{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":5.385,"endTime":14.085,"body":"In Walt Disney's 1940 film, Fantasia inanimate objects magically come to life."},{"startTime":14.425,"endTime":15.645,"body":"The Sorcerer's Apprentice."},{"startTime":16.465,"endTime":23.33,"body":"Mickey Mouse works out that if he puts on his master's hat, he can activate"},{"startTime":23.33,"endTime":28.365,"body":"a broomstick to fill a huge cauldron with buckets of water."},{"startTime":28.825,"endTime":37.245,"body":"And that plan is sound, in theory, sequenced to Paul Duke Hass orchestral composition."},{"startTime":37.665,"endTime":43.245,"body":"The automation of Mickey's task is the ultimate in labor saving devices."},{"startTime":44.615,"endTime":53.259,"body":"Until that is our hero falls asleep without having cast a spell to stop the"},{"startTime":53.259,"endTime":55.565,"body":"broomstick filling the cauldron."},{"startTime":56.635,"endTime":64.55,"body":"When he awakes, he finds the room flooded, a desperate and to modern audiences, rather"},{"startTime":64.55,"endTime":68.245,"body":"disturbing attempt to extinguish the broomsticks life."},{"startTime":68.315,"endTime":76.199,"body":"With an ax results, an army of anthropomorphic brooms fills the room with even more"},{"startTime":76.199,"endTime":76.725,"body":"water."},{"startTime":77.305,"endTime":82.045,"body":"The animated animate objects are out of control."},{"startTime":82.995,"endTime":90.045,"body":"Only the return of the sorcerer can restore order 80 years later."},{"startTime":90.465,"endTime":97.399,"body":"We no longer need to rely on magic for objects to communicate with each other,"},{"startTime":97.399,"endTime":102.485,"body":"nor do we need to imagine a world of functional automater."},{"startTime":103.325,"endTime":107.325,"body":"A few months ago I had a similar experience to Mickey Mouse."},{"startTime":108.385,"endTime":114.94,"body":"One Saturday morning I was having a lion enjoying a cup of coffee in bed"},{"startTime":114.94,"endTime":117.125,"body":"before fully facing the day."},{"startTime":117.505,"endTime":120.045,"body":"And then I heard this"},{"startTime":142.575,"endTime":145.115,"body":"Now I couldn't work out what that was"},{"startTime":146.305,"endTime":146.795,"body":"\u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":148.215,"endTime":152.584,"body":"So I headed into the living room to find out, which as we all know"},{"startTime":152.584,"endTime":154.915,"body":"from horror movies, you should never, ever do."},{"startTime":157.455,"endTime":159.195,"body":"And this is what I found."},{"startTime":168.365,"endTime":174.975,"body":"Exit stage left pursued by a vacuum cleaner, which had clearly sprung into action."},{"startTime":174.995,"endTime":181.145,"body":"And this was all well and good, but I had absolutely no recollection of asking"},{"startTime":181.145,"endTime":181.965,"body":"it to."},{"startTime":182.865,"endTime":187.21,"body":"The Gresham College lecture that you're listening to right now is giving you knowledge and"},{"startTime":187.21,"endTime":187.499,"body":"insight from one of the world's leading academic experts making it takes a lot of"},{"startTime":187.499,"endTime":191.845,"body":"time."},{"startTime":192.305,"endTime":195.286,"body":"But because we want to encourage a love of learning, we think it's well worth"},{"startTime":195.286,"endTime":195.485,"body":"it."},{"startTime":196.585,"endTime":200.901,"body":"We never make you pay for lectures, although donations are needed, all we ask in"},{"startTime":200.901,"endTime":201.765,"body":"return is this."},{"startTime":202.315,"endTime":204.605,"body":"Send a link to this lecture to someone you think would benefit."},{"startTime":204.945,"endTime":208.861,"body":"And if you haven't already, click the follow or subscribe button from wherever you are"},{"startTime":208.861,"endTime":209.645,"body":"listening right now."},{"startTime":210.705,"endTime":212.085,"body":"Now let's get back to the lecture."},{"startTime":215.025,"endTime":219.834,"body":"Um, for those of you wondering whether I really do walk the Walk of the"},{"startTime":219.834,"endTime":220.155,"body":"Nutty It professor, I hope this does reassure you that I do indeed conform to"},{"startTime":220.155,"endTime":225.285,"body":"the stereotype."},{"startTime":225.945,"endTime":231.045,"body":"Um, my robot helper had not in fact gone rogue in my blurry state."},{"startTime":231.105,"endTime":235.845,"body":"It took me a moment to realize that this was entirely my fault."},{"startTime":236.745,"endTime":240.965,"body":"The devices operations are controlled by an app on my phone."},{"startTime":241.145,"endTime":248.397,"body":"And when I took delivery, I had set some test tasks about which I had"},{"startTime":248.397,"endTime":249.365,"body":"evidently forgotten."},{"startTime":250.265,"endTime":254.325,"body":"My domestic bliss had been disrupted by human error."},{"startTime":256.065,"endTime":264.638,"body":"My vacuum cleaner is part of what's known as the Internet of things IOT, billions"},{"startTime":264.638,"endTime":266.925,"body":"of Connected Smart devices."},{"startTime":267.265,"endTime":272.405,"body":"In fact, over 15 billion of them in 2023."},{"startTime":273.105,"endTime":280.805,"body":"And that's expected to almost double to 29 and a half billion by 2030 according"},{"startTime":280.805,"endTime":283.885,"body":"to the Market Insights Company Statista."},{"startTime":284.665,"endTime":290.965,"body":"So right now there are two connected things for every human on the planet."},{"startTime":291.785,"endTime":295.365,"body":"And in seven years time, there will be four for each of us."},{"startTime":296.115,"endTime":303.785,"body":"Another projection in a 2019 report for Business Insider estimates that there will be a"},{"startTime":303.785,"endTime":307.365,"body":"whopping 64 billion connected things by 2025."},{"startTime":308.985,"endTime":314.485,"body":"So what kinds of things are we talking about and how do they communicate?"},{"startTime":316.235,"endTime":323.78,"body":"Devices on and in our bodies use Bluetooth and it's a short range wireless technology"},{"startTime":323.78,"endTime":327.805,"body":"which enables devices to pair with each other."},{"startTime":328.275,"endTime":333.965,"body":"It's how your headphones and your fitness tracker communicates with your smartphone."},{"startTime":334.545,"endTime":341.855,"body":"And in my previous lecture, brain computer interfaces, we saw how neural implants use it"},{"startTime":341.855,"endTime":343.805,"body":"to communicate brain signals."},{"startTime":344.675,"endTime":352.11,"body":"It's also the standard communication method for remotely controlled sex tech, which we'll explore in"},{"startTime":352.11,"endTime":355.085,"body":"more detail in my next lecture."},{"startTime":355.745,"endTime":359.685,"body":"Sex and the internet, which I'm reliably informed is already sold out."},{"startTime":359.785,"endTime":362.685,"body":"But please feel free to to try and get a ticket."},{"startTime":364.645,"endTime":370.525,"body":"Increasingly, our homes contain devices that communicate with each other using wifi."},{"startTime":371.385,"endTime":379.322,"body":"And here are the results of a survey conducted in 2020 by University College London"},{"startTime":379.322,"endTime":384.085,"body":"and Neighborhood Watch of 20,784 people in the uk."},{"startTime":384.785,"endTime":390.588,"body":"And we can see that the majority of respondents reported having a smart TV and"},{"startTime":390.588,"endTime":394.845,"body":"half of 18 to 30 year olds had a smart speaker."},{"startTime":396.005,"endTime":401.085,"body":"I strongly suspect that these percentages have increased since then."},{"startTime":401.425,"endTime":409.525,"body":"And when we add thermostats, doorbells, security systems, games, consoles, baby monitors into the mix."},{"startTime":409.555,"endTime":415.605,"body":"It's clear that many of us already have domestic internets of things."},{"startTime":417.275,"endTime":424.325,"body":"Baby monitors and games consoles aren't the only connected objects aimed at engaging with children."},{"startTime":425.295,"endTime":432.11,"body":"Smart toys use Bluetooth to connect to another device or wifi to connect to home"},{"startTime":432.11,"endTime":432.565,"body":"networks."},{"startTime":433.915,"endTime":442.556,"body":"Apps on our mobile devices now enable us to control lighting, sound, heating, security and"},{"startTime":442.556,"endTime":444.285,"body":"other domestic operations."},{"startTime":445.385,"endTime":453.37,"body":"For some of us, our phones and tablets are also processing hubs for machine to"},{"startTime":453.37,"endTime":456.565,"body":"machine communication between our connected appliances."},{"startTime":457.905,"endTime":464.928,"body":"One example of this is the wifi embedded refrigerator, which allows you to see what's"},{"startTime":464.928,"endTime":465.396,"body":"inside from your phone wherever you may be, tags, food expiration dates to reduce waste,"},{"startTime":465.396,"endTime":465.864,"body":"learns from your tastes and preferences to provide a weekly meal planner of suggested recipes"},{"startTime":465.864,"endTime":484.125,"body":"and wait for it sends cooking instructions to your smart oven."},{"startTime":485.525,"endTime":489.405,"body":"A screen on the door means you can watch TV while you cook."},{"startTime":490.145,"endTime":495.572,"body":"You can answer the front door if the smart doorbell rings, you can check what"},{"startTime":495.572,"endTime":495.934,"body":"is going on in other rooms using smart cameras and motion detection all while standing"},{"startTime":495.934,"endTime":502.085,"body":"by the fridge."},{"startTime":503.825,"endTime":510.469,"body":"In all seriousness, for people who benefit from assistive technology, one can see how these"},{"startTime":510.469,"endTime":512.683,"body":"features could be really helpful."},{"startTime":513.865,"endTime":519.657,"body":"For others, the labor saving gains may be less obvious and perhaps that's one reason"},{"startTime":519.657,"endTime":520.044,"body":"why."},{"startTime":520.044,"endTime":529.08,"body":"According to industry data, fewer than half of smart home appliances sold remain connected to"},{"startTime":529.08,"endTime":530.285,"body":"the internet."},{"startTime":532.265,"endTime":537.245,"body":"But outside our homes, there are even more ways for things to communicate."},{"startTime":537.825,"endTime":545.175,"body":"If you make contactless payments with Apple Pay, Google Pay, or another mobile wallet, you're"},{"startTime":545.175,"endTime":546.645,"body":"using nearfield communication."},{"startTime":547.085,"endTime":547.685,"body":"NFC."