{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":5.495,"endTime":5.845,"body":"Hello."},{"startTime":5.845,"endTime":7.405,"body":"Thank you very much for having me here."},{"startTime":7.945,"endTime":11.005,"body":"Um, I'm usually short on time, so I'm gonna start right away."},{"startTime":11.465,"endTime":16.968,"body":"Um, I wanna start with this quotation in 1899, Dorothia Kku, who was an astronomer,"},{"startTime":16.968,"endTime":21.005,"body":"said, astronomy, knows no boundaries, no rank, no sex, no age."},{"startTime":21.105,"endTime":22.845,"body":"And that is of course, completely wrong."},{"startTime":23.635,"endTime":25.485,"body":"This is absolutely not the case."},{"startTime":26.105,"endTime":30.101,"body":"And, uh, it would be going too far to claim that there is sort of"},{"startTime":30.101,"endTime":32.765,"body":"a true gist to this quote, because it is wrong."},{"startTime":32.845,"endTime":33.805,"body":"I cannot state this enough."},{"startTime":34.345,"endTime":39.779,"body":"But, um, if you compare astronomy, for example, to other sciences of the time, like"},{"startTime":39.779,"endTime":40.141,"body":"physics or chemistry or mathematics, you quickly realize that in fact, a number of players"},{"startTime":40.141,"endTime":50.285,"body":"are involved in astronomical research that would have had no chance In other disciplines."},{"startTime":50.305,"endTime":54.717,"body":"We are talking people from working class backgrounds, we are talking women like her, we"},{"startTime":54.717,"endTime":57.365,"body":"are talking people who have never gone to university."},{"startTime":57.665,"endTime":61.996,"body":"And in this talk, I wanna take a look at these different actors, these different"},{"startTime":61.996,"endTime":62.285,"body":"researchers."},{"startTime":62.705,"endTime":67.292,"body":"And I will argue that because we have so many different research approaches and astronomy"},{"startTime":67.292,"endTime":67.598,"body":"at the time, that, and I'm oversimplifying vastly here, basically, there was so much available"},{"startTime":67.598,"endTime":75.245,"body":"to do that everybody could just join in if they liked."},{"startTime":75.345,"endTime":78.565,"body":"That's a stretch, but okay, let's get started."},{"startTime":79.185,"endTime":83.801,"body":"Um, in all of this, her biographies will sort of serve as a red thread"},{"startTime":83.801,"endTime":84.725,"body":"throughout the talk."},{"startTime":85.385,"endTime":88.469,"body":"And I'm gonna keep this short, which is really hard to do because it's a"},{"startTime":88.469,"endTime":90.525,"body":"very interesting biography, but I'm going to do my best."},{"startTime":90.745,"endTime":95.013,"body":"She was born in 1861 in San Francisco, so she's an American, but her parents"},{"startTime":95.013,"endTime":95.298,"body":"are Germans who had moved there during the gold rush and made lots of money,"},{"startTime":95.298,"endTime":95.582,"body":"not because they found gold, because no one found gold, but they built real estate"},{"startTime":95.582,"endTime":104.405,"body":"and real estate."},{"startTime":104.745,"endTime":106.125,"body":"You could make money with that, of course."},{"startTime":106.505,"endTime":110.605,"body":"And they used that money to provide all of their daughters with an excellent education."},{"startTime":110.605,"endTime":111.765,"body":"They had five daughters."},{"startTime":112.305,"endTime":116.07,"body":"And at the time when girls, if they even go to school, they go to"},{"startTime":116.07,"endTime":117.325,"body":"elementary school and that's it."},{"startTime":117.785,"endTime":120.805,"body":"All five of the kka daughters will have academic degrees."},{"startTime":121.345,"endTime":122.845,"body":"So that's extremely unusual."},{"startTime":123.785,"endTime":129.213,"body":"And I just wanna mention, in passing the most famous one, it's Augusta, Augusta Studies"},{"startTime":129.213,"endTime":129.574,"body":"Medicine, and she will become a neurologist and do groundbreaking research there together with her"},{"startTime":129.574,"endTime":135.365,"body":"husband ."},{"startTime":135.705,"endTime":138.165,"body":"Um, and she has studied medicine in Paris."},{"startTime":138.745,"endTime":140.725,"body":"That's the same place where  will study."},{"startTime":140.745,"endTime":141.885,"body":"And she studies mathematics."},{"startTime":142.425,"endTime":146.867,"body":"And in 1886, she's awarded her degree as one of the first women in France"},{"startTime":146.867,"endTime":148.645,"body":"to get a degree in mathematics."},{"startTime":149.185,"endTime":152.245,"body":"And the very same year she moves to Paris Observatory."},{"startTime":152.825,"endTime":157.306,"body":"And you might have realized that I didn't say she was employed there because she"},{"startTime":157.306,"endTime":157.605,"body":"wasn't."},{"startTime":158.015,"endTime":159.005,"body":"She's an amateur."},{"startTime":159.465,"endTime":163.808,"body":"And that term is difficult for us because we associate something with it like that"},{"startTime":163.808,"endTime":164.097,"body":"her research is of a subpar quality, that she's doing research of a lesser kind,"},{"startTime":164.097,"endTime":172.205,"body":"like a, like in sports where you have amateurs, this is not the case."},{"startTime":173.065,"endTime":176.648,"body":"Um, I will tell you something about this term in a second, and here it"},{"startTime":176.648,"endTime":177.365,"body":"gets really messy."},{"startTime":178.225,"endTime":182.953,"body":"I'm sorry, because the problem is, this term has to do with what we call"},{"startTime":182.953,"endTime":184.845,"body":"professionalization of the disciplines of science."},{"startTime":185.625,"endTime":190.581,"body":"And we, I have literature on the topic of the professionalization in, uh, in law,"},{"startTime":190.581,"endTime":193.885,"body":"in social care, even on the professionalization of taxi drivers."},{"startTime":193.945,"endTime":195.325,"body":"If you're interested in reading up."},{"startTime":195.865,"endTime":201.052,"body":"The problem is that the only thing this whole corpus of literature agrees on is"},{"startTime":201.052,"endTime":204.165,"body":"we don't have a definition that we all accept."},{"startTime":204.585,"endTime":209.432,"body":"So we have hundreds of definitions, and I'm not, this is like a very, yeah,"},{"startTime":209.432,"endTime":210.725,"body":"not maybe hundreds definitions."},{"startTime":210.725,"endTime":212.645,"body":"We have lots of definitions and they don't agree."},{"startTime":213.305,"endTime":217.188,"body":"Um, and I don't wanna get into them because I don't wanna discuss all the"},{"startTime":217.188,"endTime":217.965,"body":"details that differ."},{"startTime":218.145,"endTime":222.828,"body":"So what I'm going to do instead is give you like an idea of what"},{"startTime":222.828,"endTime":223.765,"body":"professionalization is about."},{"startTime":223.785,"endTime":225.605,"body":"So you get a feeling for what is important."},{"startTime":226.225,"endTime":229.508,"body":"And so the important thing is, and I'm gonna restrict myself to the sciences not"},{"startTime":229.508,"endTime":230.165,"body":"on taxi driving."