{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":99.365,"endTime":103.159,"body":"But what I wanna do tonight is think a little bit about how we got"},{"startTime":103.159,"endTime":103.412,"body":"here, uh, and maybe speculate a bit about the factors that might have driven that"},{"startTime":103.412,"endTime":108.725,"body":"evolution, uh, and perhaps even going forwards."},{"startTime":187.345,"endTime":190.525,"body":"Um, and there aren't other species with which we reproduce."},{"startTime":201.715,"endTime":204.921,"body":"But because we want to encourage a love of learning, we think it's well worth"},{"startTime":204.921,"endTime":205.135,"body":"it."},{"startTime":287.105,"endTime":290.245,"body":"And in fact, these are, uh, a North American species, but closer to home."},{"startTime":301.665,"endTime":305.52,"body":"So there are lots and lots of examples of species that are very similar, living"},{"startTime":305.52,"endTime":306.805,"body":"relatively close to each other."},{"startTime":345.305,"endTime":351.331,"body":"So in fact, uh, in this estimate from 2018, almost a quarter of the world's"},{"startTime":351.331,"endTime":351.733,"body":"land surface is still classed as wilderness IE it has relatively little human habitation or"},{"startTime":351.733,"endTime":358.965,"body":"human activity shown here."},{"startTime":381.985,"endTime":387.215,"body":"And by, uh, recent estimates, it's about two or 3%, um, of the world's land"},{"startTime":387.215,"endTime":390.005,"body":"surface has genuinely not had humans access it."},{"startTime":431.535,"endTime":431.885,"body":"Maybe?"},{"startTime":460.785,"endTime":465.901,"body":"And this, of course, was something that early, uh, explorers, European explorers in particular, um,"},{"startTime":465.901,"endTime":466.925,"body":"floated as ideas."},{"startTime":473.825,"endTime":478.725,"body":"So this for example, is a picture of, uh, Charles Darwin arriving in South America"},{"startTime":478.725,"endTime":480.685,"body":"on his voyage, on the Beagle."},{"startTime":616.985,"endTime":621.641,"body":"And in fact, uh, by genetic data, we know that we share something like 98%"},{"startTime":621.641,"endTime":624.125,"body":"of our genome with chimpanzees that's pretty high."},{"startTime":624.585,"endTime":629.725,"body":"And so perhaps chimpanzees are actually a species, uh, to humanity."},{"startTime":691.145,"endTime":692.565,"body":"The distance is much higher."},{"startTime":818.525,"endTime":819.365,"body":"Often they were animals."},{"startTime":823.785,"endTime":829.005,"body":"Um, for example, like this skull dug out of a quarry in Gibraltar in the"},{"startTime":829.005,"endTime":829.353,"body":"early 18 hundreds when they'd done that, these were typically described by the scientific community,"},{"startTime":829.353,"endTime":835.965,"body":"at least as archaic humans."},{"startTime":836.145,"endTime":838.805,"body":"So they were humans that had been around, uh, for a long time."},{"startTime":848.725,"endTime":850.805,"body":"So people say, oh, they're extinct giants."},{"startTime":850.985,"endTime":854.205,"body":"Um, or they were kind of mythological 12 headed beasts or something."},{"startTime":946.105,"endTime":951.067,"body":"Um, however, in 1891, this rather dashing cap here with the, uh, with the nice"},{"startTime":951.067,"endTime":951.398,"body":"mustache, Eugene Dubois, who was a Dutch anatomist, was working in what was then the"},{"startTime":951.398,"endTime":957.685,"body":"Dutch East Indies, now Indonesia."},{"startTime":971.985,"endTime":977.188,"body":"He started to collect some of these and classify them together, and, uh, realized that"},{"startTime":977.188,"endTime":982.045,"body":"one collection of, uh, skeletal material, um, belonged to something that looked very human-like."},{"startTime":1003.345,"endTime":1004.885,"body":"So within the genus homo."