{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":5.225,"endTime":9.765,"body":"My theme for this evening is Connect to Prosper, the power of networks."},{"startTime":10.765,"endTime":17.757,"body":"I want to explore network theory and why it underpins my 695th mayoral theme, celebrating"},{"startTime":17.757,"endTime":22.885,"body":"the knowledge miles of our square mile, the world's coffee house."},{"startTime":24.675,"endTime":30.571,"body":"Imagine you are in a coffee house surrounded by people from different backgrounds, professions, and"},{"startTime":30.571,"endTime":30.965,"body":"interests."},{"startTime":31.905,"endTime":36.123,"body":"You strike up a conversation with a stranger and discover that you have something in"},{"startTime":36.123,"endTime":36.405,"body":"common."},{"startTime":37.575,"endTime":41.205,"body":"Maybe you share a hobby, a passion, or a problem."},{"startTime":42.345,"endTime":46.725,"body":"You exchange ideas, opinions, and contacts."},{"startTime":47.705,"endTime":51.205,"body":"You feel inspired, energized, and connected."},{"startTime":52.065,"endTime":56.849,"body":"You come up with a solution to some global problem inspired by the other people"},{"startTime":56.849,"endTime":58.125,"body":"in the coffee house."},{"startTime":59.765,"endTime":65.001,"body":"A little while later, after dinner, you drink a glass of port and dream of"},{"startTime":65.001,"endTime":67.445,"body":"solving the world's problems just before bed."},{"startTime":69.115,"endTime":73.394,"body":"When you wake up to the smell of coffee the next morning, you begin doing"},{"startTime":73.394,"endTime":73.965,"body":"the work."},{"startTime":75.585,"endTime":79.445,"body":"Congratulations, you have just experienced network theory."},{"startTime":81.785,"endTime":87.307,"body":"Now there are numerous books on a single theme, Cod, salt, nutmeg, all viewing the"},{"startTime":87.307,"endTime":89.885,"body":"world as a network around one subject."},{"startTime":91.235,"endTime":93.845,"body":"I've often wanted to write a book on ledgers."},{"startTime":95.265,"endTime":96.365,"body":"Yes, I'm that exciting."},{"startTime":97.865,"endTime":102.085,"body":"But the ultimate connective book might be the book of networks."},{"startTime":103.545,"endTime":106.725,"body":"It could start with the intellectual networks and coffee houses."},{"startTime":107.315,"endTime":115.932,"body":"From 1660, the Royal Society and the Enlightenment leading to the technology networks of telegraphs,"},{"startTime":115.932,"endTime":118.805,"body":"telephones, electricity, transmission, and computers."},{"startTime":120.025,"endTime":124.525,"body":"We are clearly moving rapidly to an age where everything will be networked."},{"startTime":125.945,"endTime":129.685,"body":"Now we shall touch swiftly on six points ahead of our group discussion."},{"startTime":130.514,"endTime":131.685,"body":"What are networks?"},{"startTime":132.105,"endTime":133.325,"body":"Why do networks matter?"},{"startTime":133.965,"endTime":139.805,"body":"Emergent properties of networks, London as a network, the network of global cities."},{"startTime":140.345,"endTime":143.325,"body":"And finally, the theme of connect to prosper."},{"startTime":145.305,"endTime":145.965,"body":"So let's start."},{"startTime":146.795,"endTime":147.845,"body":"What are networks?"},{"startTime":148.755,"endTime":154.165,"body":"Well, networks are systems of interconnected things as simple as that."},{"startTime":155.165,"endTime":161.205,"body":"Networks are systems of interconnected things, but the concept has great depth."},{"startTime":162.725,"endTime":169.665,"body":"Networks can be found in various domains and contexts such as biology, sociology, ecology, chemistry,"},{"startTime":169.665,"endTime":170.128,"body":"physics, and some examples of networks might be neural networks, networks of neurons that are"},{"startTime":170.128,"endTime":183.085,"body":"connected by synapses, which are the junctions where signals are transmitted between the neurons."},{"startTime":184.265,"endTime":191.405,"body":"Neural networks can be used to study how we process information and perform cognitive functions."},{"startTime":192.895,"endTime":200.402,"body":"There are social networks, networks of people who are connected by social ties such as"},{"startTime":200.402,"endTime":202.405,"body":"friendship, kinship, or collaboration."},{"startTime":203.665,"endTime":209.445,"body":"Social networks can examine how people communicate, influence and cooperate with each other."},{"startTime":212.295,"endTime":218.997,"body":"Food webs are networks, networks of organisms that are connected by feeding relationships such as"},{"startTime":218.997,"endTime":220.785,"body":"predator, prey or producer."},{"startTime":221.145,"endTime":227.337,"body":"Consumer food webs can be used to study how energy and nutrients flow through an"},{"startTime":227.337,"endTime":231.465,"body":"ecosystem and how it affects the population dynamics and biodiversity."},{"startTime":233.025,"endTime":239.611,"body":"And a final example, molecular networks, networks of molecules that are connected by chemical bonds"},{"startTime":239.611,"endTime":242.685,"body":"such as covalent, ionic, or hydrogen bonds."},{"startTime":243.805,"endTime":250.245,"body":"Molecular networks can examine how molecules interact and form complex structures and substances."},{"startTime":253.985,"endTime":258.005,"body":"You can graph networks and thus network theory is to many."},{"startTime":258.245,"endTime":264.568,"body":"A subset of graph theory ER's solution of the seven bridges of konigsberg problem was"},{"startTime":264.568,"endTime":269.205,"body":"an early proof in the history of the theory of networks."},{"startTime":270.465,"endTime":273.325,"body":"Now the basis of all networks are nodes and links."},{"startTime":274.155,"endTime":279.219,"body":"Some people prefer to refer to nodes as vertices and links as as as edges,"},{"startTime":279.219,"endTime":281.245,"body":"but it's still the same thing."},{"startTime":281.795,"endTime":284.845,"body":"Dots and lines and connecting them up."},{"startTime":285.865,"endTime":290.805,"body":"Now from the start, this looks extremely simple, a series of dots connected by bylines."},{"startTime":291.705,"endTime":296.821,"body":"So let's try and connect some dots to give you a taste of some of"},{"startTime":296.821,"endTime":297.845,"body":"the options first."},{"startTime":298.675,"endTime":304.205,"body":"Typically, nodes are objects such as cells, people, animals or atoms."},{"startTime":305.095,"endTime":307.005,"body":"Nodes can have one or many connections."},{"startTime":308.255,"endTime":311.685,"body":"Nodes can be restricted to a limited number of connections."},{"startTime":312.735,"endTime":316.485,"body":"Nodes can be points or have size or have many different sizes."},{"startTime":317.575,"endTime":323.485,"body":"Nodes can be abstractly located or have predetermined coordinates in two dimensions or many dimensions."},{"startTime":325.665,"endTime":326.925,"body":"The secondary is links."},{"startTime":327.375,"endTime":330.085,"body":"Links can be one way or two way or both."},{"startTime":330.815,"endTime":335.125,"body":"Links can be thicker or thinner, reflecting differing strengths or capacities."},{"startTime":336.775,"endTime":342.743,"body":"Third, the network can require some nodes to be linked, all nodes to be linked,"},{"startTime":342.743,"endTime":346.325,"body":"or all nodes to be linked to each other."},{"startTime":348.305,"endTime":354.205,"body":"And finally, fourthly, nodes can restrict what they do and don't accept from other links."},{"startTime":355.295,"endTime":359.667,"body":"Links can restrict what they send from node to node and how much they will"},{"startTime":359.667,"endTime":361.125,"body":"send from node to node."},{"startTime":362.015,"endTime":366.906,"body":"There are a lot of options and when designing a network, there's a constant tension"},{"startTime":366.906,"endTime":367.233,"body":"of what roles should be given to nodes and what roles should be given to"},{"startTime":367.233,"endTime":372.125,"body":"links."},{"startTime":373.185,"endTime":378.316,"body":"And just to make your head spin, you can invert networks completely, making all nodes,"},{"startTime":378.316,"endTime":379.685,"body":"links, and vice versa."},{"startTime":381.225,"endTime":388.57,"body":"Now, in their very underlying structure, networks exhibit the tension between competition and cooperation over"},{"startTime":388.57,"endTime":389.059,"body":"control and resources, and thus our fundamental to economics, which is the allocation of limited"},{"startTime":389.059,"endTime":396.405,"body":"resources."},{"startTime":398.265,"endTime":399.725,"body":"So why do networks matter?"},{"startTime":401.155,"endTime":406.325,"body":"Well, the they matter because they structure the nodal connections without a structure."},{"startTime":406.655,"endTime":412.649,"body":"Those would just be a pile beside or on top of one another, whatever they"},{"startTime":412.649,"endTime":418.245,"body":"were a pile of people, a pile of objects links give nodes a structure."},{"startTime":418.545,"endTime":422.925,"body":"For example, restricting which node can talk to another node and so on."},{"startTime":423.795,"endTime":429.205,"body":"Information, resources, objects flow according to the structure of the links."},{"startTime":430.745,"endTime":433.325,"body":"You can get quite metaphysical about all this."},{"startTime":434.605,"endTime":436.205,"body":"Classification starts with division."},{"startTime":436.705,"endTime":441.661,"body":"So let there be light and there was light and he separated the light from"},{"startTime":441.661,"endTime":444.965,"body":"the darkness calling the light day and the darkness night."},{"startTime":446.235,"endTime":452.0,"body":"Thus, we separate nodes from links and we begin to see the creation of the"},{"startTime":452.0,"endTime":457.765,"body":"network structures the entire way that we look at the universe as you design networks."},{"startTime":458.545,"endTime":462.981,"body":"And we're going to be hearing from people who do it today, you rapidly realize"},{"startTime":462.981,"endTime":464.165,"body":"how complex they are."},{"startTime":464.985,"endTime":470.165,"body":"You also realize that the separations of night and day aren't that crisp and clear."},{"startTime":471.355,"endTime":473.285,"body":"Maps, for example, are very ambiguous."},{"startTime":474.105,"endTime":482.65,"body":"Cities such as London can be defined by defensive walls, planning permission, authorities, taxation, worker"},{"startTime":482.65,"endTime":483.219,"body":"location or dependence on a host of infrastructure, land and sea transportation, water, energy, waste,"},{"startTime":483.219,"endTime":491.765,"body":"communications."},{"startTime":493.575,"endTime":499.08,"body":"Now obviously an English city has a cathedral well, except that London has two notable"},{"startTime":499.08,"endTime":500.915,"body":"cities, Westminster and our city."},{"startTime":502.735,"endTime":506.066,"body":"And if a city is a node and a railway a link, what is the"},{"startTime":506.066,"endTime":506.955,"body":"boundary of a city?"},{"startTime":507.945,"endTime":513.679,"body":"Many cities, London and New York spring immediately to mind, have burst their boundaries and"},{"startTime":513.679,"endTime":516.355,"body":"expanded by swallowing older villages and Burroughs."},{"startTime":517.495,"endTime":523.515,"body":"We have twin cities such as Budapest or the metropolitan area of Minneapolis St."},{"startTime":523.625,"endTime":523.914,"body":"Paul."},{"startTime":526.415,"endTime":534.346,"body":"Of course, the railway link is simple, not when building a computer simulation of British"},{"startTime":534.346,"endTime":534.875,"body":"rail."},{"startTime":534.985,"endTime":541.363,"body":"In the 1980s, we had trains that started at Birmingham for London, gaining and losing"},{"startTime":541.363,"endTime":544.765,"body":"coaches along the way, gaining and losing engines."},{"startTime":544.935,"endTime":550.302,"body":"Along the way, we had a circular train in the Midlands that never had the"},{"startTime":550.302,"endTime":553.165,"body":"same engines or coaches in its daily loop."},{"startTime":553.625,"endTime":557.777,"body":"It just went on a circle, spinning off engines, putting them on, spinning off coaches"},{"startTime":557.777,"endTime":558.885,"body":"and putting them on."},{"startTime":559.945,"endTime":566.365,"body":"Our solution was interestingly in a simulation of British rail to banish the word train."},{"startTime":567.225,"endTime":572.52,"body":"It was too confusing and we just specified a set of engines and coaches from"},{"startTime":572.52,"endTime":574.285,"body":"one station to the next."},{"startTime":575.585,"endTime":579.315,"body":"Now of course, the station is simple, not \u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":580.065,"endTime":583.275,"body":"Many stations had multiple railways, et cetera."},{"startTime":584.295,"endTime":590.715,"body":"Now, Ludvik Wittgenstein tried to apply exactness to language and its relationship with real objects."},{"startTime":591.365,"endTime":592.955,"body":"Later he abandoned this view."},{"startTime":593.405,"endTime":595.835,"body":"Words are imprecise fuzzy."},{"startTime":596.625,"endTime":600.115,"body":"They're meaning lies in the way people connect them to achieve goals."},{"startTime":601.065,"endTime":605.915,"body":"There's a quantum calculus zx, which states that only connectivity matters."},{"startTime":607.655,"endTime":612.235,"body":"And similarly in network theory, we try to organize fuzzy situations."},{"startTime":613.225,"endTime":618.917,"body":"Once we have expressed a system of interconnected things in a network diagram or simulation,"},{"startTime":618.917,"endTime":621.195,"body":"we can begin to measure it."},{"startTime":621.975,"endTime":627.47,"body":"And people have used network theory to analyze any number of things from why groups"},{"startTime":627.47,"endTime":630.035,"body":"of people do or don't work together."},{"startTime":631.865,"endTime":639.41,"body":"To how protest science, identify sister radical organization networks to the structure of political jokes"},{"startTime":639.41,"endTime":641.925,"body":"about Obama, Trump, and Biden."},{"startTime":643.665,"endTime":646.005,"body":"We have creative ways of measuring networks."},{"startTime":646.345,"endTime":653.593,"body":"For example, centrality breadth, depth volatility, utilization, stress round trip time jitter, believe it or"},{"startTime":653.593,"endTime":654.076,"body":"not, and gradients and of course one of my favorite areas, the use of fractal"},{"startTime":654.076,"endTime":661.325,"body":"dimensions."},{"startTime":663.665,"endTime":670.405,"body":"Now practically speaking, Google's original search engine was based on a simple network measurement."},{"startTime":670.405,"endTime":674.819,"body":"And I quote, page rank works by counting the number and quality of links to"},{"startTime":674.819,"endTime":678.645,"body":"a page to determine a rough estimate of how important the website is."},{"startTime":679.145,"endTime":684.845,"body":"The underlying assumption is that more important websites are likely to receive more links from"},{"startTime":684.845,"endTime":685.605,"body":"other websites."},{"startTime":688.585,"endTime":696.044,"body":"Now, some fun uses of network analysis began with Hungarian Regus Corinthians 1929 short story"},{"startTime":696.044,"endTime":699.525,"body":"where he postulated six degrees of separation."