},{"startTime":548.185,"endTime":557.068,"body":"We also have RF ID radio frequency identification, which uses radio waves to read chips"},{"startTime":557.068,"endTime":558.845,"body":"over longer distances."},{"startTime":560.175,"endTime":568.567,"body":"Debit and credit cards use EMV, which is named after Europay, MasterCard and Visa circuits"},{"startTime":568.567,"endTime":571.365,"body":"are integrated into the cards."},{"startTime":571.605,"endTime":574.605,"body":"They're the chips of chip and pin."},{"startTime":575.825,"endTime":581.045,"body":"If you use a plastic travel card for public transport, you're using RFID."},{"startTime":581.345,"endTime":585.125,"body":"And if your pet is microchipped, they are two."},{"startTime":586.025,"endTime":594.337,"body":"You may also have seen RFID tags on trackable packages and deliveries and smart tags"},{"startTime":594.337,"endTime":599.325,"body":"like Apple air tag and Samsung Galaxy Smart Tag."},{"startTime":599.435,"endTime":603.805,"body":"Plus they use ultra wideband radio technology."},{"startTime":605.275,"endTime":611.725,"body":"Then there's a plethora of devices that contain SIM cards or software-based ES sims."},{"startTime":612.415,"endTime":620.977,"body":"Newer cars contain multiple sims for live traffic updates and directions, entertainment streaming provision of"},{"startTime":620.977,"endTime":626.685,"body":"wifi hotspots and connected control over your smart home systems."},{"startTime":628.065,"endTime":631.405,"body":"But what about street lights and traffic lights?"},{"startTime":633.045,"endTime":639.945,"body":"Lighting units that transmit signals and respond to stimuli are key components of emerging smart"},{"startTime":639.945,"endTime":640.405,"body":"cities."},{"startTime":640.665,"endTime":646.165,"body":"And in fact, traffic lights containing SIM cards have been around for quite a while."},{"startTime":646.905,"endTime":653.005,"body":"And as far back as 2011, authorities found that this had unintended consequences."},{"startTime":654.645,"endTime":659.833,"body":"Criminals in Johannesburg in South Africa found that these sims could be used to make"},{"startTime":659.833,"endTime":660.525,"body":"phone call."},{"startTime":661.145,"endTime":669.325,"body":"So they broke into 400 of them causing inevitable traffic chaos."},{"startTime":670.625,"endTime":675.653,"body":"And I've been in this work, uh, this line of work a long time, but"},{"startTime":675.653,"endTime":675.989,"body":"I am regularly surprised and dare I say it a little bit impressed by just"},{"startTime":675.989,"endTime":683.365,"body":"how creative some of these rascals can be."},{"startTime":684.945,"endTime":695.165,"body":"Now 15 billion communicating things put considerable strain on the current telecoms infrastructure."},{"startTime":696.145,"endTime":701.325,"body":"As the number keeps growing, it's going to be entirely unsustainable."},{"startTime":701.745,"endTime":708.861,"body":"So, so telecoms companies have been working on new technologies to support a massive number"},{"startTime":708.861,"endTime":710.285,"body":"of connected devices."},{"startTime":711.145,"endTime":718.356,"body":"You may have heard of fifth generation Cellular 5G, which offers lower latency and to"},{"startTime":718.356,"endTime":724.125,"body":"connect many more devices than 4G 10 times more by some estimates."},{"startTime":724.745,"endTime":732.227,"body":"So then there's six G, which is expected to be able to support 10 times"},{"startTime":732.227,"endTime":732.726,"body":"that 10 million devices per square kilometer and one microsecond latency, which is data transfer"},{"startTime":732.726,"endTime":742.205,"body":"at 1000000th of a second."},{"startTime":743.675,"endTime":750.337,"body":"Whereas 5G is able to send data at frequencies of up to a hundred gigahertz"},{"startTime":750.337,"endTime":750.782,"body":"six G will be capable of ultra high frequencies in the hundreds of gigahertz or"},{"startTime":750.782,"endTime":757.445,"body":"terahertz."},{"startTime":758.665,"endTime":765.687,"body":"The International Telecommunications Union, the ITU expects to have the initial standardization of six G"},{"startTime":765.687,"endTime":768.965,"body":"complete by 2030 at the very latest."},{"startTime":769.545,"endTime":774.925,"body":"But some countries like South Korea are already planning to deploy it before then."},{"startTime":776.305,"endTime":784.401,"body":"The ITU has also played a key role in the development of a large number"},{"startTime":784.401,"endTime":784.941,"body":"of global technical standards for the architecture of the internet of things, even down to"},{"startTime":784.941,"endTime":785.48,"body":"individual use cases such as specifying the most suitable sensor network technology for monitoring water"},{"startTime":785.48,"endTime":786.02,"body":"quality requirements for automatic location identification in sensor networks, frameworks and requirements for application programming"},{"startTime":786.02,"endTime":786.56,"body":"interfaces and protocols for the machine to machine architecture in smart cities and in sectors"},{"startTime":786.56,"endTime":820.565,"body":"like healthcare, energy, transport and home networking."},{"startTime":822.925,"endTime":830.233,"body":"A truly smart environments, whether that's a home, a business, a city or a national"},{"startTime":830.233,"endTime":830.72,"body":"network is one in which data is gathered from a range of sensors and connected"},{"startTime":830.72,"endTime":831.207,"body":"objects and it's monitored and managed and real time data is integrated and triangulated with"},{"startTime":831.207,"endTime":847.285,"body":"the aim of improving outcomes."},{"startTime":848.145,"endTime":854.845,"body":"So in a transport network, being able to identify, for instance, how many people have"},{"startTime":854.845,"endTime":855.291,"body":"checked in with their RFID cards to a particular metro station or where there's been"},{"startTime":855.291,"endTime":868.245,"body":"a road traffic accident that can tell public transport operators whether additional capacity is required."},{"startTime":869.555,"endTime":878.252,"body":"It's also envisaged that artificial intelligence could take the place of human operators in making"},{"startTime":878.252,"endTime":878.832,"body":"routine decisions and alterations such as rerouting driverless vehicles or deploying emergency first responder drones,"},{"startTime":878.832,"endTime":879.412,"body":"which are currently being trialed in the uk, Belgium and the Netherlands in farming and"},{"startTime":879.412,"endTime":903.765,"body":"food production drones, tags and sensors are already used to monitor crops and livestock."},{"startTime":904.785,"endTime":912.885,"body":"The vision of precision farming is one of agriculture that can identify exactly what is"},{"startTime":912.885,"endTime":919.365,"body":"needed to improve yield and quality and also potentially reduce environmental impacts."},{"startTime":920.345,"endTime":929.987,"body":"It combines expanded deployment of those internet of things components with data analytics, machine learning"},{"startTime":929.987,"endTime":933.845,"body":"and robotics in logistics and manufacturing."},{"startTime":934.405,"endTime":939.845,"body":"A similar combination of technologies is known as industry 4.0."},{"startTime":941.055,"endTime":948.205,"body":"Continuous tracking and monitoring increasingly enables predictive maintenance and greater productivity."},{"startTime":950.065,"endTime":956.005,"body":"So then what might the sensors in connected things actually sense?"},{"startTime":956.895,"endTime":965.817,"body":"There are lots of sensors already in use and they include those that detect proximity"},{"startTime":965.817,"endTime":971.765,"body":"noise, motion pressure, moisture, temperature, gases, pH and water levels."},{"startTime":972.315,"endTime":979.445,"body":"Objects can also be fitted with gyroscopes, accelerometers and optical sensors."},{"startTime":980.505,"endTime":988.437,"body":"An electric vehicle prototype announced by Sony and Honda earlier this year and set to"},{"startTime":988.437,"endTime":988.966,"body":"go on sale in North America in 2026, both over 40 sensors embedded in its"},{"startTime":988.966,"endTime":989.495,"body":"exterior equipping cars with cameras, radar, lidar and ultrasonic sensors takes us that step closer"},{"startTime":989.495,"endTime":1008.005,"body":"to a potential future of autonomous vehicles."},{"startTime":1009.785,"endTime":1016.391,"body":"Sensors might also cause objects to respond to external stimuli, as in the case of"},{"startTime":1016.391,"endTime":1019.915,"body":"four D printing, otherwise known as additive manufacturing."},{"startTime":1020.495,"endTime":1029.045,"body":"And what distinguishes four D from 3D objects is their ability to change their geometric"},{"startTime":1029.045,"endTime":1029.615,"body":"properties, transforming their shape over time by printing objects with programmable materials such as hydrogels"},{"startTime":1029.615,"endTime":1039.875,"body":"or shape memory polymers."},{"startTime":1040.385,"endTime":1048.216,"body":"They can be transported in one state or shape and transformed into another when stimulated,"},{"startTime":1048.216,"endTime":1052.915,"body":"for example, by moisture, light time heat or pH."},{"startTime":1054.335,"endTime":1060.395,"body":"At the micro level of our bodies, we could have stents inserted that could adjust"},{"startTime":1060.395,"endTime":1064.435,"body":"their shape once they're in the right place when required."},{"startTime":1065.625,"endTime":1072.607,"body":"There's also a good deal of interest in four D printing for space missions where"},{"startTime":1072.607,"endTime":1073.073,"body":"remote activation of objects could dispense with the need to transport heavy machinery such as"},{"startTime":1073.073,"endTime":1084.245,"body":"booms and antennae, thereby reducing the overall weight of materials."},{"startTime":1084.905,"endTime":1090.525,"body":"And this is an important consideration for space tech leaders like Elon Musk."},{"startTime":1090.625,"endTime":1094.189,"body":"If you are playing musk bingo, which I know some of you in the audience"},{"startTime":1094.189,"endTime":1096.565,"body":"do play, now is the time to mark your scorecard."},{"startTime":1097.265,"endTime":1103.845,"body":"Um, he, he's got an ambition to get a million people to Mars by 2050."},{"startTime":1104.345,"endTime":1111.422,"body":"And regardless of whether you think that is likely half of all the satellites in"},{"startTime":1111.422,"endTime":1114.725,"body":"space are owned by his company SpaceX."