},{"startTime":230.785,"endTime":235.964,"body":"Um, we have a job that is turned into profession, and a profession has a"},{"startTime":235.964,"endTime":236.309,"body":"work ethic, and it has an idea of what is proper research and how should"},{"startTime":236.309,"endTime":242.525,"body":"proper research be done."},{"startTime":243.105,"endTime":247.357,"body":"And there is a way that you can become a researcher, but it's a very"},{"startTime":247.357,"endTime":247.925,"body":"standardized way."},{"startTime":247.925,"endTime":250.466,"body":"And you can all, you have to follow this way and you can follow this"},{"startTime":250.466,"endTime":250.805,"body":"way only."},{"startTime":251.385,"endTime":255.8,"body":"And in the sciences this way is going to university, which have changed in the"},{"startTime":255.8,"endTime":256.095,"body":"19th century because you are now taught not all the only all the details of"},{"startTime":256.095,"endTime":260.805,"body":"your discipline."},{"startTime":261.225,"endTime":264.725,"body":"You are also taught arcane experiment and esoteric language."},{"startTime":264.725,"endTime":269.691,"body":"Nobody understands what you are doing anymore outside of universities, and you're taught how to"},{"startTime":269.691,"endTime":270.685,"body":"be a researcher."},{"startTime":270.985,"endTime":274.645,"body":"We have laboratories where students now do experiments."},{"startTime":275.025,"endTime":279.731,"body":"We have seminars where in the theoretical sciences people get taught how to become a"},{"startTime":279.731,"endTime":280.045,"body":"researcher."},{"startTime":280.225,"endTime":282.005,"body":"And at the end you get something very important."},{"startTime":282.025,"endTime":284.645,"body":"And as a German, I can tell you this is the most important thing ever."},{"startTime":284.645,"endTime":287.325,"body":"You get a degree on paper, something that you can hold up."},{"startTime":287.905,"endTime":293.965,"body":"And this certifies that you're a potential researcher and it can be a bachelor's degree."},{"startTime":294.505,"endTime":297.205,"body":"Um, they're introduced in the 1860s in Oxford and Cambridge."},{"startTime":297.585,"endTime":300.365,"body":"It can be your German doctor title or another PhD."},{"startTime":300.905,"endTime":306.045,"body":"And this serves as part of the demarcation line between professor professionals and amateurs."},{"startTime":306.305,"endTime":309.845,"body":"And you might recall amateur was the term I was actually going for."},{"startTime":310.505,"endTime":317.085,"body":"And the problem is that the literature doesn't agree what actually differentiates those two groups."},{"startTime":317.465,"endTime":321.229,"body":"But I will cheat again and give you a very simple definition that you can"},{"startTime":321.229,"endTime":321.48,"body":"find in the literature and that will work just fine for the purpose of this"},{"startTime":321.48,"endTime":325.245,"body":"talk."},{"startTime":326.205,"endTime":331.575,"body":"A professional is somebody who's paid to do research and an amateur does research but"},{"startTime":331.575,"endTime":333.365,"body":"is not paid for it."},{"startTime":333.715,"endTime":334.845,"body":"It's as simple as that."},{"startTime":335.915,"endTime":336.205,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":336.305,"endTime":338.845,"body":"And um, here before I move on, two important things."},{"startTime":339.335,"endTime":345.9,"body":"First, the professionalization of science leads to the exclusion of amateurs For quite some time,"},{"startTime":345.9,"endTime":348.965,"body":"amateurs and professionals work on equal footing."},{"startTime":348.995,"endTime":353.091,"body":"They both do research, some of them do bad research, some of them do good"},{"startTime":353.091,"endTime":353.365,"body":"research."},{"startTime":353.715,"endTime":359.371,"body":"It's not tied to belonging to either of these groups, but they respect each other"},{"startTime":359.371,"endTime":359.748,"body":"and they meet, for example, in societies, the Royal Society was founded to bring together"},{"startTime":359.748,"endTime":368.045,"body":"people, both professionals and amateurs to discuss science."},{"startTime":368.665,"endTime":373.365,"body":"But once the science is completely professionalized, amateurs are completely excluded."},{"startTime":373.425,"endTime":376.445,"body":"And you can see it, especially in the case of chemistry."},{"startTime":376.445,"endTime":377.765,"body":"That's why I chose this picture."},{"startTime":378.175,"endTime":382.845,"body":"Those are all chemists in chemistry, which is fully professionalized."},{"startTime":382.905,"endTime":388.384,"body":"By the end of the 19th century, we have almost zero amateurs, and they're also"},{"startTime":388.384,"endTime":388.749,"body":"pushed out of the scientific societies because the professional alone remains and he only knows"},{"startTime":388.749,"endTime":395.325,"body":"how to do science."},{"startTime":395.865,"endTime":399.085,"body":"And he's, yeah, the amateurs are completely excluded."},{"startTime":401.705,"endTime":405.947,"body":"And just to stress that it's really not a question of being an amateur or"},{"startTime":405.947,"endTime":407.645,"body":"professional if you're doing good work."},{"startTime":408.065,"endTime":411.577,"body":"If we take this definition, which is not my idea, you find it in the"},{"startTime":411.577,"endTime":413.685,"body":"literature that amateurs are not paid for their work."},{"startTime":413.735,"endTime":418.925,"body":"While professionals are, both of these physicists did some of their best work as amateurs."},{"startTime":419.665,"endTime":425.125,"body":"Newton in 1666 moved to the countryside during the plague to revolutionize mathematics and physics."},{"startTime":425.465,"endTime":428.565,"body":"He had no affiliation to any institute whatsoever."},{"startTime":429.485,"endTime":434.405,"body":"Einstein, when he published on special relativity, he was working as a patent clerk."},{"startTime":434.705,"endTime":436.925,"body":"So he was not on a research position either."},{"startTime":437.625,"endTime":439.285,"body":"So, and there can be no question."},{"startTime":439.285,"endTime":440.765,"body":"Their work is outstanding, of course."},{"startTime":441.345,"endTime":446.395,"body":"So good work is not necessarily tied to being a professional, at least in the"},{"startTime":446.395,"endTime":447.405,"body":"beginning of professionalization."},{"startTime":448.185,"endTime":453.376,"body":"And I will argue in a second, one of the reasons that we have so"},{"startTime":453.376,"endTime":453.722,"body":"many different research approaches in astronomy is due to the fact that astronomy is not"},{"startTime":453.722,"endTime":460.645,"body":"fully professionalized during the 19th century."},{"startTime":462.585,"endTime":466.822,"body":"You can clearly see this because there is no standard way to become a professional,"},{"startTime":466.822,"endTime":469.365,"body":"especially in the early part of the 19th century."},{"startTime":469.505,"endTime":473.285,"body":"You can have basically any background, like take a look at these three."},{"startTime":473.285,"endTime":474.565,"body":"That's ."},{"startTime":474.875,"endTime":476.805,"body":"He's director of the Paris Observatory."},{"startTime":476.945,"endTime":481.565,"body":"He will hold two different chairs at, uh, Paris University, which is now called Ban."