{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":4.915,"endTime":5.885,"body":"Good evening everyone."},{"startTime":6.265,"endTime":8.885,"body":"Um, so good to see so many people here."},{"startTime":9.825,"endTime":16.661,"body":"Um, this evening I'd like to talk about music and time and the baffling intersection"},{"startTime":16.661,"endTime":18.485,"body":"of these baffling concepts."},{"startTime":19.145,"endTime":25.229,"body":"So music and time have a strange relationship 'cause music has delivered us to us"},{"startTime":25.229,"endTime":29.285,"body":"in time, wrapped up in this rhythm of this ribbon."},{"startTime":30.705,"endTime":36.02,"body":"Unlike a artwork or a sculpture where we can take as long as we like"},{"startTime":36.02,"endTime":36.375,"body":"to assess it and look at it in any order, music takes as long as"},{"startTime":36.375,"endTime":42.045,"body":"it takes."},{"startTime":43.785,"endTime":49.205,"body":"It needs time to function, but it's not subservient to time."},{"startTime":49.825,"endTime":52.525,"body":"It actually changes our experience of time itself."},{"startTime":53.075,"endTime":58.925,"body":"Even silence in different musical contexts feels fundamentally different."},{"startTime":60.385,"endTime":64.285,"body":"So if music is made of time, what do we mean by rhythm?"},{"startTime":65.835,"endTime":73.164,"body":"Well, let's be annoyingly thorough and look across the whole spectrum of time from the"},{"startTime":73.164,"endTime":80.005,"body":"tiniest sliver, the highest frequency to the longest expanse, and see where music exists."},{"startTime":83.225,"endTime":88.846,"body":"So let's imagine this continuum where you have the tiniest sliver with most, the, the"},{"startTime":88.846,"endTime":91.845,"body":"theoretical limit of time, this plank time length."},{"startTime":92.625,"endTime":96.843,"body":"And we'll slowly widen the gap and see if we can find music along this"},{"startTime":96.843,"endTime":97.125,"body":"continuum."},{"startTime":97.945,"endTime":105.391,"body":"The first thing we find is the visible spectrum, visible components of music, which are"},{"startTime":105.391,"endTime":111.845,"body":"important particularly for people like bin with synesthesia, where there are direct links."},{"startTime":112.825,"endTime":119.459,"body":"And we also see in the wifi and radio wave range transmission, where we might"},{"startTime":119.459,"endTime":124.325,"body":"send a child's voice to the moon and back, for example."},{"startTime":126.625,"endTime":128.405,"body":"And this is where something magical happens."},{"startTime":129.465,"endTime":132.365,"body":"We get to the point where we can actually hear these frequencies."},{"startTime":132.785,"endTime":139.267,"body":"The audible spectrum, this is the subject in the next lecture, but you might might"},{"startTime":139.267,"endTime":142.725,"body":"recognize Mary Clayton's Chill Zone from last time."},{"startTime":143.745,"endTime":149.685,"body":"And this is the stuff, the wa of music instruments, chords, notes."},{"startTime":151.145,"endTime":156.845,"body":"But as we slow it down, again, there's this magical transformation from the what to"},{"startTime":156.845,"endTime":158.365,"body":"the when of music."},{"startTime":159.395,"endTime":161.885,"body":"This zone here, which is considered rhythm."},{"startTime":163.265,"endTime":170.376,"body":"If we carry on, we get onto the compositional of length of time and Mozart's"},{"startTime":170.376,"endTime":171.325,"body":"complete output."},{"startTime":172.015,"endTime":176.862,"body":"There is actually a very long piece of music, which is in its 22nd year"},{"startTime":176.862,"endTime":179.125,"body":"of being played organi by John Cage."},{"startTime":179.785,"endTime":182.525,"body":"Um, it's got another 620 years to go."},{"startTime":183.315,"endTime":186.125,"body":"It's been performed in a small church in Germany."},{"startTime":187.065,"endTime":190.085,"body":"Um, imagine living next to that."},{"startTime":190.085,"endTime":195.725,"body":"You're gonna be long, but usually most pieces are done in the hour range."},{"startTime":196.385,"endTime":202.751,"body":"And as we extend upwards, we go into geological, astronomical time past the gala galactic"},{"startTime":202.751,"endTime":207.845,"body":"ear, and into the subject of lecture six, the Infinite in Music."},{"startTime":208.385,"endTime":212.765,"body":"But let's come back to this range here 'cause there's something very interesting about it."},{"startTime":213.285,"endTime":218.938,"body":"'cause the reason we perceive this timescale as rhythm is that in intersects with our"},{"startTime":218.938,"endTime":223.085,"body":"bodies, how we engage with the world and with each other."},{"startTime":223.945,"endTime":231.415,"body":"So if we think about this range here, our perception of time, our reaction times"},{"startTime":231.415,"endTime":231.913,"body":"to it is the start of the rhythmic zone and then onto our heart rate"},{"startTime":231.913,"endTime":232.411,"body":"and our walking and running speeds, which align really well to the tempo range in"},{"startTime":232.411,"endTime":248.845,"body":"music and our short-term memory."},{"startTime":248.905,"endTime":254.125,"body":"And collectively, this makes up our rhythmic spectrum that we'll be looking at this evening."},{"startTime":257.105,"endTime":261.404,"body":"So if we analyze a huge corpus of music, this is 10,000 tracks."},{"startTime":261.625,"endTime":267.685,"body":"We found this mountain range of tempos from around 50 to 250 beats per minute."},{"startTime":268.085,"endTime":272.285,"body":"A few things without pulse at all, but this is the typical range."},{"startTime":273.065,"endTime":279.45,"body":"So let's interrogate this tempero range and see how it affects our bodies and how"},{"startTime":279.45,"endTime":282.005,"body":"it relates to us as humans."},{"startTime":284.785,"endTime":292.155,"body":"You'll note that the typical heart rate from an athlete at rest 40 BPMs to"},{"startTime":292.155,"endTime":299.525,"body":"being late for an exam at 200 plus is actually represented by a traditional metronome."},{"startTime":299.685,"endTime":301.045,"body":"I don't think it's a coincidence."},{"startTime":302.195,"endTime":309.125,"body":"I've also put here typical stride rates, the, and also, um, uh, heart rates."},{"startTime":310.185,"endTime":313.968,"body":"So let's start at the bottom end of this and see if we can feel"},{"startTime":313.968,"endTime":314.725,"body":"these pulses together."},{"startTime":316.305,"endTime":345.573,"body":"So here's the 40 BPM range, which is about the limit of slowness a little"},{"startTime":345.573,"endTime":347.525,"body":"faster."},{"startTime":347.675,"endTime":352.856,"body":"Here is the speed of meditation perhaps, or very zen tidying up or perhaps a"},{"startTime":352.856,"endTime":355.965,"body":"child when it's time to leave for the airport."},{"startTime":367.635,"endTime":374.506,"body":"Next range, we start not quite walking, but certainly swaying and staying at home and"},{"startTime":374.506,"endTime":374.965,"body":"gesticulating."},{"startTime":389.865,"endTime":392.565,"body":"And here's where we head into the walking rate."},{"startTime":393.225,"endTime":396.885,"body":"So this is a slow leisure walk around an art gallery."},{"startTime":396.915,"endTime":397.405,"body":"Perhaps"},{"startTime":402.145,"endTime":404.565,"body":"You can imagine yourself walking at the shade."},{"startTime":407.825,"endTime":412.01,"body":"Now here's walking, not in a rush, but with a bit of pep in your"},{"startTime":412.01,"endTime":413.685,"body":"step like you're pleased with yourself."},{"startTime":424.435,"endTime":428.282,"body":"Okay, this is, you're slightly late for an appointment, but you don't want to appear"},{"startTime":428.282,"endTime":429.565,"body":"like you're in a rush."},{"startTime":439.425,"endTime":445.641,"body":"And here's the point where we start moving, transitioning from walking to jogging, and it"},{"startTime":445.641,"endTime":446.885,"body":"turns into exercise."},{"startTime":463.875,"endTime":464.965,"body":"Feet leave the ground."},{"startTime":479.615,"endTime":483.115,"body":"So this is the fast range of tempos."},{"startTime":483.575,"endTime":487.675,"body":"Um, and this is where we head into the anaerobic range."},{"startTime":488.095,"endTime":491.075,"body":"So you can move this fast, but not for a sustained period."},{"startTime":491.535,"endTime":494.195,"body":"Pop the Canavan"},{"startTime":496.335,"endTime":498.915,"body":"Pop Canavan."