},{"startTime":1115.905,"endTime":1120.529,"body":"And to give you an inkling of how that is changing so quickly, when I"},{"startTime":1120.529,"endTime":1124.845,"body":"checked that statistic for a lecture this time last year, it was a third."},{"startTime":1125.665,"endTime":1128.725,"body":"So a lot can change in one year in tech."},{"startTime":1130.415,"endTime":1138.086,"body":"And it's certainly the case that low earth orbit satellites like these starlink satellites above"},{"startTime":1138.086,"endTime":1138.597,"body":"Ukraine and constellations of tiny Pico satellites are expected to provide critical communications infrastructure for"},{"startTime":1138.597,"endTime":1148.315,"body":"the massive internet of things."},{"startTime":1149.385,"endTime":1155.426,"body":"Just to give you an idea of the scale here, this Picasso satellite shown is"},{"startTime":1155.426,"endTime":1156.635,"body":"30 centimeters long."},{"startTime":1156.935,"endTime":1165.342,"body":"So it's the length of what a standard school ruler now connected communicating devices generate"},{"startTime":1165.342,"endTime":1165.903,"body":"data which needs to be processed rather than sending massive and ever increasing amounts of"},{"startTime":1165.903,"endTime":1178.235,"body":"data back to proprietary company or government servers."},{"startTime":1178.535,"endTime":1183.795,"body":"The internet of things already makes extensive use of cloud computing."},{"startTime":1184.945,"endTime":1193.048,"body":"Practically speaking, this means that much of the world's processing for the internet of things"},{"startTime":1193.048,"endTime":1193.588,"body":"depends on the largest cloud providers based in the US and to a much lesser"},{"startTime":1193.588,"endTime":1194.128,"body":"extent in China, Amazon, Microsoft, and Google currently dominate the cloud computing market with 32%,"},{"startTime":1194.128,"endTime":1211.955,"body":"22% and 11% shares respectively."},{"startTime":1212.895,"endTime":1219.745,"body":"Now that doesn't mean that the data physically resides in the us but it does"},{"startTime":1219.745,"endTime":1226.595,"body":"mean that two thirds of the world's cloud processing relies on just three US companies."},{"startTime":1228.385,"endTime":1236.835,"body":"Whereas cloud computing hosts applications in data centers, as the names suggests, edge computing host"},{"startTime":1236.835,"endTime":1243.595,"body":"applications at the edges of the networks closer to the end users."},{"startTime":1244.415,"endTime":1251.323,"body":"So when fitness trackers and smart home technology use our phones as processing hubs, that's"},{"startTime":1251.323,"endTime":1252.245,"body":"edge computing."},{"startTime":1253.345,"endTime":1260.605,"body":"And in industrial settings, single board computers are very widely used like this raspberry Pi."},{"startTime":1260.945,"endTime":1269.273,"body":"And in 2020 the Raspberry Pi Foundation announced that the industrial market accounted for 44%"},{"startTime":1269.273,"endTime":1272.605,"body":"of its total annual sales worldwide."},{"startTime":1274.505,"endTime":1282.65,"body":"But with all this processing going on, power consumption is an inevitable and understandable concern,"},{"startTime":1282.65,"endTime":1285.365,"body":"low power wide area network."},{"startTime":1285.965,"endTime":1293.194,"body":"LP one is a networking protocol that has been designed to allow communication between connected"},{"startTime":1293.194,"endTime":1293.676,"body":"things at a much lower bandwidth between N 0.3 and 50 kilobits per second compared"},{"startTime":1293.676,"endTime":1305.725,"body":"to five G's peak data rates of 20 gigabits per second."},{"startTime":1306.865,"endTime":1313.005,"body":"But even at those lower rates, a power source is required for communication and processing."},{"startTime":1314.075,"endTime":1321.434,"body":"Huge numbers of smart devices depend on lithium batteries, which need to be changed or"},{"startTime":1321.434,"endTime":1321.925,"body":"recharged."},{"startTime":1323.025,"endTime":1330.587,"body":"It is possible to recycle these, but the prospect of even more billions of connected"},{"startTime":1330.587,"endTime":1335.125,"body":"things inevitably threatens further depletion of the world's minerals."},{"startTime":1335.505,"endTime":1344.613,"body":"So several manufacturers are working on battery free processes, which harvest energy from radio waves"},{"startTime":1344.613,"endTime":1350.685,"body":"and devices that draw thermo electrical energy from their environments."},{"startTime":1352.945,"endTime":1360.205,"body":"The sheer number of connected objects is already massive by anyone's standards."},{"startTime":1360.205,"endTime":1365.271,"body":"And in that respect, what we've been exploring until now is just the internet of"},{"startTime":1365.271,"endTime":1366.285,"body":"things in general."},{"startTime":1367.755,"endTime":1375.648,"body":"Information technologists can get a bit precious about this because they tend to distinguish the"},{"startTime":1375.648,"endTime":1376.175,"body":"massive internet of things in consumer and commercial applications from the critical internet of things,"},{"startTime":1376.175,"endTime":1388.805,"body":"applications in which security timely responses and reliability are paramount."},{"startTime":1389.105,"endTime":1397.355,"body":"And these would include anything related to public infrastructure such as power and water supply,"},{"startTime":1397.355,"endTime":1401.205,"body":"traffic, safety, emergency response, and medical procedures."},{"startTime":1402.905,"endTime":1407.765,"body":"But I would argue that that distinction is not always so clear cut."},{"startTime":1408.035,"endTime":1416.391,"body":"When we start to look at practical use cases, smart electricity supply certainly constitutes critical"},{"startTime":1416.391,"endTime":1421.405,"body":"infrastructure and it makes use of dedicated communications networks."},{"startTime":1422.385,"endTime":1430.354,"body":"But in order to be efficient, it relies on smart meters installed in our homes,"},{"startTime":1430.354,"endTime":1430.885,"body":"reporting usage and demand that domestic electricity supply may power a car that will make"},{"startTime":1430.885,"endTime":1431.416,"body":"its way through a smart urban traffic system and that car will interact with and"},{"startTime":1431.416,"endTime":1451.605,"body":"respond to personal, local, municipal and critical networks and stimulate."},{"startTime":1452.545,"endTime":1459.793,"body":"And as we've seen, some of the biggest perceived gains of proposed smart solutions come"},{"startTime":1459.793,"endTime":1460.276,"body":"from that integration or at least that triangulation of personal, public and private sector data"},{"startTime":1460.276,"endTime":1467.525,"body":"sets."},{"startTime":1468.325,"endTime":1476.98,"body":"Bridging those traditional divides between private and public life in Singapore where the world's first"},{"startTime":1476.98,"endTime":1477.557,"body":"self-driving taxis launched in 2016 and where robot police officers have been interacting with members"},{"startTime":1477.557,"endTime":1478.135,"body":"of the public since 2021, the Collected Life Home Monitoring solution uses a citywide decentralized"},{"startTime":1478.135,"endTime":1478.712,"body":"data exchange to share information on elderly citizens health and wellbeing with family members, with"},{"startTime":1478.712,"endTime":1507.565,"body":"healthcare providers, with insurance providers and the government."},{"startTime":1508.785,"endTime":1516.805,"body":"And in Fukuoka in Japan, a systematic care model for elderly people with dementia combines"},{"startTime":1516.805,"endTime":1517.34,"body":"data from door-to-door visits by public workers and service providers with CareTech apps and monitoring"},{"startTime":1517.34,"endTime":1526.965,"body":"using personal tracking devices."},{"startTime":1529.145,"endTime":1537.466,"body":"So interoperability and integration do promise, greater insight and greater utility, but there's clearly a"},{"startTime":1537.466,"endTime":1539.685,"body":"balance to be struck."},{"startTime":1540.925,"endTime":1547.225,"body":"Wherever there are large data sets of individual citizens' movements and behavior, there is potential"},{"startTime":1547.225,"endTime":1553.525,"body":"for our right to a private life to be compromised in the name of efficiency."},{"startTime":1555.745,"endTime":1562.955,"body":"In 2021, the UK government conducted a five month proof of concept trial on a"},{"startTime":1562.955,"endTime":1569.685,"body":"motorway junction near Birmingham in which CCTV and wireless technology were embedded in streetlights."},{"startTime":1570.275,"endTime":1575.706,"body":"This isn't a smart streetlight, by the way, is the very dumb streetlight outside my"},{"startTime":1575.706,"endTime":1576.068,"body":"house, which doesn't come on or switch off when it's supposed to and when it"},{"startTime":1576.068,"endTime":1585.845,"body":"fails, I have to call someone to come out and manually repair it."},{"startTime":1585.945,"endTime":1591.765,"body":"So in principle, smarter streetlights sound to me like a jolly good idea."},{"startTime":1593.425,"endTime":1600.868,"body":"The government's proposal is that processes in streetlights could be used to communicate with autonomous"},{"startTime":1600.868,"endTime":1601.365,"body":"vehicles."},{"startTime":1602.075,"endTime":1608.571,"body":"They could push out traffic updates and information on speed limits along the National Highway's"},{"startTime":1608.571,"endTime":1609.005,"body":"Network."},{"startTime":1610.265,"endTime":1616.902,"body":"And the official press release on the trial stated drivers would've been oblivious to the"},{"startTime":1616.902,"endTime":1617.345,"body":"CCTV and communications technology hidden away in the street lamp as it was installed when"},{"startTime":1617.345,"endTime":1627.965,"body":"the lights were switched to the improved greener LED lighting."},{"startTime":1629.985,"endTime":1635.605,"body":"To my mind, this comes across as rather sneaky, and that's unfortunate."},{"startTime":1635.765,"endTime":1642.3,"body":"I think given that one of the core principles of international legislation such as the"},{"startTime":1642.3,"endTime":1647.965,"body":"eus General Data Protection Regulation GDPR, is that data processing should be transparent."},{"startTime":1649.985,"endTime":1655.83,"body":"The use of CCTV in streetlights may be for the purpose merely of identifying that"},{"startTime":1655.83,"endTime":1656.22,"body":"a vehicle any vehicle is passing by, but we should at least be informed when"},{"startTime":1656.22,"endTime":1662.845,"body":"it's in use."},{"startTime":1664.685,"endTime":1670.86,"body":"Ensuring that people in smart environments are aware of when they're being tracked will I"},{"startTime":1670.86,"endTime":1674.565,"body":"think be crucial to fostering and maintaining public trust."