},{"startTime":481.905,"endTime":482.925,"body":"So he's a professional."},{"startTime":482.945,"endTime":487.045,"body":"He studied two tobacco management, that's Samuel Langley."},{"startTime":487.075,"endTime":489.805,"body":"He's one of the first astrophysicists in the United States."},{"startTime":490.585,"endTime":493.885,"body":"He studied nothing because he only has a high school diploma."},{"startTime":494.345,"endTime":497.125,"body":"And this is, that's sel."},{"startTime":497.435,"endTime":499.525,"body":"He's the director of Kronenberg Observatory."},{"startTime":499.665,"endTime":501.085,"body":"And he has nothing at all."},{"startTime":501.105,"endTime":502.325,"body":"He doesn't even finish school."},{"startTime":502.875,"endTime":505.405,"body":"He's so bad at Latin that he drops out of school."},{"startTime":506.145,"endTime":510.885,"body":"And all of them become professionals and all of them are eminent and distinguished scientists."},{"startTime":511.905,"endTime":515.245,"body":"By the end of the 19th century, that has somewhat changed."},{"startTime":516.105,"endTime":521.711,"body":"Um, people now, the professionals, um, astronomers mostly come from related disciplines like mathematics or"},{"startTime":521.711,"endTime":522.085,"body":"physics."},{"startTime":522.865,"endTime":528.765,"body":"But there is still no way to become a professional astronomer in a standard standardized"},{"startTime":528.765,"endTime":531.125,"body":"way because you can't study astronomy."},{"startTime":531.505,"endTime":534.485,"body":"We just heard astronomy had been around at universities."},{"startTime":534.745,"endTime":539.095,"body":"And yes, you can hear some lectures, but there's no such a thing as a"},{"startTime":539.095,"endTime":539.965,"body":"degree in astronomy."},{"startTime":540.945,"endTime":545.584,"body":"And even if you've heard some lectures in astronomy, that doesn't mean you're necessarily equipped"},{"startTime":545.584,"endTime":549.605,"body":"to use the state of the art equipment that you find at observatories."},{"startTime":550.025,"endTime":554.375,"body":"And that brings us back to the question that we haven't asked yet, but we"},{"startTime":554.375,"endTime":555.245,"body":"should ask it."},{"startTime":556.065,"endTime":560.885,"body":"Why did Dorothy Klum work as an amateur at Paris Observatory?"},{"startTime":561.345,"endTime":562.365,"body":"She didn't have a position."},{"startTime":562.425,"endTime":566.911,"body":"She wasn't surely wasn't paid, but she was allowed to use the equipment and her"},{"startTime":566.911,"endTime":569.005,"body":"results were published in the yearly reports."},{"startTime":570.105,"endTime":571.245,"body":"And there are two reasons for this."},{"startTime":571.245,"endTime":575.645,"body":"This is the first, this is the, um, telescope at the East Tower of the"},{"startTime":575.645,"endTime":580.045,"body":"observatory, or it used to be, um, and it's in a really, really bad shape."},{"startTime":580.545,"endTime":581.645,"body":"The lens is damaged."},{"startTime":581.705,"endTime":582.845,"body":"You can't hardly move it."},{"startTime":582.845,"endTime":585.725,"body":"It takes a lot of force to even move it a little bit."},{"startTime":586.305,"endTime":588.765,"body":"And she asks specifically to use this telescope."},{"startTime":589.025,"endTime":592.165,"body":"And because nobody else cares about it, she can use it."},{"startTime":592.165,"endTime":593.965,"body":"So that's the first smart thing that she does."},{"startTime":594.585,"endTime":600.441,"body":"And the second reason has to do with the, so-called astronomy, the School of Astronomy,"},{"startTime":600.441,"endTime":603.565,"body":"founded by, um, Paris Observatory in the 1870s."},{"startTime":603.945,"endTime":605.245,"body":"And it has two purposes."},{"startTime":605.245,"endTime":605.685,"body":"Purpose."},{"startTime":605.825,"endTime":610.015,"body":"One, if people want to become astronomists and don't know how to use the instruments,"},{"startTime":610.015,"endTime":610.295,"body":"we need to teach them so they can come there and learn how to use"},{"startTime":610.295,"endTime":614.765,"body":"the instruments."},{"startTime":614.865,"endTime":617.285,"body":"Reason number two, anybody can come."},{"startTime":617.715,"endTime":619.205,"body":"They actually advertise it."},{"startTime":619.425,"endTime":622.445,"body":"If you want to go on a holiday and look at the stars, please come."},{"startTime":622.445,"endTime":625.125,"body":"We'll teach you how to use a telescope so you can look at them properly."},{"startTime":625.945,"endTime":630.933,"body":"And this is of course, unthinkable in a completely professionalized science that we have one"},{"startTime":630.933,"endTime":634.925,"body":"place where these people come together, future professionals and the general public."},{"startTime":635.685,"endTime":639.765,"body":"Moreover, they're actually sort of educating future amateur."},{"startTime":639.765,"endTime":644.125,"body":"They're showing them how to use the equipment so they can do astronomical research."},{"startTime":644.125,"endTime":645.725,"body":"That's something very interesting."},{"startTime":645.985,"endTime":649.645,"body":"And I don't think something comparable doesn't exist in any other discipline."},{"startTime":650.825,"endTime":654.005,"body":"Um, sorry, I've got to catch my breath."},{"startTime":654.025,"endTime":654.725,"body":"I'm talking very fast."},{"startTime":654.825,"endTime":655.165,"body":"I'm sorry."},{"startTime":655.905,"endTime":660.165,"body":"Um, the thing is, I made it sound like it's basically a straightforward path."},{"startTime":660.165,"endTime":663.999,"body":"You go to the eco, you learn how to use the instrument, and then you"},{"startTime":663.999,"endTime":666.045,"body":"go to the observatory and use their instruments."},{"startTime":666.045,"endTime":667.045,"body":"But that is not the case."},{"startTime":667.065,"endTime":672.748,"body":"Of course, I'm still flabbergasted to a certain extent why Doro Klum was allowed to"},{"startTime":672.748,"endTime":673.885,"body":"use these instruments."},{"startTime":674.065,"endTime":678.285,"body":"I'm not entirely sure why they did this, because it's more or less a singularity."},{"startTime":678.985,"endTime":682.819,"body":"If we find women who observe during the 19th century, and we have a fair"},{"startTime":682.819,"endTime":683.075,"body":"share of women who do that, they're usually amateurs and they do it on their"},{"startTime":683.075,"endTime":687.165,"body":"own terms."},{"startTime":687.595,"endTime":689.365,"body":"This is of course the most famous example."},{"startTime":690.165,"endTime":691.925,"body":"Caroline Haschel, she's bored."},{"startTime":692.345,"endTime":695.765,"body":"Her brother is doing astronomical observations all night, and she's just sitting there."},{"startTime":696.345,"endTime":701.027,"body":"So he gives her a, a very simple telescope, and she does observations on her"},{"startTime":701.027,"endTime":703.525,"body":"own, and she discovers lots of interesting objects."},{"startTime":704.025,"endTime":705.285,"body":"And that is usually the case."},{"startTime":705.295,"endTime":710.02,"body":"These women have usually learned how to do astronomy from their fathers, from their uncles,"},{"startTime":710.02,"endTime":710.965,"body":"from their brothers."