},{"startTime":500.175,"endTime":505.875,"body":"And this is the stride rate of Usain Bolt in the a hundred and meters"},{"startTime":505.875,"endTime":507.395,"body":"final, around 260 BPM."},{"startTime":507.775,"endTime":525.955,"body":"So I could actually animate him to this music \u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":527.375,"endTime":533.745,"body":"And here's the point where we go beyond, um, a full physical motion into fine"},{"startTime":533.745,"endTime":534.595,"body":"motor control."},{"startTime":534.735,"endTime":538.128,"body":"So we might be able to dance to this, but we would dance to it"},{"startTime":538.128,"endTime":540.165,"body":"half the tempo, like a rhythmic octave below it."},{"startTime":540.545,"endTime":554.205,"body":"But it's really the fine motor control at this point, positions \u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":554.665,"endTime":557.725,"body":"So, um, really we have to just admire it."},{"startTime":557.905,"endTime":562.405,"body":"Now, you could move by it's sort of a skilled motion at this point."},{"startTime":585.815,"endTime":586.165,"body":"Sorry."},{"startTime":587.785,"endTime":596.803,"body":"So it's no wonder that sound and music emerges from this connection to our physical"},{"startTime":596.803,"endTime":597.405,"body":"movement."},{"startTime":599.065,"endTime":601.845,"body":"In a way, sound helps us coordinate movement."},{"startTime":602.065,"endTime":606.765,"body":"If we hear footsteps, we learn to associate that with a particular speed."},{"startTime":607.145,"endTime":612.725,"body":"And we have a high resolution for listening much higher than visual control."},{"startTime":613.225,"endTime":619.731,"body":"So perhaps music emerges from a desire to synchronize in a task and with each"},{"startTime":619.731,"endTime":620.165,"body":"other."},{"startTime":620.825,"endTime":625.845,"body":"So there are examples of songs that are connected very much to an activity."},{"startTime":626.305,"endTime":630.805,"body":"And we can just drop a pin anywhere in our musical planet."},{"startTime":631.135,"endTime":632.605,"body":"Let's pick Central Africa."},{"startTime":638.345,"endTime":640.885,"body":"So this is the Congo region of Central Africa."},{"startTime":641.345,"endTime":648.677,"body":"And we're gonna look at a, um, tribe called the Bayaka tribe, and four children"},{"startTime":648.677,"endTime":653.565,"body":"playing in the water partaking of a game of liquidity."},{"startTime":653.875,"endTime":655.405,"body":"It's type of water drumming."},{"startTime":655.875,"endTime":664.15,"body":"They're bathing, but they pass the time by improvising rhythms between themselves in the splashes,"},{"startTime":664.15,"endTime":665.805,"body":"highly sophisticated rhythms."},{"startTime":666.305,"endTime":672.04,"body":"And so it becomes fun and they learn to coordinate and raise their spirits and"},{"startTime":672.04,"endTime":672.805,"body":"still bathe."},{"startTime":673.305,"endTime":677.633,"body":"But what's interesting is that the adults reward them when they come up with a"},{"startTime":677.633,"endTime":679.365,"body":"nice rhythm, they start singing along."},{"startTime":680.025,"endTime":681.885,"body":"So let's listen to a little bit of this."},{"startTime":682.585,"endTime":687.365,"body":"Um, and I've presented a visual analysis of how I hear the rhythm."},{"startTime":687.505,"endTime":689.485,"body":"It may not be how they or you hear it."},{"startTime":690.145,"endTime":693.845,"body":"And one thing to look out for is how well they coordinate the ending together."},{"startTime":725.435,"endTime":727.605,"body":"Some more examples which I could have picked from anywhere."},{"startTime":727.855,"endTime":738.285,"body":"These are prison workers, 1940s in Mississippi, doing hard time and hard labor."},{"startTime":738.635,"endTime":742.805,"body":"This is a famous Alan Lomax recording of 10 prison workers."},{"startTime":742.985,"endTime":746.965,"body":"And what you'll hear is an ax be their xis coming down on the downbeat."},{"startTime":747.185,"endTime":755.685,"body":"And then this beautiful call and response, which gives them just enough hope and, uh,"},{"startTime":755.685,"endTime":759.085,"body":"spirit for the next brutal downbeat"},{"startTime":767.225,"endTime":783.685,"body":"Be, be,"},{"startTime":787.675,"endTime":791.925,"body":"Have been used, been used for centuries to lull children to sleep."},{"startTime":793.465,"endTime":795.045,"body":"And we recognize that immediately."},{"startTime":795.045,"endTime":802.073,"body":"Here's the seventh century Welsh lullaby, and it actually talks of durwin water and waterfalls"},{"startTime":802.073,"endTime":808.165,"body":"near there, which we think are Lado falls, which we'll go visit soon."},{"startTime":825.705,"endTime":829.005,"body":"And some music is simply to alleviate boredom."},{"startTime":829.175,"endTime":833.285,"body":"Maybe it's a part of motor control and cohesion."},{"startTime":833.625,"endTime":838.789,"body":"But maybe to pass the time, this is a famous recording of postal walker workers"},{"startTime":838.789,"endTime":839.133,"body":"in Ghana who have done the job of canceling stamps so much that they've built"},{"startTime":839.133,"endTime":848.085,"body":"up a whole music form around the inking stamping snipping of scissors."},{"startTime":848.235,"endTime":870.125,"body":"It's phenomenal tease."},{"startTime":870.225,"endTime":875.605,"body":"But here's another recording from the nineties, again of a Ghana postal worker."},{"startTime":875.605,"endTime":879.445,"body":"So it seems like the style has stuck and actually developed, and we can see"},{"startTime":879.445,"endTime":880.725,"body":"it in action this time."},{"startTime":881.465,"endTime":886.991,"body":"And there's this quote here from the first observer of it where it's not, it's"},{"startTime":886.991,"endTime":891.045,"body":"not really music to anyone but each other in this activity."},{"startTime":891.235,"endTime":892.165,"body":"It's the past the time."},{"startTime":892.745,"endTime":896.965,"body":"And it me, it merges from daily life, not as an adornment to it."},{"startTime":931.425,"endTime":936.66,"body":"So what is this phenomenal stuff of rhythm, these etch marks we place in time"},{"startTime":936.66,"endTime":938.405,"body":"and make sense of it."},{"startTime":939.905,"endTime":946.893,"body":"So normally we think of music as this, um, vertical structure of pitch and chords,"},{"startTime":946.893,"endTime":952.485,"body":"but here we're talking about intervals not in pitch, but in time."},{"startTime":953.905,"endTime":960.448,"body":"And so at its essential basic level, rhythm is lengths of sound and lengths of"},{"startTime":960.448,"endTime":960.885,"body":"silence."},{"startTime":961.985,"endTime":967.125,"body":"And we know lengths of sound and silence from Morse code of course."},{"startTime":969.145,"endTime":973.929,"body":"And in fact, Morse code, which is just two durations of sound and silence, is"},{"startTime":973.929,"endTime":975.205,"body":"enough to make music."},{"startTime":975.895,"endTime":981.622,"body":"Delia Dier, the British composer electron assist, um, used to painstakingly snip tape to put"},{"startTime":981.622,"endTime":986.205,"body":"these coded messages within that so we can try making music ourselves."},{"startTime":986.225,"endTime":989.565,"body":"If I wanted to spell my name, I would start with an M and an"},{"startTime":989.565,"endTime":991.125,"body":"I and I would get this rhythm."},{"startTime":1000.985,"endTime":1009.398,"body":"And if that sounds vaguely familiar, it's because the composer, Layla Schiffrin used that as"},{"startTime":1009.398,"endTime":1013.885,"body":"an inspiration to compose a now famous theme."},{"startTime":1041.575,"endTime":1047.682,"body":"Ronny Hazelhurst, the British composer, was more ambitious and put the entire title of his"},{"startTime":1047.682,"endTime":1050.125,"body":"TV show in the theme tune."},{"startTime":1050.655,"endTime":1051.005,"body":"Ready?"},{"startTime":1051.395,"endTime":1051.685,"body":"What?"},{"startTime":1074.865,"endTime":1076.805,"body":"So how does rhythm do this?"},{"startTime":1076.945,"endTime":1085.433,"body":"How does it turn this smooth experience of time into this musical experience of beats"},{"startTime":1085.433,"endTime":1086.565,"body":"and durations?"},{"startTime":1086.565,"endTime":1087.765,"body":"That means something."},{"startTime":1088.265,"endTime":1092.605,"body":"How do we go from the beatless to the Beatles?"},{"startTime":1094.415,"endTime":1095.525,"body":"Quite proud of this one."},{"startTime":1096.205,"endTime":1096.805,"body":"\u003claugh\u003e \u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":1099.505,"endTime":1102.125,"body":"Now not all music has beats."