775,"endTime":1627.957,"body":"There were in fact a real advanced teaching of the science of the stars or"},{"startTime":1627.957,"endTime":1628.37,"body":"razor a transmission of series and practices by assimilating the tables that had recently arrived"},{"startTime":1628.37,"endTime":1634.965,"body":"from Spain."},{"startTime":1635.765,"endTime":1641.84,"body":"Astronomers can be observed at work testing parameters and drawing up canons for using these"},{"startTime":1641.84,"endTime":1642.245,"body":"tables."},{"startTime":1643.155,"endTime":1650.868,"body":"However, the importance of universities and especially colleges in cultivating regulated communities and intellectual exchanges"},{"startTime":1650.868,"endTime":1656.525,"body":"cannot be denied in the practice of science of medieval science."},{"startTime":1657.965,"endTime":1664.095,"body":"A few years later in Oxford, astronomy and astrology flourished in the merchant circle, partly"},{"startTime":1664.095,"endTime":1667.365,"body":"shaped by the use of the elephantine values."},{"startTime":1668.395,"endTime":1675.492,"body":"Overall, the study of extent manuscripts, documents and medieval libraries provides a unique opportunity to"},{"startTime":1675.492,"endTime":1678.805,"body":"better understand the development of medieval science."},{"startTime":1679.785,"endTime":1687.724,"body":"It offers unique insights into scientific practices and the circulation of failure and on how,"},{"startTime":1687.724,"endTime":1694.605,"body":"uh, that these were shaped by individual interests, network of practitioners and institutions."},{"startTime":1695.015,"endTime":1696.805,"body":"Thank you very much for, for your attention."},{"startTime":1701.975,"endTime":1702.725,"body":"Thank you very much."},{"startTime":1702.875,"endTime":1704.325,"body":"It's a very trivial question."},{"startTime":1704.585,"endTime":1706.685,"body":"What's the feral letter B?"},{"startTime":1707.625,"endTime":1707.845,"body":"Oh,"},{"startTime":1709.185,"endTime":1714.411,"body":"So it's a system that you, you can find basically, uh, in calendars, uh, in"},{"startTime":1714.411,"endTime":1715.805,"body":"order to know exactly."},{"startTime":1715.905,"endTime":1719.565,"body":"So basically a file letter is design designating a day."},{"startTime":1720.145,"endTime":1726.092,"body":"So you have, uh, more or less perpetual calendar, uh, so you can see in"},{"startTime":1726.092,"endTime":1726.885,"body":"computal manuscripts."},{"startTime":1727.185,"endTime":1731.626,"body":"And so of course, in order to know exactly, uh, when was the, the day"},{"startTime":1731.626,"endTime":1731.922,"body":"you had to find the golden numbers corresponding to a letter, and then you had,"},{"startTime":1731.922,"endTime":1737.845,"body":"uh, the specific day of Easter."},{"startTime":1738.145,"endTime":1743.207,"body":"And so this specific day, if it's AC for example, it'll be, uh, for example,"},{"startTime":1743.207,"endTime":1746.245,"body":"every Wednesdays will be AC for a specific year."},{"startTime":1746.265,"endTime":1747.805,"body":"So it's a kind of final letters."},{"startTime":1749.615,"endTime":1750.045,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":1750.145,"endTime":1756.532,"body":"Um, so, uh, question we've had online, uh, which is, when does astrology stop being"},{"startTime":1756.532,"endTime":1760.365,"body":"kind of respectable, being taught and studied in universities?"},{"startTime":1760.995,"endTime":1765.704,"body":"Yeah, so it's an interesting question because I would like to to stress because, uh,"},{"startTime":1765.704,"endTime":1766.018,"body":"it's probably, uh, unusual when you don't know medical science that astrology at that time"},{"startTime":1766.018,"endTime":1772.925,"body":"is just the practical part, uh, of astronomy."},{"startTime":1772.925,"endTime":1774.965,"body":"So it's an application if you want, of astronomy."},{"startTime":1775.705,"endTime":1778.845,"body":"Uh, when does it stop to be, uh, taught?"},{"startTime":1779.045,"endTime":1783.927,"body":"I would say, uh, probably in the late 17th century, because we have still in"},{"startTime":1783.927,"endTime":1788.485,"body":"fact chairs in astrology, uh, until the late 17th century, if I'm not wrong."