},{"startTime":711.785,"endTime":716.13,"body":"And history, unlike mathematics or astronomy, is not an exact science, and that's sometimes very"},{"startTime":716.13,"endTime":716.42,"body":"bothering, but it's also what makes it interesting because whatever you say, you can find"},{"startTime":716.42,"endTime":721.925,"body":"a counter example to that."},{"startTime":722.545,"endTime":727.125,"body":"And I just said all the women amateurs in their own private homes, that's of"},{"startTime":727.125,"endTime":730.485,"body":"course wrong because here we have one very important counter example."},{"startTime":730.905,"endTime":732.165,"body":"That's Maria Mitchell."},{"startTime":732.375,"endTime":733.285,"body":"She's from the us."},{"startTime":734.185,"endTime":737.165,"body":"And in the US we have something we don't have in continental Europe."},{"startTime":737.225,"endTime":744.445,"body":"We have women colleges, colleges specifically for women and unthinkably, they hire women as lecturers."},{"startTime":744.795,"endTime":746.725,"body":"Most of them don't do any research at all."},{"startTime":746.725,"endTime":747.365,"body":"They just teach."},{"startTime":747.945,"endTime":750.045,"body":"But in astronomy, it's all different."},{"startTime":750.345,"endTime":754.972,"body":"And Maria Mitchell, who comes from quite humble background, is taught how to do astronomy"},{"startTime":754.972,"endTime":755.28,"body":"by her father and will become without ever having studied the first professor of astronomy"},{"startTime":755.28,"endTime":760.525,"body":"at Vasa College."},{"startTime":760.985,"endTime":763.925,"body":"She has her own observatory, I'm sorry for the blur pictures."},{"startTime":763.925,"endTime":764.805,"body":"It's from the 19th century."},{"startTime":765.435,"endTime":770.42,"body":"Some of them look like this and she does research there as to the do"},{"startTime":770.42,"endTime":771.085,"body":"her students."},{"startTime":772.265,"endTime":776.755,"body":"But in most of the cases, women who observe do that in a sort of"},{"startTime":776.755,"endTime":781.245,"body":"a familiar background in a way, or at least come from such a familiar background."},{"startTime":782.195,"endTime":786.805,"body":"Does that mean we can't find any women at observatories who observe?"},{"startTime":786.825,"endTime":791.765,"body":"Is it really only professionals who do observation at, um, observatories?"},{"startTime":791.765,"endTime":796.501,"body":"And you have to understand, observatories in a way are the most professionalized part of"},{"startTime":796.501,"endTime":797.765,"body":"astronomy at the time."},{"startTime":797.785,"endTime":799.445,"body":"We really have this clear hierarchy."},{"startTime":799.445,"endTime":803.693,"body":"We have male astronomers, we have a clear hierarchy letter, and only they do the"},{"startTime":803.693,"endTime":806.525,"body":"observations, but that doesn't mean we can't find any women."},{"startTime":806.885,"endTime":808.965,"body":"A observatories need cleaning."},{"startTime":809.265,"endTime":810.325,"body":"So we find women there."},{"startTime":810.965,"endTime":813.045,"body":"B, something has changed."},{"startTime":814.185,"endTime":817.685,"body":"And this is the introduction of astrophotography in the 19th century."},{"startTime":817.785,"endTime":820.205,"body":"And that is a major change in astronomical research."},{"startTime":820.865,"endTime":826.021,"body":"We can now take pictures of celestial objects and look and behold how beautiful they"},{"startTime":826.021,"endTime":826.365,"body":"are."},{"startTime":826.475,"endTime":829.765,"body":"It's really amazing to see these things in such detail."},{"startTime":830.505,"endTime":834.578,"body":"Um, you can even see things on pictures that you've never seen before, and you"},{"startTime":834.578,"endTime":837.565,"body":"can, um, because you can't see them with the naked eye."},{"startTime":838.155,"endTime":840.325,"body":"Plus it's so much easier to take pictures."},{"startTime":840.635,"endTime":844.165,"body":"It's not really easy because it, it's a lot of technical equipment and so on."},{"startTime":844.165,"endTime":848.405,"body":"But it's easier than observing large portions of the sky in a way."},{"startTime":848.405,"endTime":851.605,"body":"So you can produce tons of data in one single night."},{"startTime":852.425,"endTime":855.325,"body":"And this leads to an interest in the star charts."},{"startTime":855.475,"endTime":856.565,"body":"Star charts are very old."},{"startTime":856.675,"endTime":860.584,"body":"It's basically a chart where all the stars in a certain area of the sky"},{"startTime":860.584,"endTime":860.845,"body":"are."},{"startTime":861.785,"endTime":867.399,"body":"But now with photography, we have a renewed interest in star charts, and somebody needs"},{"startTime":867.399,"endTime":867.773,"body":"to evaluate all the data on and the tons of photographic plates that are now"},{"startTime":867.773,"endTime":874.885,"body":"produced at very many observatories."},{"startTime":875.305,"endTime":877.525,"body":"And it's done by women."},{"startTime":877.525,"endTime":880.405,"body":"They called computers because they do computation."},{"startTime":880.405,"endTime":881.405,"body":"So that's a real computer."},{"startTime":882.105,"endTime":886.294,"body":"And this is Roia Kka, and she's the head of, she's the head of the"},{"startTime":886.294,"endTime":890.205,"body":"computers at Paris Observatory, where they work on a special store chart called KUC."},{"startTime":891.505,"endTime":893.405,"body":"And why do they employ women?"},{"startTime":893.635,"endTime":897.482,"body":"They employ them for a number of reasons, and they might be very different if"},{"startTime":897.482,"endTime":898.765,"body":"we look at different observatories."},{"startTime":899.465,"endTime":903.402,"body":"Um, for example, in Australia, there's a law that you're not allowed to pay women"},{"startTime":903.402,"endTime":905.765,"body":"the same amount as men for the same job."},{"startTime":906.225,"endTime":908.325,"body":"So when you hire women, you save lots of money."},{"startTime":908.665,"endTime":912.04,"body":"That's one of the reasons that's not the case in France where you need to"},{"startTime":912.04,"endTime":913.165,"body":"pay them the same wages."},{"startTime":913.265,"endTime":917.746,"body":"But women are born to be mothers and mothers, we all know this, are very"},{"startTime":917.746,"endTime":918.045,"body":"patient."},{"startTime":918.745,"endTime":923.271,"body":"And if you're patient with your kid, then you're also patient if you're doing the"},{"startTime":923.271,"endTime":925.685,"body":"same repetitive, boring work over and over again."},{"startTime":925.985,"endTime":927.365,"body":"And they actually argue like this."},{"startTime":927.525,"endTime":929.685,"body":"So women are considered ideal candidates."},{"startTime":929.685,"endTime":930.645,"body":"They're also available."},{"startTime":930.825,"endTime":935.863,"body":"We have women with university degrees like Dorothea Kka, who in 1893 will make her"},{"startTime":935.863,"endTime":936.199,"body":"PhD with a very technical, very mathematical dissertation on Saturn rings or in set ring"},{"startTime":936.199,"endTime":936.535,"body":"because they believe it to be one at the time, which is basically one differential"},{"startTime":936.535,"endTime":947.285,"body":"equation after the other."