},{"startTime":1102.395,"endTime":1110.027,"body":"There's ambient music and Japanese traditional music, which has time of course, but unfolds without"},{"startTime":1110.027,"endTime":1111.045,"body":"specific landmarks."},{"startTime":1111.905,"endTime":1114.845,"body":"And Indian classical music actually waves between the two."},{"startTime":1115.405,"endTime":1115.845,"body":"Hindustani."},{"startTime":1115.955,"endTime":1121.933,"body":"Raga starts with the aap, which is like a prayer in this, um, pulseless opening"},{"startTime":1121.933,"endTime":1124.325,"body":"and then transitions to the tallah."},{"startTime":1124.785,"endTime":1128.405,"body":"So let's listen to this beautiful singer transition."},{"startTime":1128.415,"endTime":1134.077,"body":"We'll hear a short introduction, and then when the tablet comes in, we've transitioned to"},{"startTime":1134.077,"endTime":1135.965,"body":"the 16 Beat Tinel cycle."},{"startTime":1138.065,"endTime":1143.645,"body":"Ah, ah."},{"startTime":1171.075,"endTime":1173.375,"body":"So what is happening at that transition point?"},{"startTime":1174.405,"endTime":1179.095,"body":"Well, we as humans are evolved as prediction machines."},{"startTime":1180.035,"endTime":1186.601,"body":"We scout the environment trying to work out what's going on, what we should pay"},{"startTime":1186.601,"endTime":1191.855,"body":"attention to, and our attention is incredibly perceptive, but it's not boundless."},{"startTime":1192.475,"endTime":1195.775,"body":"Whilst we're paying attention to one thing, we can't pay attention to much else."},{"startTime":1196.115,"endTime":1201.775,"body":"So we've learned to apportion our attentional energy to what's going on."},{"startTime":1202.115,"endTime":1206.874,"body":"So if there's a series of of sounds that come in, we quickly learn to"},{"startTime":1206.874,"endTime":1209.095,"body":"listen out for some sort of pattern."},{"startTime":1209.595,"endTime":1215.647,"body":"We might have a, um, a curve of attention, attentional energy that looks a little"},{"startTime":1215.647,"endTime":1216.455,"body":"like this."},{"startTime":1216.955,"endTime":1220.535,"body":"As we pick up a pattern, it starts to focus in where we expect it."},{"startTime":1221.155,"endTime":1222.255,"body":"So there's two things to remember."},{"startTime":1222.255,"endTime":1225.815,"body":"It's dynamic, it's adaptive to what we hear, but it also sustains."},{"startTime":1225.815,"endTime":1229.135,"body":"You'll see there's a missing beat there, but it still comes back to check again."},{"startTime":1229.795,"endTime":1231.815,"body":"And this is essential for music."},{"startTime":1233.835,"endTime":1235.895,"body":"So let's test yours right now."},{"startTime":1236.635,"endTime":1241.51,"body":"All I'd like you to do is tap along to what you hear as naturally"},{"startTime":1241.51,"endTime":1243.135,"body":"as you, as you feel."},{"startTime":1243.965,"endTime":1246.695,"body":"It's not a test, it's just whatever feels right for you."},{"startTime":1246.755,"endTime":1248.29,"body":"And then we'll explain what you were doing."},{"startTime":1262.745,"endTime":1263.165,"body":"Taking"},{"startTime":1263.165,"endTime":1263.445,"body":"Notes."},{"startTime":1268.075,"endTime":1268.565,"body":"Awesome,"},{"startTime":1269.215,"endTime":1270.245,"body":"We've got 'em all I think."},{"startTime":1270.385,"endTime":1276.645,"body":"So this is a North African, uh, an Arabic rhythm called the Maxim."},{"startTime":1277.185,"endTime":1281.125,"body":"And um, it's an ancient rhythm and you're entrained to it beautifully."},{"startTime":1281.865,"endTime":1284.205,"body":"Um, so this is what the pattern was."},{"startTime":1284.235,"endTime":1289.341,"body":"Some of you were playing every beat of it, every pulse that we heard, others"},{"startTime":1289.341,"endTime":1291.725,"body":"found a, uh, a simpler solution perhaps."},{"startTime":1293.105,"endTime":1295.925,"body":"And these are the sort of taps I just saw here."},{"startTime":1297.225,"endTime":1304.855,"body":"So we could either clicking along to it or ta aka da da or we"},{"startTime":1304.855,"endTime":1308.925,"body":"could find this middle ground pulse, da da."},{"startTime":1310.385,"endTime":1313.296,"body":"And the thing about that middle ground pulse is it doesn't hit every sound that"},{"startTime":1313.296,"endTime":1313.685,"body":"we hear."},{"startTime":1314.305,"endTime":1318.674,"body":"Um, and it also hits when there is no sound, but somehow because it's the"},{"startTime":1318.674,"endTime":1321.005,"body":"same length, it's a natural occurrence to us."},{"startTime":1321.655,"endTime":1326.046,"body":"These are the levels of time that we experience and they happen to happen at"},{"startTime":1326.046,"endTime":1326.925,"body":"different time ranges."},{"startTime":1327.185,"endTime":1330.379,"body":"The central one is the beat the pulse, or if you wanna get a PhD,"},{"startTime":1330.379,"endTime":1330.805,"body":"the tactus."},{"startTime":1331.705,"endTime":1336.575,"body":"And then we have beat groups above it like daca, da da da, and then"},{"startTime":1336.575,"endTime":1341.445,"body":"the meter, and then groups of meters, um, hyper meter and then sectional above it."},{"startTime":1342.135,"endTime":1348.96,"body":"Below the beat is, um, the subdivision sometimes called the Tatum, which is a contraction"},{"startTime":1348.96,"endTime":1350.325,"body":"of temporal atom."},{"startTime":1350.705,"endTime":1355.285,"body":"So it means the largest object that fits everything."},{"startTime":1355.545,"endTime":1358.485,"body":"And so that subdivision you would see will hits all the greens."},{"startTime":1359.145,"endTime":1360.045,"body":"That's the tatu."},{"startTime":1360.045,"endTime":1362.885,"body":"It's also a homage to art tatu, the jazz pianist."},{"startTime":1363.185,"endTime":1369.061,"body":"And below that is the, I guess the subatomic layer of micro timing that we'll"},{"startTime":1369.061,"endTime":1369.845,"body":"look at."},{"startTime":1371.305,"endTime":1374.165,"body":"And music notation catch these as a little bit."},{"startTime":1374.165,"endTime":1377.845,"body":"When we say four four, we mean a meter which has four beats in it."},{"startTime":1377.865,"endTime":1380.925,"body":"And those beats are usually divided in twos and fours."},{"startTime":1380.925,"endTime":1384.245,"body":"There's a hidden code that isn't really told, but it's sort of understood."},{"startTime":1385.025,"endTime":1385.925,"body":"And if we, um,"},{"startTime":1388.985,"endTime":1392.835,"body":"We understand that we're making predictions on all of these at the same time, that's"},{"startTime":1392.835,"endTime":1393.605,"body":"the phenomenal thing."},{"startTime":1394.345,"endTime":1399.359,"body":"And if we look at a huge amount of music, particularly from the western tradition,"},{"startTime":1399.359,"endTime":1401.365,"body":"we see these sort of patterns."},{"startTime":1401.425,"endTime":1404.628,"body":"I'm not expecting you to memorize this, but you see on the blue one is"},{"startTime":1404.628,"endTime":1407.405,"body":"two groups of two, and then the green is four groups of two."},{"startTime":1407.785,"endTime":1410.245,"body":"So we have all these numbers of grouping that happened."},{"startTime":1410.385,"endTime":1416.074,"body":"And when we analyze this, it turns out that two, four eights and 16 and"},{"startTime":1416.074,"endTime":1421.005,"body":"32 are by far the most common groupings on all these multiple levels."},{"startTime":1421.625,"endTime":1426.925,"body":"And then it's something called mixed dupal and triple two times three, six or 12."},{"startTime":1427.385,"endTime":1431.868,"body":"And then the next most common ones is threes and nines, pure triples, and then"},{"startTime":1431.868,"endTime":1432.765,"body":"all the rest."},{"startTime":1432.985,"endTime":1436.165,"body":"So there's this h hierarchy of primes that happens."},{"startTime":1436.715,"endTime":1443.99,"body":"Perhaps it's our bipedal nature and we're expecting walking, or maybe it's cognitively more simple,"},{"startTime":1443.99,"endTime":1449.325,"body":"but we tend to expect music in pairs at multiple levels."},{"startTime":1451.985,"endTime":1455.805,"body":"So we do this even with just a repeated pulse."},{"startTime":1457.465,"endTime":1463.828,"body":"We absorb it very quickly as a set of pairs and then pairs of pears"},{"startTime":1463.828,"endTime":1465.525,"body":"and so on upwards."},{"startTime":1466.225,"endTime":1469.493,"body":"And when, when we talk about strong beats and weak beats, this is the sort"},{"startTime":1469.493,"endTime":1470.365,"body":"of way it emerges."