},{"startTime":1016.945,"endTime":1021.585,"body":"So now as we start to turn into the, uh, the end of the 18"},{"startTime":1021.585,"endTime":1021.895,"body":"hundreds, um, we have a position where there are at least two species of homos"},{"startTime":1021.895,"endTime":1022.204,"body":"and Alis, um, and, uh, what is now home erectus that, uh, we think have"},{"startTime":1022.204,"endTime":1032.723,"body":"existed and no longer do exist."},{"startTime":1032.785,"endTime":1036.469,"body":"So the world is starting to view, uh, the fact that we are perhaps haven't"},{"startTime":1036.469,"endTime":1038.925,"body":"always been alone, uh, through quite a different, uh, lens."},{"startTime":1052.745,"endTime":1054.645,"body":"And he, uh, was a German industrialist."},{"startTime":1118.805,"endTime":1122.885,"body":"This is what we now know of as Homo Heidelbergensis named by him."},{"startTime":1143.465,"endTime":1146.085,"body":"Um, and this is an incredibly fast moving, uh, field."},{"startTime":1149.385,"endTime":1152.581,"body":"Um, uh, so to avoid you all putting the blame on me, I've lifted this"},{"startTime":1152.581,"endTime":1152.795,"body":"rather nice diagram from the History Museum, so you can blame them for it being"},{"startTime":1152.795,"endTime":1156.205,"body":"outta date."},{"startTime":1156.205,"endTime":1162.469,"body":"Instead, um, we, we now know, um, that there are many, many species of now"},{"startTime":1162.469,"endTime":1166.645,"body":"extinct homo, that have existed and have existed in parallel."},{"startTime":1166.665,"endTime":1171.591,"body":"So, for example, um, here in this top corner, you can see at least four"},{"startTime":1171.591,"endTime":1171.92,"body":"or five species that have been present on the planet at the same time, um,"},{"startTime":1171.92,"endTime":1181.445,"body":"for a large period of our history, but are no longer present with us today."},{"startTime":1190.355,"endTime":1195.447,"body":"What has happened to drive this colonization of homo sapiens around the world and to"},{"startTime":1195.447,"endTime":1196.805,"body":"remove these other species?"},{"startTime":1221.265,"endTime":1227.275,"body":"But as we know at the moment, there are at least four parallel species of"},{"startTime":1227.275,"endTime":1232.885,"body":"homo like organisms, so like ourselves that have coexisted in relatively recent evolutionary history."},{"startTime":1277.025,"endTime":1280.96,"body":"Um, if it's running down your face and dripping off your chin, then you're probably"},{"startTime":1280.96,"endTime":1281.485,"body":"a homosapiens."},{"startTime":1294.105,"endTime":1295.885,"body":"And if, if not, please come to see me afterwards."},{"startTime":1296.045,"endTime":1298.365,"body":"'cause it really ruins the lecture if you're a Neal."},{"startTime":1299.265,"endTime":1302.445,"body":"Um, so these, so we know a lot about the Neals."},{"startTime":1336.185,"endTime":1338.365,"body":"Um, because as you can see from this, it's very small."},{"startTime":1439.625,"endTime":1443.405,"body":"So sim they were not very small, for example, like the Flores, um, species."},{"startTime":1449.085,"endTime":1450.485,"body":"So they were, they were present at the same time."},{"startTime":1487.945,"endTime":1494.142,"body":"The view is that, uh, around 600,000 years ago, Hodel bagis, you'll remember, that's the"},{"startTime":1494.142,"endTime":1494.555,"body":"jawbone that was reported, uh, from Germany, um, was a sort of most recent common"},{"startTime":1494.555,"endTime":1504.885,"body":"ancestor of modern humans evolving in Africa about 600,000 years ago."},{"startTime":1514.275,"endTime":1519.385,"body":"Once located in those parts of the world like species do, and like those of"},{"startTime":1519.385,"endTime":1519.726,"body":"you who are earlier lectures, will we recall, um, it started to diversify and it"},{"startTime":1519.726,"endTime":1528.925,"body":"started to, in the normal process of evolution, accumulate mutations, accumulate phenotypic change."},{"startTime":1710.045,"endTime":1714.75,"body":"We had a similar interaction with de sapiens and possibly even, um, down with the"},{"startTime":1714.75,"endTime":1716.005,"body":"Flores individuals in Indonesia."