},{"startTime":947.345,"endTime":949.725,"body":"And it's just, she calculates constants and so on."},{"startTime":949.725,"endTime":952.245,"body":"So she brings lots of technical knowledge to this job."},{"startTime":953.185,"endTime":957.649,"body":"And women don't go if they've found a job in science in any way, they"},{"startTime":957.649,"endTime":958.245,"body":"just stay."},{"startTime":959.185,"endTime":962.085,"body":"But it's a very specific job, and it's not considered to be research."},{"startTime":963.405,"endTime":967.322,"body":"Research is done when a man looks through a telescope and takes a picture and"},{"startTime":967.322,"endTime":967.845,"body":"it's done."},{"startTime":967.845,"endTime":971.473,"body":"When a man takes the data provided by the women and interprets it, what they"},{"startTime":971.473,"endTime":972.925,"body":"are doing in between is helping."},{"startTime":973.715,"endTime":976.485,"body":"It's sort of making sandwiches, but in a different way."},{"startTime":976.505,"endTime":979.125,"body":"You know, the hardworking scientist needs some help."},{"startTime":979.345,"endTime":981.085,"body":"So you're doing the boring calculations."},{"startTime":982.425,"endTime":987.725,"body":"As I said, history is, um, is a discipline of, um, counter examples."},{"startTime":987.725,"endTime":988.485,"body":"And here's another one."},{"startTime":989.615,"endTime":991.125,"body":"She's also the most famous one."},{"startTime":991.125,"endTime":992.285,"body":"William Mina Fleming."},{"startTime":992.665,"endTime":995.325,"body":"She starts off as a mate to Pickering."},{"startTime":995.325,"endTime":996.125,"body":"You can see him here."},{"startTime":996.535,"endTime":997.565,"body":"She's a single mom."},{"startTime":997.825,"endTime":1001.384,"body":"And suffice it to say the number of single moms in science is really, really"},{"startTime":1001.384,"endTime":1003.045,"body":"low in other disciplines at the time."},{"startTime":1003.825,"endTime":1008.988,"body":"Um, she starts off as a maid of Pickering and, uh, he's actually the first"},{"startTime":1008.988,"endTime":1010.365,"body":"to hire female computers."},{"startTime":1010.705,"endTime":1015.415,"body":"And this is the famous picture that's called Pickering's Har in the literature, which is"},{"startTime":1015.415,"endTime":1015.729,"body":"a horrible term, but that's what it's called, because he starts to employ more and"},{"startTime":1015.729,"endTime":1016.043,"body":"more women because he's very much relieved that they relieve his astronomers of doing this"},{"startTime":1016.043,"endTime":1026.405,"body":"tedious and rep repetitive work."},{"startTime":1027.065,"endTime":1033.032,"body":"And William Mina Fleming is amazing because she realizes that when she looks at these"},{"startTime":1033.032,"endTime":1033.43,"body":"photographic plates, she can say stuff that's actually research because she discovers not only she"},{"startTime":1033.43,"endTime":1033.828,"body":"devises a spectroscopic method to classify stars, she discovers hundreds of un, um, before unknown"},{"startTime":1033.828,"endTime":1045.365,"body":"objects."},{"startTime":1045.365,"endTime":1048.444,"body":"She's the first one to classify something as a white dwarf."},{"startTime":1049.305,"endTime":1053.72,"body":"Um, but I should add, and this is probably more to do with the fact"},{"startTime":1053.72,"endTime":1054.014,"body":"that she's a computer than the fact that she's a woman, whenever she finds something,"},{"startTime":1054.014,"endTime":1054.308,"body":"it's not necessarily published under her name alone under her name or under her name"},{"startTime":1054.308,"endTime":1062.845,"body":"alone."},{"startTime":1063.275,"endTime":1067.165,"body":"Very often it's published together with Pickering or under Pickering's name completely."},{"startTime":1068.145,"endTime":1072.256,"body":"Um, and I believe this is very much, um, rooted in the fact that she's"},{"startTime":1072.256,"endTime":1072.805,"body":"a computer."},{"startTime":1073.425,"endTime":1076.725,"body":"So everything she does belongs to the director of the observatory."},{"startTime":1077.345,"endTime":1082.285,"body":"And, and that she's a woman might play, um, a subordinated role in that."},{"startTime":1082.745,"endTime":1087.123,"body":"And we should, should give credit to, um, Pickering because not only let's her, let's,"},{"startTime":1087.123,"endTime":1087.415,"body":"he, let's, let's he publish her alone, but whenever he publishes something under his name,"},{"startTime":1087.415,"endTime":1095.005,"body":"that's from her, he gives her credit for it in the text."},{"startTime":1095.385,"endTime":1096.805,"body":"So that's very progressive from him."},{"startTime":1098.345,"endTime":1101.395,"body":"And one of the objects I wanted to show you is this, this is the"},{"startTime":1101.395,"endTime":1102.005,"body":"horse had nebula."},{"startTime":1102.005,"endTime":1103.445,"body":"That's a very recent picture by nasa."},{"startTime":1103.475,"endTime":1104.125,"body":"It's beautiful."},{"startTime":1104.675,"endTime":1106.125,"body":"It's discovered by Fleming."},{"startTime":1106.385,"endTime":1109.685,"body":"And I wanted to to show you, show it to you for two reasons."},{"startTime":1109.925,"endTime":1112.977,"body":"A, the pictures of the 19th century are all black and white and tend to"},{"startTime":1112.977,"endTime":1114.605,"body":"get DLL at some point or the other."},{"startTime":1115.065,"endTime":1116.925,"body":"And this one is amazing."},{"startTime":1117.115,"endTime":1117.845,"body":"It's the clarity."},{"startTime":1118.035,"endTime":1121.485,"body":"It's, it's just, it just amazes you, it humbles you to look at this picture."},{"startTime":1121.625,"endTime":1127.475,"body":"And b, it's a very nice transition to people who are also very much in"},{"startTime":1127.475,"endTime":1127.865,"body":"favor of beauty in astronomy, the stress that the beauty of objects is what astronomy"},{"startTime":1127.865,"endTime":1134.885,"body":"should really be about."},{"startTime":1136.185,"endTime":1138.845,"body":"But first, let us talk about Jill Jansen."},{"startTime":1139.355,"endTime":1140.765,"body":"He's a French astronomer."},{"startTime":1140.795,"endTime":1144.125,"body":"He's not associated with, uh, an observatory at the beginning."},{"startTime":1144.145,"endTime":1145.445,"body":"He starts off as an amateur."},{"startTime":1145.705,"endTime":1148.285,"body":"He will later be the head of a very specific observatory."},{"startTime":1148.865,"endTime":1152.906,"body":"And he's very interesting in, uh, for me because he tries something for a very"},{"startTime":1152.906,"endTime":1153.176,"body":"short period, which sort of makes him a singularity in the history of astronomy, because"},{"startTime":1153.176,"endTime":1153.445,"body":"not many people do it, and it will only be a very short face in"},{"startTime":1153.445,"endTime":1163.685,"body":"which it is tried, and it's mainly linked to him."