},{"startTime":1471.155,"endTime":1475.088,"body":"It's not that they're louder there, it's that they, they're a superposition of lots of"},{"startTime":1475.088,"endTime":1475.351,"body":"expectations, not just the pulse, but a pair of pulses are gonna land at this"},{"startTime":1475.351,"endTime":1479.285,"body":"point."},{"startTime":1482.665,"endTime":1486.042,"body":"So we get this if I extend it out, this is a sort of profile"},{"startTime":1486.042,"endTime":1486.267,"body":"that we expect to hear with music if it's just one thin line of repeated"},{"startTime":1486.267,"endTime":1489.645,"body":"notes."},{"startTime":1489.945,"endTime":1491.845,"body":"But what does music actually give us?"},{"startTime":1492.165,"endTime":1493.525,"body":"'cause it could give us anything we like."},{"startTime":1494.345,"endTime":1500.676,"body":"And it turns out it gives us something really, really close to that Roberto Rican"},{"startTime":1500.676,"endTime":1502.365,"body":"folk, Scott Jolin rags."},{"startTime":1502.755,"endTime":1506.845,"body":"Even Hayden has this exact form, not exactly the same."},{"startTime":1506.865,"endTime":1509.925,"body":"It couldn't be exactly the same, but it's remarkable how similar it is."},{"startTime":1510.265,"endTime":1519.933,"body":"And we get this constant strong, weak pattern from the odds that evens that repeats"},{"startTime":1519.933,"endTime":1524.445,"body":"and repeats and repeats and again, extraordinary."},{"startTime":1528.345,"endTime":1534.157,"body":"And what that means, both in the music that we hear and what we expect"},{"startTime":1534.157,"endTime":1537.645,"body":"is that every point in time feels slightly different."},{"startTime":1538.065,"endTime":1544.009,"body":"If we get this pulse, we remember those attentional waves, we would get something like"},{"startTime":1544.009,"endTime":1548.765,"body":"this for pears and then for pears of pears would get this."},{"startTime":1549.985,"endTime":1556.828,"body":"And then onwards into these mountains, to every point of this, we've got a different"},{"startTime":1556.828,"endTime":1557.285,"body":"wave."},{"startTime":1557.785,"endTime":1563.202,"body":"We like riding these waves, and musicians are amazing at creating these waves and surfing"},{"startTime":1563.202,"endTime":1563.925,"body":"between them."},{"startTime":1564.505,"endTime":1568.499,"body":"And if we can think of a comp, a composite of these expectations, they might"},{"startTime":1568.499,"endTime":1569.565,"body":"look something like that."},{"startTime":1570.265,"endTime":1572.965,"body":"And that's what it feels like to have these strong beats."},{"startTime":1572.965,"endTime":1577.845,"body":"And it explains why not that, not just that four, four is common, but that"},{"startTime":1577.845,"endTime":1578.17,"body":"groups of two bars and four bars and eight bars and 16 bars are really"},{"startTime":1578.17,"endTime":1587.605,"body":"common because there are the landing points and they're a, um, potential for expressive power."},{"startTime":1588.065,"endTime":1592.572,"body":"So I've been working on how to illustrate this and I've come up with this,"},{"startTime":1592.572,"endTime":1592.873,"body":"which is a circle with each of these moving at factors of two, one beat,"},{"startTime":1592.873,"endTime":1600.085,"body":"two beats, four beats, uh, eight beats and so on."},{"startTime":1600.705,"endTime":1603.125,"body":"And you should feel some epinal events."},{"startTime":1603.825,"endTime":1605.485,"body":"The bigger the dial net passes."},{"startTime":1605.905,"endTime":1609.52,"body":"So there'll be a series of waves that continue, but when the red one passes,"},{"startTime":1609.52,"endTime":1610.485,"body":"that will feel strong."},{"startTime":1610.665,"endTime":1613.725,"body":"And the music that you hear doesn't change very much at all."},{"startTime":1613.795,"endTime":1617.765,"body":"I've purposely chose something that's quite flat, but you still feel this expectation."},{"startTime":1618.185,"endTime":1623.045,"body":"And in fact, um, listeners do that, but musicians learn to really absorb it."},{"startTime":1623.225,"endTime":1626.698,"body":"So as a musician learns, they learn to keep time from beat to beat and"},{"startTime":1626.698,"endTime":1629.245,"body":"then where they are in a bar without dropping a bar."},{"startTime":1629.305,"endTime":1632.877,"body":"And then if you, particularly if you learn something like jazz or blues, you want"},{"startTime":1632.877,"endTime":1633.115,"body":"to feel four bars and eight bars go by regardless of what else is going"},{"startTime":1633.115,"endTime":1637.165,"body":"on round you."},{"startTime":1637.305,"endTime":1640.445,"body":"And these are the waves that we ride as we listen."},{"startTime":1642.165,"endTime":1648.765,"body":"I, I i,"},{"startTime":1697.875,"endTime":1700.205,"body":"This is not just the stuff of jazz fusion."},{"startTime":1701.195,"endTime":1708.245,"body":"This is an, uh, depiction of that hindustani tintal rhythm that we heard earlier."},{"startTime":1708.705,"endTime":1714.855,"body":"And you can see it's a circle that has it's divided in two and four"},{"startTime":1714.855,"endTime":1721.005,"body":"quadrants, and those four quadrants are each got four quadrants in them and four again."},{"startTime":1722.065,"endTime":1727.045,"body":"And, um, Indian classical music learns to experience those."},{"startTime":1727.185,"endTime":1731.515,"body":"In fact, the the fact that they're felt differently is, um, marked in the syllables"},{"startTime":1731.515,"endTime":1735.845,"body":"that are used to count through them and also the pattern of clapping and waving."},{"startTime":1737.225,"endTime":1745.393,"body":"So musicians are amazing at understanding what's, um, we are expecting and then deviating it"},{"startTime":1745.393,"endTime":1749.205,"body":"from, from it in an expressive way."},{"startTime":1749.425,"endTime":1756.365,"body":"And I've put together five ways that surprise is created."},{"startTime":1757.785,"endTime":1761.896,"body":"Now I want to say that these are just a glimpse at them because this"},{"startTime":1761.896,"endTime":1762.445,"body":"was painful."},{"startTime":1762.585,"endTime":1767.591,"body":"The amounts of stuff I had to leave out these, I've spent my life examining"},{"startTime":1767.591,"endTime":1767.925,"body":"rhythm."},{"startTime":1768.185,"endTime":1772.733,"body":"And um, these are, this is just the beginning, but the, um, handouts that you"},{"startTime":1772.733,"endTime":1775.765,"body":"get and the transcript will have further reading on it."},{"startTime":1776.105,"endTime":1779.045,"body":"So let's go through these and enjoy ourselves, shall we?"},{"startTime":1779.465,"endTime":1786.365,"body":"So the first type of surprise is sometimes called displacement dissonance."},{"startTime":1786.665,"endTime":1791.66,"body":"And that's the feeling we get where something doesn't happen on a very expected beat,"},{"startTime":1791.66,"endTime":1794.325,"body":"it's on a less expected point in time."},{"startTime":1794.705,"endTime":1796.725,"body":"So we'll go back to this profile here."},{"startTime":1797.985,"endTime":1806.261,"body":"So if we're expecting something like this, we can, um, make music that confirms our"},{"startTime":1806.261,"endTime":1807.365,"body":"metric expectations."},{"startTime":1807.385,"endTime":1811.898,"body":"So if I remove some of the weaker beats, we'll still feel a very strong"},{"startTime":1811.898,"endTime":1814.005,"body":"metric pulse like in this passage here."},{"startTime":1825.945,"endTime":1829.605,"body":"Now much displacement dissonance because it's hitting the strongest beats very hard."},{"startTime":1831.035,"endTime":1835.391,"body":"What if we take something like this and we'll give the big downbeat, but we'll"},{"startTime":1835.391,"endTime":1838.005,"body":"add a little weight to those even numbered offbeats."},{"startTime":1838.625,"endTime":1843.22,"body":"So you'll hear on the top treble stave here, there'll be a weighty offbeat push"},{"startTime":1843.22,"endTime":1845.365,"body":"and you'll feel this gliding sensation hopefully."},{"startTime":1867.945,"endTime":1871.165,"body":"Or we can treat the structure like skipping stone."},{"startTime":1871.185,"endTime":1875.005,"body":"We can give the downbeat, but then the first offbeat and bounce off it."},{"startTime":1875.305,"endTime":1879.765,"body":"So we're sort of bouncing between these strong beats, which gives us forward propulsion."},{"startTime":1880.395,"endTime":1886.205,"body":"Obviously you follow, uh, Mozart's Stravinsky and Stravinsky with Ozzy Osborne."