},{"startTime":700.355,"endTime":706.488,"body":"This led on to the concept that mathematicians know well of Erdos numbers, the distance"},{"startTime":706.488,"endTime":706.897,"body":"to the famous Hungarian mathematician, which led on to the website six degree degrees.com and"},{"startTime":706.897,"endTime":707.306,"body":"later social link networks such as LinkedIn, as well as of course in the film"},{"startTime":707.306,"endTime":719.165,"body":"world."},{"startTime":719.585,"endTime":726.815,"body":"We have the six degrees of bacon, uh, which isn't referring to breakfast sandwiches, but"},{"startTime":726.815,"endTime":734.045,"body":"your distance as a performer to Kevin Bacon and 1 20 15 MIT network analysis."},{"startTime":734.245,"endTime":743.379,"body":"I loved identified people who were harbinger of failure, whose very purchase of products indicated"},{"startTime":743.379,"endTime":745.815,"body":"a products likely flop."},{"startTime":747.615,"endTime":753.406,"body":"MIT marketing professor Catherine Tucker explains, if you're the kind of person who bought something"},{"startTime":753.406,"endTime":753.792,"body":"that really doesn't resonate with the market, say coffee flavored Coca-Cola, then that also means"},{"startTime":753.792,"endTime":754.179,"body":"you're more likely to buy a type of toothpaste or laundry detergent that fails to"},{"startTime":754.179,"endTime":766.535,"body":"resonate with the market."},{"startTime":768.035,"endTime":773.975,"body":"So network analysis is useful and dynamic network theory goes further."},{"startTime":774.355,"endTime":776.815,"body":"It studies how networks change over time."},{"startTime":777.805,"endTime":782.575,"body":"Dynamic network theory in the social arena proposes eight social network roles."},{"startTime":782.575,"endTime":791.443,"body":"People can play goal striving, system supporting goal, preventing system negating, observing, system reacting, goal"},{"startTime":791.443,"endTime":792.035,"body":"reacting and simply system ignoring, applying these eight rules to politics, for example, you get"},{"startTime":792.035,"endTime":801.495,"body":"apathetic voters."},{"startTime":802.285,"endTime":810.093,"body":"Dynamic network theorists analyze the interactions and preferences of social media users for marketing, advertising"},{"startTime":810.093,"endTime":811.135,"body":"and personalization."},{"startTime":812.035,"endTime":819.135,"body":"For instance, the diffusion of information and opinions on Twitter during US or UK presidential"},{"startTime":819.135,"endTime":821.975,"body":"or ministerial, sorry, or uh, elections."},{"startTime":823.915,"endTime":827.695,"body":"So, um, what are some of the emergent properties of networks?"},{"startTime":829.005,"endTime":833.695,"body":"Well, emergent property to me is actually a very pompous name for surprise."},{"startTime":835.015,"endTime":836.655,"body":"Networks often surprise us."},{"startTime":837.475,"endTime":842.895,"body":"Who would've thought that a bunch of neurons connect connected by synapses could become conscious?"},{"startTime":844.755,"endTime":851.318,"body":"As a humorous example of an emergent property, my daughter Senia had a friend who"},{"startTime":851.318,"endTime":851.755,"body":"created a WhatsApp group for her own surprise birthday party and then withdrew from the"},{"startTime":851.755,"endTime":862.695,"body":"group letting her friends move along to surprise her later itself."},{"startTime":863.155,"endTime":874.728,"body":"So changing social social interactions now from networks often emerges unexpected order, responsiveness, reproduction, growth,"},{"startTime":874.728,"endTime":877.815,"body":"regulation, evolution and homeostasis."},{"startTime":879.045,"endTime":883.677,"body":"When a network is greater than the sum of its parts, it tends to show"},{"startTime":883.677,"endTime":884.295,"body":"emergent properties."},{"startTime":886.575,"endTime":890.895,"body":"Networks in fact tend to be coordinated, not controlled."},{"startTime":891.785,"endTime":894.005,"body":"And complexity emerges from networks."},{"startTime":894.975,"endTime":901.828,"body":"Bella Suki argues that biological complexity as we see it today, cannot have evolved without"},{"startTime":901.828,"endTime":902.285,"body":"networks."},{"startTime":903.715,"endTime":905.405,"body":"Network systems have resilience."},{"startTime":905.555,"endTime":911.725,"body":"They're able to main stability, maintain stability, and return to original conditions after shocks."},{"startTime":913.265,"endTime":919.196,"body":"Now, quite a famous, uh, fellow in the networking field is Ross Ashby, a psychiatric"},{"startTime":919.196,"endTime":921.965,"body":"cybernetic assist say that fast after breakfast."},{"startTime":922.505,"endTime":928.822,"body":"Um, but Ro Ashby coined something we today called Ashby's Law that for a system"},{"startTime":928.822,"endTime":929.243,"body":"to survive and remain stable, it must match the complexity, diversity and variety of the"},{"startTime":929.243,"endTime":937.245,"body":"environment that it is within."},{"startTime":939.545,"endTime":945.605,"body":"The internet was designed to be resilient, a communications network to withstand nuclear war."},{"startTime":947.565,"endTime":954.215,"body":"Resilience comes from diversity and redundancy, lots of variety within the links and notes and"},{"startTime":954.215,"endTime":958.205,"body":"lots of links to get around interference or destruction."},{"startTime":960.395,"endTime":966.674,"body":"Some network systems show properties of robustness that is they're able to recover and thrive"},{"startTime":966.674,"endTime":969.605,"body":"after a complete change in their environment."},{"startTime":971.485,"endTime":980.137,"body":"Raccoons, Japanese knotweed, fire ants or Irish pubs in every city on the planet, they"},{"startTime":980.137,"endTime":982.445,"body":"survive wherever they're put."},{"startTime":982.575,"endTime":990.558,"body":"These are robust now in line with RV Jones Crabtree's Bludgeon, which goes no set"},{"startTime":990.558,"endTime":991.091,"body":"of mutually inconsistent observations can exist for which some human intellect cannot conceive a coherent"},{"startTime":991.091,"endTime":999.075,"body":"explanation."},{"startTime":999.265,"endTime":1007.345,"body":"However, contrived basically humans will find order in anything that's linked up and connected."},{"startTime":1007.815,"endTime":1011.396,"body":"It's one of the things that always bothers me when I see these network diagrams"},{"startTime":1011.396,"endTime":1013.545,"body":"and maps and people go, wow, isn't that fascinating?"},{"startTime":1013.585,"endTime":1014.185,"body":"I go, it is."},{"startTime":1014.535,"endTime":1015.425,"body":"What does it show me?"},{"startTime":1015.425,"endTime":1016.225,"body":"What does it tell me?"},{"startTime":1016.665,"endTime":1018.305,"body":"I kind of knew they were all interconnected."},{"startTime":1019.645,"endTime":1024.126,"body":"And in fact, as we're talking AI a lot these days, my BT research friend"},{"startTime":1024.126,"endTime":1024.425,"body":"Dr."},{"startTime":1024.425,"endTime":1028.625,"body":"Robert Cock, was once asked, what would it be like to live with ai?"},{"startTime":1028.845,"endTime":1030.704,"body":"And he said, it's already here."},{"startTime":1031.335,"endTime":1033.025,"body":"It's like living with a small dog."},{"startTime":1034.005,"endTime":1038.991,"body":"And when we see a complex network in action, think about it, we tend to"},{"startTime":1038.991,"endTime":1041.983,"body":"refer to it in human terms, we anthropomorphize it."},{"startTime":1042.405,"endTime":1046.065,"body":"So take something like a tractor, which is a complex networked system."},{"startTime":1047.285,"endTime":1053.522,"body":"The tractor, he seems cranky this morning, or boats, which I love the boat she"},{"startTime":1053.522,"endTime":1053.937,"body":"seems to handle lightly today or we often say about bureaucracy, the system is against"},{"startTime":1053.937,"endTime":1060.175,"body":"me."},{"startTime":1061.075,"endTime":1065.695,"body":"We anthropomorphize these very, very complex, interconnected sets of objects."},{"startTime":1067.155,"endTime":1069.135,"body":"Now networks are not on all Lloyd goods."},{"startTime":1070.365,"endTime":1072.285,"body":"Ian Angel in science's."},{"startTime":1072.335,"endTime":1077.565,"body":"First mistake delusions in pursuit of theory concludes that."},{"startTime":1077.565,"endTime":1086.628,"body":"So-called intellectual rigor is merely reinforced self-reference imposed by the power that comes with utility"},{"startTime":1086.628,"endTime":1089.045,"body":"delivered by the self-reference."},{"startTime":1089.665,"endTime":1091.005,"body":"In other words, be careful."},{"startTime":1091.805,"endTime":1097.647,"body":"Networks are inherently self-referential, and we need to be cautious about observing what we want"},{"startTime":1097.647,"endTime":1099.205,"body":"to see or confusing."},{"startTime":1099.885,"endTime":1105.565,"body":"Causation with correlation and networks are unfettered in many ways."},{"startTime":1106.455,"endTime":1107.245,"body":"There are limits."},{"startTime":1108.025,"endTime":1111.645,"body":"All of that interconnection though that we speak about consumes energy."},{"startTime":1111.905,"endTime":1112.885,"body":"It consumes time."},{"startTime":1114.025,"endTime":1120.181,"body":"Now, Dyson spheres, to go a bit extreme here, were first posited in the 1937"},{"startTime":1120.181,"endTime":1120.592,"body":"novel star maker by Olaf Stapleton, in which he described every solar system surrounded by"},{"startTime":1120.592,"endTime":1132.085,"body":"a gauze of light traps, which focused the escaping solar energy for intelligent use."},{"startTime":1132.625,"endTime":1137.077,"body":"In other words, the planet solar, the, sorry, the star system solely went black as"},{"startTime":1137.077,"endTime":1140.045,"body":"the civilization needed all the energy to handle the networks."},{"startTime":1141.765,"endTime":1147.979,"body":"Interestingly, uh, Freeman Dyson at Princeton took up the idea scientifically in 1960 and some"},{"startTime":1147.979,"endTime":1148.393,"body":"astronomers today seek evidence of these artificial structures capturing much of a star's energy just"},{"startTime":1148.393,"endTime":1148.807,"body":"to power the information system networks that the planets is consuming and some claim that"},{"startTime":1148.807,"endTime":1164.965,"body":"they've even found, uh, some tangential evidence that they might exist."},{"startTime":1166.745,"endTime":1168.365,"body":"So watch out for the solar system."},{"startTime":1169.785,"endTime":1173.245,"body":"Now, new value is created exponentially though from accumulated knowledge."},{"startTime":1173.825,"endTime":1178.377,"body":"So a lot of people have said, ah, well in the future, economics should no"},{"startTime":1178.377,"endTime":1180.805,"body":"longer be about scarce resources, but about abundance."},{"startTime":1182.265,"endTime":1187.351,"body":"Uh, and they would even claim that as war destroys networks, then traditional warfare to"},{"startTime":1187.351,"endTime":1189.725,"body":"grab productive land is of less value."},{"startTime":1190.505,"endTime":1194.555,"body":"Um, I might say I wish that were a little bit more true today, but"},{"startTime":1194.555,"endTime":1195.365,"body":"that's another story."},{"startTime":1196.195,"endTime":1200.545,"body":"However, I would argue that there is scarcity and the people who say that there's"},{"startTime":1200.545,"endTime":1203.445,"body":"an economics of abundance have missed a fundamental a point."},{"startTime":1204.225,"endTime":1209.525,"body":"Uh, it was Herbert Simon who said what information consumes is rather obvious."},{"startTime":1209.825,"endTime":1212.725,"body":"It consumes the attention of its recipients."},{"startTime":1213.215,"endTime":1219.445,"body":"Hence, a wealth of information creates a poverty of attention and a need to allocate"},{"startTime":1219.445,"endTime":1224.845,"body":"that attention efficiently among the overabundance of information sources that might consume it."},{"startTime":1226.545,"endTime":1231.422,"body":"So I would argue, if anything we might move for an e from an economics"},{"startTime":1231.422,"endTime":1235.325,"body":"of resources to one of attention, but there's still both about scarcity."},{"startTime":1236.505,"endTime":1243.165,"body":"And uh, Simone Vile said, attention is the rarest and purest form of generosity."},{"startTime":1245.185,"endTime":1251.862,"body":"Now, outside of biology, generative AI's, large language models such as chat, GPT, llama or"},{"startTime":1251.862,"endTime":1257.205,"body":"Bard, jump up non-linearly in performance as they are fed more data."},{"startTime":1258.825,"endTime":1261.525,"body":"Memory is important, but very expensive."},{"startTime":1262.145,"endTime":1266.045,"body":"And this leads us to search for metrics, for example, of network decay."},{"startTime":1266.905,"endTime":1272.918,"body":"How can we achieve the same results more efficiently with a smaller, more efficient network,"},{"startTime":1272.918,"endTime":1275.725,"body":"consume less energy use, use less memory?"},{"startTime":1276.945,"endTime":1280.325,"body":"We also want to understand, when does a network exhibit involution?"},{"startTime":1280.745,"endTime":1286.661,"body":"That's a term for a situation in which extra inputs particularly of data, no longer"},{"startTime":1286.661,"endTime":1287.845,"body":"yield more output."},{"startTime":1289.385,"endTime":1294.662,"body":"How do we archive things in this world of ever expanding memory and data or"},{"startTime":1294.662,"endTime":1297.125,"body":"even delete things permanently from the archive?"},{"startTime":1297.675,"endTime":1303.273,"body":"This has long been a perennial problem for archivists who know that they can't store"},{"startTime":1303.273,"endTime":1303.646,"body":"everything, but innovation networks are inevitably networks full of waste as explored dead end paths"},{"startTime":1303.646,"endTime":1310.365,"body":"in search of novelty."},{"startTime":1311.425,"endTime":1314.845,"body":"If we knew what the answer was, we wouldn't need innovation."},{"startTime":1316.505,"endTime":1320.445,"body":"So some well trod paths also introduce things like paths dependency."},{"startTime":1321.145,"endTime":1326.386,"body":"We can't move to more efficient keyboards on our networks without displacing a lot of"},{"startTime":1326.386,"endTime":1327.085,"body":"ti keyboards."},{"startTime":1328.115,"endTime":1331.325,"body":"I've just recently seen these new annoying device chargers."},{"startTime":1331.585,"endTime":1336.044,"body":"I'm sure they're better and they're more wonderful, but they have to displace a lot"},{"startTime":1336.044,"endTime":1338.125,"body":"of embedded sockets before they take hold."},{"startTime":1338.905,"endTime":1342.642,"body":"So we can begin to see that the connectivity of the networks is important, but"},{"startTime":1342.642,"endTime":1344.885,"body":"in other areas holds us back a little bit."},{"startTime":1347.825,"endTime":1354.738,"body":"Now you've heard people speculate that given enough time, 1000 monkeys on typewriters might produce"},{"startTime":1354.738,"endTime":1357.965,"body":"the works of Shakespeare, Steve Wright muses."},{"startTime":1358.065,"endTime":1363.076,"body":"If you write the word monkey a million times, do you start to think you're"},{"startTime":1363.076,"endTime":1367.085,"body":"Shakespeare and perhaps 1000 Shakespeares could produce the work of a monkey?"},{"startTime":1367.305,"endTime":1367.805,"body":"Who knows?"