},{"startTime":1164.585,"endTime":1168.421,"body":"So hot air balloons had been invented by the brothers Mongo in the 18th century,"},{"startTime":1168.421,"endTime":1168.676,"body":"and they had been used for science really early on because people knew what air"},{"startTime":1168.676,"endTime":1168.932,"body":"consisted of, but they had no idea what was going on in higher spheres in"},{"startTime":1168.932,"endTime":1176.605,"body":"the atmosphere."},{"startTime":1176.945,"endTime":1182.851,"body":"So they went up, took samples, and analyzed them, and then interest in scientific ballooning"},{"startTime":1182.851,"endTime":1183.245,"body":"wind."},{"startTime":1183.555,"endTime":1188.325,"body":"That is until a war started the Franco Prussian War of 18 70, 71."},{"startTime":1189.025,"endTime":1193.125,"body":"And you may or may not know that Paris was besieged by Prussian troops."},{"startTime":1193.185,"endTime":1198.602,"body":"Nobody could get in, nobody could get out until the Parisians decided to use hot"},{"startTime":1198.602,"endTime":1199.325,"body":"air balloons."},{"startTime":1199.785,"endTime":1202.045,"body":"And they used them for spying on the Germans."},{"startTime":1202.075,"endTime":1207.483,"body":"They used them to transport supplies, intelligence and people in and out in, in and"},{"startTime":1207.483,"endTime":1208.565,"body":"out of Paris."},{"startTime":1209.025,"endTime":1210.645,"body":"And one of them was Janssen."},{"startTime":1211.785,"endTime":1214.245,"body":"And why did Janssen leave Paris on a hot air balloon?"},{"startTime":1214.435,"endTime":1217.965,"body":"Because there was a sole eclipse happening and he just couldn't miss it."},{"startTime":1218.345,"endTime":1223.556,"body":"So he bordered a balloon, flew out, went to the Mediterranean basin, watched the sole"},{"startTime":1223.556,"endTime":1227.725,"body":"eclipse, and decided why haven't we astronomers ever used hot air balloons?"},{"startTime":1227.945,"endTime":1232.959,"body":"We should, we have to add though that this whole air balloon flight must have"},{"startTime":1232.959,"endTime":1233.293,"body":"been traumatic probably to German shooting from downstairs, because he never went aboard another balloon"},{"startTime":1233.293,"endTime":1239.645,"body":"again in his entire life."},{"startTime":1240.505,"endTime":1246.885,"body":"But what he did is he sent other balloonists on his behalf to die now."},{"startTime":1247.585,"endTime":1249.125,"body":"And one of them is Dorothea Kka."},{"startTime":1249.125,"endTime":1250.965,"body":"You can, you can hardly recognize her."},{"startTime":1251.025,"endTime":1253.205,"body":"So luckily we have the inscription that it's really her."},{"startTime":1253.785,"endTime":1258.445,"body":"Um, and she went up in 1899 because people were expecting something spectacular."},{"startTime":1259.035,"endTime":1261.285,"body":"They were expecting a meteor shower."},{"startTime":1261.285,"endTime":1263.245,"body":"Meteor shower happen regularly."},{"startTime":1263.665,"endTime":1270.017,"body":"And the Leons were expected to be fantastic in 1999 because they had, uh, shown"},{"startTime":1270.017,"endTime":1273.405,"body":"a fantastic display displays in 1866 and 1833."},{"startTime":1273.985,"endTime":1280.325,"body":"So they were expecting hundreds to thousands of meteors per hour to orka went up."},{"startTime":1280.345,"endTime":1282.725,"body":"And to make things short, they just didn't happen."},{"startTime":1283.135,"endTime":1285.045,"body":"Thees, they didn't see any shooting stars."},{"startTime":1285.505,"endTime":1288.605,"body":"So it was not really a failure, but it was kind of a disappointment."},{"startTime":1289.345,"endTime":1292.565,"body":"Uh, and the year after she went up again to watch a solar eclipse."},{"startTime":1292.665,"endTime":1296.115,"body":"And if you read the, um, the report she wrote, it's basically a list of"},{"startTime":1296.115,"endTime":1296.805,"body":"synonyms for fog."},{"startTime":1297.145,"endTime":1299.085,"body":"So, so she didn't see anything else either."},{"startTime":1299.185,"endTime":1304.024,"body":"So, um, it didn't really pan out this idea that you could observe celestial objects"},{"startTime":1304.024,"endTime":1306.605,"body":"on balloons better than you could on earth."},{"startTime":1307.145,"endTime":1308.365,"body":"So I'm not gonna discuss that."},{"startTime":1308.505,"endTime":1312.285,"body":"I'm gonna discuss the question, why would he send doka?"},{"startTime":1312.385,"endTime":1313.565,"body":"Why her of all people?"},{"startTime":1314.865,"endTime":1316.925,"body":"And I believe there's a number of reasons."},{"startTime":1316.985,"endTime":1318.245,"body":"One of them is she's a woman."},{"startTime":1319.175,"endTime":1322.445,"body":"Quite a few people had died in ballooning accidents."},{"startTime":1322.945,"endTime":1325.325,"body":"People had been blown to sea and never returned."},{"startTime":1325.325,"endTime":1328.445,"body":"People had suffocated, uh, in heights."},{"startTime":1328.515,"endTime":1329.845,"body":"They had frozen to death."},{"startTime":1330.035,"endTime":1331.925,"body":"There's a very nice report by Wena."},{"startTime":1332.225,"endTime":1336.182,"body":"You may know him from continental drift, who, uh, goes on a long balloon ride"},{"startTime":1336.182,"endTime":1337.765,"body":"and forgets to bring his jacket."},{"startTime":1338.345,"endTime":1343.223,"body":"Um, so people sometimes did very stupid things too on balloons, and lots of people"},{"startTime":1343.223,"endTime":1344.525,"body":"died also from showmanship."},{"startTime":1344.905,"endTime":1349.111,"body":"Um, there's the very famous case of Blanca who she's the, she has the doubtful"},{"startTime":1349.111,"endTime":1349.391,"body":"honor of being the first woman to die in a, in an accident in air"},{"startTime":1349.391,"endTime":1349.671,"body":"because she goes up in a balloon and sets it on fire with the fireworks"},{"startTime":1349.671,"endTime":1358.925,"body":"and crashes to her death."},{"startTime":1359.065,"endTime":1362.205,"body":"So people associate ballooning with danger."},{"startTime":1362.985,"endTime":1367.325,"body":"And Dorothy Aloka has to write her last, well testament before she's allowed on board."},{"startTime":1368.665,"endTime":1372.707,"body":"And if you want to establish scientific ballooning as a new method of astronomic research,"},{"startTime":1372.707,"endTime":1374.325,"body":"you need to show its safe."},{"startTime":1374.825,"endTime":1378.045,"body":"And what better way to show its safe than to bring a woman?"},{"startTime":1378.305,"endTime":1379.125,"body":"The feeble sex."},{"startTime":1380.025,"endTime":1382.645,"body":"That's the one reason I believe he took K clunk."},{"startTime":1382.645,"endTime":1387.295,"body":"And the second reason is I don't think anybody else wanted to come because, not"},{"startTime":1387.295,"endTime":1388.845,"body":"because of the dying thing."},{"startTime":1389.185,"endTime":1394.355,"body":"Um, the problem was that most astronomers, I'm gonna say professional astronomers were not interested"},{"startTime":1394.355,"endTime":1395.045,"body":"in ballooning."},{"startTime":1395.375,"endTime":1400.822,"body":"There was some extravaganza that other people did popularizes, and once again, the most famous"},{"startTime":1400.822,"endTime":1403.365,"body":"case at hand is Camil La Maria."