},{"startTime":1752.605,"endTime":1757.405,"body":"If you think about early European settlers in pretty much any other part of the"},{"startTime":1757.405,"endTime":1761.885,"body":"globe, that story did not end well for the people who were already there."},{"startTime":1809.545,"endTime":1813.645,"body":"Um, so we don't actually know why those species all became extinct."},{"startTime":1826.865,"endTime":1831.435,"body":"The first is that this was a period of significant climate challenge, I guess, for"},{"startTime":1831.435,"endTime":1832.045,"body":"these species."},{"startTime":1832.505,"endTime":1833.805,"body":"Uh, so I dunno how well this comes across."},{"startTime":1993.425,"endTime":1996.667,"body":"Um, and one which has had a lot of traction in the press, I think"},{"startTime":1996.667,"endTime":1997.965,"body":"is about the use of tools."},{"startTime":2015.385,"endTime":2019.325,"body":"Um, and this was not something that was seen with other fossil materials."},{"startTime":2103.145,"endTime":2108.095,"body":"Uh, but b, it also demonstrates their ability to think in abstract thoughts because this"},{"startTime":2108.095,"endTime":2110.405,"body":"is something that does not exist, right?"},{"startTime":2114.145,"endTime":2117.887,"body":"Um, so this is a demonstration of a fusion of ideas, and we don't know"},{"startTime":2117.887,"endTime":2118.885,"body":"why they made that."},{"startTime":2143.265,"endTime":2147.411,"body":"Um, and so I said at the beginning of the lecture, I wasn't gonna answer"},{"startTime":2147.411,"endTime":2147.688,"body":"my question, and I'm not, 'cause we don't know the answer, but the, I guess"},{"startTime":2147.688,"endTime":2147.964,"body":"the most plausible explanation for the extinction of these other species at this stage is"},{"startTime":2147.964,"endTime":2148.241,"body":"some complex combination of a difficult climate and maybe a pathogen and a technological and"},{"startTime":2148.241,"endTime":2160.405,"body":"cultural superiority."},{"startTime":2225.145,"endTime":2230.362,"body":"The first was they had successfully extracted and sequence DNA to create a genome, a"},{"startTime":2230.362,"endTime":2234.885,"body":"full genome sequence, uh, from a Neanderthal, which was pre-revolutionary at the time."},{"startTime":2235.665,"endTime":2240.943,"body":"And then even more revolutionary from that, they had actually, as part of this project"},{"startTime":2240.943,"endTime":2241.295,"body":"been sequencing different Neanderthal material and realized that one of the pieces of material they"},{"startTime":2241.295,"endTime":2248.685,"body":"were sent was not Neanderthal at all."},{"startTime":2283.065,"endTime":2287.28,"body":"Um, and so there's been, there's been attempts but no success in retrieving DNA from"},{"startTime":2287.28,"endTime":2288.685,"body":"that, uh, sample from Indonesia."},{"startTime":2316.305,"endTime":2321.5,"body":"In particular, it validated many of the dates at which, uh, homo sapiens, modern homo"},{"startTime":2321.5,"endTime":2323.925,"body":"sapiens had left and moved around Africa."},{"startTime":2406.525,"endTime":2411.125,"body":"This is, um, some work fairly recently, just in the last couple of months actually,"},{"startTime":2411.125,"endTime":2415.725,"body":"um, looking at a level of Denis Saban ancestry in modern humans across the world."},{"startTime":2483.945,"endTime":2488.404,"body":"So this is a really nice piece of data suggesting that modern humans derive from"},{"startTime":2488.404,"endTime":2490.485,"body":"some of these crosses with ancient species."},{"startTime":2567.365,"endTime":2571.786,"body":"And I said there was very little, um, uh, sort of fossil materials, a bone"},{"startTime":2571.786,"endTime":2572.965,"body":"material from these individuals."},{"startTime":2572.965,"endTime":2576.533,"body":"Well, this is one, this is either a leg or an arm, we dunno, which,"},{"startTime":2576.533,"endTime":2577.485,"body":"um, from a Denis."