},{"startTime":1788.505,"endTime":1793.122,"body":"But maybe I have colleagues, early modernist colleagues that, uh, uh, uh, will be, uh,"},{"startTime":1793.122,"endTime":1797.125,"body":"probably will have a better answer, but I think it's late 17th century."},{"startTime":1798.275,"endTime":1798.885,"body":"Yeah, exactly."},{"startTime":1798.885,"endTime":1799.925,"body":"It's later than we think."},{"startTime":1799.925,"endTime":1800.925,"body":"Yeah, absolutely."},{"startTime":1801.145,"endTime":1805.199,"body":"Uh, you'll have to pardon my ignorance with this question as well, but am I"},{"startTime":1805.199,"endTime":1805.469,"body":"right that in the time that these measurements were being taken, the prevailing view was"},{"startTime":1805.469,"endTime":1810.605,"body":"that the earth was flat?"},{"startTime":1811.705,"endTime":1812.565,"body":"Oh, that wasn't correct."},{"startTime":1812.745,"endTime":1812.965,"body":"No,"},{"startTime":1813.035,"endTime":1815.445,"body":"It's, I'm sorry, but it's incorrect."},{"startTime":1815.945,"endTime":1819.845,"body":"Uh, it's, uh, a common view to say that during the Middle Ages, uh, people"},{"startTime":1819.845,"endTime":1823.485,"body":"thought that the earth was flat, but it was not at all the case."},{"startTime":1823.545,"endTime":1829.265,"body":"In fact, uh, people knew that the earth was, uh, a sphere, uh, since even,"},{"startTime":1829.265,"endTime":1829.647,"body":"uh, I mean, even during the antiquity before Tmy, it was known that the earth"},{"startTime":1829.647,"endTime":1830.028,"body":"was a sphere, and you probably saw, um, so I'm coming back to the work"},{"startTime":1830.028,"endTime":1830.409,"body":"this era by John of Rosco, and that's why, in fact, okay, so here, for"},{"startTime":1830.409,"endTime":1830.791,"body":"example, uh, you have this, this, this diagram of the different spheres surrounding, uh, the"},{"startTime":1830.791,"endTime":1856.725,"body":"earth, but the earth is also a sphere, uh, on this diagram."},{"startTime":1857.225,"endTime":1860.405,"body":"So no, during the, its, they knew that, uh, it was a sphere."},{"startTime":1860.475,"endTime":1860.765,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":1861.895,"endTime":1862.325,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":1863.025,"endTime":1866.405,"body":"Uh, so final question, um, I jotted down."},{"startTime":1867.035,"endTime":1867.325,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":1867.325,"endTime":1872.043,"body":"So is anyone at this time, obviously the things you've shown us that are in"},{"startTime":1872.043,"endTime":1872.358,"body":"Latin, but is anyone writing in English or French for people who might need astronomical"},{"startTime":1872.358,"endTime":1878.965,"body":"calculations for navigation or something like this"},{"startTime":1880.545,"endTime":1881.405,"body":"For navigation?"},{"startTime":1881.785,"endTime":1884.085,"body":"Uh, it was probably less the case."},{"startTime":1884.315,"endTime":1889.842,"body":"It's a case later, probably in the late 15th century and in the 16th century"},{"startTime":1889.842,"endTime":1890.211,"body":"that you found, for example, John of Sacro is embedded, uh, within, uh, um, manual"},{"startTime":1890.211,"endTime":1896.845,"body":"of navigation, et cetera."},{"startTime":1897.185,"endTime":1904.163,"body":"Uh, astronomical, um, uh, computation was especially, uh, were especially done for, uh, calculating astronomical"},{"startTime":1904.163,"endTime":1907.885,"body":"phenomena such as eclipses or comets, for example."},{"startTime":1908.425,"endTime":1913.333,"body":"Uh, you can find some astronomical navigation, but, uh, they were using some instruments and,"},{"startTime":1913.333,"endTime":1913.66,"body":"uh, so it's a bit less a case, I would say, but I'm not a"},{"startTime":1913.66,"endTime":1920.205,"body":"professional of a historian of navigation."},{"startTime":1920.265,"endTime":1920.485,"body":"But"},{"startTime":1921.345,"endTime":1923.976,"body":"So, um, yeah, we, we need to move on to our next lecture, but let's"},{"startTime":1923.976,"endTime":1925.205,"body":"thank Laura again for a fantastic tour."},{"startTime":1925.205,"endTime":1925.445,"body":"Thank you"},{"startTime":1925.445,"endTime":1925.685,"body":"Very much."}]}