},{"startTime":1404.185,"endTime":1408.125,"body":"He starts off as a very serious astronomer, a Paris Observatory."},{"startTime":1408.125,"endTime":1409.045,"body":"And then he writes a book."},{"startTime":1409.545,"endTime":1412.605,"body":"The book is called Astronomy, popular Popular Astronomy."},{"startTime":1413.185,"endTime":1414.245,"body":"And it's a huge hit."},{"startTime":1414.245,"endTime":1416.165,"body":"It sells 100,000 copies."},{"startTime":1416.665,"endTime":1420.405,"body":"That's something we all dream of, that we write a book that sells 100,000 copies."},{"startTime":1420.985,"endTime":1422.165,"body":"So he gets lots of money."},{"startTime":1422.305,"endTime":1424.805,"body":"But the people at Paris Observatory are not very thrilled."},{"startTime":1424.995,"endTime":1425.765,"body":"They kick him out."},{"startTime":1426.385,"endTime":1430.205,"body":"He doesn't really care because he now can concentrate on what he really wants."},{"startTime":1430.225,"endTime":1434.565,"body":"And that is popularized astronomy in a way that includes everyone."},{"startTime":1435.225,"endTime":1437.005,"body":"Um, and he does lots of balloon writes."},{"startTime":1437.005,"endTime":1439.725,"body":"This is just one of the books that he's written on that topic."},{"startTime":1439.785,"endTime":1443.925,"body":"And he writes about how beautiful earth is when you see it from above."},{"startTime":1444.305,"endTime":1446.445,"body":"Beauty is a very important thing to camil."},{"startTime":1447.195,"endTime":1452.578,"body":"When you take a look at the first words of astronomy popular, he talks about"},{"startTime":1452.578,"endTime":1456.885,"body":"mathematical astronomy, like the dissertation of Doria, KKA like the star charts."},{"startTime":1456.945,"endTime":1459.245,"body":"He says, well, it's, we need it in a way."},{"startTime":1459.435,"endTime":1460.725,"body":"It's part of astronomy."},{"startTime":1461.305,"endTime":1464.925,"body":"But once you, you've finished your calculations, please get rid of the calculations."},{"startTime":1465.425,"endTime":1469.205,"body":"The real important thing is to stare at the sky and marvel at its beauty."},{"startTime":1470.425,"endTime":1475.885,"body":"Let, um, the calculations fall and let uranium, that's the goddess of astronomy shine."},{"startTime":1475.885,"endTime":1476.725,"body":"That's his motto."},{"startTime":1477.225,"endTime":1482.365,"body":"And he's not only interested in, in telling people, um, that astronomy is for everyone."},{"startTime":1482.385,"endTime":1486.845,"body":"He actually does something because he has so much money, he just builds an observatory."},{"startTime":1487.345,"endTime":1491.405,"body":"And unlike the Paris Observatory, really, everyone is free to use it."},{"startTime":1491.425,"endTime":1494.535,"body":"You just have to make an appointment and tell him that you're coming and you"},{"startTime":1494.535,"endTime":1495.365,"body":"wanna use his instruments."},{"startTime":1496.665,"endTime":1501.935,"body":"And you also might remember that in the beginning, I said, then chemistry, uh, the"},{"startTime":1501.935,"endTime":1507.205,"body":"amateurs were pushed out of the, of the societies in astronomy, quite the opposite happens."},{"startTime":1508.275,"endTime":1513.285,"body":"Camille Fla is the founder of the first French Astronomical Society associated astronomic de force."},{"startTime":1513.945,"endTime":1519.292,"body":"And for those of you who can't read French, I'm gonna roughly translate, translated everybody"},{"startTime":1519.292,"endTime":1520.005,"body":"can come."},{"startTime":1520.595,"endTime":1526.381,"body":"Persons who, um, do practical astronomy or theoretical astronomy or who are interested in how"},{"startTime":1526.381,"endTime":1527.925,"body":"this, uh, science develops."},{"startTime":1527.925,"endTime":1532.755,"body":"So in the history of astronomy, uh, and it is for the , it's for"},{"startTime":1532.755,"endTime":1534.365,"body":"the Enlightenment of the Spirit."},{"startTime":1535.025,"endTime":1541.638,"body":"So this is a society founded in 1887 for the exact purpose to invite everyone,"},{"startTime":1541.638,"endTime":1544.725,"body":"everyone is invited to join astronomical research."},{"startTime":1545.265,"endTime":1547.325,"body":"And something very similar happens here in the uk."},{"startTime":1549.075,"endTime":1550.765,"body":"This is, huh, I'm sorry."},{"startTime":1551.145,"endTime":1556.576,"body":"Uh, we, they already have the Royal Astronomical Society and the Astro Royal Astronomical Society"},{"startTime":1556.576,"endTime":1561.645,"body":"has not begun to push out amateurs as they will in the next decades."},{"startTime":1561.905,"endTime":1564.245,"body":"But they've refused to include women."},{"startTime":1564.595,"endTime":1568.836,"body":"They tried to vote women into the, um, Royal Astronomical Society and the Royal Astronomical"},{"startTime":1568.836,"endTime":1569.685,"body":"Society said no."},{"startTime":1570.385,"endTime":1576.76,"body":"And thus, some enthusiastic, um, amateurs, some professionals, they, uh, grouped together and founded a"},{"startTime":1576.76,"endTime":1582.285,"body":"news association, the British Astronomical Society, open to all persons interested in astronomy."},{"startTime":1582.285,"endTime":1583.445,"body":"You don't even have to do it."},{"startTime":1583.465,"endTime":1587.765,"body":"You just need to have an interest for it, ladies as well as gentlemen."},{"startTime":1588.145,"endTime":1593.025,"body":"So we have sort of a movement that tries to bring in everyone into astronomy,"},{"startTime":1593.025,"endTime":1596.605,"body":"everyone who has a, the slightest interest in astronomy at all."},{"startTime":1596.785,"endTime":1599.365,"body":"And I need to get, I need to finish."},{"startTime":1599.505,"endTime":1602.73,"body":"So I'm not going to talk much about eclipses because we will have a lovely"},{"startTime":1602.73,"endTime":1604.02,"body":"talk in a minute about them."},{"startTime":1605.065,"endTime":1609.707,"body":"I'm just wanting to say in 1896, there was an eclipse and eclipses have been"},{"startTime":1609.707,"endTime":1611.565,"body":"watched in the late 19th century."},{"startTime":1611.955,"endTime":1617.328,"body":"Like all eclipses were watched by all, by many people from all kinds of different"},{"startTime":1617.328,"endTime":1618.045,"body":"astronomical communities."},{"startTime":1618.145,"endTime":1623.325,"body":"And in 1896, the British, um, astronomical association made an expedition."},{"startTime":1623.665,"endTime":1625.845,"body":"You could come there Roka."},{"startTime":1626.025,"endTime":1627.565,"body":"She was part of that expedition."},{"startTime":1627.865,"endTime":1630.245,"body":"As were other people, they bring huge telescopes."},{"startTime":1630.245,"endTime":1632.765,"body":"So they have, they have very amazing equipment."},{"startTime":1632.985,"endTime":1638.165,"body":"We can see Edward Monda, he's the president of the British, um, astronomical Association."},{"startTime":1638.165,"endTime":1639.125,"body":"He's a professional."},{"startTime":1639.715,"endTime":1643.895,"body":"He's from Greenwich, and he, where he has met his wife, he, she started off"},{"startTime":1643.895,"endTime":1646.125,"body":"as a computer and now is an amateur."