},{"startTime":1676.965,"endTime":1682.405,"body":"GDPR also states that data should only be processed for the purposes intended."},{"startTime":1682.825,"endTime":1690.893,"body":"It should not be repurposed without the consent of the individual in a fully integrated"},{"startTime":1690.893,"endTime":1693.045,"body":"and interoperable smart city."},{"startTime":1693.585,"endTime":1701.424,"body":"It could technically be possible to penalize someone who refuses to recycle their domestic rubbish"},{"startTime":1701.424,"endTime":1705.605,"body":"by charging them high fares on public transport."},{"startTime":1706.545,"endTime":1712.908,"body":"We could of course promote it differently as giving discounted fares to those who do"},{"startTime":1712.908,"endTime":1713.333,"body":"recycle, but there are current signals of this kind of data aggregation and use, and"},{"startTime":1713.333,"endTime":1713.757,"body":"they can be found in China where a social credit system has been spearheaded by"},{"startTime":1713.757,"endTime":1726.485,"body":"local governments."},{"startTime":1727.105,"endTime":1732.6,"body":"For example, in the city of Wrong Chang, each adult resident is given a score,"},{"startTime":1732.6,"endTime":1735.165,"body":"a starting score of a thousand points."},{"startTime":1736.025,"endTime":1742.405,"body":"Credit may be lost for traffic violations or earned for voluntary service."},{"startTime":1742.625,"endTime":1749.525,"body":"And high scorers are rewarded with perks such as free bicycle rental and heating discounts."},{"startTime":1750.785,"endTime":1756.165,"body":"So citizen conduct has been gamified through data collection."},{"startTime":1757.105,"endTime":1763.744,"body":"And as with so much in it where something is technically possible, governments have the"},{"startTime":1763.744,"endTime":1767.285,"body":"power to decide whether it is legally permissible."},{"startTime":1770.095,"endTime":1776.74,"body":"Connecting billions of devices, often different types of devices to each other, also prompts the"},{"startTime":1776.74,"endTime":1780.285,"body":"question of who is responsible for securing them."},{"startTime":1781.425,"endTime":1787.365,"body":"Is it the device manufacturer, is it the end user or is it both?"},{"startTime":1788.755,"endTime":1795.829,"body":"When it became apparent a few years ago that large numbers of smart home devices"},{"startTime":1795.829,"endTime":1796.301,"body":"and smart toys among them either did not require passwords or had universal default passwords"},{"startTime":1796.301,"endTime":1796.772,"body":"that allowed criminals to gain access to any device, governments raced to regulate the market"},{"startTime":1796.772,"endTime":1797.244,"body":"and some smart toys were actually banned by telecom's regulators for failing to protect children's"},{"startTime":1797.244,"endTime":1817.525,"body":"data."},{"startTime":1819.275,"endTime":1827.845,"body":"Here in the uk, the Product Security and Telecommunications Infrastructure Act passed in 2022 has"},{"startTime":1827.845,"endTime":1831.845,"body":"outlawed consumer smart devices with universal passwords."},{"startTime":1831.845,"endTime":1840.475,"body":"And manufacturers now need to be transparent about any potential security vulnerabilities and they need"},{"startTime":1840.475,"endTime":1841.051,"body":"to commit to providing software updates for the declared lifespan of the products regulation gives"},{"startTime":1841.051,"endTime":1854.285,"body":"governments powers to enforce against manufacturers that don't comply."},{"startTime":1854.985,"endTime":1860.997,"body":"And over time, of course, the hope is that it will deter manufacturers from engaging"},{"startTime":1860.997,"endTime":1864.605,"body":"in practices that result in their products being banned."},{"startTime":1865.865,"endTime":1870.765,"body":"But what it doesn't do of itself is eliminate the risk to users."},{"startTime":1872.045,"endTime":1879.909,"body":"Securing all of the individual endpoints is important because vulnerabilities in even the dumbest of"},{"startTime":1879.909,"endTime":1886.725,"body":"connected devices can be exploited to gain access to paired devices and networks."},{"startTime":1887.785,"endTime":1895.085,"body":"In the cybersecurity industry, we've seen internet of things botnets networks of many thousands of"},{"startTime":1895.085,"endTime":1900.925,"body":"devices like printers and home routers that have been hijacked by criminals."},{"startTime":1901.145,"endTime":1907.833,"body":"And one of my favorite cases came to light in 2017 when a casino in"},{"startTime":1907.833,"endTime":1908.279,"body":"North America was hacked through the internet connected thermometer in a fish tank in their"},{"startTime":1908.279,"endTime":1920.765,"body":"lobby, the criminals managed to steal 10 gigabytes of data from the casino's network."},{"startTime":1921.785,"endTime":1928.295,"body":"And I can't tell you whether the casino's management knew that the thermometer was vulnerable,"},{"startTime":1928.295,"endTime":1928.729,"body":"but it does raise a key question about awareness because if end users are responsible"},{"startTime":1928.729,"endTime":1929.163,"body":"for securing endpoints in the internet of things, we need to know that and we"},{"startTime":1929.163,"endTime":1943.485,"body":"need to be told how."},{"startTime":1944.945,"endTime":1949.49,"body":"And I'm going to share with you a very personal story that I hope will"},{"startTime":1949.49,"endTime":1951.005,"body":"serve to illustrate this point."},{"startTime":1953.385,"endTime":1959.587,"body":"In early 2012, I found myself standing in my dad's kitchen on the south coast"},{"startTime":1959.587,"endTime":1960.001,"body":"of England, and I was living in the Netherlands at the time working for Europol,"},{"startTime":1960.001,"endTime":1967.445,"body":"the European Police Agency."},{"startTime":1968.785,"endTime":1974.396,"body":"The all too rare occasions when I returned to the UK gave me an opportunity"},{"startTime":1974.396,"endTime":1978.885,"body":"to check on my dad's health at the age of just 35."},{"startTime":1979.265,"endTime":1986.51,"body":"He had suffered a massive heart attack and he had received one of the world's"},{"startTime":1986.51,"endTime":1988.925,"body":"first triple heart bypass operations."},{"startTime":1989.865,"endTime":1997.158,"body":"And thanks to this procedure and to some superb follow-up care, his life was prolonged"},{"startTime":1997.158,"endTime":2003.965,"body":"by an incredible 28 years during which he benefited from further incredible medical advances."},{"startTime":2006.025,"endTime":2011.701,"body":"On the occasion of my visit, he proudly showed off a pacemaker defibrillator that had"},{"startTime":2011.701,"endTime":2015.485,"body":"recently been implanted under his skin just near his collarbone."},{"startTime":2015.945,"endTime":2022.008,"body":"And he explained to me that it communicated wirelessly with a base station on his"},{"startTime":2022.008,"endTime":2022.412,"body":"bedside table, which then used his home internet connection to report his heart function to"},{"startTime":2022.412,"endTime":2029.285,"body":"his local hospital."},{"startTime":2030.435,"endTime":2036.565,"body":"This allowed my dad's cardiologist to monitor him continuously and remotely."},{"startTime":2037.745,"endTime":2043.595,"body":"The defibrillator component was designed to deliver a shock to reboot his heart if it"},{"startTime":2043.595,"endTime":2044.765,"body":"began to struggle."},{"startTime":2045.305,"endTime":2050.697,"body":"And once I had Julie Marvels at the Wonders of Modern Medicine and it was"},{"startTime":2050.697,"endTime":2051.056,"body":"truly marvelous, we went to sit down in the living room from where we could"},{"startTime":2051.056,"endTime":2058.965,"body":"see his rather old, rather clunky desktop computer."},{"startTime":2059.905,"endTime":2064.436,"body":"And this reminded him to ask me for some help with something that had been"},{"startTime":2064.436,"endTime":2065.645,"body":"irritating him a bit."},{"startTime":2066.905,"endTime":2070.885,"body":"He said, you are good with computers, aren't you \u003claugh\u003e?"},{"startTime":2071.465,"endTime":2075.396,"body":"And if you work in it, you know that is a phrase that fills all"},{"startTime":2075.396,"endTime":2076.445,"body":"of us with dread."},{"startTime":2077.335,"endTime":2079.445,"body":"Never say that to people at parties, please."},{"startTime":2080.864,"endTime":2086.364,"body":"My dad said, \u003claugh\u003e that his computer had been running really slowly ever since."},{"startTime":2086.385,"endTime":2090.685,"body":"One of the step grandkids had downloaded some games from the internet."},{"startTime":2091.505,"endTime":2098.042,"body":"And as a cybercrime analyst, I knew that downloading games from dodgy websites was one"},{"startTime":2098.042,"endTime":2101.965,"body":"way that computers could be infected with malicious software."},{"startTime":2102.945,"endTime":2107.823,"body":"So I asked my dad whether the computer's antivirus was up to date and he"},{"startTime":2107.823,"endTime":2108.148,"body":"confessed that he hadn't bothered to renew the subscription because he didn't really understand what"},{"startTime":2108.148,"endTime":2116.605,"body":"it did and he decided it was probably a waste of money."},{"startTime":2118.425,"endTime":2125.563,"body":"So an intelligent, very capable man who ran his own business in the motor trade"},{"startTime":2125.563,"endTime":2126.039,"body":"somehow hadn't understood the implications of his home computer, sharing an internet connection with a"},{"startTime":2126.039,"endTime":2126.515,"body":"device that was monitoring his vital signs and that keeping that connection clean and secure"},{"startTime":2126.515,"endTime":2144.125,"body":"would somehow prevent criminals interrupting reports to his doctor."},{"startTime":2146.025,"endTime":2151.471,"body":"So during the same cup of tea, which as we all know is a recognized"},{"startTime":2151.471,"endTime":2151.834,"body":"measurement of time in the uk, I proceeded to explain this to update the software"},{"startTime":2151.834,"endTime":2162.365,"body":"on my dad's computer and to impress on him the importance of keeping it updated."},{"startTime":2163.705,"endTime":2169.529,"body":"And it occurred to me that there were likely to be many others for whom"},{"startTime":2169.529,"endTime":2174.965,"body":"the implications of being part of the internet of things were far from clear."