},{"startTime":1369.025,"endTime":1373.941,"body":"But interestingly, a lot of these evolving dynamic networks actually do need ways to incorporate"},{"startTime":1373.941,"endTime":1374.925,"body":"more random inputs."},{"startTime":1376.765,"endTime":1382.045,"body":"I recall that in the early days of the internet, we hoped for serendipity."},{"startTime":1382.985,"endTime":1388.027,"body":"We thought the world would be a better, more inclusive place if we could instantly"},{"startTime":1388.027,"endTime":1391.725,"body":"connect with an Indian farmer's wife and discuss life with her."},{"startTime":1393.145,"endTime":1397.502,"body":"We never really thought what the Indian farmer might think about a bunch of people"},{"startTime":1397.502,"endTime":1399.245,"body":"from Cambridge talking with his wife."},{"startTime":1399.425,"endTime":1405.085,"body":"But it turns out of course, though that sadly networks can be divisive too."},{"startTime":1405.475,"endTime":1408.565,"body":"They can increase polarization as we have seen."},{"startTime":1409.225,"endTime":1415.375,"body":"We still don't quite know what makes a positive connection, nor whether all the various"},{"startTime":1415.375,"endTime":1418.245,"body":"connections actually do amount to something positive."},{"startTime":1420.045,"endTime":1425.98,"body":"I though tend to be a bit of an optimist, and I'd like to start"},{"startTime":1425.98,"endTime":1431.125,"body":"a campaign against conspiracies and for conspiracies seeking the positive results from connections."},{"startTime":1435.865,"endTime":1442.552,"body":"Now the Santa Fe Institute finds evidence of increasing returns to scale in city inventiveness"},{"startTime":1442.552,"endTime":1442.998,"body":"and creativity increasing returns emerge from the fact that the value of connection rises with"},{"startTime":1442.998,"endTime":1443.444,"body":"the number of participants in the network and show up as power laws in the"},{"startTime":1443.444,"endTime":1461.725,"body":"concentration of petrol stations or the speed of information dissemination in a city."},{"startTime":1463.035,"endTime":1471.585,"body":"Each participant connecting to the network improves their individual productivity markedly, while also contributing to"},{"startTime":1471.585,"endTime":1475.005,"body":"the productivity of those already connected."},{"startTime":1476.805,"endTime":1480.645,"body":"A thought experiment affirms the idea of network benefits."},{"startTime":1482.145,"endTime":1487.128,"body":"If there were two worldwide webs, wouldn't they be even more powerful if they were"},{"startTime":1487.128,"endTime":1488.125,"body":"connected into one?"},{"startTime":1489.665,"endTime":1496.494,"body":"So at the same time, though it introduces network dangers might therefore one web be"},{"startTime":1496.494,"endTime":1497.405,"body":"more vulnerable."},{"startTime":1499.385,"endTime":1504.685,"body":"Now Jeffrey West at the Santa Fe Institute asks, why are large cities faster?"},{"startTime":1506.285,"endTime":1510.165,"body":"Interestingly, people in cities do actually walk faster than country folk."},{"startTime":1510.905,"endTime":1516.605,"body":"In studies, there is a term the boltman cons, which relates particle energy to the"},{"startTime":1516.605,"endTime":1518.125,"body":"temperature of a gas."},{"startTime":1519.065,"endTime":1524.6,"body":"Is there a boltman constant linking the energy consumption of a city to its social"},{"startTime":1524.6,"endTime":1526.445,"body":"temperature or its pulse rate?"},{"startTime":1528.585,"endTime":1529.405,"body":"It was a bit of fun."},{"startTime":1529.905,"endTime":1535.253,"body":"We at Gresham once used statistics to craft the best Gresham lecture title ever, the"},{"startTime":1535.253,"endTime":1540.245,"body":"one that would pull the biggest crowd based on our history of lecture titles."},{"startTime":1541.075,"endTime":1547.485,"body":"What we got was London's century of modern imperial world war music, mathematics,"},{"startTime":1548.325,"endTime":1553.325,"body":"\u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":1549.625,"endTime":1552.445,"body":"And once somebody delivers it, they're going to have the biggest audience ever."},{"startTime":1553.835,"endTime":1559.376,"body":"What I'm trying to demonstrate though, is using statistics to evaluate global commercial centers is"},{"startTime":1559.376,"endTime":1560.485,"body":"increasingly fraught too."},{"startTime":1560.665,"endTime":1564.325,"body":"We saw the difficulty with definition and the fuzziness of many of these things."},{"startTime":1565.645,"endTime":1567.885,"body":"Business travel falls, but tourism rises."},{"startTime":1567.885,"endTime":1572.565,"body":"Perhaps I frequently go on a business trip and a tourist trip at the same"},{"startTime":1572.565,"endTime":1574.125,"body":"time people work from home."},{"startTime":1574.585,"endTime":1575.565,"body":"Yes, but not totally."},{"startTime":1575.995,"endTime":1578.005,"body":"Development teams now span the world."},{"startTime":1578.745,"endTime":1587.13,"body":"But what does endure is cities as networks of connections, cities create often indirectly communication,"},{"startTime":1587.13,"endTime":1589.925,"body":"transportation, commercial and intellectual networks."},{"startTime":1594.725,"endTime":1601.167,"body":"Increasingly, uh, and despite my uh, degree, analysts are using chaos and complexity theory more"},{"startTime":1601.167,"endTime":1602.885,"body":"to explore such networks."},{"startTime":1604.025,"endTime":1607.365,"body":"But where we're going is into realms that are very difficult to measure."},{"startTime":1608.305,"endTime":1614.845,"body":"How do we measure tolerance, diversity, innovation, resilience."},{"startTime":1616.245,"endTime":1621.682,"body":"I might suggest that one interesting measure particularly for us here in London is deal"},{"startTime":1621.682,"endTime":1622.045,"body":"making."},{"startTime":1623.175,"endTime":1628.715,"body":"Large cities are faster because people have more interactions per unit as the city scales"},{"startTime":1628.715,"endTime":1629.085,"body":"up."},{"startTime":1629.945,"endTime":1634.24,"body":"And in my day, uh, my day job, clients often plead at the end of"},{"startTime":1634.24,"endTime":1636.245,"body":"a long day of comparative urban statistics."},{"startTime":1636.345,"endTime":1642.026,"body":"Please just give us one thing that will lead us to being a successful commercial"},{"startTime":1642.026,"endTime":1642.405,"body":"center."},{"startTime":1643.105,"endTime":1648.445,"body":"And I often answer, there's a very simple answer, treat all comers fairly."},{"startTime":1650.155,"endTime":1657.442,"body":"More interactions lead to more deals, and therefore the requirement to have more structures to"},{"startTime":1657.442,"endTime":1664.245,"body":"prevent cheating structures that promote trust, clarity of contract, certainty of delivery, robust enforcement."},{"startTime":1664.865,"endTime":1666.885,"body":"In short, the rule of law."},{"startTime":1667.625,"endTime":1672.298,"body":"And we in London pride ourselves on the rule of law as ultimately the base"},{"startTime":1672.298,"endTime":1675.725,"body":"form of regulation for the entirety of all that we do."},{"startTime":1678.055,"endTime":1684.187,"body":"Deals pull in professional business and financial services, and thus professional business and financial services"},{"startTime":1684.187,"endTime":1684.596,"body":"activity actually can serve as a good indicator of the strength of deal making and"},{"startTime":1684.596,"endTime":1692.365,"body":"commercial temperature of the city."},{"startTime":1695.635,"endTime":1696.935,"body":"We turn to coffee houses."},{"startTime":1698.315,"endTime":1702.826,"body":"The history of coffee houses said to Israeli heir, the invention of clubs was that"},{"startTime":1702.826,"endTime":1706.135,"body":"of the manners, the morals, and the politics of a people."},{"startTime":1707.755,"endTime":1713.582,"body":"The first coffee house in the city of London appeared according to legend in 1652"},{"startTime":1713.582,"endTime":1713.97,"body":"in Saint Michael's alley in Cornhill, just over the way it was run by Pasco"},{"startTime":1713.97,"endTime":1720.575,"body":"Rose and partners."},{"startTime":1721.915,"endTime":1726.855,"body":"Now, coffee houses were temperance institutions different from taverns and ale houses."},{"startTime":1727.755,"endTime":1733.267,"body":"And to quote within the walls of the coffee house, there was always much noise,"},{"startTime":1733.267,"endTime":1736.575,"body":"much clatter, much bustle, but decency was never outraged."},{"startTime":1738.275,"endTime":1744.526,"body":"By 1715, just to scan half century later, there were over 2000 coffee houses in"},{"startTime":1744.526,"endTime":1744.943,"body":"London and they were clearly very popular and they were known as penny universities by"},{"startTime":1744.943,"endTime":1753.695,"body":"virtue of a standard penny for admission."},{"startTime":1754.595,"endTime":1759.495,"body":"And they acquired an appropriate diddy, which goes so great a university."},{"startTime":1759.895,"endTime":1764.947,"body":"I think their na was any in u which you may a schooler be for"},{"startTime":1764.947,"endTime":1766.295,"body":"spending of a penny."},{"startTime":1767.205,"endTime":1770.295,"body":"Obviously they meant spending a penny in a different way back then."},{"startTime":1771.675,"endTime":1776.655,"body":"And these coffee houses spawned numerous clubs and numerous business organizations."},{"startTime":1777.555,"endTime":1781.405,"body":"Off sighted are the London Stock Exchange and Lloyd's of London."},{"startTime":1782.665,"endTime":1788.674,"body":"The networks of coffee houses created communities and communities form strictly speaking, when people are"},{"startTime":1788.674,"endTime":1789.075,"body":"prepared to be indebted to one another in a network, the links among a community"},{"startTime":1789.075,"endTime":1795.485,"body":"are obligations."},{"startTime":1795.855,"endTime":1798.045,"body":"Debts are unsurprisingly."},{"startTime":1798.505,"endTime":1805.72,"body":"Coffee houses began to issue their own tokens, both solidifying their community and funding themselves"},{"startTime":1805.72,"endTime":1807.645,"body":"on future coffee consumption."},{"startTime":1810.865,"endTime":1814.605,"body":"Now, global cities are a network of their own as well."},{"startTime":1815.785,"endTime":1823.742,"body":"In his 1999 essay, how to Get Rich Bio Geographer, Jared Diamond set out two"},{"startTime":1823.742,"endTime":1826.925,"body":"principles for communities connectivity and coopetition."},{"startTime":1827.635,"endTime":1832.936,"body":"I'll just read what he said first, the principle that really isolated groups are outta"},{"startTime":1832.936,"endTime":1837.885,"body":"disadvantage because most groups get most of their ideas in innovation from the outside."},{"startTime":1838.905,"endTime":1843.605,"body":"Second, I also derive the principle of intermediate fragmentation."},{"startTime":1844.385,"endTime":1848.925,"body":"You don't want excessive unity and you don't want excessive fragmentation."},{"startTime":1849.915,"endTime":1855.75,"body":"Instead, you want your human society or business to be broken up into a number"},{"startTime":1855.75,"endTime":1856.14,"body":"of groups which compete with each other, but which also maintain relatively free communication with"},{"startTime":1856.14,"endTime":1862.365,"body":"each other."},{"startTime":1863.265,"endTime":1867.941,"body":"And those I see as the overall principles of how to organize a business and"},{"startTime":1867.941,"endTime":1868.565,"body":"get rich"},{"startTime":1871.805,"endTime":1878.325,"body":"Connectivity on connectivity, I would go further than Jared towards intensity."},{"startTime":1879.615,"endTime":1886.973,"body":"Coral reefs, for example, are rich in biodiversity and competition, intense interfaces between the pelagic"},{"startTime":1886.973,"endTime":1888.445,"body":"ocean and sun."},{"startTime":1888.445,"endTime":1893.125,"body":"Blessed in shore waters, they are boundaries between order and chaos."},{"startTime":1893.755,"endTime":1899.125,"body":"Opportunities to increase the intensity of interaction should always be seized."},{"startTime":1901.205,"endTime":1905.405,"body":"Airplanes, telecoms, bicycles, mobiles, Uber, all raise intensity."},{"startTime":1906.425,"endTime":1911.085,"body":"And even those much detested electric scooters are probably worth a try."},{"startTime":1913.115,"endTime":1916.845,"body":"Equally on coopetition, I would emphasize what Jared says."},{"startTime":1917.795,"endTime":1920.405,"body":"Society has many ways of resolving problems."},{"startTime":1921.355,"endTime":1926.085,"body":"Many of them are neither pretty nor progressive military rule."},{"startTime":1926.315,"endTime":1927.925,"body":"Communism, legal prescription."},{"startTime":1928.585,"endTime":1935.84,"body":"The roads to serfdom as they're often called cities have a mutual interest in showing"},{"startTime":1935.84,"endTime":1936.323,"body":"that competitive commercial centers can cooperate and self-regulate to deliver policies that society wants on"},{"startTime":1936.323,"endTime":1946.965,"body":"sustainability, et cetera, all based on market economies."},{"startTime":1948.825,"endTime":1954.731,"body":"But I would add a third point to Jared's, and that's about deriving order from"},{"startTime":1954.731,"endTime":1955.125,"body":"chaos."},{"startTime":1957.025,"endTime":1962.947,"body":"The Wizard of Oz sees smart cities as a super connected, super centralized system in"},{"startTime":1962.947,"endTime":1967.685,"body":"which the mayor hides behind a green curtain, seeing and controlling everything."},{"startTime":1968.785,"endTime":1974.372,"body":"The hippie entrepreneur, on the other hand, believes that smart cities give free access wherever"},{"startTime":1974.372,"endTime":1977.725,"body":"possible so that a thousand innovative flowers can bloom."},{"startTime":1978.985,"endTime":1984.965,"body":"If cities are co-created by everybody, then great metropolises are about everyone's contribution."},{"startTime":1985.545,"endTime":1992.887,"body":"And thus, as much about accident as designed, the haphazard and serendipitous in cities creates"},{"startTime":1992.887,"endTime":1994.845,"body":"opportunities for positive change."},{"startTime":1996.045,"endTime":2003.592,"body":"I support the hippie entrepreneur or to remember Terry Pratchett's advice in the eternal war"},{"startTime":2003.592,"endTime":2005.605,"body":"between order and chaos."},{"startTime":2006.215,"endTime":2009.845,"body":"Chaos always wins because it's better organized."},{"startTime":2014.865,"endTime":2017.165,"body":"So my theme connect to prosper."},{"startTime":2017.305,"endTime":2020.765,"body":"In closing, I wanted to just give you a glimpse of it."},{"startTime":2021.745,"endTime":2025.904,"body":"Really, an analysis shows you something you might not have thought about the city, particularly"},{"startTime":2025.904,"endTime":2027.845,"body":"given the way that we market it."},{"startTime":2028.545,"endTime":2035.387,"body":"We have over 40 learned societies, 70 universities, 130 research institutes, and 24,000 businesses right"},{"startTime":2035.387,"endTime":2038.125,"body":"here around the city of London."},{"startTime":2038.875,"endTime":2044.617,"body":"It's a community speaking some 300 languages, creating a network of knowledge, connections as much"},{"startTime":2044.617,"endTime":2048.445,"body":"or more science and tech, media and culture as finance."},{"startTime":2049.784,"endTime":2055.804,"body":"Out of our workforce, which is 615,000, we have 100,000 working in banking and finance."