},{"startTime":1646.225,"endTime":1649.725,"body":"And she publishes lots and lots of research together with his, her husband."},{"startTime":1650.545,"endTime":1654.525,"body":"You can see Professor Lakia, who started off as an amateur, is now professional."},{"startTime":1655.105,"endTime":1655.685,"body":"We have Dr."},{"startTime":1655.685,"endTime":1660.565,"body":"Common, who is an amateur, but he is the president of the Royal Astronomical Society."},{"startTime":1661.185,"endTime":1665.205,"body":"So lots of different people come, and when I say different people, I mean everyone."},{"startTime":1665.205,"endTime":1667.725,"body":"Basically, if you have the money, you can book a cruise to come."},{"startTime":1668.545,"endTime":1670.205,"body":"And on this cruise ship, you will meet Dr."},{"startTime":1670.205,"endTime":1671.765,"body":"Common, whom I've just talked about."},{"startTime":1671.785,"endTime":1673.845,"body":"And you will also meet Sir Robert Ball."},{"startTime":1673.875,"endTime":1677.685,"body":"He's the astronomer royal, but he's very interested in popularization."},{"startTime":1678.065,"endTime":1681.991,"body":"So he will give three talks just to educate the people on the boat of"},{"startTime":1681.991,"endTime":1684.085,"body":"what is going to happen during the eclipse."},{"startTime":1685.505,"endTime":1688.725,"body":"And this is the last amateur I wanna mention in passing."},{"startTime":1688.875,"endTime":1690.485,"body":"This is Isaac Roberts."},{"startTime":1690.675,"endTime":1692.445,"body":"He's one of the, so-called Grand Amateurs."},{"startTime":1692.585,"endTime":1694.725,"body":"He comes from very humble beginnings."},{"startTime":1695.065,"endTime":1699.668,"body":"He learns a trade, works his way up, then has so much money that when"},{"startTime":1699.668,"endTime":1699.975,"body":"he retires, he just builds his own observatory equipped with instruments at the state of"},{"startTime":1699.975,"endTime":1704.885,"body":"the art."},{"startTime":1705.505,"endTime":1707.325,"body":"And he also does astrophotography."},{"startTime":1707.325,"endTime":1710.685,"body":"So astrophotography is not something that only observatories do."},{"startTime":1710.905,"endTime":1715.032,"body":"And this is his amazing picture of Entameda, which is still called a nebula at"},{"startTime":1715.032,"endTime":1718.885,"body":"the time, because people are still trying to figure out what it actually is."},{"startTime":1718.905,"endTime":1724.41,"body":"We know it's a galaxy now, and I just wanna mention him because he steals"},{"startTime":1724.41,"endTime":1726.245,"body":"Roka heart during this expedition."},{"startTime":1726.475,"endTime":1731.696,"body":"They'll marry in 1901 and then she will quit Paris Observatory because he has an"},{"startTime":1731.696,"endTime":1732.045,"body":"observatory."},{"startTime":1732.045,"endTime":1732.325,"body":"What?"},{"startTime":1732.675,"endTime":1734.405,"body":"Well, she can go there and work with him."},{"startTime":1735.225,"endTime":1739.293,"body":"Um, and when she, when he dies, only a couple of years later, she will"},{"startTime":1739.293,"endTime":1742.005,"body":"be an amateur again for the rest of her life."},{"startTime":1742.625,"endTime":1748.015,"body":"But in conclusion, now finally, I wanna say that this eclipse, in a way is"},{"startTime":1748.015,"endTime":1753.405,"body":"a snapshot of all the different approaches to astronomical research we have at that time."},{"startTime":1753.425,"endTime":1756.896,"body":"Not all of them, by far, at least some of them we sh we can"},{"startTime":1756.896,"endTime":1758.285,"body":"see it's a cornucopia of approaches."},{"startTime":1758.285,"endTime":1763.473,"body":"We have common who is an amateur, but can still be president of the Royal"},{"startTime":1763.473,"endTime":1764.165,"body":"Astronomical Society."},{"startTime":1764.185,"endTime":1769.453,"body":"We have Matt Mosel Kko, who in a way represents technical, theoretical astronomy, if you"},{"startTime":1769.453,"endTime":1769.805,"body":"will."},{"startTime":1769.885,"endTime":1771.885,"body":"But she's here as an amateur."},{"startTime":1772.175,"endTime":1773.845,"body":"She's also a computer at the time."},{"startTime":1774.505,"endTime":1779.998,"body":"We can see Sir Robert Ball, um, who is a professional, but still interested in"},{"startTime":1779.998,"endTime":1780.365,"body":"popularization."},{"startTime":1780.705,"endTime":1785.181,"body":"So we see that there are lots of actors in the 19th century who really"},{"startTime":1785.181,"endTime":1788.165,"body":"strive to bring all different kinds of people into astronomy."},{"startTime":1788.165,"endTime":1792.485,"body":"There's actually, I'm not gonna call it a movement, but there are very many possibilities"},{"startTime":1792.485,"endTime":1792.773,"body":"to participate in, participate in research, and thus we find lots of people we would"},{"startTime":1792.773,"endTime":1798.245,"body":"never find in other disciplines."},{"startTime":1798.615,"endTime":1799.445,"body":"Thank you very much."},{"startTime":1804.735,"endTime":1806.605,"body":"Thank you very much indeed for your talk."},{"startTime":1806.725,"endTime":1811.565,"body":"I wish my so-called German was, uh, even 2% as good as your English \u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":1812.425,"endTime":1818.556,"body":"Um, you, you showed a slide with, um, three persons who had no background in"},{"startTime":1818.556,"endTime":1818.965,"body":"mathematics."},{"startTime":1819.145,"endTime":1820.325,"body":"One of them was Bessel."},{"startTime":1820.755,"endTime":1821.045,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":1821.185,"endTime":1824.405,"body":"Is that the Bessel to whom reference is made?"},{"startTime":1824.465,"endTime":1829.285,"body":"If my memory serves me in advanced calculus books to Bessel function."},{"startTime":1829.745,"endTime":1833.645,"body":"And what's Bessel a kind of, uh, early type of NuGen."},{"startTime":1834.585,"endTime":1835.085,"body":"Oh, okay."},{"startTime":1836.705,"endTime":1839.485,"body":"Um, no, the best of functions are named in his honor."},{"startTime":1839.745,"endTime":1841.445,"body":"And no, he didn't go to school."},{"startTime":1841.545,"endTime":1843.485,"body":"He didn't finish school, he didn't go to university."},{"startTime":1843.505,"endTime":1846.405,"body":"He still developed them because he needed them for his practical work."},{"startTime":1847.185,"endTime":1850.042,"body":"Um, and I wouldn't go so far to call him the Ramanuja because he knew"},{"startTime":1850.042,"endTime":1850.805,"body":"what he was doing."},{"startTime":1850.805,"endTime":1852.765,"body":"He was just reading up on these things."},{"startTime":1852.765,"endTime":1853.845,"body":"He learned them himself."},{"startTime":1854.305,"endTime":1859.376,"body":"Ramian is this weird story that the goddess sent him these, uh, equations in, in"},{"startTime":1859.376,"endTime":1859.715,"body":"his sleep, and he suddenly, or for whatever reason, he, he saw things that no"},{"startTime":1859.715,"endTime":1865.125,"body":"one saw."},{"startTime":1865.265,"endTime":1869.965,"body":"Bessel worked really, really hard for his mathematics, but he needed that for his observatory."},{"startTime":1872.155,"endTime":1875.605,"body":"Okay, thank you very much, uh, Ava for a fantastic talk."}]}