},{"startTime":2669.705,"endTime":2674.047,"body":"And so rather than thinking of human evolution as this kind of, um, biblical pinnacle"},{"startTime":2674.047,"endTime":2674.337,"body":"of success with a single species at the top, we're in fact much more like"},{"startTime":2674.337,"endTime":2681.285,"body":"this really complicated branching tree with lots of cross branches."},{"startTime":2681.585,"endTime":2685.706,"body":"And perhaps now, uh, we know for this moment in time we are on our"},{"startTime":2685.706,"endTime":2686.805,"body":"own as this species."},{"startTime":2695.265,"endTime":2696.405,"body":"I'm very happy to take any questions."},{"startTime":2719.995,"endTime":2721.205,"body":"Yeah, I think that's a really good point."},{"startTime":2721.205,"endTime":2725.065,"body":"And I, I, I think so this, I said at the beginning that this biological"},{"startTime":2725.065,"endTime":2728.925,"body":"species concept is defined by organisms that breed together and can't breed with anybody else."},{"startTime":2739.745,"endTime":2742.565,"body":"Uh, and I think to a certain extent this is a sort of semantic argument."},{"startTime":2742.705,"endTime":2747.223,"body":"And, and the example I always use is dog, domestic dogs are a single species,"},{"startTime":2747.223,"endTime":2747.525,"body":"right?"},{"startTime":2748.315,"endTime":2753.64,"body":"However, out there in the wild, if you've distributed them, a great Dane and a"},{"startTime":2753.64,"endTime":2758.965,"body":"chihuahua are very unlikely to form stable, long-lasting species reproduction, um, for quite obvious reasons."},{"startTime":2765.145,"endTime":2769.135,"body":"Um, and maybe this is what we're seeing here is a, a snapshot in time"},{"startTime":2769.135,"endTime":2769.401,"body":"when these different human lineages were kind of almost separate but not quite, um, and"},{"startTime":2769.401,"endTime":2773.925,"body":"then have gone."},{"startTime":2787.075,"endTime":2790.462,"body":"There's still very much a homo sapien species with a little bit of other things"},{"startTime":2790.462,"endTime":2790.688,"body":"in, but the fact we have interbred does suggest that the species barrier was not,"},{"startTime":2790.688,"endTime":2795.205,"body":"was certainly not black and white."},{"startTime":2795.665,"endTime":2796.525,"body":"Hi, thank you for your lecture."},{"startTime":2824.505,"endTime":2825.725,"body":"It, it means a lot to some people."},{"startTime":2839.765,"endTime":2843.302,"body":"So if we look, you know, if I look around this room, for example, around"},{"startTime":2843.302,"endTime":2846.605,"body":"the world, um, people belong to what historically people might have called different races."},{"startTime":2883.925,"endTime":2888.533,"body":"So there's some groups, religious groups, cultural groups, whatever, where you are encouraged to marry"},{"startTime":2888.533,"endTime":2891.605,"body":"and reproduce within your group and not outside your group."},{"startTime":2931.985,"endTime":2936.177,"body":"Uh, right, so in terms of numbers, so, uh, all we can say with con,"},{"startTime":2936.177,"endTime":2936.456,"body":"so we've only, so for example, if I take, uh, Florensis as the best example,"},{"startTime":2936.456,"endTime":2942.885,"body":"we have only found florensis in Flores, in Indonesia."},{"startTime":2956.445,"endTime":2960.384,"body":"We have a huge amount of tissue, uh, material from right across, uh, sort of"},{"startTime":2960.384,"endTime":2962.485,"body":"western Europe and into parts of Eastern Europe."},{"startTime":3076.805,"endTime":3079.525,"body":"You can see that, uh, you know, in, in represented in kind of international sports."},{"startTime":3085.145,"endTime":3089.382,"body":"Um, uh, and so there are associations with certain traits, but there is no black"},{"startTime":3089.382,"endTime":3089.665,"body":"and white, um, sort of thing that is associated with what, with what people might"},{"startTime":3089.665,"endTime":3096.445,"body":"term a race or a tribe or something like that."