},{"startTime":2056.465,"endTime":2059.844,"body":"So ask yourself what the other 515,000 are doing all day."},{"startTime":2060.425,"endTime":2063.525,"body":"Uh, and it is a huge and wide variety of things."},{"startTime":2064.344,"endTime":2069.515,"body":"We are rightly known for our prowess in financial and professional services, but we're also"},{"startTime":2069.515,"endTime":2069.86,"body":"the biggest center for tech in the country with scientists, engineers, and technicians, as well"},{"startTime":2069.86,"endTime":2077.445,"body":"as the bankers, insurers, lawyers, accountants, and actuaries."},{"startTime":2078.784,"endTime":2083.844,"body":"So connect to Prosper, hopes to shine a spotlight on these other areas of strength."},{"startTime":2084.315,"endTime":2087.725,"body":"What I have decided to call the square miles knowledge Miles."},{"startTime":2088.465,"endTime":2094.067,"body":"And we're hosting an online series of lectures with talks from city figures on topics"},{"startTime":2094.067,"endTime":2094.441,"body":"from artificial intelligence to fusion to quantum with, I might say, uh, the enormous help"},{"startTime":2094.441,"endTime":2101.165,"body":"of the Gresham Society."},{"startTime":2103.625,"endTime":2109.667,"body":"The way I look at it is that our client and modestly here in London,"},{"startTime":2109.667,"endTime":2110.07,"body":"our client, the world, sat down a decade ago and hammered out and shared 17"},{"startTime":2110.07,"endTime":2117.725,"body":"big problems that need solutions."},{"startTime":2118.385,"endTime":2124.969,"body":"You know, them as the un sustainable development goals and connect to prosper with its"},{"startTime":2124.969,"endTime":2126.725,"body":"emphasis on multidisciplinary networks."},{"startTime":2126.915,"endTime":2135.485,"body":"Solving global problems has a defined goal, make positive connections in aid of these SDGs."},{"startTime":2138.225,"endTime":2145.856,"body":"So our square mile is a hub of dynamic networks that foster innovation, collaboration, and"},{"startTime":2145.856,"endTime":2146.365,"body":"diversity."},{"startTime":2147.785,"endTime":2155.177,"body":"The coffee house culture of the 17th and 18th centuries spawned the London Stock Exchange"},{"startTime":2155.177,"endTime":2155.67,"body":"and Lloyd's the new learning and natural philosophy gatherings of Gresham College and later the"},{"startTime":2155.67,"endTime":2167.005,"body":"Royal Society spawned science, engineering and the Industrial Revolution."},{"startTime":2168.345,"endTime":2176.383,"body":"So the challenges and opportunities of dynamic networks in the 21st century include how can"},{"startTime":2176.383,"endTime":2176.919,"body":"we balance competition and cooperation, foster creativity and resilience, and leverage dynamic networks to solve"},{"startTime":2176.919,"endTime":2189.245,"body":"global problems such as climate change, poverty, or health."},{"startTime":2191.655,"endTime":2197.061,"body":"Tonight I am joined by three eminent panelists who will provide a response to my"},{"startTime":2197.061,"endTime":2200.665,"body":"remarks and engage with you on the topic of networks."},{"startTime":2201.455,"endTime":2205.305,"body":"Professor Michael Batty, an expert on modeling cities to improve planning."},{"startTime":2206.095,"endTime":2212.591,"body":"Professor Julia Black, who is particularly interested in the regulatory aspects of networks and knowledge"},{"startTime":2212.591,"endTime":2213.025,"body":"networks."},{"startTime":2213.695,"endTime":2218.785,"body":"Professor Mark Birkin with longstanding interests in urban and regional systems."},{"startTime":2220.685,"endTime":2226.1,"body":"So in closing, dynamic network theory is a powerful tool that can help us understand"},{"startTime":2226.1,"endTime":2227.905,"body":"and improve our social systems."},{"startTime":2229.245,"endTime":2234.395,"body":"It can also inspire us to create and innovate, to collaborate and compete and to"},{"startTime":2234.395,"endTime":2235.425,"body":"connect and prosper."},{"startTime":2236.645,"endTime":2242.06,"body":"Our square mile is a living example of dynamic network theory in action, and we"},{"startTime":2242.06,"endTime":2243.865,"body":"are all part of it."},{"startTime":2244.565,"endTime":2247.785,"body":"We are the natural hub to provide global solutions."},{"startTime":2249.685,"endTime":2251.025,"body":"So let's make the most of it."},{"startTime":2252.115,"endTime":2255.745,"body":"Let's be curious, open-minded and tolerant."},{"startTime":2256.595,"endTime":2258.545,"body":"Let's be dynamic networkers."},{"startTime":2259.705,"endTime":2261.145,"body":"I look forward to our discussion."},{"startTime":2261.875,"endTime":2262.305,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":2266.045,"endTime":2269.471,"body":"Now, I promised the panelists that they could have a first right of rebuttal before"},{"startTime":2269.471,"endTime":2270.385,"body":"we move to you."},{"startTime":2270.885,"endTime":2274.216,"body":"And so if I could, I'd like to start with Julia, for your thoughts on"},{"startTime":2274.216,"endTime":2275.105,"body":"the power of networks."},{"startTime":2276.015,"endTime":2278.025,"body":"Well, Michael, that was an incredible talk."},{"startTime":2278.285,"endTime":2280.825,"body":"Um, huge range, enormous breadth."},{"startTime":2281.165,"endTime":2284.042,"body":"Um, and to be honest, to respond to it, I think we'd be here probably,"},{"startTime":2284.042,"endTime":2285.385,"body":"you know, for some days to come."},{"startTime":2285.965,"endTime":2289.762,"body":"Um, so I just want to pick up on just a few of the themes"},{"startTime":2289.762,"endTime":2290.015,"body":"that you talked about and connect them to the world that I live in, in"},{"startTime":2290.015,"endTime":2295.585,"body":"this, in the spirit of, of connecting knowledge."},{"startTime":2295.585,"endTime":2298.865,"body":"So my own, my own world is, is one of connection."},{"startTime":2299.005,"endTime":2302.905,"body":"So I work, uh, as a, as a law professor at, at the LSE."},{"startTime":2302.905,"endTime":2307.246,"body":"So somebody said, you know, that that study of chaos theory is particularly possibly well"},{"startTime":2307.246,"endTime":2307.825,"body":"placed there."},{"startTime":2308.365,"endTime":2311.865,"body":"Um, but I also work, so I work as an academic."},{"startTime":2312.125,"endTime":2314.225,"body":"Um, I also work as a, as a policymaker."},{"startTime":2314.345,"endTime":2315.805,"body":"I work as a regulator, in fact."},{"startTime":2316.345,"endTime":2319.405,"body":"Um, and I work in a very interdisciplinary area."},{"startTime":2319.505,"endTime":2324.077,"body":"I'm head of one of those learn 40 learner societies, the British Academy, which is"},{"startTime":2324.077,"endTime":2327.125,"body":"the learning society for, uh, social sciences and the humanities."},{"startTime":2328.065,"endTime":2331.758,"body":"And for me, the thing that does actually connect all of those things is around"},{"startTime":2331.758,"endTime":2332.005,"body":"knowledge."},{"startTime":2332.465,"endTime":2338.348,"body":"It is around the connection of knowledge and thinking also about the, from my perspective,"},{"startTime":2338.348,"endTime":2339.525,"body":"the social system."},{"startTime":2339.665,"endTime":2344.059,"body":"So I love, I take that, um, the analysis of the social systems, and if"},{"startTime":2344.059,"endTime":2344.352,"body":"I play that into the regulatory arena, then, um, took then first of all, in"},{"startTime":2344.352,"endTime":2344.645,"body":"those who are being regulated, who are in a highly complex environment, never like the"},{"startTime":2344.645,"endTime":2355.485,"body":"idea that complexity needs to be met with complexity."},{"startTime":2355.865,"endTime":2357.565,"body":"So that never really goes down particularly well."},{"startTime":2357.905,"endTime":2362.893,"body":"But I did know a regulator who did divide up their regulated population bit as"},{"startTime":2362.893,"endTime":2363.226,"body":"you did in relation to the, uh, analysis of different actors in complex networks, which,"},{"startTime":2363.226,"endTime":2363.558,"body":"and the categories included, they were just, they were unofficial, but they included the champions,"},{"startTime":2363.558,"endTime":2363.891,"body":"uh, the criminals, the clueless and the comatose, uh, in terms of their own response"},{"startTime":2363.891,"endTime":2378.525,"body":"to regulation."},{"startTime":2378.905,"endTime":2383.192,"body":"But one of the things that really for me, I think is incredibly powerful of"},{"startTime":2383.192,"endTime":2385.765,"body":"what you're talking about is that connection of knowledge."},{"startTime":2386.185,"endTime":2395.365,"body":"The connection of knowledge in this context to solve incredibly challenging, important immediate challenges."},{"startTime":2395.665,"endTime":2399.977,"body":"And if we look at the timeline that was originally given to the SDGs, then"},{"startTime":2399.977,"endTime":2402.565,"body":"actually that's approaching a downside quicker than the solutions."},{"startTime":2403.185,"endTime":2410.085,"body":"But I think what is really both important in that connecting knowledge, but also challenging"},{"startTime":2410.085,"endTime":2411.925,"body":"is are two things."},{"startTime":2413.065,"endTime":2417.565,"body":"The first are, as it were, the creations of the conditions for serendipity."},{"startTime":2418.265,"endTime":2420.205,"body":"Now, we try to do this in universities."},{"startTime":2420.265,"endTime":2425.565,"body":"We try to also connect, uh, across different, uh, different areas of social systems."},{"startTime":2425.565,"endTime":2429.765,"body":"We try to connect the academic with the industry with policy makers, et cetera."},{"startTime":2429.765,"endTime":2431.645,"body":"And we know that that never really quite works."},{"startTime":2431.745,"endTime":2434.725,"body":"It doesn't always quite work, and there are multiple different reasons for that."},{"startTime":2436.585,"endTime":2440.365,"body":"But we know when it does work, then you can produce the most incredible solutions."},{"startTime":2440.365,"endTime":2444.179,"body":"So we have, um, we have a little what sort of campaign or set of"},{"startTime":2444.179,"endTime":2447.485,"body":"examples running on the British Academy website at the moment called Connected Knowledge."},{"startTime":2447.945,"endTime":2452.022,"body":"And you'll see there's some examples of where people working in different disciplines in different"},{"startTime":2452.022,"endTime":2453.925,"body":"areas have come together to create solutions."},{"startTime":2454.065,"endTime":2459.993,"body":"So that might be, uh, those working in music and dance, working with physiotherapists to"},{"startTime":2459.993,"endTime":2460.388,"body":"help those who've had falls actually do their physio rehab exercises by setting them to"},{"startTime":2460.388,"endTime":2460.783,"body":"music, by creating that dynamic, which then saves the NHSX hundred x million pounds, et"},{"startTime":2460.783,"endTime":2472.245,"body":"cetera."},{"startTime":2472.585,"endTime":2474.845,"body":"Or my other current favorite at the moment, which is sea grass."},{"startTime":2474.985,"endTime":2476.885,"body":"So sea grass is a big absorber of CO two."},{"startTime":2477.265,"endTime":2478.485,"body":"Uh, so what do we need to do now?"},{"startTime":2478.485,"endTime":2480.445,"body":"We need to, we need more sea grass, okay?"},{"startTime":2480.545,"endTime":2484.528,"body":"So, but normally we're used to paying countries to take out their natural resources and"},{"startTime":2484.528,"endTime":2485.325,"body":"sell 'em off."},{"startTime":2485.325,"endTime":2488.988,"body":"And this time we want them to keep their natural resources, but somehow get an"},{"startTime":2488.988,"endTime":2489.965,"body":"income stream from that."},{"startTime":2490.065,"endTime":2493.48,"body":"So we need to think about, well, how are we going to restructure our financial"},{"startTime":2493.48,"endTime":2493.708,"body":"instruments so that you get an income from actually keeping a natural resource in place"},{"startTime":2493.708,"endTime":2500.085,"body":"and in fact growing it more rather than cutting it down and extracting it."},{"startTime":2500.505,"endTime":2502.485,"body":"So we have to have those, that connected knowledge."},{"startTime":2502.485,"endTime":2505.125,"body":"But what is really difficult are two things."},{"startTime":2505.825,"endTime":2508.885,"body":"One, the pacing of different institutional structures."},{"startTime":2508.885,"endTime":2512.485,"body":"Different institutional structures have different rhythms, different expectations."},{"startTime":2513.545,"endTime":2520.923,"body":"But the second is actually a concept of trust and truth, because when you bring"},{"startTime":2520.923,"endTime":2521.415,"body":"different disciplines together, they actually have different concepts of what is valid knowledge, what constitutes"},{"startTime":2521.415,"endTime":2529.285,"body":"valid knowledge."},{"startTime":2530.065,"endTime":2536.056,"body":"So if you are, and what is a valid perspective, is it valid in a"},{"startTime":2536.056,"endTime":2536.455,"body":"scientific discussion or an issue which has a scientific solution to think about values, interests,"},{"startTime":2536.455,"endTime":2543.645,"body":"economic distribution, et cetera."},{"startTime":2544.545,"endTime":2547.965,"body":"If we look at the clean air debate, for example, it's very, very clear science."},{"startTime":2548.265,"endTime":2551.92,"body":"And yet the debate, if we, if we really don't, if we only focus on"},{"startTime":2551.92,"endTime":2554.845,"body":"the scientific element to that, then we can see what happens there."},{"startTime":2554.845,"endTime":2557.925,"body":"We miss the register of others who are talking in a different register."},{"startTime":2558.545,"endTime":2562.066,"body":"So we have to think about the fact that even the science will meet the"},{"startTime":2562.066,"endTime":2563.005,"body":"values and the interests."},{"startTime":2563.005,"endTime":2567.532,"body":"But even within the science, in fact, you have the multiple sciences, and we saw"},{"startTime":2567.532,"endTime":2569.645,"body":"this a little bit, uh, in covid."},{"startTime":2569.665,"endTime":2570.725,"body":"We saw many things in Covid."},{"startTime":2571.305,"endTime":2575.77,"body":"Um, but when the knowledge as it were that were coming outta the qualitative social"},{"startTime":2575.77,"endTime":2576.067,"body":"scientists in terms of behaviors, in terms of reactions, et cetera, were being rejected by"},{"startTime":2576.067,"endTime":2576.365,"body":"those Mitre binder working, for example, in the medical sciences because we weren't testing things"},{"startTime":2576.365,"endTime":2589.165,"body":"using randomized control trials because it has more difficult to do in a social context."},{"startTime":2589.865,"endTime":2593.725,"body":"So it's then to really understand, well actually what is your truth claim?"},{"startTime":2594.865,"endTime":2598.98,"body":"And how can we really accept that what you say coming out of your discipline,"},{"startTime":2598.98,"endTime":2599.254,"body":"your perspective is actually valid, is good, is something we can rely on so that"},{"startTime":2599.254,"endTime":2605.565,"body":"we can then work together and we can progress."},{"startTime":2605.985,"endTime":2611.24,"body":"So we need trust in these networks, and we also need that facilitation of that"},{"startTime":2611.24,"endTime":2615.445,"body":"institutional, um, as they say in, in one area of regulatory theory."