},{"startTime":1899.825,"endTime":1903.645,"body":"And it turns out that we really like these surprises."},{"startTime":1905.225,"endTime":1910.061,"body":"In fact, if you imagine that rhythm isn't just the music and it isn't just"},{"startTime":1910.061,"endTime":1913.285,"body":"what we expect, it's this interplay between these two worlds."},{"startTime":1913.985,"endTime":1919.396,"body":"And so what happens is if we're expecting a strong beat and we don't get"},{"startTime":1919.396,"endTime":1923.365,"body":"it, we need to fill that in with our virtual structures."},{"startTime":1923.365,"endTime":1925.965,"body":"And that usually involves a body motion."},{"startTime":1926.585,"endTime":1929.445,"body":"We sway to it to fill that point of time in."},{"startTime":1929.785,"endTime":1935.285,"body":"And in fact, when we maintain our me metric internal structures, despite the complexity of"},{"startTime":1935.285,"endTime":1939.685,"body":"the rhythm, there's this dopamine, dopamine reward that we get from it."},{"startTime":1940.305,"endTime":1950.486,"body":"And neuroscientists have found that there's this sweet spot of surprise, of syncopation, this inverted"},{"startTime":1950.486,"endTime":1951.165,"body":"you."},{"startTime":1951.625,"endTime":1954.365,"body":"If it's very expected, it's fine and it's pleasurable."},{"startTime":1954.545,"endTime":1959.489,"body":"If it's very chaotic, we start to dip off in our pleasure and our uh,"},{"startTime":1959.489,"endTime":1963.445,"body":"ability to, and our ability to move to it and understand it."},{"startTime":1963.585,"endTime":1971.068,"body":"But right in the middle, there's this point which we shall call Mount groove, which"},{"startTime":1971.068,"endTime":1971.567,"body":"is a sweet spot of expectation that we have that feeds our desire to predict"},{"startTime":1971.567,"endTime":1982.045,"body":"and the reward from satisfactory, um, prediction."},{"startTime":1982.585,"endTime":1986.958,"body":"And perhaps the music that does this for me at least in the, uh, let's"},{"startTime":1986.958,"endTime":1987.249,"body":"say the popular music realm is uh, uh, Brazilian popular, popular music, which is right"},{"startTime":1987.249,"endTime":1987.541,"body":"on the tip of this, which has these incredible syncopations just pulling our sense and"},{"startTime":1987.541,"endTime":1987.832,"body":"these amazing harmony, I dunno why they call it easy listening \u003claugh\u003e, it's about the"},{"startTime":1987.832,"endTime":1988.124,"body":"hardest thing there is and the hard rock is about the easiest they need to"},{"startTime":1988.124,"endTime":2005.325,"body":"swap those around."},{"startTime":2007.265,"endTime":2009.085,"body":"Uh, so let's listen to a little bit of this."},{"startTime":2034.825,"endTime":2041.031,"body":"But it's not just the realm of Brazilian music and funk that has this displacement"},{"startTime":2041.031,"endTime":2041.445,"body":"dissonance."},{"startTime":2042.025,"endTime":2043.165,"body":"All music does this."},{"startTime":2043.745,"endTime":2044.445,"body":"Here's bark."},{"startTime":2044.545,"endTime":2049.33,"body":"And what I've marked here is where he emits a strong beat in red and"},{"startTime":2049.33,"endTime":2051.245,"body":"where he emphasizes a weaker beat."},{"startTime":2051.625,"endTime":2055.998,"body":"And it gives this as forward propulsion as if we're waiting gives, keeps us longing"},{"startTime":2055.998,"endTime":2057.165,"body":"for a big downbeat."},{"startTime":2057.824,"endTime":2062.492,"body":"So, um, you'll hear this passage and you'll hear some emitted strong beats and some,"},{"startTime":2062.492,"endTime":2065.605,"body":"and I'll try and signal the weaker beats that come."},{"startTime":2084.315,"endTime":2088.364,"body":"Some styles have this displacement dissonance baked into them."},{"startTime":2089.625,"endTime":2092.085,"body":"The backbeat is clapping on."},{"startTime":2092.105,"endTime":2097.455,"body":"Two and four is a displacement dissonance that is so established, it's like not fitting"},{"startTime":2097.455,"endTime":2098.525,"body":"salt on chips."},{"startTime":2098.985,"endTime":2104.0,"body":"And in fact, if you go to a concert and you clap on one and"},{"startTime":2104.0,"endTime":2104.335,"body":"three, it's worth than clapping between, between movements of the classical concept \u003claugh\u003e, they're really"},{"startTime":2104.335,"endTime":2109.685,"body":"tough, hard."},{"startTime":2110.305,"endTime":2117.285,"body":"Um, here's the first ever recording of a backbeat, uh, from 1927, A clapped backbeat."},{"startTime":2117.305,"endTime":2120.182,"body":"At least what it gives you is a sense of community because you're not, it's"},{"startTime":2120.182,"endTime":2122.485,"body":"not like a march where you're being forced to hear the downbeat."},{"startTime":2122.485,"endTime":2124.165,"body":"You all feel downbeat together."},{"startTime":2124.505,"endTime":2127.565,"body":"But there's this community feel when you're clapping on those weaker beats."},{"startTime":2140.305,"endTime":2142.645,"body":"Um, there's versions of it at half the time."},{"startTime":2143.185,"endTime":2147.226,"body":"So here we'll hear it on beats three, which is like a back beat but"},{"startTime":2147.226,"endTime":2147.765,"body":"slowed down."},{"startTime":2157.425,"endTime":2160.045,"body":"Oh, double time as we get in reggae and scar."},{"startTime":2173.305,"endTime":2177.405,"body":"In fact, displacement dissonance needs a metric structure for it to work."},{"startTime":2177.465,"endTime":2180.525,"body":"If there's no metric structure, it is just a bunch of notes in a row."},{"startTime":2181.185,"endTime":2187.446,"body":"So musical styles have formed by grasping this sense of the meter in claves or"},{"startTime":2187.446,"endTime":2187.863,"body":"in funk patterns where we really feel one or we feel where the each beat"},{"startTime":2187.863,"endTime":2194.125,"body":"is."},{"startTime":2194.185,"endTime":2197.965,"body":"And then we can do whatever we like as James Brown said to Bootsy Collins."},{"startTime":2197.965,"endTime":2201.485,"body":"So this excerpt is a track called three on E, which is exactly that."},{"startTime":2201.665,"endTime":2204.645,"body":"You get three downbeats on an E and then a bar."},{"startTime":2204.865,"endTime":2208.26,"body":"So you get these, the only thing solid is those three E's and then then"},{"startTime":2208.26,"endTime":2209.845,"body":"it's a free for all displacement dissonance,"},{"startTime":2225.525,"endTime":2226.445,"body":"Enjoying myself."},{"startTime":2226.785,"endTime":2232.053,"body":"So the thing about it though is that I told you it was a dynamic"},{"startTime":2232.053,"endTime":2232.405,"body":"prediction."},{"startTime":2232.985,"endTime":2237.525,"body":"So although they, that feels like displacement dissonance, we are expecting things to happen there."},{"startTime":2237.525,"endTime":2241.645,"body":"What if we want to make something surprising and we had a binary structure here."},{"startTime":2242.105,"endTime":2247.285,"body":"If we did something like this, it would be, it would have displacement dissonance, but"},{"startTime":2247.285,"endTime":2251.085,"body":"it'd be totally predictable because the gaps between would be binary."},{"startTime":2251.345,"endTime":2255.885,"body":"And even this looks quite um, random."},{"startTime":2256.465,"endTime":2261.212,"body":"But if we have to be careful because it's actually an opening up gap between"},{"startTime":2261.212,"endTime":2261.845,"body":"the two."},{"startTime":2263.195,"endTime":2271.115,"body":"This thing is quite a, looks fairly simple, but it's actually surprisingly tricky to understand"},{"startTime":2271.115,"endTime":2271.644,"body":"because the gaps are big and then small, they change every, does anyone recognize this"},{"startTime":2271.644,"endTime":2279.565,"body":"rhythm?"},{"startTime":2282.275,"endTime":2283.255,"body":"You know it, I promise."},{"startTime":2296.925,"endTime":2300.801,"body":"Now the extraordinary thing about that is that I know that passage so well, but"},{"startTime":2300.801,"endTime":2303.385,"body":"it only now I actually know where the beats lie."},{"startTime":2303.495,"endTime":2309.123,"body":"They're always surprising and you'll notice that there are big gaps and small gaps, but"},{"startTime":2309.123,"endTime":2310.625,"body":"they're not the same."},{"startTime":2311.045,"endTime":2314.678,"body":"The big gaps are getting smaller and the small gaps are getting bigger until they"},{"startTime":2314.678,"endTime":2315.405,"body":"cross in length."