},{"startTime":3098.665,"endTime":3102.616,"body":"Say for example, you know, if you look around the world, blonde hair's, lots of"},{"startTime":3102.616,"endTime":3102.88,"body":"blonde hair in sort of Europe, not very much blonde hair in Africa, but there"},{"startTime":3102.88,"endTime":3103.143,"body":"are still individual people who have blonde hair and particularly yes, exactly, or curly hair"},{"startTime":3103.143,"endTime":3112.365,"body":"or all these kind of different things."},{"startTime":3139.125,"endTime":3141.685,"body":"Applies to pretty much everything, eye color, all sorts of things."},{"startTime":3157.915,"endTime":3158.205,"body":"Aven?"},{"startTime":3172.845,"endTime":3176.605,"body":"So, um, is it sort of adaptive capacity, assimilator capacity?"},{"startTime":3221.425,"endTime":3223.485,"body":"Uh, there are also examples the other way around."},{"startTime":3259.665,"endTime":3262.005,"body":"And there's, this is probably a long shot."},{"startTime":3262.165,"endTime":3265.19,"body":"I, I, I think I can imagine what the answer's gonna be, but I'm gonna"},{"startTime":3265.19,"endTime":3267.005,"body":"ask it anyway 'cause it's quite an interesting one."},{"startTime":3267.465,"endTime":3274.215,"body":"Uh, was the interbreeding between homo sapiens Neanderthal, uh, Dennis Saban, was it, was it"},{"startTime":3274.215,"endTime":3279.165,"body":"driven more by the males or the females of the species?"},{"startTime":3279.945,"endTime":3281.565,"body":"I'm not sure there's a safe answer to that question."},{"startTime":3281.565,"endTime":3283.725,"body":"Is there, um, the short answer is we don't know."},{"startTime":3283.725,"endTime":3286.35,"body":"So there are examples in both directions as far as I'm aware, where you can"},{"startTime":3286.35,"endTime":3286.525,"body":"see."},{"startTime":3286.705,"endTime":3290.245,"body":"So you can track in the genome whether that inheritance has come from a male"},{"startTime":3290.245,"endTime":3292.605,"body":"or female lineage based on the genes that are there."},{"startTime":3292.945,"endTime":3295.565,"body":"Um, and I, I'm just trying to think off the top of my head."},{"startTime":3295.645,"endTime":3297.245,"body":"I think there are examples in both directions."},{"startTime":3297.885,"endTime":3302.901,"body":"I don't think we have enough data to see whether there is a preponderance of"},{"startTime":3302.901,"endTime":3306.245,"body":"one way, uh, or the other, um, in that period."},{"startTime":3306.345,"endTime":3310.168,"body":"And the fact that Denny, the fossil I just showed you at the end, which"},{"startTime":3310.168,"endTime":3310.423,"body":"is this neanderthal denisov, um, hybrid for want of a better word, we certainly don't"},{"startTime":3310.423,"endTime":3310.678,"body":"have enough material like that to be able to really say this was a particular,"},{"startTime":3310.678,"endTime":3318.325,"body":"um, bias."},{"startTime":3318.665,"endTime":3319.365,"body":"Uh, so yeah."},{"startTime":3319.385,"endTime":3321.285,"body":"So don't know is the short answer."},{"startTime":3321.395,"endTime":3321.685,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":3321.395,"endTime":3321.685,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":3322.235,"endTime":3322.805,"body":"Well played."},{"startTime":3322.235,"endTime":3322.805,"body":"Well played."},{"startTime":3323.945,"endTime":3326.405,"body":"Can you tell us what happened to Homoerectus?"},{"startTime":3323.945,"endTime":3326.405,"body":"Can you tell us what happened to Homoerectus?"},{"startTime":3327.545,"endTime":3328.205,"body":"Ah, yes."},{"startTime":3327.545,"endTime":3328.205,"body":"Ah, yes."},{"startTime":3328.425,"endTime":3333.325,"body":"So, so Homoerectus, um, it, so probably, so we don't have homoerectus anymore, but as"},{"startTime":3333.325,"endTime":3337.245,"body":"far as we can tell that's not due to a dramatic extinction."