},{"startTime":2615.445,"endTime":2618.005,"body":"It's not so much social engineering or social gardening."},{"startTime":2618.465,"endTime":2625.396,"body":"So it's xenia, it's setting it out, creating those infrastructure, creating that trust, then withdrawing"},{"startTime":2625.396,"endTime":2627.245,"body":"and letting it happen."},{"startTime":2627.745,"endTime":2628.165,"body":"Lovely."},{"startTime":2628.175,"endTime":2628.605,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":2628.605,"endTime":2629.005,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":2629.515,"endTime":2630.405,"body":"Mark your thoughts."},{"startTime":2631.555,"endTime":2632.005,"body":"Yeah, thanks."},{"startTime":2632.025,"endTime":2635.485,"body":"So I, I mean, four things that I'd like to pick up on very briefly."},{"startTime":2635.905,"endTime":2640.052,"body":"Um, so you, your first on the question of collaboration again, and I mean, I"},{"startTime":2640.052,"endTime":2640.329,"body":"think at, at a very broad level, um, I mean, one of the reflections I"},{"startTime":2640.329,"endTime":2640.605,"body":"had, you know, hearing the talk, uh, a couple years ago, I had the, the,"},{"startTime":2640.605,"endTime":2640.882,"body":"the pleasure of going to, to Boston as part of a group from the, the"},{"startTime":2640.882,"endTime":2653.325,"body":"city of Leeds."},{"startTime":2653.325,"endTime":2656.605,"body":"It was actually part of a regional economic accelerator program."},{"startTime":2656.745,"endTime":2661.792,"body":"And without going into the detail of it, the one thing that actually struck me"},{"startTime":2661.792,"endTime":2662.129,"body":"about Boston, which I think was number 12 or something on your list of most"},{"startTime":2662.129,"endTime":2670.205,"body":"successful cities, was they had absolutely fabulous spaces for collaboration."},{"startTime":2670.745,"endTime":2678.23,"body":"You know, big warehouses that they repurposed, bringing together entrepreneurs, academics, uh, students, you know,"},{"startTime":2678.23,"endTime":2680.725,"body":"all all kinds of people."},{"startTime":2681.265,"endTime":2685.299,"body":"And so I think that you're thinking about the later part of your talk where"},{"startTime":2685.299,"endTime":2685.568,"body":"you're talking about the, the actual, you know, the kind of positive steps that you're"},{"startTime":2685.568,"endTime":2691.485,"body":"looking to, to bring people together to collaborate."},{"startTime":2691.625,"endTime":2695.329,"body":"You know, I think that's, you know, I think that's bang on track and, you"},{"startTime":2695.329,"endTime":2695.576,"body":"know, thinking about your theme of connecting to prosper, you know, anything that can help"},{"startTime":2695.576,"endTime":2695.822,"body":"to connect people together a little bit more strongly, I think that's gonna move you"},{"startTime":2695.822,"endTime":2703.725,"body":"in the right direction."},{"startTime":2703.725,"endTime":2706.685,"body":"And and I really, um, applaud that."},{"startTime":2706.725,"endTime":2707.885,"body":"I think that's bang on."},{"startTime":2708.425,"endTime":2713.193,"body":"Um, you talked a little bit about AI in, in, in a few places, and,"},{"startTime":2713.193,"endTime":2713.51,"body":"uh, so one of my, um, uh, positions of responsibility is as, uh, a program"},{"startTime":2713.51,"endTime":2713.828,"body":"director for Urban Analytics at the Chewing Institute, the National Institute for for AI and"},{"startTime":2713.828,"endTime":2723.365,"body":"Data Science."},{"startTime":2724.285,"endTime":2727.43,"body":"I mean, I, I think, uh, may, maybe we should talk more over dinner, but"},{"startTime":2727.43,"endTime":2727.64,"body":"I, I think the thinking could go a bit a a bit further in relation"},{"startTime":2727.64,"endTime":2731.205,"body":"to, to ai."},{"startTime":2731.545,"endTime":2735.321,"body":"You know, I mean, I I I do think that, you know, I mean, you"},{"startTime":2735.321,"endTime":2735.572,"body":"touched on large language models and that kind of thing, which are already playing havoc"},{"startTime":2735.572,"endTime":2735.824,"body":"with all kinds of university systems and essay writing and, and all the rest of"},{"startTime":2735.824,"endTime":2743.125,"body":"it."},{"startTime":2743.345,"endTime":2749.13,"body":"But, you know, that kind of technology, I think it is gonna transform our understanding"},{"startTime":2749.13,"endTime":2751.445,"body":"of many things including network science."},{"startTime":2751.505,"endTime":2756.197,"body":"So I think, for example, you know, you talked about the, the different kind of"},{"startTime":2756.197,"endTime":2756.51,"body":"social media usage typologies, you know, which are probably, most of these things are based"},{"startTime":2756.51,"endTime":2756.823,"body":"on kind of, you know, theoretical judgments, perceived wisdom, you know, a little bit of"},{"startTime":2756.823,"endTime":2768.085,"body":"data, the odd focus group, that sort thing."},{"startTime":2768.085,"endTime":2772.478,"body":"Again, you touched on data, but you know, the kinds of data that we're gonna"},{"startTime":2772.478,"endTime":2772.771,"body":"start to absorb about the way that people really do behave you a much more"},{"startTime":2772.771,"endTime":2773.063,"body":"dynamic way in these, in these sorts of environments coupled with the kind of the"},{"startTime":2773.063,"endTime":2785.365,"body":"technologies that people are starting to think about is really gonna be quite transformative."},{"startTime":2785.425,"endTime":2789.711,"body":"And in, in my own research, we've seen some of that in relation to, you"},{"startTime":2789.711,"endTime":2789.997,"body":"know, things like consumer behavior, the way that we can, you know, look at people's"},{"startTime":2789.997,"endTime":2798.285,"body":"transaction patterns in supermarkets or their behaviors on transport infrastructure or all kinds of things."},{"startTime":2798.545,"endTime":2802.705,"body":"So I, I do think that that's gonna be very transformational, but not may, maybe,"},{"startTime":2802.705,"endTime":2804.925,"body":"um, maybe not completely within the next year."},{"startTime":2804.985,"endTime":2807.893,"body":"So perhaps you'll be, uh, uh, it may be down to one or two of"},{"startTime":2807.893,"endTime":2809.445,"body":"your successes to push that forward as well."},{"startTime":2809.745,"endTime":2813.645,"body":"Uh, thirdly, very briefly, um, I mean, one of the properties of, of, of, of"},{"startTime":2813.645,"endTime":2813.905,"body":"networks that you, that you didn't really talk about was, was the idea of, of"},{"startTime":2813.905,"endTime":2817.805,"body":"hierarchies."},{"startTime":2818.225,"endTime":2821.417,"body":"And I mean, I was thinking a little bit about that in the, in the,"},{"startTime":2821.417,"endTime":2821.63,"body":"in the Kevin Bacon thing, but at one or two other places, and again, one"},{"startTime":2821.63,"endTime":2826.525,"body":"could go into, into, into greater detail on that."},{"startTime":2826.845,"endTime":2830.495,"body":"I mean, again, a kind of a not terribly intellectual sort of point I wanted"},{"startTime":2830.495,"endTime":2830.739,"body":"to make about that was, but it was interesting when you started talking about your"},{"startTime":2830.739,"endTime":2830.982,"body":"world cities, um, where it was very noticeable that there were to me, as someone"},{"startTime":2830.982,"endTime":2841.205,"body":"who coming from Leeds, so they wanted to be British cities, um, on there."},{"startTime":2841.745,"endTime":2844.37,"body":"And, um, you know, one of the other things I was thinking about, you, you"},{"startTime":2844.37,"endTime":2846.645,"body":"talk about the city of London as a, as a center for tech."},{"startTime":2847.225,"endTime":2850.816,"body":"Um, I was actually with a group this morning who would, would who were, um,"},{"startTime":2850.816,"endTime":2851.056,"body":"selling me the, um, uh, giving me the sound Paddington Basin as kind of a,"},{"startTime":2851.056,"endTime":2855.845,"body":"a bit of a technology hobo."},{"startTime":2855.845,"endTime":2859.463,"body":"Well, they actually, they weren't, but you know, they kind of mentioned you're coming together"},{"startTime":2859.463,"endTime":2859.705,"body":"there, you, you've got Marks and Spencer's visa, Microsoft, a few others, you know, and,"},{"startTime":2859.705,"endTime":2859.946,"body":"and of course, you know, cheering at the British Library, you know, we've got, um,"},{"startTime":2859.946,"endTime":2860.187,"body":"you know, deep mind and the British library itself and the crick and and so"},{"startTime":2860.187,"endTime":2871.285,"body":"on and so forth."},{"startTime":2871.425,"endTime":2876.883,"body":"So I, so I think, again, thinking about your hierarchy or relationships as they are"},{"startTime":2876.883,"endTime":2877.247,"body":"locally, regionally, and, and how all that connects into that, you know, that sort of"},{"startTime":2877.247,"endTime":2877.611,"body":"world, that that, that world scale piece is something that, that, that I think is"},{"startTime":2877.611,"endTime":2888.165,"body":"interesting."},{"startTime":2888.165,"endTime":2892.765,"body":"And as the kind of honorary northerner or, uh, regional representative on, uh, certainly on"},{"startTime":2892.765,"endTime":2895.525,"body":"the platform, I thought I should probably say that."},{"startTime":2895.665,"endTime":2900.271,"body":"And then finally, um, in interesting, I I probably should comment on the thing about,"},{"startTime":2900.271,"endTime":2900.578,"body":"about cities, and it was interesting that at one point you were talking about cities"},{"startTime":2900.578,"endTime":2909.485,"body":"very close to your discussion about, uh, trains and, and railways and, and so forth."},{"startTime":2909.485,"endTime":2913.033,"body":"And I, I did, you know, I did kind of wonder whether we should be"},{"startTime":2913.033,"endTime":2913.269,"body":"applying the same logic and think if we're talking about cities, you know, maybe we"},{"startTime":2913.269,"endTime":2913.506,"body":"need to cross out the word cities and think about actually, you know, a lot"},{"startTime":2913.506,"endTime":2913.743,"body":"of the people, for example, who, you know, who, who work in the city of"},{"startTime":2913.743,"endTime":2913.979,"body":"London, who have that important you who help to shape it, you know, are not"},{"startTime":2913.979,"endTime":2914.216,"body":"necessarily, well, you know, you know, the, the vast majority of 'em won't be resident"},{"startTime":2914.216,"endTime":2931.485,"body":"here, for example."},{"startTime":2932.025,"endTime":2934.911,"body":"Um, and you know, one can think of it as a, you know, kind of"},{"startTime":2934.911,"endTime":2937.605,"body":"more broadly as a network of connections and, and all that sort of things."},{"startTime":2937.825,"endTime":2943.121,"body":"Uh, but also I think, um, well, a couple other things, you know, thinking about,"},{"startTime":2943.121,"endTime":2943.475,"body":"you know, those sustainable development goals, for example, you know, all those things go beyond"},{"startTime":2943.475,"endTime":2949.125,"body":"beyond cities."},{"startTime":2949.945,"endTime":2954.11,"body":"Um, I noticed in Balter and Luxembourg in a couple of your centers as that"},{"startTime":2954.11,"endTime":2957.165,"body":"would then phrase the major centers, you know, not, not cities."},{"startTime":2957.825,"endTime":2962.375,"body":"And, and also just finally, um, you're very interesting in your interest, in your comments"},{"startTime":2962.375,"endTime":2966.925,"body":"about your kind of the pulse rate of cities or however we define these things."},{"startTime":2966.925,"endTime":2970.265,"body":"You know, I do think if you then start thinking about those sustainable development goals"},{"startTime":2970.265,"endTime":2973.605,"body":"about sustainable cities, you know, in some ways we're gonna have to slow cities down."},{"startTime":2974.425,"endTime":2979.118,"body":"Um, you know, and so we do need to think about, you know, how, how,"},{"startTime":2979.118,"endTime":2979.431,"body":"how energy get transformed maybe into other things that, that, that maintain that, that, that"},{"startTime":2979.431,"endTime":2984.125,"body":"dynamic."},{"startTime":2984.125,"endTime":2987.467,"body":"Because I think, you know, that that's inevitable is that we have to go through"},{"startTime":2987.467,"endTime":2988.805,"body":"some of those kinds of transformations."},{"startTime":2990.115,"endTime":2990.405,"body":"Mike."},{"startTime":2991.475,"endTime":2992.965,"body":"Yeah, tha thanks very much."},{"startTime":2993.105,"endTime":2998.888,"body":"Um, I'd like to explore this relationship between computing and, uh, connectivity and networks in"},{"startTime":2998.888,"endTime":2999.274,"body":"some sense, because, uh, although, um, uh, much of what you said was mainly looking"},{"startTime":2999.274,"endTime":2999.66,"body":"at networks, uh, links and nodes and so on, in this particular particular context, some"},{"startTime":2999.66,"endTime":3000.045,"body":"of the basic ideas about networks really have come outta computing, uh, and in some"},{"startTime":3000.045,"endTime":3019.325,"body":"respects, um, the two are really in parallel."},{"startTime":3019.445,"endTime":3022.963,"body":"I mean, there's, um, if you know anything about the history of computing, then there"},{"startTime":3022.963,"endTime":3024.605,"body":"are all sorts of laws in computing."},{"startTime":3024.605,"endTime":3029.932,"body":"There's Moore's Law, for example, that, uh, suggests that every 18 months, uh, and this"},{"startTime":3029.932,"endTime":3030.287,"body":"is always under debate every 18 months or so, uh, a computer chip gets twice"},{"startTime":3030.287,"endTime":3036.325,"body":"as much memory."},{"startTime":3036.505,"endTime":3039.205,"body":"It runs, um, twice as fast, basically."},{"startTime":3039.505,"endTime":3041.325,"body":"Uh, and it's half the size basically."},{"startTime":3041.325,"endTime":3043.725,"body":"And that's been going on for about 40 or 50 years."},{"startTime":3044.105,"endTime":3048.264,"body":"And the reason why we have AI all around us at the moment, uh, talk"},{"startTime":3048.264,"endTime":3050.205,"body":"about that, is largely because of that."},{"startTime":3050.725,"endTime":3053.645,"body":"Language models are basically a product of laws law."},{"startTime":3053.865,"endTime":3058.725,"body":"But there's another law, which is called Metcalf's Law, that, um, in the, um, in"},{"startTime":3058.725,"endTime":3059.049,"body":"the early 1980s, there was, um, a group in, uh, Palo Alto in Silicon Valley,"},{"startTime":3059.049,"endTime":3068.445,"body":"uh, set up by Xerox called Xerox Park, and it was basically a skunk work."},{"startTime":3068.615,"endTime":3072.645,"body":"Xerox were getting into the business of thinking about building computers and so on."},{"startTime":3072.945,"endTime":3074.965,"body":"Uh, and there's all sorts of apocryphal stories."},{"startTime":3075.325,"endTime":3080.753,"body":"Apparently Steve Jobs from Apple basically visited Xerox Park, uh, and, uh, stole the ideas"},{"startTime":3080.753,"endTime":3082.925,"body":"about the Macintosh and so on."},{"startTime":3083.225,"endTime":3088.187,"body":"But, but, uh, uh, there was a, a scientist, um, in, um, uh, in, in"},{"startTime":3088.187,"endTime":3088.518,"body":"Xerox Park of Palo Alto, uh, called Bob Metcalf, and he was the person who"},{"startTime":3088.518,"endTime":3094.805,"body":"put together computers and networks."},{"startTime":3094.905,"endTime":3101.565,"body":"The first ethernet, the link between your, um, your PC or your Mac, basically."