},{"startTime":2176.105,"endTime":2183.561,"body":"In fact, already by the time of this conversation, there were millions of people walking"},{"startTime":2183.561,"endTime":2184.058,"body":"around with connected pacemaker defibrillators inside them and millions more with connected continuous glucose monitors"},{"startTime":2184.058,"endTime":2196.485,"body":"and insulin pumps, all of whom depended on their correct functioning."},{"startTime":2197.945,"endTime":2202.901,"body":"Now, there is nothing inherently wrong with these implantable devices, and if you have one,"},{"startTime":2202.901,"endTime":2206.205,"body":"I promise you there really is no need to panic."},{"startTime":2206.275,"endTime":2213.694,"body":"They are undoubtedly bringing you huge benefits, but perhaps I might suggest that for you"},{"startTime":2213.694,"endTime":2214.188,"body":"it is even more important to take a few basic digital hygiene measures, like making"},{"startTime":2214.188,"endTime":2214.683,"body":"sure that the software on all your devices is up to date, having different strong"},{"startTime":2214.683,"endTime":2231.005,"body":"passwords for all your accounts."},{"startTime":2231.705,"endTime":2237.18,"body":"And if this sounds familiar to some of you, you will remember that of course"},{"startTime":2237.18,"endTime":2237.545,"body":"you can find that practical guidance in our cyber short series of videos on the"},{"startTime":2237.545,"endTime":2247.765,"body":"Gresham website and on YouTube, it is just basic cyber security and online safety."},{"startTime":2247.905,"endTime":2249.405,"body":"That's all you need to do."},{"startTime":2251.265,"endTime":2252.285,"body":"So how did this end?"},{"startTime":2252.995,"endTime":2258.977,"body":"Well, my dad passed away a few months after that conversation, but you will be"},{"startTime":2258.977,"endTime":2263.365,"body":"relieved to hear that he was not assassinated through his pacemaker."},{"startTime":2264.785,"endTime":2271.242,"body":"As far as we know, this is still the stuff of fiction as in the"},{"startTime":2271.242,"endTime":2271.673,"body":"storyline in the TV series Homeland, which reportedly was based on former US Vice President,"},{"startTime":2271.673,"endTime":2282.005,"body":"Dick Cheney's concerns about the connectivity of his own pacemaker."},{"startTime":2283.345,"endTime":2289.561,"body":"But even after my dad's death, the bionic part of him remained a subject of"},{"startTime":2289.561,"endTime":2290.805,"body":"confusion and debate."},{"startTime":2292.265,"endTime":2298.373,"body":"One family member couldn't understand why the pacemaker hadn't called an ambulance when my dad's"},{"startTime":2298.373,"endTime":2302.445,"body":"heart failed, something that was never part of its design."},{"startTime":2303.945,"endTime":2310.875,"body":"As is often the case with technology, we can find ourselves caught between a lack"},{"startTime":2310.875,"endTime":2317.805,"body":"of awareness about what it does and hyped expectations of what it ought to do."},{"startTime":2318.335,"endTime":2323.29,"body":"Those of us who grew up in the latter half of the 20th century may"},{"startTime":2323.29,"endTime":2326.925,"body":"feel legitimately aggrieved that we don't yet own a flying car."},{"startTime":2328.115,"endTime":2329.845,"body":"That doesn't mean it will never happen."},{"startTime":2330.315,"endTime":2336.949,"body":"Just as the pacemaker of the future may well have the capability to summon an"},{"startTime":2336.949,"endTime":2340.045,"body":"ambulance or drone or first responder robot."},{"startTime":2340.905,"endTime":2347.672,"body":"But it is incumbent on developers and distributors of devices to explain clearly to us"},{"startTime":2347.672,"endTime":2348.123,"body":"what they can do, what they can't, and what we need to do to keep"},{"startTime":2348.123,"endTime":2356.245,"body":"them and us safe."},{"startTime":2358.755,"endTime":2364.689,"body":"It's become fashionable to refer to the Internet of things as the world's digital nervous"},{"startTime":2364.689,"endTime":2365.085,"body":"system."},{"startTime":2365.625,"endTime":2371.085,"body":"And I think it's a useful analogy in that much like the human nervous system,"},{"startTime":2371.085,"endTime":2374.725,"body":"it can be difficult to discern with the naked eye."},{"startTime":2374.985,"endTime":2379.045,"body":"The electrical impulses are very much under the surface."},{"startTime":2380.355,"endTime":2384.624,"body":"When I told people who work in it that I was giving a lecture on"},{"startTime":2384.624,"endTime":2388.325,"body":"the Internet of things, a few of them responded, isn't that over already?"},{"startTime":2389.665,"endTime":2395.674,"body":"And I mused on this for a while and was then reminded of a statement"},{"startTime":2395.674,"endTime":2396.075,"body":"by Mark Wiser, who was Chief technology Officer at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center in"},{"startTime":2396.075,"endTime":2402.485,"body":"the 1990s."},{"startTime":2402.875,"endTime":2407.045,"body":"He's remembered by many as the father of ubiquitous computing."},{"startTime":2408.145,"endTime":2413.205,"body":"And he said that the most profound technologies are those that disappear."},{"startTime":2414.115,"endTime":2420.685,"body":"They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it."},{"startTime":2421.895,"endTime":2427.707,"body":"While we have already reached the point where sensors have literally been woven into textiles"},{"startTime":2427.707,"endTime":2428.095,"body":"so that they can monitor our vital signs, remember when we used to say that"},{"startTime":2428.095,"endTime":2435.845,"body":"we were going on the internet?"},{"startTime":2436.485,"endTime":2440.525,"body":"Actually some of the younger ones of you here might not remember that, but I"},{"startTime":2440.525,"endTime":2444.565,"body":"certainly remember saying I'm going on the internet as if it were a distinct location."},{"startTime":2445.305,"endTime":2450.263,"body":"It reflected the fact that we would most likely have to physically move to the"},{"startTime":2450.263,"endTime":2450.593,"body":"part of the house or the part of the office in which there was the"},{"startTime":2450.593,"endTime":2457.205,"body":"one desktop computer that was connected."},{"startTime":2458.425,"endTime":2463.405,"body":"We no longer say we're going on the internet because it's all around us."},{"startTime":2464.745,"endTime":2467.925,"body":"We haven't quite reached peak saturation."},{"startTime":2468.025,"endTime":2475.18,"body":"And there are evidence teething troubles, the most visible of which are perhaps, um, recent"},{"startTime":2475.18,"endTime":2475.657,"body":"traffic jams and accidents caused by driverless taxis in cities where they are being trialed,"},{"startTime":2475.657,"endTime":2484.245,"body":"but is clearly happening."},{"startTime":2484.305,"endTime":2492.118,"body":"We just have to make sure that we keep looking, capturing and analyzing data from"},{"startTime":2492.118,"endTime":2495.765,"body":"billions of physical items in real time."},{"startTime":2496.055,"endTime":2502.805,"body":"Highlights yet another respect in which digital and physical realms are converging."},{"startTime":2503.345,"endTime":2507.565,"body":"The internet of things is clearly also the internet of humans."},{"startTime":2508.815,"endTime":2516.654,"body":"Equally, the internet of plants and the Internet of animals, as in this research project"},{"startTime":2516.654,"endTime":2517.176,"body":"which equipped amps with RFID, the prospect of large numbers of things with the capacity"},{"startTime":2517.176,"endTime":2517.699,"body":"to respond to stimuli without direct human intervention also raises similar questions to those currently"},{"startTime":2517.699,"endTime":2534.945,"body":"being asked of artificial intelligence."},{"startTime":2536.205,"endTime":2544.345,"body":"How will we ensure that the future Internet of things operates safely, securely, and transparently?"},{"startTime":2545.565,"endTime":2549.625,"body":"Who will be responsible for that and who will have oversight?"},{"startTime":2550.805,"endTime":2554.585,"body":"How can we ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks?"},{"startTime":2555.205,"endTime":2563.455,"body":"And lastly, who benefits in a vision of the future in which efficiency and productivity"},{"startTime":2563.455,"endTime":2567.305,"body":"equate with a reduction in human labor?"},{"startTime":2568.145,"endTime":2575.415,"body":"A mature massive internet of things may serve some members of society at the expense"},{"startTime":2575.415,"endTime":2576.385,"body":"of others."},{"startTime":2578.005,"endTime":2585.398,"body":"In a society that prioritizes data analytics above all else in which humans are just"},{"startTime":2585.398,"endTime":2585.891,"body":"a fraction of many billions of data generators, we may need to work extra hard"},{"startTime":2585.891,"endTime":2586.384,"body":"to assert ourselves as individuals to distinguish ourselves from other data assets to return to"},{"startTime":2586.384,"endTime":2601.665,"body":"our Disney analogy."},{"startTime":2603.225,"endTime":2608.925,"body":"We do need to ensure that the broomsticks don't take over, but also that they"},{"startTime":2608.925,"endTime":2610.445,"body":"serve all of us."},{"startTime":2611.695,"endTime":2612.605,"body":"Thank you very much."},{"startTime":2623.055,"endTime":2624.165,"body":"Thank you very much."},{"startTime":2624.315,"endTime":2628.005,"body":"I've got some great questions and I'll start with the ones online."},{"startTime":2628.505,"endTime":2633.15,"body":"Um, so from Malcolm, since Alexa and other systems can detect sounds and Amazon and"},{"startTime":2633.15,"endTime":2633.46,"body":"Google happily farm my data, should I be careful in the kitchen in case the"},{"startTime":2633.46,"endTime":2638.725,"body":"fridge is listening?"},{"startTime":2641.565,"endTime":2643.765,"body":"Goodness, it depends what you're talking about really, doesn't it?"},{"startTime":2644.265,"endTime":2644.485,"body":"Um,"},{"startTime":2645.865,"endTime":2651.748,"body":"So I think it's helpful in these situations to look at your settings on all"},{"startTime":2651.748,"endTime":2652.925,"body":"of your devices."},{"startTime":2653.105,"endTime":2657.116,"body":"And I know that sounds dull, but um, you may notice that sometimes in your"},{"startTime":2657.116,"endTime":2657.384,"body":"phone you can look at your different apps and you can see which apps have"},{"startTime":2657.384,"endTime":2664.605,"body":"access to your microphone, which apps have, you know, access to your camera."},{"startTime":2665.505,"endTime":2667.405,"body":"You have the power to change that."},{"startTime":2667.605,"endTime":2671.462,"body":"I know it can take a little bit of time with something like Alexa, Alexa"},{"startTime":2671.462,"endTime":2673.005,"body":"is designed to listen to you."