},{"startTime":2315.625,"endTime":2318.605,"body":"So it's almost impossible to know when it happens."},{"startTime":2318.705,"endTime":2322.415,"body":"And I don't think he obviously worked this out like that, but he was a"},{"startTime":2322.415,"endTime":2323.405,"body":"listener as he was."},{"startTime":2323.405,"endTime":2325.685,"body":"Where would be the most surprising place to put these?"},{"startTime":2328.825,"endTime":2331.845,"body":"So the next element of surprise is one of grouping dissonance."},{"startTime":2333.655,"endTime":2338.422,"body":"Let's imagine we're still in a binary structure like this, eight beats, which we could"},{"startTime":2338.422,"endTime":2340.965,"body":"think of as four twos or two fours."},{"startTime":2342.345,"endTime":2344.765,"body":"Now a back beat still is binary."},{"startTime":2345.145,"endTime":2349.723,"body":"If we hit on beats three and, uh, five, three and seven, sorry, the knits,"},{"startTime":2349.723,"endTime":2350.028,"body":"um, they're still a binary section apart, but what we can do is surprise the"},{"startTime":2350.028,"endTime":2357.965,"body":"listener by grouping in a number other than two, four, and eight."},{"startTime":2358.255,"endTime":2361.365,"body":"There are other numbers, apparently one of them is three."},{"startTime":2362.625,"endTime":2366.375,"body":"So imagine for a moment we group in three is above this 1, 2, 3,"},{"startTime":2366.375,"endTime":2367.125,"body":"1, 2, 3."},{"startTime":2367.125,"endTime":2371.405,"body":"And then we give up and to the binary God and with a two space."},{"startTime":2371.465,"endTime":2376.158,"body":"So we land back on the downbeat and we get this pattern known as the"},{"startTime":2376.158,"endTime":2376.471,"body":"tri, which is like ground zero of grouping dissonance and is found all over the"},{"startTime":2376.471,"endTime":2381.165,"body":"world."},{"startTime":2400.545,"endTime":2402.685,"body":"We can elaborate it in many ways."},{"startTime":2403.425,"endTime":2417.503,"body":"We could double up the subdivisions, remove some of them and really firm up the"},{"startTime":2417.503,"endTime":2429.705,"body":"binary structure with a backbeat sillas even happen at the hyper metric level."},{"startTime":2430.255,"endTime":2434.246,"body":"This is a Beatles tune, which is a three bar melody, and then the same"},{"startTime":2434.246,"endTime":2437.705,"body":"three bar melody and then a two bar chorus, a super slow trac."},{"startTime":2461.205,"endTime":2463.825,"body":"So three doesn't quite fit in a binary number."},{"startTime":2464.565,"endTime":2468.545,"body":"Um, three will never fit in a eight or a 16 or a 32."},{"startTime":2468.725,"endTime":2470.545,"body":"But it's fun to see musicians try."},{"startTime":2472.765,"endTime":2477.582,"body":"So for here for example, we could extend that trac so that it goes over"},{"startTime":2477.582,"endTime":2478.225,"body":"16 bars."},{"startTime":2478.965,"endTime":2483.877,"body":"And so we get a whole bunch of threes, but then we have this, um,"},{"startTime":2483.877,"endTime":2486.825,"body":"rhythmic comma at the end to make it reset."},{"startTime":2518.465,"endTime":2521.285,"body":"So musicians keep trying to fit three into binary numbers."},{"startTime":2521.395,"endTime":2524.885,"body":"They never manage it, but they make nice music in the process."},{"startTime":2525.265,"endTime":2529.193,"body":"So Duke Ellington has a whole series of threes, but it balances them in the"},{"startTime":2529.193,"endTime":2530.765,"body":"middle of a binary structure here."},{"startTime":2533.305,"endTime":2533.725,"body":"Do what?"},{"startTime":2543.145,"endTime":2546.085,"body":"And Bill Withers has 25 tries to make it fit."},{"startTime":2548.265,"endTime":2551.353,"body":"He goes, I know all the way through a 64 buyer thing, it still doesn't"},{"startTime":2551.353,"endTime":2551.765,"body":"quite fit."},{"startTime":2551.765,"endTime":2553.085,"body":"It has to extend the very last one."},{"startTime":2553.105,"endTime":2555.285,"body":"We don't have time to listen to them all \u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":2555.865,"endTime":2558.365,"body":"But there is this lovely meeting point at 24."},{"startTime":2558.955,"endTime":2562.485,"body":"It's not a full pure binary number, but it feels rather nice."},{"startTime":2562.485,"endTime":2566.885,"body":"We get three bars of eight and eight and eight groups of three."},{"startTime":2567.505,"endTime":2574.087,"body":"And the verse of Kmir by Led Zeppelin does this and so does top secret"},{"startTime":2574.087,"endTime":2574.965,"body":"yellow jackets."},{"startTime":2574.965,"endTime":2580.395,"body":"But here's another beautiful example and you'll find the surprising epinal point at the beginning"},{"startTime":2580.395,"endTime":2582.205,"body":"of this 24 bar cycle."},{"startTime":2619.905,"endTime":2627.48,"body":"We also find in music not perfect evenness and not chaos, but this sort of"},{"startTime":2627.48,"endTime":2634.045,"body":"middle ground of rough irregularity sometimes called Euclidean rhythms or maximally even rhythms."},{"startTime":2634.505,"endTime":2639.045,"body":"We won't get into the maths, but I can explain it in quite concrete terms."},{"startTime":2639.395,"endTime":2645.2,"body":"Imagine with dealing cards out, sometimes everyone gets the same number of cards, but usually"},{"startTime":2645.2,"endTime":2649.845,"body":"there's this mismatch that happens, but it's as fair as as possible."},{"startTime":2649.845,"endTime":2654.109,"body":"So imagine we have eight cards and we deal them for three people, then we"},{"startTime":2654.109,"endTime":2657.805,"body":"get this Euclidean distribution three and eight, A three, A three and two."},{"startTime":2658.995,"endTime":2662.325,"body":"It's not perfectly even, but it's as fair as we can make it."},{"startTime":2663.345,"endTime":2672.605,"body":"And that of course is the T and you make music from around the world."},{"startTime":2673.145,"endTime":2684.499,"body":"Six in eight is the maximum you were tapping along to 10 and 16 doesn't"},{"startTime":2684.499,"endTime":2685.256,"body":"seem like much, but you get something you wouldn't all know, shuffle them around and"},{"startTime":2685.256,"endTime":2698.125,"body":"we'll get some"},{"startTime":2698.715,"endTime":2699.445,"body":"Something else."},{"startTime":2705.095,"endTime":2709.765,"body":"These Euclidean rhythms are the gateway drug to odd meters."},{"startTime":2710.275,"endTime":2716.11,"body":"They're so effect and sound and so danceable and infectious that they don't need to"},{"startTime":2716.11,"endTime":2718.445,"body":"add up to a binary number."},{"startTime":2719.105,"endTime":2724.426,"body":"So for example, we could take five cards, split them in two, and we get"},{"startTime":2724.426,"endTime":2725.845,"body":"a rhythm like this."},{"startTime":2728.475,"endTime":2728.765,"body":"Fuck,"},{"startTime":2731.865,"endTime":2734.485,"body":"Or seven cards split into two and get this"},{"startTime":2739.755,"endTime":2743.205,"body":"4, 2, 4"},{"startTime":2743.275,"endTime":2749.205,"body":"Into 10, six into 10."},{"startTime":2753.825,"endTime":2761.675,"body":"And in fact, Dave Brubeck heard rhythms like tour in Turkey and was inspired to"},{"startTime":2761.675,"endTime":2763.245,"body":"write these meters."},{"startTime":2763.915,"endTime":2769.556,"body":"Another person completely inspired by them these rhythms was Bella Bartok and he wanted to"},{"startTime":2769.556,"endTime":2770.685,"body":"capture this irregularity."},{"startTime":2770.705,"endTime":2775.37,"body":"And so hacked music notation like this in these additive meter forms three plus two"},{"startTime":2775.37,"endTime":2775.681,"body":"plus three, he could have written eight, eight or four four, but he wanted to"},{"startTime":2775.681,"endTime":2782.525,"body":"mark those beat groupings which were so important."},{"startTime":2784.625,"endTime":2788.475,"body":"So here's one of his, um, six answers in the bog Bulgarian rhythm with a"},{"startTime":2788.475,"endTime":2789.245,"body":"2, 2, 3."},{"startTime":2789.245,"endTime":2790.885,"body":"It's quite fast ."},{"startTime":2809.985,"endTime":2819.377,"body":"But the extraordinary thing about Euclidean rhythms is they have this property that they're hiding"},{"startTime":2819.377,"endTime":2820.004,"body":"another Euclidean rhythm, you can actually turn them upside down and you get this other"},{"startTime":2820.004,"endTime":2836.285,"body":"rhythm, a shadow rhythm hiding in those gaps back beat seven, eight."},{"startTime":2837.865,"endTime":2839.325,"body":"And we go on and on."