},{"startTime":3101.825,"endTime":3106.325,"body":"Uh, and a printer basically, probably these days is using some kind of, uh, ethernet"},{"startTime":3106.325,"endTime":3107.525,"body":"related, probably using wifi."},{"startTime":3107.825,"endTime":3112.567,"body":"But, um, if you're in an institution, basically be using an ethernet, well, they invented"},{"startTime":3112.567,"endTime":3112.883,"body":"this at, at Xerox Park, and, uh, he coined the law, or rather the law"},{"startTime":3112.883,"endTime":3113.2,"body":"was coined, coined after him that, um, the power of, uh, uh, the power of"},{"startTime":3113.2,"endTime":3113.516,"body":"a network really, uh, depends not on the number of nodes in the network, but"},{"startTime":3113.516,"endTime":3129.325,"body":"on the square of the number of nodes."},{"startTime":3129.325,"endTime":3134.125,"body":"So if you've got 10 computers in a network, uh, then the, the power of"},{"startTime":3134.125,"endTime":3137.965,"body":"that network, uh, is basically not 10 computers each one added together."},{"startTime":3138.195,"endTime":3139.885,"body":"It's actually the links between them."},{"startTime":3140.145,"endTime":3141.965,"body":"And you can apply that to just about everything."},{"startTime":3141.965,"endTime":3144.005,"body":"You applied it, Michael, to all sorts of things."},{"startTime":3144.205,"endTime":3149.215,"body":"I mean, if you look at a small village versus a town, basically, uh, what"},{"startTime":3149.215,"endTime":3149.549,"body":"Jeff West was saying at Santa Fe and so on, uh, about scaling, basically that"},{"startTime":3149.549,"endTime":3149.883,"body":"big cities are more than proportionately, uh, more wealthy, more diverse, and so on, uh,"},{"startTime":3149.883,"endTime":3164.245,"body":"because there is more than proportion of connectivity in a big city in that sense."},{"startTime":3164.465,"endTime":3166.125,"body":"So, so this is really very important."},{"startTime":3166.525,"endTime":3171.428,"body":"I remember when we came to London in, um, uh, about 30 years ago, we"},{"startTime":3171.428,"endTime":3171.755,"body":"came, I, I was living in the United States for a few years before that,"},{"startTime":3171.755,"endTime":3172.081,"body":"uh, and in my area of, uh, applying computers to cities, basically, uh, uh, very"},{"startTime":3172.081,"endTime":3172.408,"body":"much related to what you've been talking about, mark, uh, in that particular context, applying"},{"startTime":3172.408,"endTime":3172.735,"body":"computers to cities, we were very interested in beginning to map things back 30 years"},{"startTime":3172.735,"endTime":3173.062,"body":"ago, it was quite hard to actually map things, but GIS geographic information systems are"},{"startTime":3173.062,"endTime":3196.925,"body":"on the cards."},{"startTime":3197.265,"endTime":3201.346,"body":"And so one of the things we did in our group at UCL, uh, was"},{"startTime":3201.346,"endTime":3201.618,"body":"to begin to map out, uh, many of the features that we already knew that,"},{"startTime":3201.618,"endTime":3201.89,"body":"uh, in big cities, for example, the density of the population was higher than on"},{"startTime":3201.89,"endTime":3211.685,"body":"the edge and so on in this sense."},{"startTime":3211.905,"endTime":3216.808,"body":"And so what we did is we had a data set of, uh, internet, uh,"},{"startTime":3216.808,"endTime":3220.405,"body":"protocol numbers, basically all the internet connections, uh, in the uk."},{"startTime":3220.425,"endTime":3223.285,"body":"We had this data set and we thought we were plotted out."},{"startTime":3223.325,"endTime":3227.925,"body":"And what we would expect to see was a big spike, uh, in London, um,"},{"startTime":3227.925,"endTime":3230.685,"body":"and smaller spikes in Manchester and places like this."},{"startTime":3231.145,"endTime":3236.317,"body":"In terms of the, uh, of this activity, what actually emerged was that the spike"},{"startTime":3236.317,"endTime":3239.765,"body":"in central London here in the city was absolutely enormous."},{"startTime":3239.865,"endTime":3244.876,"body":"Now, this was 1996, cast your mind back to then, most people didn't really know"},{"startTime":3244.876,"endTime":3248.885,"body":"about the internet, and they were just beginning to learn about it."},{"startTime":3248.985,"endTime":3252.815,"body":"Tim burners Lee had put the front end, the graphical front end on the worldwide"},{"startTime":3252.815,"endTime":3256.645,"body":"web and so on, but most people, um, didn't know about it in that context."},{"startTime":3256.785,"endTime":3262.958,"body":"So it was very surprising to us that, that you got this incredible density of,"},{"startTime":3262.958,"endTime":3267.485,"body":"of, of locations, of internet protocol numbers here in the city."},{"startTime":3267.625,"endTime":3271.769,"body":"You could, we could locate it right down to these individual points, but of course,"},{"startTime":3271.769,"endTime":3275.085,"body":"the real power of this network is actually the square of it."},{"startTime":3275.385,"endTime":3279.468,"body":"So what we were seeing was just the tip of the iceberg quite literally in"},{"startTime":3279.468,"endTime":3280.285,"body":"that particular context."},{"startTime":3280.785,"endTime":3285.351,"body":"So I think there's, there's all sorts of very interesting things that Mark referred to,"},{"startTime":3285.351,"endTime":3285.656,"body":"Julie referred to in terms of the power of networks, the power of all of"},{"startTime":3285.656,"endTime":3294.485,"body":"these things to actually create, uh, to create wealth in some sense and create diversity."},{"startTime":3294.545,"endTime":3298.965,"body":"And that's exactly what you were talking about, connectivity to prosper in that sense,"},{"startTime":3300.285,"endTime":3306.245,"body":"I believe the provinces, uh, kindly volunteered to, uh, organize the questions from the audience."},{"startTime":3306.325,"endTime":3309.212,"body":"I think we're gonna be taking them in a very swiftly in a group of"},{"startTime":3309.212,"endTime":3309.405,"body":"three."},{"startTime":3309.405,"endTime":3310.285,"body":"Is that correct, Martin?"},{"startTime":3310.355,"endTime":3310.645,"body":"Yeah,"},{"startTime":3311.125,"endTime":3316.43,"body":"I, um, would like to know what, um, measures you have, um, taken in case,"},{"startTime":3316.43,"endTime":3317.845,"body":"um, climate change happens"},{"startTime":3319.475,"endTime":3320.445,"body":"With climate change."},{"startTime":3320.515,"endTime":3320.805,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":3320.875,"endTime":3321.165,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":3321.165,"endTime":3321.405,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":3321.515,"endTime":3321.805,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":3322.385,"endTime":3326.09,"body":"Um, and the next one, so we stick on the same row, we've got three"},{"startTime":3326.09,"endTime":3327.325,"body":"here in a nice row."},{"startTime":3334.325,"endTime":3339.441,"body":"I, I was going to ask about the unconnected, I think in mind, the disadvantaged,"},{"startTime":3339.441,"endTime":3339.782,"body":"maybe the red wall, and then also the elderly who are not connected to the"},{"startTime":3339.782,"endTime":3346.605,"body":"internet, nowhere near a bus route."},{"startTime":3348.665,"endTime":3348.885,"body":"Hi."},{"startTime":3349.145,"endTime":3349.365,"body":"Hi."},{"startTime":3349.365,"endTime":3349.565,"body":"Thank."},{"startTime":3350.415,"endTime":3350.955,"body":"Can you hear me?"},{"startTime":3351.455,"endTime":3351.675,"body":"Hi."},{"startTime":3351.755,"endTime":3356.18,"body":"I think this question is, uh, both for the law mayor and for Professor Julia"},{"startTime":3356.18,"endTime":3356.475,"body":"Black."},{"startTime":3356.615,"endTime":3362.755,"body":"Um, so how can we use knowledge, uh, networks to build opportunities for city workers?"},{"startTime":3363.135,"endTime":3367.813,"body":"And I'm quite interested, uh, ju uh, professor Julia Black, uh, had really an interesting"},{"startTime":3367.813,"endTime":3368.125,"body":"story about what you are doing, uh, at the British Academy around your networks and"},{"startTime":3368.125,"endTime":3368.437,"body":"how you use, how you use knowledge coming from different people coming together to resolve"},{"startTime":3368.437,"endTime":3380.915,"body":"issues that they might not be able to, to resolve by themselves."},{"startTime":3381.295,"endTime":3386.313,"body":"The, the direct question would be, have you do the demographics of your participants, because"},{"startTime":3386.313,"endTime":3386.648,"body":"what I can, I always unfortunately find that academia has this really great ideas, but"},{"startTime":3386.648,"endTime":3386.982,"body":"we never, we're not able to transfer them in the real world business and so"},{"startTime":3386.982,"endTime":3396.685,"body":"on."},{"startTime":3397.705,"endTime":3398.885,"body":"How can you make it more accessible?"},{"startTime":3399.825,"endTime":3403.285,"body":"So climate change, the first one, second one."},{"startTime":3403.435,"endTime":3404.645,"body":"Kick off on the first one, Julie."},{"startTime":3404.975,"endTime":3406.205,"body":"Sorry, on the last one, I think"},{"startTime":3406.625,"endTime":3409.925,"body":"On the last, yeah, so I'll happily, um, I'll happily try."},{"startTime":3410.235,"endTime":3411.285,"body":"Okay, on the last one."},{"startTime":3411.785,"endTime":3416.211,"body":"So on the, um, so I think there are a couple of things there in"},{"startTime":3416.211,"endTime":3416.506,"body":"relation to how to create different forms of networks, and then how to mobilize that"},{"startTime":3416.506,"endTime":3423.885,"body":"knowledge so that it then goes and has a public benefit."},{"startTime":3424.545,"endTime":3428.855,"body":"Um, so the first is that what we do within the British Academy is we"},{"startTime":3428.855,"endTime":3430.005,"body":"do two core things."},{"startTime":3430.105,"endTime":3432.005,"body":"One is we convene, and the other is we fund."},{"startTime":3432.785,"endTime":3437.685,"body":"Um, and so we are funding, um, funding interdisciplinary work."},{"startTime":3438.055,"endTime":3442.981,"body":"We're also funding people to go from academia into, uh, either into business or into"},{"startTime":3442.981,"endTime":3443.31,"body":"public policy roles or from, or vice versa, so that we have that mobility and"},{"startTime":3443.31,"endTime":3448.565,"body":"that connectivity."},{"startTime":3449.345,"endTime":3454.638,"body":"Um, we're also starting to build a network of knowledge connectors, so those who are"},{"startTime":3454.638,"endTime":3454.991,"body":"themselves interested in connecting knowledge, um, we know it's quite, it's a difficult thing to"},{"startTime":3454.991,"endTime":3460.285,"body":"do."},{"startTime":3460.865,"endTime":3465.682,"body":"Um, the what we, what in the social context, you know, those APIs aren't quite"},{"startTime":3465.682,"endTime":3466.325,"body":"as seamless."},{"startTime":3466.665,"endTime":3471.343,"body":"Um, those translators, uh, have to have a very particular skill to be able to"},{"startTime":3471.343,"endTime":3471.655,"body":"actually translate from one subsystem or one network, one part of a, a network to"},{"startTime":3471.655,"endTime":3478.205,"body":"another to try to create those links."},{"startTime":3478.205,"endTime":3479.125,"body":"So to try and to do that."},{"startTime":3479.385,"endTime":3483.493,"body":"And then finally in the, in the context of actually mobilizing that knowledge so that"},{"startTime":3483.493,"endTime":3483.767,"body":"academic work gets out there into the real world, then, um, I actually lead a,"},{"startTime":3483.767,"endTime":3484.04,"body":"a network of about 40 universities in the uk, uh, and across the EU to"},{"startTime":3484.04,"endTime":3492.805,"body":"try and do that."},{"startTime":3492.805,"endTime":3494.405,"body":"So there's a number of different things."},{"startTime":3494.905,"endTime":3500.176,"body":"Um, working hard, it's going to take some time, but working absolutely with the city,"},{"startTime":3500.176,"endTime":3500.527,"body":"and I absolutely, totally love the, the connected knowledge to prosper, uh, because that is"},{"startTime":3500.527,"endTime":3507.205,"body":"exactly, exactly what we're doing."},{"startTime":3507.225,"endTime":3507.965,"body":"So delighted."},{"startTime":3508.135,"endTime":3508.485,"body":"Great."},{"startTime":3508.485,"endTime":3508.725,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3508.925,"endTime":3510.445,"body":"I two questions about climate change."},{"startTime":3510.445,"endTime":3511.245,"body":"You want climate change?"},{"startTime":3512.275,"endTime":3512.565,"body":"Yeah,"},{"startTime":3512.645,"endTime":3517.066,"body":"I mean, uh, in, in relation to climate change, probably the, you know, the, the"},{"startTime":3517.066,"endTime":3517.36,"body":"main thing I would say, again, I, I think yeah, encouraging, you know, changes in"},{"startTime":3517.36,"endTime":3523.845,"body":"behavior patterns and the way we do things."},{"startTime":3524.105,"endTime":3529.065,"body":"I'm thinking particularly, for example, uh, our group is doing, uh, quite a lot with"},{"startTime":3529.065,"endTime":3529.395,"body":"an organization called Active Active Travel England at the moment, who are, you know, promoting"},{"startTime":3529.395,"endTime":3529.726,"body":"some of it, some of this is about your interactions between health and mobility, but"},{"startTime":3529.726,"endTime":3530.057,"body":"it's also very importantly about, um, your different, you know, different patterns of mobility and"},{"startTime":3530.057,"endTime":3548.245,"body":"how they can become more, you know, kind of more sustainable, more effective."},{"startTime":3548.265,"endTime":3553.138,"body":"So, you know, some of that, for example, is about, um, you know, how do"},{"startTime":3553.138,"endTime":3553.463,"body":"we develop the sort of infrastructure that is gonna promote, you know, particularly groups that"},{"startTime":3553.463,"endTime":3553.788,"body":"aren't, you know, 35 to 45 year old men in like her and, you know,"},{"startTime":3553.788,"endTime":3554.113,"body":"so for example, getting greater, uh, diversity equality between the, the genders in terms of,"},{"startTime":3554.113,"endTime":3570.685,"body":"um, you know, different, different modes of, of travel."},{"startTime":3570.865,"endTime":3575.637,"body":"You know, maybe we need less, um, you know, less kind of arterial routes for"},{"startTime":3575.637,"endTime":3575.955,"body":"bikes and more, um, you know, kind of developing, uh, other routes along canals, this"},{"startTime":3575.955,"endTime":3581.365,"body":"kind of thing."},{"startTime":3581.545,"endTime":3586.453,"body":"So yeah, active, active travel in England is producing plans at the moment for, you"},{"startTime":3586.453,"endTime":3589.725,"body":"know, pretty much every local authority in, in the country."},{"startTime":3590.225,"endTime":3596.051,"body":"But connecting that to your behavior patterns, to the way that people respond to particular"},{"startTime":3596.051,"endTime":3600.325,"body":"kind of initiatives, you know, how can we do that effectively?"},{"startTime":3600.745,"endTime":3603.736,"body":"Um, and whether there's any way for the city of London to get involved in"},{"startTime":3603.736,"endTime":3603.936,"body":"all of that, um, uh, I don't know, but I'm, I'm sure that there's a"},{"startTime":3603.936,"endTime":3607.925,"body":"part that could be played there."