},{"startTime":3328.425,"endTime":3333.325,"body":"So, so Homoerectus, um, it, so probably, so we don't have homoerectus anymore, but as"},{"startTime":3333.325,"endTime":3337.245,"body":"far as we can tell that's not due to a dramatic extinction."},{"startTime":3337.245,"endTime":3342.921,"body":"It's probably a species that has essentially evolved and morphed into later species and has"},{"startTime":3342.921,"endTime":3347.085,"body":"slowly been lost over time, rather than being displaced and eliminated."},{"startTime":3337.245,"endTime":3342.921,"body":"It's probably a species that has essentially evolved and morphed into later species and has"},{"startTime":3342.921,"endTime":3347.085,"body":"slowly been lost over time, rather than being displaced and eliminated."},{"startTime":3347.105,"endTime":3349.978,"body":"So there are, back on the slide I showed you previously, there are some lineages"},{"startTime":3349.978,"endTime":3352.085,"body":"where we see a sort of abrupt end and they disappear."},{"startTime":3352.145,"endTime":3353.805,"body":"That's not true for home erectus."},{"startTime":3354.065,"endTime":3358.28,"body":"Um, and so that is, um, thought of as a species that essentially just diversified"},{"startTime":3358.28,"endTime":3359.405,"body":"into more modern humans."},{"startTime":3359.785,"endTime":3363.805,"body":"Um, and so we are all to a first approximation, just descendants of home erectus."},{"startTime":3364.515,"endTime":3368.925,"body":"Does all this help us understand our, uh, ourselves as modern humans?"},{"startTime":3369.465,"endTime":3376.125,"body":"Um, help us understand our kind of psychology, our mental health, our cognitive development better?"},{"startTime":3376.545,"endTime":3381.662,"body":"And does it, does it tell us is there any possibility that we might continue"},{"startTime":3381.662,"endTime":3382.003,"body":"to evolve and that indeed home sapiens might split into to future, to different sorts"},{"startTime":3382.003,"endTime":3388.485,"body":"of humans in the future?"},{"startTime":3389.535,"endTime":3389.885,"body":"Great."},{"startTime":3390.065,"endTime":3393.195,"body":"So on the first one, I like to think it does, and I think one"},{"startTime":3393.195,"endTime":3393.403,"body":"of the things, I mean, one of the things I I most like about this"},{"startTime":3393.403,"endTime":3393.612,"body":"is it demonstrates the complete stupidity of so many sort of human ideas that have"},{"startTime":3393.612,"endTime":3401.125,"body":"been so negative over recent human history, right?"},{"startTime":3401.125,"endTime":3404.89,"body":"The idea that, you know, someone asked about race earlier, the idea that there's some"},{"startTime":3404.89,"endTime":3408.405,"body":"kind of, you know, superior race and inferior race is complete, clearly complete nonsense."},{"startTime":3408.665,"endTime":3412.079,"body":"Um, the idea that, uh, you know, we are somehow all very distinct and need"},{"startTime":3412.079,"endTime":3413.445,"body":"to keep to our own entities."},{"startTime":3413.445,"endTime":3417.005,"body":"We're actually being a massive genetic mixing pot, uh, you know, for thousands of years."},{"startTime":3417.585,"endTime":3421.235,"body":"Um, and, and also I think perhaps the lesson that, you know, it doesn't matter"},{"startTime":3421.235,"endTime":3424.885,"body":"how optimal you are, your time in the kind of sun will come and go."},{"startTime":3425.185,"endTime":3428.17,"body":"Um, you know, there was a time when Neals with the dominant species in Europe"},{"startTime":3428.17,"endTime":3429.165,"body":"and they're not around anymore."},{"startTime":3429.545,"endTime":3432.485,"body":"Um, we are around, we probably are not gonna be around forever."},{"startTime":3432.745,"endTime":3433.845,"body":"So, you know, make the most of it."},{"startTime":3434.065,"endTime":3437.008,"body":"Um, so, so yes, I like to think there's a kind of positive, uh, story"},{"startTime":3437.008,"endTime":3437.205,"body":"here."