},{"startTime":2673.025,"endTime":2676.437,"body":"If it's not, if you turn off \u003claugh\u003e, if you turn off the microphone function"},{"startTime":2676.437,"endTime":2678.485,"body":"for Alexa, you're not getting much out of it."},{"startTime":2678.645,"endTime":2679.125,"body":"I get that."},{"startTime":2679.945,"endTime":2685.669,"body":"Um, I would say, um, not to be worried about it, but equally, I'm someone"},{"startTime":2685.669,"endTime":2689.485,"body":"who follows all of the legislation, the regulations around this."},{"startTime":2689.785,"endTime":2696.647,"body":"And there have been cases, um, where law enforcement in the investigation of serious crime"},{"startTime":2696.647,"endTime":2700.765,"body":"have requested those recordings, um, from companies like Amazon."},{"startTime":2700.905,"endTime":2706.727,"body":"So, you know, once that data is out there, it's out there, it's requestable, um,"},{"startTime":2706.727,"endTime":2709.445,"body":"by law enforcement under very strict regimes."},{"startTime":2710.065,"endTime":2714.578,"body":"Um, but I suppose if you are a drug dealer or a terrorist, don't, don't"},{"startTime":2714.578,"endTime":2716.685,"body":"have an Alexa would be my advice."},{"startTime":2717.165,"endTime":2722.165,"body":"\u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":2718.585,"endTime":2723.465,"body":"So, so this rolls on nicely to our next question from Doug, which is, with"},{"startTime":2723.465,"endTime":2727.045,"body":"potentially thousands of devices active, how do we ensure informed consent?"},{"startTime":2728.295,"endTime":2728.645,"body":"Right?"},{"startTime":2728.865,"endTime":2732.291,"body":"Um, and, and, and apologies to Malcolm for, because I don't, I didn't mean to"},{"startTime":2732.291,"endTime":2733.205,"body":"be flippant about that."},{"startTime":2733.365,"endTime":2736.765,"body":"I I think to some extent you are, you are signing up for a service."},{"startTime":2737.145,"endTime":2741.316,"body":"And th this taps into the point about consent, really, that once you've ticked that"},{"startTime":2741.316,"endTime":2741.595,"body":"box to say, well, I'm happy for you to use this data for x, y,"},{"startTime":2741.595,"endTime":2746.045,"body":"z purposes."},{"startTime":2746.825,"endTime":2752.715,"body":"Um, to the to the second question, um, the regulation is there so that if"},{"startTime":2752.715,"endTime":2758.605,"body":"it turns out that your data isn't being used properly, those companies can be prosecuted."},{"startTime":2758.785,"endTime":2764.201,"body":"And if we look at something like the general data protection regulation, it's 4% of"},{"startTime":2764.201,"endTime":2765.285,"body":"their annual revenue."},{"startTime":2765.825,"endTime":2768.675,"body":"Um, which doesn't sound like a lot, but if you think if you're a big"},{"startTime":2768.675,"endTime":2770.005,"body":"tech company, that's a lot of money."},{"startTime":2770.865,"endTime":2775.584,"body":"Now, as we know from prosecutions and civil actions, the world over prosecuting or, or,"},{"startTime":2775.584,"endTime":2779.045,"body":"or bringing a big tech company to bear can take time."},{"startTime":2779.985,"endTime":2785.337,"body":"Um, but they do to the best of my, uh, you know, knowledge, they do"},{"startTime":2785.337,"endTime":2786.765,"body":"take it quite seriously."},{"startTime":2787.315,"endTime":2788.805,"body":"It's not just about the money."},{"startTime":2788.905,"endTime":2794.236,"body":"In fact, quite often it's not about the money, it's about the embarrassment and, and"},{"startTime":2794.236,"endTime":2796.725,"body":"the reputational damage of having been exposed."},{"startTime":2797.265,"endTime":2803.201,"body":"Um, and I know that in previous talks we've, um, we've talked about investigative journalists,"},{"startTime":2803.201,"endTime":2803.597,"body":"the role of investigative journalists, um, and you know, there've been some great investigations into"},{"startTime":2803.597,"endTime":2810.325,"body":"misuse of data."},{"startTime":2810.985,"endTime":2814.575,"body":"Um, it does mean that us as consumers, we have to keep a top, you"},{"startTime":2814.575,"endTime":2814.814,"body":"know, kind of keep on top of all of, um, that information out in the"},{"startTime":2814.814,"endTime":2818.405,"body":"media."},{"startTime":2818.905,"endTime":2824.02,"body":"But it really is worth reading, you know, some of the work of those investigative"},{"startTime":2824.02,"endTime":2825.725,"body":"journalists about misuse of data."},{"startTime":2826.005,"endTime":2826.925,"body":"'cause it's our data."},{"startTime":2828.865,"endTime":2833.376,"body":"And I I should mention, we are gonna have a talk about data protection for"},{"startTime":2833.376,"endTime":2836.685,"body":"thrill seekers later next year as in, um, calendar year 2024."},{"startTime":2836.685,"endTime":2841.957,"body":"But as part of this series, um, lecture five, I believe, of this year's series,"},{"startTime":2841.957,"endTime":2842.309,"body":"we're gonna be talking about why data protection isn't just about zeros and ones and"},{"startTime":2842.309,"endTime":2848.285,"body":"abstract administrative offenses."},{"startTime":2848.285,"endTime":2849.525,"body":"It actually affects our lives."},{"startTime":2850.905,"endTime":2853.765,"body":"So Nathan's asking, we've had a long, slow phase."},{"startTime":2853.765,"endTime":2857.698,"body":"And actually there was another question similar, um, where most devices are not used, they're"},{"startTime":2857.698,"endTime":2860.845,"body":"not fully reliable, they would be a bit fed up with them."},{"startTime":2861.275,"endTime":2862.805,"body":"When do you think we'll finally be there?"},{"startTime":2863.745,"endTime":2864.445,"body":"Oh goodness."},{"startTime":2864.805,"endTime":2867.946,"body":"I knew I'd have a question about the timeline, and that's a, that's a really"},{"startTime":2867.946,"endTime":2868.365,"body":"difficult one."},{"startTime":2868.585,"endTime":2870.605,"body":"So there's, there's two aspects to this."},{"startTime":2871.425,"endTime":2875.252,"body":"Um, one, I think when we look at all of this, like for those of"},{"startTime":2875.252,"endTime":2875.507,"body":"you who came to my Metaverse lecture, you'll see that there's a kind of a"},{"startTime":2875.507,"endTime":2879.845,"body":"similar aesthetic here."},{"startTime":2880.265,"endTime":2884.856,"body":"Um, and, and really what I'm wanted to convey here is that we've got a"},{"startTime":2884.856,"endTime":2885.162,"body":"bunch of technologies that already exist and are already being used in different parts of"},{"startTime":2885.162,"endTime":2891.285,"body":"the world or in different sectors."},{"startTime":2891.795,"endTime":2898.702,"body":"What we need is for them to mature separately, also to accelerate each other's developments"},{"startTime":2898.702,"endTime":2901.005,"body":"and then to be interoperable."},{"startTime":2901.005,"endTime":2904.445,"body":"And that interoperability is the really difficult bit."},{"startTime":2904.705,"endTime":2909.462,"body":"So, um, you might have noticed in the news this morning there was a statistic"},{"startTime":2909.462,"endTime":2909.779,"body":"about 2.7 million smart meters not working smart energy meters for those of you who"},{"startTime":2909.779,"endTime":2915.805,"body":"are outside the UK listening."},{"startTime":2916.305,"endTime":2920.565,"body":"Um, and that's out of about, I think, 33 million that have been deployed."},{"startTime":2921.225,"endTime":2925.466,"body":"And you will also know that over the last few years, one of the major"},{"startTime":2925.466,"endTime":2925.749,"body":"headaches has been that if you've got a smart meter and you switch energy suppliers,"},{"startTime":2925.749,"endTime":2931.405,"body":"you can't use that smart meter."},{"startTime":2931.585,"endTime":2937.093,"body":"So that, that seems like something that's a, a great example of what needs to"},{"startTime":2937.093,"endTime":2937.46,"body":"be fixed in order for the internet of things to be interoperable when we're looking"},{"startTime":2937.46,"endTime":2944.805,"body":"at something like, um, autonomous vehicles."},{"startTime":2945.505,"endTime":2951.243,"body":"Um, yes, we've had some legislation introduced in the King's speech at the opening of"},{"startTime":2951.243,"endTime":2951.626,"body":"Parliament, um, the Automated vehicles acts, um, and you know, that's brilliant that that's coming"},{"startTime":2951.626,"endTime":2957.365,"body":"through."},{"startTime":2957.585,"endTime":2962.577,"body":"But one of the things that's, that's stipulated in that proposed legislation is that what"},{"startTime":2962.577,"endTime":2962.91,"body":"we need before we can have anything else is a central register of all the"},{"startTime":2962.91,"endTime":2970.565,"body":"different traffic regulations in all the different local authorities."},{"startTime":2970.995,"endTime":2976.137,"body":"Because if you don't have a central published register of that autonomous vehicle manufacturers and"},{"startTime":2976.137,"endTime":2976.48,"body":"public transport networks, they can't all be singing from the same hymn sheet of what's"},{"startTime":2976.48,"endTime":2984.365,"body":"permissible in a particular town or a particular village."},{"startTime":2985.105,"endTime":2989.415,"body":"Um, so there there's lots of infrastructure that we still need to have in place,"},{"startTime":2989.415,"endTime":2993.725,"body":"and that's, um, a very long-winded way of getting outta putting a timeline on it."},{"startTime":2994.065,"endTime":2999.479,"body":"But, um, I do think that that timeline of 2030 for introducing six G is"},{"startTime":2999.479,"endTime":2999.84,"body":"going to be really interesting because if we hit that target in some countries around"},{"startTime":2999.84,"endTime":3000.201,"body":"the world, um, in the same way that we've hit the 5G target in some"},{"startTime":3000.201,"endTime":3000.562,"body":"countries around the world, that will just enable a lot more connections and it will"},{"startTime":3000.562,"endTime":3016.805,"body":"enable greater interoperability."},{"startTime":3017.875,"endTime":3021.976,"body":"Because the other thing is, once we've got all the connections and you've got all"},{"startTime":3021.976,"endTime":3025.805,"body":"the different towns and their different things, who is going to be in charge?"},{"startTime":3026.225,"endTime":3031.379,"body":"So if you've got your smart city, who you've got the different Tesla, whatever, different"},{"startTime":3031.379,"endTime":3031.723,"body":"manufacturers who is going to run the whole place, I suppose even within a city"},{"startTime":3031.723,"endTime":3037.565,"body":"or a town,"},{"startTime":3038.035,"endTime":3038.725,"body":"Well that's it."