},{"startTime":3608.755,"endTime":3611.885,"body":"Then our, our next question was about the unconnected."},{"startTime":3611.945,"endTime":3612.805,"body":"The unconnected."},{"startTime":3612.995,"endTime":3613.845,"body":"It's a very good question."},{"startTime":3614.065,"endTime":3614.285,"body":"The"},{"startTime":3614.285,"endTime":3619.849,"body":"Unconnected, the unconnected is the dots actually in a sense, but, um, uh, there's a"},{"startTime":3619.849,"endTime":3620.22,"body":"great story by em, em Foster called The Machine Stops, basically written in 1909, where"},{"startTime":3620.22,"endTime":3620.591,"body":"he envisages a world where everybody is in their own little cocoon and there's no"},{"startTime":3620.591,"endTime":3620.962,"body":"connection between them basically, in a sense, and this is put forward as being some"},{"startTime":3620.962,"endTime":3641.365,"body":"kind of utopia, but of course, ultimately the machine stops in a sense."},{"startTime":3641.865,"endTime":3645.525,"body":"Um, uh, and that's really an unconnected world in one sense."},{"startTime":3646.025,"endTime":3651.569,"body":"Um, if we look at, uh, the modern world around us, basically there, there are"},{"startTime":3651.569,"endTime":3651.939,"body":"both good and bad in terms of unconnected and connected in that sense that I"},{"startTime":3651.939,"endTime":3652.308,"body":"think there are many, uh, failed states, for example, or failing states that, uh, could"},{"startTime":3652.308,"endTime":3666.725,"body":"benefit enormously from new forms of connection in a global context."},{"startTime":3666.905,"endTime":3671.752,"body":"And equally well, uh, there are plenty of places that probably could do with some"},{"startTime":3671.752,"endTime":3673.045,"body":"disconnection in some senses."},{"startTime":3673.305,"endTime":3678.848,"body":"So, and I think that's a very important point because I'm not particularly aware of"},{"startTime":3678.848,"endTime":3679.217,"body":"anybody who's looked across a whole series of ideas in networks and has looked at"},{"startTime":3679.217,"endTime":3689.565,"body":"both good and bad, disconnected, um, unconnected and so on, looked at that thing."},{"startTime":3689.565,"endTime":3693.65,"body":"And I think that would be a very useful thing to look at, because I"},{"startTime":3693.65,"endTime":3693.922,"body":"think there are definitely things that we might do in terms of public policy, in"},{"startTime":3693.922,"endTime":3694.194,"body":"terms of cities where we might disconnect a few things to actually improve them in"},{"startTime":3694.194,"endTime":3702.365,"body":"that sense."},{"startTime":3703.335,"endTime":3705.325,"body":"Let's move to the back of the Hall for Change."},{"startTime":3705.465,"endTime":3706.925,"body":"Got one, two, and three."},{"startTime":3707.245,"endTime":3707.645,"body":"I can see."},{"startTime":3708.225,"endTime":3708.445,"body":"Hi."},{"startTime":3708.445,"endTime":3709.085,"body":"Hello everyone."},{"startTime":3709.085,"endTime":3715.12,"body":"My name is Harry from Speaker Leaders, and it's very interesting what, um, the story"},{"startTime":3715.12,"endTime":3715.522,"body":"that you shared with us about the coffee shops and how these networking and this"},{"startTime":3715.522,"endTime":3722.765,"body":"big network started, right?"},{"startTime":3723.545,"endTime":3728.955,"body":"But today we live in a society that we telling to our kids don't talk"},{"startTime":3728.955,"endTime":3734.365,"body":"to strangers, and there is a massive fear of public speaking and to build relationships."},{"startTime":3735.025,"endTime":3740.757,"body":"So from the educational point of view, what is your point in how can we"},{"startTime":3740.757,"endTime":3745.725,"body":"empower our kids, our new generations that actually talk to strangers is good."},{"startTime":3746.275,"endTime":3752.881,"body":"Talk to strangers, come help you to build your net worth to create relationships, to"},{"startTime":3752.881,"endTime":3757.285,"body":"span your business to, to get better resource at schools."},{"startTime":3757.785,"endTime":3763.107,"body":"So from the educational point of view, what can we put in place to empower"},{"startTime":3763.107,"endTime":3763.462,"body":"or to teach some polling speaking skills so we can avoid the biggest fear that"},{"startTime":3763.462,"endTime":3770.205,"body":"our junior generation face today?"},{"startTime":3770.945,"endTime":3775.825,"body":"Uh, the panelists for amazing presentation, uh, because we in City of London, uh, I"},{"startTime":3775.825,"endTime":3779.405,"body":"want to ask a question which relates to money and networks."},{"startTime":3779.985,"endTime":3785.78,"body":"Uh, we heard about the power of networking resources and people, and, um, I kind"},{"startTime":3785.78,"endTime":3788.485,"body":"of thought that, you know, money Good."},{"startTime":3788.485,"endTime":3789.045,"body":"Could you speak up a bit?"},{"startTime":3789.075,"endTime":3790.125,"body":"It's very difficult to hear you."},{"startTime":3790.125,"endTime":3790.405,"body":"Yeah,"},{"startTime":3790.405,"endTime":3791.285,"body":"I just want to ask a question."},{"startTime":3791.285,"endTime":3791.965,"body":"First of all, thank you."},{"startTime":3792.065,"endTime":3795.991,"body":"The panelists for the presentation, and especially the Mike Minelli, uh, just because we're in"},{"startTime":3795.991,"endTime":3796.253,"body":"city of London, I kind of talked about asking a question which relates to money"},{"startTime":3796.253,"endTime":3800.965,"body":"and power of networks."},{"startTime":3801.465,"endTime":3806.471,"body":"We heard about the power of networks of, you know, capturing capacity needs and so"},{"startTime":3806.471,"endTime":3806.805,"body":"on."},{"startTime":3807.185,"endTime":3812.252,"body":"Uh, I just was thinking that money involved for the last 5,000 years to compensate"},{"startTime":3812.252,"endTime":3816.645,"body":"for the lack of connectivity in between expanding village and people, et cetera."},{"startTime":3817.105,"endTime":3821.323,"body":"And now we are living for the last 60, 70 years into, in extremely networked"},{"startTime":3821.323,"endTime":3821.605,"body":"world."},{"startTime":3822.425,"endTime":3828.365,"body":"Uh, do you see any emerging, um, capacities of networks and so on?"},{"startTime":3828.385,"endTime":3835.206,"body":"To provide facility for, uh, non-financial means for human sustainability, we organize ourselves without using"},{"startTime":3835.206,"endTime":3838.845,"body":"the many as a means of our organization."},{"startTime":3838.855,"endTime":3839.325,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3840.985,"endTime":3843.725,"body":"And last one, a little bit further over that way."},{"startTime":3843.895,"endTime":3844.365,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3845.265,"endTime":3845.485,"body":"Yep."},{"startTime":3848.345,"endTime":3848.765,"body":"Thanks."},{"startTime":3849.265,"endTime":3851.685,"body":"Um, my name's Paul Atherton."},{"startTime":3851.825,"endTime":3856.045,"body":"I'm a fellow at the Royal Society of Arts, the greatest coffeehouse of all."},{"startTime":3857.145,"endTime":3862.791,"body":"Um, I was just interested in the nature of the corruption of a network, which"},{"startTime":3862.791,"endTime":3863.167,"body":"we see quite often, especially in the internet space, where a single individual can dominate"},{"startTime":3863.167,"endTime":3863.543,"body":"and control how the connections happen, how people are influenced in that space, and ultimately"},{"startTime":3863.543,"endTime":3875.965,"body":"the outcomes of their behavior."},{"startTime":3876.415,"endTime":3876.885,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3877.225,"endTime":3879.445,"body":"So they, they linked together thematically quite well."},{"startTime":3879.525,"endTime":3881.485,"body":"I think it's how does the networks do good?"},{"startTime":3881.985,"endTime":3885.625,"body":"Um, came through from the first question and perhaps from the last one, the middle"},{"startTime":3885.625,"endTime":3887.325,"body":"one, I didn't quite, quite so Well,"},{"startTime":3888.755,"endTime":3890.525,"body":"Perhaps I could turn in."},{"startTime":3890.755,"endTime":3893.805,"body":"Mike, do you want to pick up on how networks do good?"},{"startTime":3894.505,"endTime":3894.925,"body":"Do good?"},{"startTime":3895.195,"endTime":3895.485,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":3896.105,"endTime":3899.485,"body":"Um, how do networks do good?"},{"startTime":3899.705,"endTime":3903.843,"body":"The, the, my answer to this, I think, uh, assumes that, uh, it shouldn't, well,"},{"startTime":3903.843,"endTime":3904.119,"body":"you shouldn't take my answer to assume that I believe that networks are all good,"},{"startTime":3904.119,"endTime":3909.085,"body":"basically in that sense."},{"startTime":3909.625,"endTime":3911.845,"body":"Um, but networks can do good."},{"startTime":3912.045,"endTime":3918.365,"body":"I think by, uh, connecting, uh, and I, this related to the, my previous response,"},{"startTime":3918.365,"endTime":3918.786,"body":"uh, by, by connecting, uh, things that would appear to benefit, um, uh, in this"},{"startTime":3918.786,"endTime":3919.207,"body":"particular context, groups of people who might be benefit in some sense, uh, networks, for"},{"startTime":3919.207,"endTime":3937.325,"body":"example, I think help in terms of reducing, um, uh, segregation, things of this sort."},{"startTime":3937.625,"endTime":3941.511,"body":"So I feel that there's a whole range of things, uh, in terms of how"},{"startTime":3941.511,"endTime":3943.325,"body":"we could actually look at different networks."},{"startTime":3943.325,"endTime":3944.605,"body":"And of course we have to take spec."},{"startTime":3944.945,"endTime":3949.635,"body":"I'm not, I'm not suggesting there's a generic principle here in that sense, but we"},{"startTime":3949.635,"endTime":3954.325,"body":"have to take each case, each aspect, um, in its own right in that sense."},{"startTime":3954.745,"endTime":3960.13,"body":"Uh, and that's why I think we would find that in certain circumstances, um, uh,"},{"startTime":3960.13,"endTime":3961.925,"body":"connecting things would do good."},{"startTime":3961.945,"endTime":3964.845,"body":"In other circumstances, connecting things could do bad."},{"startTime":3968.965,"endTime":3971.445,"body":"I mean, I'm, I'm, I'm happy to have, happy to have a go."},{"startTime":3972.385,"endTime":3977.074,"body":"So think, to be honest, the term dual use is, is very much in, in"},{"startTime":3977.074,"endTime":3978.325,"body":"vogue at the moment."},{"startTime":3978.425,"endTime":3981.085,"body":"And networks are dual use technologies, as it were."},{"startTime":3981.385,"endTime":3985.005,"body":"Uh, so yes, they can be used for greater enhanced connectivity."},{"startTime":3985.105,"endTime":3988.176,"body":"So you talked about, you know, kids should be invited to talk to strangers, you"},{"startTime":3988.176,"endTime":3989.405,"body":"should look at their social media."},{"startTime":3990.585,"endTime":3995.194,"body":"Um, one of the challenges on there is it's that connectivity that was dreamed of"},{"startTime":3995.194,"endTime":3995.501,"body":"Michael, you mentioned sort of talking to the, you know, the, the wife of the"},{"startTime":3995.501,"endTime":4000.725,"body":"farmer in India."},{"startTime":4000.785,"endTime":4003.026,"body":"I'd be more interested what the wife had to think of it rather than a"},{"startTime":4003.026,"endTime":4003.325,"body":"husband actually."},{"startTime":4003.325,"endTime":4004.405,"body":"But, but you know the point."},{"startTime":4004.705,"endTime":4008.325,"body":"So, so yes, it can absolutely can be used for the most enormous good."},{"startTime":4008.625,"endTime":4013.258,"body":"Um, absolutely can be used for the most enormous harm and part of that, but"},{"startTime":4013.258,"endTime":4016.965,"body":"not only part of that is, is just us as humans, right?"},{"startTime":4017.175,"endTime":4018.325,"body":"We're self-referential."},{"startTime":4018.935,"endTime":4019.645,"body":"Where do we go?"},{"startTime":4019.665,"endTime":4023.208,"body":"We go to what we like, we go to where we know we seek confirmation"},{"startTime":4023.208,"endTime":4023.445,"body":"bias."},{"startTime":4023.585,"endTime":4027.203,"body":"So we surround ourselves with things that we know, things that, things that are like"},{"startTime":4027.203,"endTime":4027.445,"body":"us."},{"startTime":4028.385,"endTime":4032.472,"body":"Um, and so, and we know that no matter how much you talked about, more"},{"startTime":4032.472,"endTime":4034.925,"body":"feeding, more data doesn't necessarily produce, uh, better outcomes."},{"startTime":4035.805,"endTime":4035.885,"body":"Actually."},{"startTime":4035.885,"endTime":4038.525,"body":"We know that just feeding more information doesn't change people's views."},{"startTime":4038.585,"endTime":4040.445,"body":"It just re entrenches them."},{"startTime":4041.025,"endTime":4042.285,"body":"So part of that is about behavior."},{"startTime":4042.285,"endTime":4043.645,"body":"Part of that is actually about design."},{"startTime":4044.545,"endTime":4049.125,"body":"So I talked about the institutional dynamics, uh, to play into the networks."},{"startTime":4049.465,"endTime":4052.895,"body":"And we know that in social media, we know exactly how those algorithms are geared"},{"startTime":4052.895,"endTime":4054.725,"body":"'cause we know what the business models are."},{"startTime":4055.345,"endTime":4060.453,"body":"So I'm not, I would encourage us to be, um, quite realistic as to the"},{"startTime":4060.453,"endTime":4060.794,"body":"social context, not only in which those networks are built and developed, but in which"},{"startTime":4060.794,"endTime":4066.925,"body":"they're designed and deployed."},{"startTime":4067.505,"endTime":4071.248,"body":"Um, and to think of them absolutely, yes, as those dual use technologies, both in"},{"startTime":4071.248,"endTime":4073.245,"body":"the technology sense and in the social sense."},{"startTime":4073.825,"endTime":4078.775,"body":"So I'm just gonna ask the last round of questions before I get Michael to"},{"startTime":4078.775,"endTime":4081.085,"body":"summarize, and then, um, we will close."},{"startTime":4081.385,"endTime":4082.565,"body":"So we have a question down there."},{"startTime":4082.725,"endTime":4084.045,"body":"I think the first one,"},{"startTime":4086.385,"endTime":4087.365,"body":"I'm Professor Christy."},{"startTime":4087.765,"endTime":4092.165,"body":"M uh, thanks for your great analysis."},{"startTime":4092.425,"endTime":4101.028,"body":"In terms of connection to prosper, I'm troubled by the social inequities that still exist"},{"startTime":4101.028,"endTime":4101.601,"body":"in spite of our connectivity, in spite of technology and covid, if anything, expose this"},{"startTime":4101.601,"endTime":4110.205,"body":"severely."},{"startTime":4110.705,"endTime":4116.17,"body":"We are people in ta, hamlets and the city, and we have people in Hackney"},{"startTime":4116.17,"endTime":4116.535,"body":"and so close that their life expectancy because of that social inequity draws by over"},{"startTime":4116.535,"endTime":4122.365,"body":"10 years."},{"startTime":4122.814,"endTime":4123.285,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":4124.555,"endTime":4127.805,"body":"Okay, the next one is the back and then one just here in the middle."