},{"startTime":3437.205,"endTime":3440.723,"body":"There's also a very negative spin, you know, we kind of roamed the world and"},{"startTime":3440.723,"endTime":3440.958,"body":"eradicated people and, you know, maybe had forced meetings, all sorts of negative things, but"},{"startTime":3440.958,"endTime":3445.885,"body":"let's stick to the positive, uh, answer."},{"startTime":3446.425,"endTime":3449.882,"body":"Um, in terms of future evolution, stick with the program, whoever asked that question coming"},{"startTime":3449.882,"endTime":3450.113,"body":"up in a lecture to you very soon, I think not the next one or"},{"startTime":3450.113,"endTime":3455.645,"body":"the one after that, we're gonna talk a bit about."},{"startTime":3455.865,"endTime":3458.885,"body":"We, we might, might go, um, spoiler alert."},{"startTime":3458.945,"endTime":3459.685,"body":"Yes, absolutely."},{"startTime":3459.685,"endTime":3461.005,"body":"I, I mean, evolution doesn't stop."},{"startTime":3461.105,"endTime":3463.716,"body":"Uh, so I'm sure we'll be evolving all sorts of interesting ways, but you'll have"},{"startTime":3463.716,"endTime":3465.805,"body":"to stick around and see at least what I think about that."},{"startTime":3466.145,"endTime":3469.651,"body":"Um, and uh, it's open to be shot down in flames when everyone disagrees with"},{"startTime":3469.651,"endTime":3469.885,"body":"it."},{"startTime":3469.885,"endTime":3470.365,"body":"Fantastic."},{"startTime":3470.585,"endTime":3474.958,"body":"Um, sorry, I just wanted to ask about your, um, homeowner title burgs, who you,"},{"startTime":3474.958,"endTime":3478.165,"body":"you think developed in Africa and then moved out and diversified."},{"startTime":3478.265,"endTime":3482.578,"body":"So the, the Heidelberg jaw that was found, is that, is that an a, is"},{"startTime":3482.578,"endTime":3486.605,"body":"it older than the NDAs or were they still around at this time of,"},{"startTime":3487.465,"endTime":3488.885,"body":"Yes, so that's a very good question."},{"startTime":3488.905,"endTime":3493.675,"body":"So it is older, um, uh, but it's a little bit unclear whether how it"},{"startTime":3493.675,"endTime":3493.994,"body":"got there, where it came from or how common it was to have those species"},{"startTime":3493.994,"endTime":3498.765,"body":"there."},{"startTime":3499.025,"endTime":3505.568,"body":"It is probably an early heidelbergensis that arrived before diversifying into these Neal populations later"},{"startTime":3505.568,"endTime":3506.005,"body":"on."},{"startTime":3506.305,"endTime":3510.067,"body":"Um, in terms of Heidelbergensis in Africa, we now have good material from, so the"},{"startTime":3510.067,"endTime":3512.325,"body":"oldest material I think is up in uh, Morocco."},{"startTime":3512.705,"endTime":3515.005,"body":"Um, and then, yeah, I'm trying to remember my dates."},{"startTime":3515.085,"endTime":3518.485,"body":"I think then Ethiopia is a bit younger and South Africa younger again."},{"startTime":3518.505,"endTime":3519.525,"body":"So there's a suggestion."},{"startTime":3519.525,"endTime":3523.725,"body":"There was a sort of migration evolution of Heidelberg down through Africa at the same"},{"startTime":3523.725,"endTime":3526.245,"body":"time as it went out and across into Europe."},{"startTime":3526.505,"endTime":3530.73,"body":"Um, but with all of these things, the dating is, you know, there's a lot"},{"startTime":3530.73,"endTime":3531.011,"body":"of people, people get very worked up about dating, um, and uh, there's a lot"},{"startTime":3531.011,"endTime":3536.645,"body":"of, uh, you know, flexibility there."},{"startTime":3536.865,"endTime":3540.729,"body":"And you know, as new technologies develop and new material becomes available, the dates change"},{"startTime":3540.729,"endTime":3541.245,"body":"quite radically."},{"startTime":3541.345,"endTime":3543.725,"body":"So don't hold me to, that is my get out clause."},{"startTime":3544.515,"endTime":3545.605,"body":"Profess Robin may."},{"startTime":3545.605,"endTime":3546.405,"body":"Thank you very much."},{"startTime":3546.455,"endTime":3546.885,"body":"Thank you."}]}