},{"startTime":2839.625,"endTime":2844.239,"body":"We can get a mess of 35 cars, steal them out to 15 people and"},{"startTime":2844.239,"endTime":2846.085,"body":"get the veno horo Bulgarian rhythm."},{"startTime":2847.285,"endTime":2849.365,"body":"D dga d dug."},{"startTime":2849.425,"endTime":2870.631,"body":"The the um, the iWay tribe in Africa have the abeco, which is seven and"},{"startTime":2870.631,"endTime":2872.045,"body":"12."},{"startTime":2873.465,"endTime":2880.17,"body":"You see these here and if you squinted it, that might look oddly familiar though"},{"startTime":2880.17,"endTime":2882.405,"body":"white and black markings it"},{"startTime":2888.875,"endTime":2890.765,"body":"Because it's a diatonic scale."},{"startTime":2891.625,"endTime":2897.039,"body":"The diatonic scale on the piano is a Euclidean rhythm, which means we can borrow"},{"startTime":2897.039,"endTime":2899.205,"body":"those concepts of modes, for example."},{"startTime":2899.465,"endTime":2905.955,"body":"And Steve Wright, um, took this rhythm and used the mixolydian mode for clapping on"},{"startTime":2905.955,"endTime":2912.445,"body":"this to show the connection between these different parameters on our audible and rhythmic spectrum."},{"startTime":2914.305,"endTime":2917.165,"body":"And of course it hides the pentatonic shadow rhythm."},{"startTime":2919.865,"endTime":2926.452,"body":"If music is this conversation between what is heard and this internal grid, it might"},{"startTime":2926.452,"endTime":2930.405,"body":"mean that we can hear music in multiple ways."},{"startTime":2931.745,"endTime":2936.655,"body":"And in fact we can do this quite simply by, by just running two rhythms"},{"startTime":2936.655,"endTime":2937.965,"body":"at the same time."},{"startTime":2938.215,"endTime":2940.765,"body":"Three beats against two beats, but wake them evenly."},{"startTime":2941.265,"endTime":2945.485,"body":"And we can't, we don't hear one as the meter one as background or foreground."},{"startTime":2945.505,"endTime":2950.085,"body":"We fluctuate between the two in this liminal meditative space."},{"startTime":2963.585,"endTime":2968.965,"body":"We can even imply at the same tempo, different superimposed tempo."},{"startTime":2968.985,"endTime":2974.907,"body":"So here's Winston Marsals playing autumn leaves and the tempo doesn't change, but the rhythm"},{"startTime":2974.907,"endTime":2979.645,"body":"section divider two bars into 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7."},{"startTime":2979.665,"endTime":2981.765,"body":"So there's this false acceleration that happens."},{"startTime":3000.035,"endTime":3001.405,"body":"They do it in reverse at the end."},{"startTime":3001.435,"endTime":3002.005,"body":"It's very cool."},{"startTime":3002.825,"endTime":3010.25,"body":"The flamenco clock, 12 beats is one rhythm dka, but there are different rhythmic forms"},{"startTime":3010.25,"endTime":3012.725,"body":"based on where we start."},{"startTime":3012.945,"endTime":3018.489,"body":"The so goes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,"},{"startTime":3018.489,"endTime":3022.925,"body":"the, um, the, the uh, s is your left hand facing you."},{"startTime":3022.925,"endTime":3026.045,"body":"And the two longest fingers are the two longest beats for that."},{"startTime":3026.545,"endTime":3030.805,"body":"Unless you have an abnormality \u003claugh\u003e, I didn't mean that."},{"startTime":3030.905,"endTime":3031.445,"body":"That's true."},{"startTime":3031.905,"endTime":3038.332,"body":"Um, and in fact when we listen to 12 beats, we're hearing all these relationships"},{"startTime":3038.332,"endTime":3038.76,"body":"between these beat points and a listener or a composer can make us hear this"},{"startTime":3038.76,"endTime":3046.045,"body":"in various ways."},{"startTime":3046.345,"endTime":3049.485,"body":"Here's a simple but beautiful example of Steve Reich making us here."},{"startTime":3049.995,"endTime":3053.645,"body":"Four threes and three fours switching between the two"},{"startTime":3087.665,"endTime":3092.645,"body":"And some styles and instruments have this multiplicity baked into them."},{"startTime":3093.435,"endTime":3097.405,"body":"This is the Berra, the thumb piano of Zimbabwe and the Shona tradition."},{"startTime":3097.625,"endTime":3098.525,"body":"It seems so simple."},{"startTime":3099.275,"endTime":3106.244,"body":"It's played with a thumbs obviously on, on two sides and it's almost always in"},{"startTime":3106.244,"endTime":3112.285,"body":"a left right, um, bipedal fashion with the notes emerging from the center."},{"startTime":3113.425,"endTime":3118.964,"body":"But this version has three manuals, three layers of notes which are related to the"},{"startTime":3118.964,"endTime":3123.765,"body":"voices of children, men and women, which is rather beautiful embedded in it."},{"startTime":3123.795,"endTime":3126.565,"body":"It's 24 beat cycle is this multiplicity."},{"startTime":3126.865,"endTime":3127.805,"body":"We go left, right?"},{"startTime":3127.865,"endTime":3131.965,"body":"But we go women, children, men, children, women this way."},{"startTime":3132.625,"endTime":3136.525,"body":"And so we can hear it as six twos or three eights or eight threes."},{"startTime":3136.985,"endTime":3143.701,"body":"And these amazing melodies emerge from it, particularly because, uh, another one, multiple BUAs are"},{"startTime":3143.701,"endTime":3145.045,"body":"played sometimes displaced."},{"startTime":3145.145,"endTime":3148.325,"body":"So we hear multiple melodies at once and we'll hear this example."},{"startTime":3148.635,"endTime":3154.205,"body":"This is ne Ma mu Sasa, which is a ancient Shona song."},{"startTime":3155.385,"endTime":3160.735,"body":"And what's beautiful about it, it means, uh, a temporary shelter and it's sung at"},{"startTime":3160.735,"endTime":3161.805,"body":"points of Celebration."},{"startTime":3162.545,"endTime":3167.853,"body":"Um, and it's thanking our ancestors and our former selves for doing everything they can"},{"startTime":3167.853,"endTime":3170.685,"body":"so that this moment in time is safe."},{"startTime":3171.225,"endTime":3174.445,"body":"But it's also sung at moments of consolation."},{"startTime":3175.265,"endTime":3180.647,"body":"Yes, times are bad, but we can make times better for our descendants and our"},{"startTime":3180.647,"endTime":3181.365,"body":"future selves."},{"startTime":3181.825,"endTime":3186.981,"body":"So embedded in it is musically multiple times, but also conceptually the idea of multiple"},{"startTime":3186.981,"endTime":3187.325,"body":"times"},{"startTime":3224.985,"endTime":3230.992,"body":"To this point, we've been assuming that these moments in time are absolute dots, these"},{"startTime":3230.992,"endTime":3231.393,"body":"infinitesimal points that have to be hit, but actually time is smooth, that's curved and"},{"startTime":3231.393,"endTime":3241.005,"body":"we have a great acuity for these moments in time."},{"startTime":3242.625,"endTime":3248.7,"body":"So, um, this is a huge topic which I really enjoy, but we're just gonna"},{"startTime":3248.7,"endTime":3250.725,"body":"look at, um, one example."},{"startTime":3251.065,"endTime":3256.39,"body":"So this is the, this is one beat and it's an illustration of where Django"},{"startTime":3256.39,"endTime":3258.165,"body":"Reine hat likes to play."},{"startTime":3259.065,"endTime":3264.047,"body":"So you can imagine the entire curve and he has these moments and even though"},{"startTime":3264.047,"endTime":3268.365,"body":"they're tiny shifts, they make a huge di difference to how we feel."},{"startTime":3269.735,"endTime":3273.245,"body":"Let's take this example from Nina Simone, which is one swing pattern."},{"startTime":3277.065,"endTime":3277.965,"body":"We know this right"},{"startTime":3290.545,"endTime":3290.765,"body":"Now."},{"startTime":3290.965,"endTime":3295.098,"body":"Normally when we think about swing, we think of it in very simple harmonic ratios,"},{"startTime":3295.098,"endTime":3295.925,"body":"two to one."},{"startTime":3296.705,"endTime":3300.085,"body":"So two parts to one part or three to one."},{"startTime":3300.545,"endTime":3301.885,"body":"But she's in neither of those."},{"startTime":3301.975,"endTime":3303.485,"body":"She's right between these two."},{"startTime":3304.265,"endTime":3310.1,"body":"And to give you an idea of how precise this is, she's an arranged 44"},{"startTime":3310.1,"endTime":3312.045,"body":"milliseconds between these two zones."},{"startTime":3313.025,"endTime":3319.377,"body":"If a, if husain bolts starts after the, the starting pistol any earlier than 85"},{"startTime":3319.377,"endTime":3322.765,"body":"milliseconds, it's, it's counted as a false start."