},{"startTime":4129.064,"endTime":4137.432,"body":"Um, in, in light of the, uh, uh, quote by sir, uh, Herbert Simon, uh,"},{"startTime":4137.432,"endTime":4137.99,"body":"about information consuming attention, um, are networks self-regulating in terms of the, uh, waste, uh,"},{"startTime":4137.99,"endTime":4138.548,"body":"or, or, or the information generated from, uh, innovation and the information which it's able"},{"startTime":4138.548,"endTime":4155.285,"body":"to consume?"},{"startTime":4155.865,"endTime":4159.564,"body":"Uh, is there any self reg regulating mechanism there?"},{"startTime":4159.585,"endTime":4162.845,"body":"Or is that, uh, un uncontrolled?"},{"startTime":4163.024,"endTime":4163.564,"body":"Can it be,"},{"startTime":4165.055,"endTime":4165.524,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":4165.545,"endTime":4166.444,"body":"And the last one here."},{"startTime":4166.734,"endTime":4167.085,"body":"Hello."},{"startTime":4167.085,"endTime":4167.925,"body":"Thank you Philip Ross."},{"startTime":4168.585,"endTime":4173.085,"body":"Uh, one of the, the, when we talked about what I've taken from your talk,"},{"startTime":4173.085,"endTime":4176.085,"body":"Michael, was about communities prosper when there's connectivity in them."},{"startTime":4176.145,"endTime":4179.005,"body":"And actually, we talk a lot about garden cities, which you're talking about together."},{"startTime":4179.005,"endTime":4182.645,"body":"And Ebenezer Howard talked about the connected cities being a powerful place."},{"startTime":4183.045,"endTime":4187.328,"body":"I was looking at thinking when we talk about new communities, which we're building a"},{"startTime":4187.328,"endTime":4187.613,"body":"lot of, now actually, instead of just houses, we need to create places for people"},{"startTime":4187.613,"endTime":4193.325,"body":"to, to network and prosper together."},{"startTime":4193.685,"endTime":4195.485,"body":"I think I was gonna see what your take was on that."},{"startTime":4195.805,"endTime":4199.726,"body":"I was just gonna add that I think my most powerful personal network is actually"},{"startTime":4199.726,"endTime":4203.125,"body":"the other parents are at my, at my, at my son's football team."},{"startTime":4203.245,"endTime":4208.435,"body":"'cause it throws together parents all sorts of different backgrounds and creates those interactions, which"},{"startTime":4208.435,"endTime":4210.165,"body":"would have otherwise never happened."},{"startTime":4210.435,"endTime":4210.725,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":4210.825,"endTime":4215.078,"body":"So, so on the social inequity question, so, so, uh, I'm a geographer, so I'm"},{"startTime":4215.078,"endTime":4215.362,"body":"very conscious of, you know, issues relating to accessibility and, you know, what's going on"},{"startTime":4215.362,"endTime":4221.885,"body":"in the center of the cities and so forth."},{"startTime":4221.885,"endTime":4225.405,"body":"And as we kind of touched on, you know, there are gonna be o other"},{"startTime":4225.405,"endTime":4228.925,"body":"issues there in relation to, you know, digital divides and those, those kind of questions."},{"startTime":4229.325,"endTime":4232.231,"body":"I mean, I would, would commend to you, if you've not come across it, a"},{"startTime":4232.231,"endTime":4232.425,"body":"project called Born in Bradford, which is a group that we work with, you know,"},{"startTime":4232.425,"endTime":4235.525,"body":"quite closely."},{"startTime":4235.625,"endTime":4239.333,"body":"One of the things that those people have done is, you know, they've been following"},{"startTime":4239.333,"endTime":4239.58,"body":"a cohort of children over the last 15 years, and then on into their family"},{"startTime":4239.58,"endTime":4244.525,"body":"relationships and, and, and so forth."},{"startTime":4244.525,"endTime":4249.428,"body":"And one of the things that they've started to do is to connect together different"},{"startTime":4249.428,"endTime":4254.005,"body":"aspects of, um, inequality and lack of opportunity in very interesting and powerful ways."},{"startTime":4254.105,"endTime":4259.338,"body":"One of the examples they use, which always stay to me, is in relation to,"},{"startTime":4259.338,"endTime":4259.687,"body":"uh, children's eyesight and their academic performance, because they start to link together health data,"},{"startTime":4259.687,"endTime":4260.036,"body":"educational data, and finding very strong relationships there, particularly, again, within, for example, disadvantaged communities"},{"startTime":4260.036,"endTime":4260.385,"body":"where there may be social attitudes or financial issues relating to the kids actually taking"},{"startTime":4260.385,"endTime":4276.085,"body":"up their prescriptions."},{"startTime":4276.085,"endTime":4277.405,"body":"That kind, lots of other examples."},{"startTime":4277.405,"endTime":4282.635,"body":"But I think in relation to this conversation, one of the other things that's interesting"},{"startTime":4282.635,"endTime":4282.984,"body":"there is, again, by connecting up the dots between education, health, crime, consumption of your"},{"startTime":4282.984,"endTime":4291.005,"body":"healthy food, active travel, all these kind of questions."},{"startTime":4291.675,"endTime":4295.833,"body":"Then we do have, actually have, have some chances to, to get at these kind"},{"startTime":4295.833,"endTime":4298.605,"body":"of deeper questions of social inequity in some interesting ways."},{"startTime":4299.625,"endTime":4304.045,"body":"Uh, let me, let me respond to the gentleman who asked the question about self-regulation."},{"startTime":4304.335,"endTime":4312.253,"body":"Again, I think that's a particularly, uh, interesting, uh, play on connectivity, on, uh, complexity,"},{"startTime":4312.253,"endTime":4317.005,"body":"um, uh, on computing and all of these things."},{"startTime":4317.145,"endTime":4321.886,"body":"So, uh, and he mentioned, um, at Herbert Simon, who was the Nobel Prize winner"},{"startTime":4321.886,"endTime":4322.202,"body":"in, um, in economics, I think psychology and economics, um, uh, in the eighties, who"},{"startTime":4322.202,"endTime":4328.525,"body":"did a great deal of this."},{"startTime":4328.945,"endTime":4333.283,"body":"Uh, one of the points, um, and this is just tangential, I think to the"},{"startTime":4333.283,"endTime":4333.572,"body":"question, but one of the points the question raises is the fact that Herbert Simon,"},{"startTime":4333.572,"endTime":4333.861,"body":"and many people have said these things that we've been talking about tonight in different"},{"startTime":4333.861,"endTime":4343.405,"body":"ways over and over again."},{"startTime":4343.765,"endTime":4347.365,"body":"I think you can go back to almost prehistory and find some of these sorts"},{"startTime":4347.365,"endTime":4348.805,"body":"of points that we've been making."},{"startTime":4348.805,"endTime":4353.471,"body":"Basically, that's not necessarily a bad thing because I feel that, uh, they do have"},{"startTime":4353.471,"endTime":4354.405,"body":"to be revisited."},{"startTime":4354.405,"endTime":4355.965,"body":"There are, they're important things."},{"startTime":4356.185,"endTime":4360.365,"body":"And the self-regulation question is interesting that can you have too much networking?"},{"startTime":4360.825,"endTime":4364.725,"body":"Um, you know, and how do we, how do we actually proceed on that particular"},{"startTime":4364.725,"endTime":4365.765,"body":"basis in that sense?"},{"startTime":4366.145,"endTime":4370.251,"body":"Are there places that we can measure where there's too much networking in this particular"},{"startTime":4370.251,"endTime":4370.525,"body":"context?"},{"startTime":4371.025,"endTime":4376.285,"body":"Uh, and in that, in that context where we have situations which seem to be"},{"startTime":4376.285,"endTime":4380.845,"body":"outta balance, then what does this say about, um, uh, about regulation basically?"},{"startTime":4381.105,"endTime":4387.36,"body":"And self-regulation, of course, is a related, uh, concept in their con I can't personally"},{"startTime":4387.36,"endTime":4389.445,"body":"point to any self-regulating networks."},{"startTime":4389.565,"endTime":4393.725,"body":"I guess that, that in some senses, personal networks around us."},{"startTime":4393.945,"endTime":4398.939,"body":"Uh, if one feels one's in equilibrium, then perhaps we, um, uh, are self-regulating in"},{"startTime":4398.939,"endTime":4399.605,"body":"some sense."},{"startTime":4399.785,"endTime":4403.281,"body":"But I'm not really aware, I'm not the right person to ask about whether a"},{"startTime":4403.281,"endTime":4403.515,"body":"lot of work has been done on this question of self-regulation, but it strikes me"},{"startTime":4403.515,"endTime":4407.245,"body":"as important."},{"startTime":4408.635,"endTime":4411.99,"body":"Look, I'm really sorry we much as I know, we'd all love to go on"},{"startTime":4411.99,"endTime":4412.885,"body":"asking questions all evening."},{"startTime":4413.215,"endTime":4414.365,"body":"We've sadly run out of time."},{"startTime":4414.545,"endTime":4416.965,"body":"I'm going to ask law Mayor to sum up now."},{"startTime":4417.195,"endTime":4417.485,"body":"It's"},{"startTime":4417.485,"endTime":4419.045,"body":"Just a quick, quick reaction actually."},{"startTime":4419.045,"endTime":4422.045,"body":"Firstly, thank you very much for those very considered questions."},{"startTime":4422.415,"endTime":4424.125,"body":"Thank you very much to the panelists."},{"startTime":4424.145,"endTime":4426.365,"body":"Um, I love the idea of social gardening."},{"startTime":4426.925,"endTime":4428.365,"body":"I think Mark is absolutely right."},{"startTime":4428.505,"endTime":4432.138,"body":"Uh, we, we do need to start reconsidering what is a city and all of"},{"startTime":4432.138,"endTime":4435.045,"body":"the definitions that we have are kind of crumbling at the edges."},{"startTime":4435.105,"endTime":4436.645,"body":"I'd pick taxation as a good example."},{"startTime":4437.105,"endTime":4440.245,"body":"We don't know where people are working, where the, what their firms are."},{"startTime":4440.865,"endTime":4445.581,"body":"And I think Mike's point very much about this is intimately entwined with our understanding"},{"startTime":4445.581,"endTime":4448.725,"body":"of computing, which I think is a very good one."},{"startTime":4449.305,"endTime":4455.51,"body":"Um, I believe that networks enrich us, otherwise, we're back in the 1909 Forrester novel"},{"startTime":4455.51,"endTime":4457.165,"body":"when the machine stops."},{"startTime":4457.545,"endTime":4460.845,"body":"Um, but I think there are dangers as in any sense of connectivity."},{"startTime":4461.425,"endTime":4464.605,"body":"Um, it was interesting as well, the question on self-regulation and climate change."},{"startTime":4465.015,"endTime":4469.285,"body":"Those aren't aware the city of London had the first Clean Air Act in 1953."},{"startTime":4469.865,"endTime":4472.645,"body":"We, uh, went to Johannesburg, uh, we went to Rio."},{"startTime":4472.815,"endTime":4476.462,"body":"We've been at every single one of the 27 cops, and I will be going"},{"startTime":4476.462,"endTime":4478.165,"body":"to cop 28 in Dubai next month."},{"startTime":4478.225,"endTime":4480.205,"body":"So we're, we're very committed to the climate change thing."},{"startTime":4480.485,"endTime":4485.165,"body":"I think it's a very interesting reaction though to, uh, believe it or not, the,"},{"startTime":4485.165,"endTime":4486.725,"body":"the idea of, uh, self-regulation."},{"startTime":4487.505,"endTime":4491.605,"body":"The proposal that Cop three in Kyoto in 97 was to self-regulate using markets."},{"startTime":4492.025,"endTime":4495.81,"body":"In other words, to price the externalities, which I think is also related to the"},{"startTime":4495.81,"endTime":4497.325,"body":"idea of things consuming too much."},{"startTime":4497.785,"endTime":4501.328,"body":"Uh, and that's kind of why I put the Dyson spheres in there, futuristic and"},{"startTime":4501.328,"endTime":4501.565,"body":"crazy."},{"startTime":4501.945,"endTime":4503.965,"body":"But that's kind of the inevitable conclusion."},{"startTime":4504.025,"endTime":4509.136,"body":"If you don't find ways of self-regulating, uh, which of course is inherently because, uh,"},{"startTime":4509.136,"endTime":4512.885,"body":"network theory and systems theory are frankly intertwined around the computing."},{"startTime":4512.885,"endTime":4515.645,"body":"But I think moving towards the social gardening model is probably better."},{"startTime":4516.365,"endTime":4517.405,"body":"I just might close that."},{"startTime":4517.425,"endTime":4521.978,"body":"At the end of the day, if the proper study of man is man himself"},{"startTime":4521.978,"endTime":4525.925,"body":"or herself, then clearly, uh, we should be studying networks all the time."},{"startTime":4526.145,"endTime":4529.576,"body":"And so it has been a study of millennia, and it's a study that will"},{"startTime":4529.576,"endTime":4529.805,"body":"continue."},{"startTime":4530.185,"endTime":4533.808,"body":"And I think if you look at the world, sometimes through the lens of networks"},{"startTime":4533.808,"endTime":4534.049,"body":"rather than cod or salt or something else, uh, hopefully it enriches your life and"},{"startTime":4534.049,"endTime":4539.605,"body":"I hope that we explore it during this year."},{"startTime":4539.735,"endTime":4540.165,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":4540.825,"endTime":4541.045,"body":"I'd"},{"startTime":4541.045,"endTime":4541.325,"body":"Like to,"},{"startTime":4551.425,"endTime":4555.798,"body":"So I'd like to introduce, uh, Mr. Richard Smith, who is the executive director of"},{"startTime":4555.798,"endTime":4559.005,"body":"Gresham College, who's going to wind up the evening for us."},{"startTime":4560.145,"endTime":4564.518,"body":"Um, I, I am afraid it is indeed my role, uh, to, uh, draw proceedings"},{"startTime":4564.518,"endTime":4565.685,"body":"for close this evening."},{"startTime":4565.845,"endTime":4568.845,"body":"I do think we could have probably gone on for, for the rest of the"},{"startTime":4568.845,"endTime":4569.045,"body":"night."},{"startTime":4569.225,"endTime":4573.365,"body":"And then some, uh, it, it is a, uh, fundamentally interesting topic."},{"startTime":4573.495,"endTime":4580.47,"body":"We've had a wonderful insight, uh, into the power of networks and the way they,"},{"startTime":4580.47,"endTime":4587.445,"body":"they underpin development, innovation, collaboration, community prosperity, and even large parts, uh, of our humanity."},{"startTime":4587.825,"endTime":4590.205,"body":"That's particularly taken by Professor Black's."},{"startTime":4590.305,"endTime":4594.885,"body":"Uh, comment about the, the serendipity, uh, of knowledge and joining these things up."},{"startTime":4594.905,"endTime":4601.511,"body":"Uh, I must take the opportunity to say that if you're looking for serendipity of"},{"startTime":4601.511,"endTime":4601.951,"body":"connection, uh, then, uh, Gresham College provides you with the opportunity for \u003claugh\u003e for overlapping"},{"startTime":4601.951,"endTime":4602.392,"body":"networks of knowledge, uh, and underpins equally the importance of integrity, uh, in a networks"},{"startTime":4602.392,"endTime":4615.165,"body":"world."},{"startTime":4615.265,"endTime":4620.125,"body":"So do check out our website and our YouTube channel if you get the chance."},{"startTime":4620.555,"endTime":4625.965,"body":"However, um, I'd just like to conclude by thanking, uh, our panel this evening."},{"startTime":4626.145,"endTime":4632.238,"body":"Uh, Michael Batty, mark Birkin, uh, Julia Black, uh, and in particular our networker in"},{"startTime":4632.238,"endTime":4632.645,"body":"chief."},{"startTime":4633.465,"endTime":4637.325,"body":"The, uh, the Lord Mayor Alderman, professor Michael Minnelli."}]}