},{"startTime":3038.725,"endTime":3043.876,"body":"And I, and I think one of the things we're seeing in information technology more"},{"startTime":3043.876,"endTime":3044.219,"body":"generally in all different aspects of it, um, is this trade off or this, this"},{"startTime":3044.219,"endTime":3052.805,"body":"kind of, kind of face off even between centralization and decentralization."},{"startTime":3053.385,"endTime":3057.6,"body":"So even thinking, you know, going back to the metaverse, which is, you know, enabled"},{"startTime":3057.6,"endTime":3057.881,"body":"by the internet of things connected devices, um, there's a sense of, you know, there"},{"startTime":3057.881,"endTime":3058.162,"body":"are the big four big five tech companies have the money and you could apply"},{"startTime":3058.162,"endTime":3070.245,"body":"this to AI as well, of course you could apply it to anything in it."},{"startTime":3070.555,"endTime":3076.205,"body":"They have the money to develop and really spring forward with the technology."},{"startTime":3077.065,"endTime":3081.037,"body":"But at the same time, I'd like to feel we can be quite idealistic about"},{"startTime":3081.037,"endTime":3081.302,"body":"this and say, well, going back to my very first lecture of last year, who"},{"startTime":3081.302,"endTime":3085.805,"body":"owns the internet?"},{"startTime":3085.835,"endTime":3086.685,"body":"Well, we all do."},{"startTime":3087.475,"endTime":3093.405,"body":"Well, we all should do, but who controls it is sometimes, uh, a different answer."},{"startTime":3093.905,"endTime":3097.628,"body":"Um, but I'm certainly seeing that, that that tension again and again in different aspects"},{"startTime":3097.628,"endTime":3098.125,"body":"of it."},{"startTime":3098.785,"endTime":3099.005,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3099.065,"endTime":3103.499,"body":"And, and going on from that, what about the rogue states or you know, yeah,"},{"startTime":3103.499,"endTime":3103.795,"body":"it intimates all these connections getting, or any one of these connections getting into the"},{"startTime":3103.795,"endTime":3108.525,"body":"wrong hands,"},{"startTime":3108.995,"endTime":3114.339,"body":"Getting into the wrong hands being the targets of, um, nation state attacks or state"},{"startTime":3114.339,"endTime":3115.765,"body":"sponsored state affiliated attacks."},{"startTime":3116.385,"endTime":3120.591,"body":"But equally, um, you know, one of the things that I've been tracking for a"},{"startTime":3120.591,"endTime":3120.871,"body":"few years in my work is looking at rogue states with kind of rogue internet"},{"startTime":3120.871,"endTime":3121.152,"body":"domains that there are certain countries where it's easier to be a cyber criminal than"},{"startTime":3121.152,"endTime":3129.285,"body":"others."},{"startTime":3130.185,"endTime":3134.085,"body":"Um, you know, so it's, it's not impossible and it may already be the case,"},{"startTime":3134.085,"endTime":3136.685,"body":"so apologies if you already know that this is happening."},{"startTime":3137.265,"endTime":3142.042,"body":"Um, it may already be the case that, you know, there is a bunch of"},{"startTime":3142.042,"endTime":3142.361,"body":"people with a load of raspberry pies or similar, similar, um, single board computers, um,"},{"startTime":3142.361,"endTime":3150.005,"body":"you know, using that processing power to launch cyber attacks."},{"startTime":3151.585,"endTime":3153.965,"body":"So this is my last one I'm gonna take from here for now."},{"startTime":3154.475,"endTime":3160.307,"body":"It's overall is the massive growth in the internet of things a good thing or"},{"startTime":3160.307,"endTime":3161.085,"body":"bad thing?"},{"startTime":3161.625,"endTime":3162.565,"body":"Oh goodness."},{"startTime":3164.745,"endTime":3170.412,"body":"So if, if I, if I go back to my dad's example, I abso I"},{"startTime":3170.412,"endTime":3175.325,"body":"thought the fact that he had this pacemaker defibrillator, it was absolutely brilliant."},{"startTime":3175.705,"endTime":3181.38,"body":"You know, so if connected technology is, um, giving people longer lives, better quality of"},{"startTime":3181.38,"endTime":3181.759,"body":"life, greater independence, let's, let's say in their home environments, um, if it is giving"},{"startTime":3181.759,"endTime":3182.137,"body":"them, if it's making them, you know, more connected, traveling around to places that they"},{"startTime":3182.137,"endTime":3182.515,"body":"couldn't otherwise go, you know, even on a consumer level, I think that is a"},{"startTime":3182.515,"endTime":3199.165,"body":"fantastic thing."},{"startTime":3200.225,"endTime":3206.236,"body":"But we come back to, you know, every information technology that is introduced or every"},{"startTime":3206.236,"endTime":3211.045,"body":"development in it that is introduced brings benefits and it brings risks."},{"startTime":3212.065,"endTime":3217.798,"body":"Um, and so I am a little bit nervous when I see regulation and I"},{"startTime":3217.798,"endTime":3218.181,"body":"see policy makers who have a zero tolerance approach to risk on the internet or"},{"startTime":3218.181,"endTime":3218.563,"body":"risk using technology because, you know, as a species, we haven't managed to engineer crime"},{"startTime":3218.563,"endTime":3232.325,"body":"out of our societies at all, have we?"},{"startTime":3232.585,"endTime":3237.497,"body":"You know, we, we can reduce crime, we can displace crime, but say the idea"},{"startTime":3237.497,"endTime":3237.825,"body":"that you would be absolutely safe using it in a way that you could never"},{"startTime":3237.825,"endTime":3245.685,"body":"expect to be absolutely safe and secure on the streets."},{"startTime":3246.685,"endTime":3248.405,"body":"I, I think it's unrealistic."},{"startTime":3248.865,"endTime":3253.792,"body":"Um, and, and I think a more realistic conversation about the benefits and the risks,"},{"startTime":3253.792,"endTime":3254.12,"body":"it would be more helpful for everybody equally, that, as you know, my job here"},{"startTime":3254.12,"endTime":3254.449,"body":"is to tell you what the risks are and then tell you how to, how"},{"startTime":3254.449,"endTime":3268.245,"body":"to protect yourselves, what you can actually reasonably do to, to minimize that risk."},{"startTime":3268.905,"endTime":3273.547,"body":"Um, so that's really what I want to see more of a more honest conversation"},{"startTime":3273.547,"endTime":3275.405,"body":"about the benefits and the risks."},{"startTime":3276.305,"endTime":3282.285,"body":"Uh, thank you for presenting a nice topic, uh, yeah."},{"startTime":3282.545,"endTime":3290.514,"body":"Uh, in your lecture when you are pointing to like, uh, AWS Azure and Google"},{"startTime":3290.514,"endTime":3294.765,"body":"Cloud is actually, you know, dominating the cloud."},{"startTime":3295.745,"endTime":3303.282,"body":"So, and also I heard the word that you mentioned that US company, so in"},{"startTime":3303.282,"endTime":3307.805,"body":"this scenario, what UK or Europe could have done."},{"startTime":3309.475,"endTime":3309.765,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":3309.825,"endTime":3314.713,"body":"So, um, that's a really good question because in the last few years I can"},{"startTime":3314.713,"endTime":3315.039,"body":"certainly answer from the EU perspective because, gosh, I might not get the date exactly"},{"startTime":3315.039,"endTime":3315.365,"body":"right, but it feels like it was about a decade ago, um, that the European"},{"startTime":3315.365,"endTime":3315.691,"body":"Union came up with the idea of an EU sovereign cloud that we would, you"},{"startTime":3315.691,"endTime":3332.965,"body":"know, foster EU innovations, that we could have a European cloud."},{"startTime":3333.745,"endTime":3336.605,"body":"And at the time I thought this was a really silly idea."},{"startTime":3336.765,"endTime":3339.895,"body":"I thought, well, that doesn't make any sense because you know, who's going to lead"},{"startTime":3339.895,"endTime":3341.565,"body":"that and which country will be in charge?"},{"startTime":3341.965,"endTime":3347.565,"body":"I mean, actually from a strategic perspective, in hindsight, that was a really good idea."},{"startTime":3347.955,"endTime":3354.112,"body":"It's not that there's anything wrong with US companies, it's that, you know, from a"},{"startTime":3354.112,"endTime":3354.523,"body":"a geopolitical perspective, at least countries don't like to be dependent on other countries for"},{"startTime":3354.523,"endTime":3363.965,"body":"their entire infrastructure, whether that's internet or, or otherwise."},{"startTime":3364.745,"endTime":3370.045,"body":"Um, you know, we do have cyber attacks against some of these large cloud providers."},{"startTime":3370.065,"endTime":3373.965,"body":"We do have security vulnerabilities, and that's always a worry."},{"startTime":3374.385,"endTime":3379.368,"body":"Um, you know, on the flip side of it, um, they, they are, you know,"},{"startTime":3379.368,"endTime":3379.701,"body":"wealthy and large enough to be able to employ lots of really, really good security"},{"startTime":3379.701,"endTime":3384.685,"body":"specialists."},{"startTime":3384.785,"endTime":3389.427,"body":"So, you know, they're, they're incrementally, they're safer because they can hire really, really good"},{"startTime":3389.427,"endTime":3391.285,"body":"people to do that security work."},{"startTime":3392.025,"endTime":3398.182,"body":"Um, but certainly cloud is is one of those spaces where we have seen countries"},{"startTime":3398.182,"endTime":3400.645,"body":"try and exert their digital sovereignty."},{"startTime":3401.585,"endTime":3407.285,"body":"Um, UK this is a difficult one 'cause when it was part of the eu,"},{"startTime":3407.285,"endTime":3412.605,"body":"it was able to buy into that, you know, EU digital sovereignty as well."},{"startTime":3413.185,"endTime":3417.835,"body":"Now it's somewhat outside as it is with, you know, many other things with ai,"},{"startTime":3417.835,"endTime":3418.765,"body":"with supply chain."},{"startTime":3419.585,"endTime":3426.236,"body":"Um, and, um, I, I think it's doing incredibly well from a startup perspective, but"},{"startTime":3426.236,"endTime":3432.445,"body":"to be one of the big cloud providers, you've got to have that money."},{"startTime":3432.545,"endTime":3438.378,"body":"You've got to have the resources and the infrastructure at the moment that mostly rests"},{"startTime":3438.378,"endTime":3443.045,"body":"with the US to a much lesser extent, it rests with China."},{"startTime":3443.145,"endTime":3447.249,"body":"And what we see in China is that they're to a great extent serving their"},{"startTime":3447.249,"endTime":3449.165,"body":"domestic market and their diaspora as well."