},{"startTime":3323.195,"endTime":3327.818,"body":"This is so small, it's the difference between us saying when we say the word"},{"startTime":3327.818,"endTime":3330.285,"body":"pill between put and E is 50 milliseconds."},{"startTime":3330.385,"endTime":3333.965,"body":"So this is a tiny amount, yet she manages to navigate it."},{"startTime":3333.965,"endTime":3336.325,"body":"Let's see if you can hear this difference."},{"startTime":3338.065,"endTime":3345.285,"body":"Two to one, three to one."},{"startTime":3350.225,"endTime":3350.925,"body":"But she's here,"},{"startTime":3368.055,"endTime":3368.555,"body":"My baby."},{"startTime":3372.095,"endTime":3372.315,"body":"My,"},{"startTime":3378.095,"endTime":3384.573,"body":"We spend much of our lives ignoring this precious commodity of time, frittering and wasting"},{"startTime":3384.573,"endTime":3385.005,"body":"it."},{"startTime":3387.905,"endTime":3393.725,"body":"But music gives us access to it to really properly feel time go by."},{"startTime":3394.355,"endTime":3398.833,"body":"It's no wonder that we ignore it because thinking of what we leave behind us,"},{"startTime":3398.833,"endTime":3399.132,"body":"the mess and the loved ones that we leave behind us in time and goodness"},{"startTime":3399.132,"endTime":3404.805,"body":"knows what's ahead of us."},{"startTime":3405.995,"endTime":3412.231,"body":"It's a awesome and terrifying thought, but there is solace and beauty in the fact"},{"startTime":3412.231,"endTime":3416.805,"body":"that we make this journey through time together accompanied by music."},{"startTime":3417.375,"endTime":3418.085,"body":"Thank you very much."},{"startTime":3421.975,"endTime":3422.445,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3443.865,"endTime":3449.643,"body":"How much of the innate sense of rhythm that is built into music is part"},{"startTime":3449.643,"endTime":3452.725,"body":"of music is coming from our natural environment."},{"startTime":3452.905,"endTime":3457.259,"body":"You draw the sort of physics of it and how it happens together, but the,"},{"startTime":3457.259,"endTime":3457.549,"body":"the relationship as it were between nature, how we absorb those rhythms to create music"},{"startTime":3457.549,"endTime":3462.485,"body":"and play music."},{"startTime":3463.345,"endTime":3468.585,"body":"So our ability to absorb music comes fundamentally from nature and our, and just how"},{"startTime":3468.585,"endTime":3468.935,"body":"we engage with the world as we develop and as we step and we hear"},{"startTime":3468.935,"endTime":3474.525,"body":"a sound."},{"startTime":3475.025,"endTime":3481.115,"body":"So the fundamental and building blocks are always there for absolutely everybody, but some of"},{"startTime":3481.115,"endTime":3487.205,"body":"it is, um, has to be trained, uh, I believe for, for some of us."},{"startTime":3487.825,"endTime":3493.179,"body":"And so I think all humans have the propensity for great musical enjoyment, but if"},{"startTime":3493.179,"endTime":3493.536,"body":"we're not hearing beats in time, in nature, we have the ability to, to learn"},{"startTime":3493.536,"endTime":3499.605,"body":"beats in time."},{"startTime":3499.865,"endTime":3505.045,"body":"But a lot of music involves periodic rhythms and sometimes that has to be learned."},{"startTime":3505.585,"endTime":3511.462,"body":"So I would say that we only have music because of our natural bodies, but"},{"startTime":3511.462,"endTime":3516.165,"body":"um, we must, some, must, must train to go further up that,"},{"startTime":3516.345,"endTime":3519.685,"body":"So I'd rather suspect only a non-musician like myself could ask this question."},{"startTime":3519.685,"endTime":3524.965,"body":"But um, if you are writing some music, what comes first?"},{"startTime":3525.385,"endTime":3529.396,"body":"Are you, are you feeling that rhythm that you want to attach a tune to"},{"startTime":3529.396,"endTime":3532.605,"body":"or is the tune there which requires a rhythm to be developed?"},{"startTime":3533.145,"endTime":3536.405,"body":"So this is different for different musicians of course."},{"startTime":3536.755,"endTime":3543.664,"body":"Usually style gives a rhythmic framework as a basis for any number of of musical"},{"startTime":3543.664,"endTime":3544.125,"body":"compositions."},{"startTime":3544.195,"endTime":3552.002,"body":"However, often a melody is pitch and rhythm in love with each other, essentially this"},{"startTime":3552.002,"endTime":3554.085,"body":"unit which works together."},{"startTime":3554.105,"endTime":3556.925,"body":"And that usually comes as a package in that sense."},{"startTime":3557.315,"endTime":3560.703,"body":"Okay, I'm gonna take, see if we've got any questions from the floor just briefly"},{"startTime":3560.703,"endTime":3562.285,"body":"before it comes to the next one."},{"startTime":3563.555,"endTime":3564.685,"body":"Anybody got a question?"},{"startTime":3564.945,"endTime":3565.685,"body":"Nobody has."},{"startTime":3565.705,"endTime":3565.925,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3566.025,"endTime":3567.045,"body":"One the front down"},{"startTime":3567.045,"endTime":3567.205,"body":"Here."},{"startTime":3567.465,"endTime":3569.205,"body":"Um, I was thinking about neurodiversity."},{"startTime":3569.345,"endTime":3574.522,"body":"Um, I hope this isn't too left field a question, but um, I work with"},{"startTime":3574.522,"endTime":3574.867,"body":"some people who are from the do the dominant, the the not from the dominant"},{"startTime":3574.867,"endTime":3580.045,"body":"neurotype."},{"startTime":3580.105,"endTime":3586.635,"body":"And I was thinking about is there any research into how people who might be"},{"startTime":3586.635,"endTime":3593.165,"body":"from that sort of, those minorities if you like, of the brain engage with rhythm?"},{"startTime":3593.355,"endTime":3594.045,"body":"Does this make sense?"},{"startTime":3594.345,"endTime":3600.313,"body":"So our audience has eminent neuroscientists, which I would defer the question, uh, to, but"},{"startTime":3600.313,"endTime":3600.71,"body":"what I do know is that, um, language and for example, language and music have"},{"startTime":3600.71,"endTime":3601.108,"body":"share a stem, but they also are have solid branches and so do pitch and"},{"startTime":3601.108,"endTime":3613.045,"body":"rhythm also."},{"startTime":3613.385,"endTime":3617.97,"body":"So I would imagine it depends wildly and that's where I'll \u003claugh\u003e that's the limit"},{"startTime":3617.97,"endTime":3619.805,"body":"of my knowledge on that, I'm"},{"startTime":3619.805,"endTime":3619.965,"body":"Afraid."},{"startTime":3620.285,"endTime":3622.285,"body":"I think you were, you were next to the back over here."},{"startTime":3622.905,"endTime":3629.285,"body":"Um, I'm interested, um, why we are so deeply ingrained to hear things in pairs."},{"startTime":3630.795,"endTime":3632.045,"body":"Yeah, that's a great question."},{"startTime":3632.785,"endTime":3640.011,"body":"Um, so it seems to be a default globally except, um, people who are raised"},{"startTime":3640.011,"endTime":3640.493,"body":"with irregular rhythms that is rhythms that are different than ter are able to hear"},{"startTime":3640.493,"endTime":3649.165,"body":"in pairs and elsewhere."},{"startTime":3649.185,"endTime":3652.365,"body":"So it seems to be like a lower default if it is a default."},{"startTime":3653.225,"endTime":3659.486,"body":"Um, some say that it's about walking and left right, but I suspect that it's,"},{"startTime":3659.486,"endTime":3659.903,"body":"this is the simplest cognitive expectation to expect a repetition and a repetition of a"},{"startTime":3659.903,"endTime":3666.165,"body":"repetition."},{"startTime":3666.515,"endTime":3670.525,"body":"It's as fast as heuristic in that way, regardless."},{"startTime":3670.625,"endTime":3675.205,"body":"It seems that we keep making music that way and expecting music in that way."},{"startTime":3675.545,"endTime":3679.84,"body":"And I, I'm not sure what would happen if we just refuse to do that"},{"startTime":3679.84,"endTime":3681.845,"body":"\u003claugh\u003e and what would happen to listeners."},{"startTime":3682.285,"endTime":3684.165,"body":"I think they can always cope with that."},{"startTime":3684.385,"endTime":3688.381,"body":"But there is this, even when we have a seven eight rhythm, we expect it"},{"startTime":3688.381,"endTime":3691.045,"body":"to repeat and it seems to be baked into us."},{"startTime":3691.305,"endTime":3691.725,"body":"Ladies"},{"startTime":3691.725,"endTime":3695.365,"body":"And gentlemen, please thank Milton in the usual way."},{"startTime":3698.695,"endTime":3699.045,"body":"Thank."}]}