},{"startTime":3450.225,"endTime":3452.485,"body":"Uh, thanks very much for a great presentation."},{"startTime":3452.905,"endTime":3456.125,"body":"Who do you think we should be most scared of?"},{"startTime":3456.775,"endTime":3460.325,"body":"Cyber criminals, government, or corporations?"},{"startTime":3461.105,"endTime":3463.045,"body":"Oh, I, I don't like that question."},{"startTime":3463.445,"endTime":3465.605,"body":"I don't want you to leave feeling scared."},{"startTime":3465.985,"endTime":3471.22,"body":"Um, so to try and answer that, I mean, that's an entire, that's a, that's"},{"startTime":3471.22,"endTime":3471.569,"body":"sitting with me and me ranting at you for eight hours about all of those,"},{"startTime":3471.569,"endTime":3476.805,"body":"right?"},{"startTime":3477.225,"endTime":3483.018,"body":"Um, I think we need to be holding everybody to account to the best of"},{"startTime":3483.018,"endTime":3483.404,"body":"our abilities that, um, when it comes to the internet, it's a little bit like"},{"startTime":3483.404,"endTime":3494.605,"body":"when it comes to outer space or the, the old great game of conquering territory."},{"startTime":3495.835,"endTime":3497.965,"body":"Everybody has a dog in the fight."},{"startTime":3499.185,"endTime":3503.445,"body":"So we shouldn't expect any of them to not have an agenda."},{"startTime":3504.315,"endTime":3506.165,"body":"They might have our best interests in heart."},{"startTime":3506.165,"endTime":3511.422,"body":"They might, they might say quite understandably or legitimately, they may feel that they do"},{"startTime":3511.422,"endTime":3513.525,"body":"have our best interests at heart."},{"startTime":3514.585,"endTime":3520.348,"body":"Um, but companies, you can't get away from the fact that big tech companies do"},{"startTime":3520.348,"endTime":3521.885,"body":"have to make money."},{"startTime":3523.425,"endTime":3530.407,"body":"Um, governments absolutely want to keep their citizens safe, but as we've seen, and as"},{"startTime":3530.407,"endTime":3530.872,"body":"I've talked about in some previous lectures around the world, they have different ideas about"},{"startTime":3530.872,"endTime":3531.338,"body":"what that safety is, and they have different ideas about, um, how they should control"},{"startTime":3531.338,"endTime":3547.165,"body":"the information flows in their countries."},{"startTime":3548.825,"endTime":3551.645,"body":"And I think it's very difficult now."},{"startTime":3551.875,"endTime":3557.428,"body":"It's getting more difficult in fact to distinguish between the information control that quote unquote"},{"startTime":3557.428,"endTime":3557.799,"body":"good countries like to engage in and the information control that rogue states like to"},{"startTime":3557.799,"endTime":3566.685,"body":"engage in or some of those not so good countries."},{"startTime":3567.785,"endTime":3574.811,"body":"Um, I think the media has a role to play in this as well because,"},{"startTime":3574.811,"endTime":3576.685,"body":"um, scaring people's cells."},{"startTime":3578.745,"endTime":3583.8,"body":"Um, and I'm not a fan of scaring people in the cybersecurity industry that's known"},{"startTime":3583.8,"endTime":3585.485,"body":"as fear, uncertainty and doubt."},{"startTime":3585.595,"endTime":3588.205,"body":"It's the military terminology of fud."},{"startTime":3588.545,"endTime":3591.125,"body":"And I, I don't actually think that makes people any safer."},{"startTime":3591.965,"endTime":3595.222,"body":"I think it just scares them and I think it makes them buy a thing"},{"startTime":3595.222,"endTime":3598.045,"body":"a bit like it was my dad, it made him buy a thing."},{"startTime":3598.105,"endTime":3601.817,"body":"He didn't understand what it did, so he didn't keep it up to date because"},{"startTime":3601.817,"endTime":3604.045,"body":"nobody told him what it did to protect him."},{"startTime":3604.945,"endTime":3611.516,"body":"Um, so I think we need to be questioning everybody when they talk about how"},{"startTime":3611.516,"endTime":3611.955,"body":"cyberspace should be regulated or how technology should be governed because they all have their"},{"startTime":3611.955,"endTime":3618.965,"body":"own interests."},{"startTime":3619.385,"endTime":3619.605,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3619.975,"endTime":3621.445,"body":"Thank you for a great presentation."},{"startTime":3621.495,"endTime":3621.925,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3621.985,"endTime":3626.845,"body":"Um, we've heard a lot about UK productivity and how it's, uh, in the doldrums."},{"startTime":3627.105,"endTime":3632.786,"body":"Um, to what extent do you think the massive internet of things will unleash UK"},{"startTime":3632.786,"endTime":3633.165,"body":"productivity?"},{"startTime":3633.705,"endTime":3638.325,"body":"And part two is, are we going to win that race compared to other states?"},{"startTime":3640.105,"endTime":3640.685,"body":"Oh gosh."},{"startTime":3641.025,"endTime":3644.995,"body":"Um, so this isn't a politics talk, even though it may feel like one a"},{"startTime":3644.995,"endTime":3645.525,"body":"little bit."},{"startTime":3645.905,"endTime":3650.405,"body":"Um, I, I think it will improve productivity just as it is around the world."},{"startTime":3650.765,"endTime":3655.541,"body":"I I, I don't see anything that is specifically UK best in class, you know,"},{"startTime":3655.541,"endTime":3659.045,"body":"will, will steal a march on the rest of the world."},{"startTime":3659.525,"endTime":3665.015,"body":"I think the UK is, um, even despite Brexit actually, you know, connected to, um,"},{"startTime":3665.015,"endTime":3665.381,"body":"the right kinds of providers to be able to make use of this in logistics"},{"startTime":3665.381,"endTime":3665.747,"body":"and manufacturing in agritech in consumer tech, um, I find it difficult to measure or"},{"startTime":3665.747,"endTime":3681.485,"body":"quantify in any real sense, partly because of that invisibility that I was talking about."},{"startTime":3681.545,"endTime":3686.971,"body":"You know, that it's so much part of the metaphorical and the literal fabric of"},{"startTime":3686.971,"endTime":3687.333,"body":"society that it's actually very difficult to say, oh, well we're ahead of this country"},{"startTime":3687.333,"endTime":3693.845,"body":"or, or that country."},{"startTime":3694.265,"endTime":3699.381,"body":"Um, it'd be interesting to dig into the stats of how many connected devices there"},{"startTime":3699.381,"endTime":3699.723,"body":"are in, in different countries, but some of that of course is tied to connectivity"},{"startTime":3699.723,"endTime":3700.064,"body":"at a basic level that if you've got a a, a country that's under connected"},{"startTime":3700.064,"endTime":3700.405,"body":"in any kind of real sense, you know, in terms of internet connectivity, then it"},{"startTime":3700.405,"endTime":3718.485,"body":"will have a, a less expansive use of internet of things."},{"startTime":3719.425,"endTime":3722.125,"body":"So yeah, it'd be interesting to dig into those stats."},{"startTime":3723.465,"endTime":3727.405,"body":"So Cuban are excellent at making things but not very good at futurology."},{"startTime":3727.715,"endTime":3731.702,"body":"Yeah, if you look at the 19th century predictions of what we'd be doing with"},{"startTime":3731.702,"endTime":3731.968,"body":"these automator is that we'd all be playing tennis and reading poetry at each other"},{"startTime":3731.968,"endTime":3737.285,"body":"'cause we'd have so much time."},{"startTime":3737.625,"endTime":3740.725,"body":"But instead we made a million coffee shops and laptops and wifi."},{"startTime":3740.865,"endTime":3742.125,"body":"So we just work all the time."},{"startTime":3742.625,"endTime":3748.782,"body":"So will you hazard a guess about how this might affect actual leisure time, social"},{"startTime":3748.782,"endTime":3751.245,"body":"time, um, on a human level?"},{"startTime":3751.505,"endTime":3756.76,"body":"You've, you've reminded me of news from nowhere, which is that lovely, um, imagining, isn't"},{"startTime":3756.76,"endTime":3757.111,"body":"it, of, you know, industry's over, we're all just weaving and doing tapestries and I"},{"startTime":3757.111,"endTime":3757.461,"body":"I would actually manage to do some real dul practice, I think if I \u003claugh\u003e"},{"startTime":3757.461,"endTime":3769.725,"body":"if we're in news from nowhere's future."},{"startTime":3770.345,"endTime":3775.176,"body":"Um, so I'm not gonna answer that in too much detail 'cause that's lecture six"},{"startTime":3775.176,"endTime":3775.499,"body":"of this year where we talk about the future of tech and how I think"},{"startTime":3775.499,"endTime":3775.821,"body":"you can actually start to hazard a hazard a guess at what the future might"},{"startTime":3775.821,"endTime":3785.485,"body":"look like."},{"startTime":3786.145,"endTime":3792.397,"body":"But to, without wanting to, you know, steal too much of my own thunder, um,"},{"startTime":3792.397,"endTime":3796.565,"body":"we are constantly told that you can't predict the future."},{"startTime":3797.425,"endTime":3802.99,"body":"We are constantly told that, well, we couldn't have expected that to happen, but we"},{"startTime":3802.99,"endTime":3804.845,"body":"know what technology's being developed."},{"startTime":3804.945,"endTime":3806.925,"body":"We know what patterns have been filed."},{"startTime":3807.995,"endTime":3813.622,"body":"It's like with ai, yes, it's stealing a march on us, and we, and we,"},{"startTime":3813.622,"endTime":3813.997,"body":"you know, are surprised and even the developers are surprised, but perhaps we need to"},{"startTime":3813.997,"endTime":3814.372,"body":"pay more attention to what's being developed because we are all, every single one of"},{"startTime":3814.372,"endTime":3814.747,"body":"us in this room is capable of thinking through the strategic implications of a particular"},{"startTime":3814.747,"endTime":3832.005,"body":"development in information technology."},{"startTime":3832.065,"endTime":3836.948,"body":"And that's exactly what we're going to do, um, in my last lecture of this"},{"startTime":3836.948,"endTime":3837.925,"body":"series in May."},{"startTime":3837.985,"endTime":3840.565,"body":"So thank you very much for the plug, Milton \u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":3841.745,"endTime":3841.965,"body":"And"},{"startTime":3841.965,"endTime":3843.965,"body":"On that point, thank you very much Victoria."},{"startTime":3844.305,"endTime":3845.485,"body":"Let, let's all join a gu."},{"startTime":3846.095,"endTime":3846.565,"body":"Thank you."}]}