{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":5.025,"endTime":7.565,"body":"People are still having sex."},{"startTime":9.155,"endTime":11.245,"body":"It's been going on for quite a while."},{"startTime":11.765,"endTime":16.765,"body":"\u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":13.345,"endTime":17.805,"body":"So we were told in the big dance anthem of 1991."},{"startTime":18.105,"endTime":24.555,"body":"By later, yes, I am old enough to remember it, and it is of course"},{"startTime":24.555,"endTime":25.845,"body":"still true today."},{"startTime":27.265,"endTime":31.382,"body":"The Gresham College lecture that you're listening to right now is giving you knowledge and"},{"startTime":31.382,"endTime":31.656,"body":"insight from one of the world's leading academic experts making it takes a lot of"},{"startTime":31.656,"endTime":31.93,"body":"time, but because we want to encourage a love of learning, we think it's well"},{"startTime":31.93,"endTime":40.165,"body":"worth it."},{"startTime":41.145,"endTime":45.328,"body":"We never make you pay for lectures, although donations are needed, all we ask in"},{"startTime":45.328,"endTime":46.165,"body":"return is this."},{"startTime":46.675,"endTime":49.005,"body":"Send a link to this lecture to someone you think would benefit."},{"startTime":49.345,"endTime":53.028,"body":"And if you haven't already, click the follow or subscribe button from wherever you are"},{"startTime":53.028,"endTime":53.765,"body":"listening right now."},{"startTime":54.905,"endTime":56.725,"body":"Now let's get back to the lecture."},{"startTime":60.055,"endTime":64.944,"body":"It's a constant on which our survival as a species depends."},{"startTime":66.605,"endTime":74.326,"body":"We are also pleasure seeking animals as Joanna bur superb Gresham lectures explored just a"},{"startTime":74.326,"endTime":76.385,"body":"couple of years ago."},{"startTime":77.885,"endTime":82.985,"body":"In this lecture we will be talking about sexual pleasure."},{"startTime":84.445,"endTime":92.179,"body":"So if you are someone who thinks that safe consensual sex is morally wrong or"},{"startTime":92.179,"endTime":96.305,"body":"unpleasant, this lecture may not be for you."},{"startTime":97.615,"endTime":99.985,"body":"I'll just give you a couple of minutes to walk out if you want to."},{"startTime":101.615,"endTime":109.743,"body":"What it will be in equal parts is a celebration and a critical evaluation of"},{"startTime":109.743,"endTime":115.705,"body":"how sex has changed tech and how tech has changed sex."},{"startTime":117.245,"endTime":121.865,"body":"So people are indeed still having sex."},{"startTime":122.125,"endTime":127.402,"body":"And for the last 30 years or so, they have been having what for a"},{"startTime":127.402,"endTime":129.865,"body":"while at least we called cyber sex."},{"startTime":132.085,"endTime":138.585,"body":"In my research on online safety, I frequently take issue with that cyber prefix."},{"startTime":139.005,"endTime":145.685,"body":"And as you'll know, if you watch my lectures last year, I've found that it's"},{"startTime":145.685,"endTime":146.13,"body":"often used deliberately to create an air of exoticism, otherness, and distance even on a"},{"startTime":146.13,"endTime":157.265,"body":"range of topics that really should feel more immediate to us."},{"startTime":158.905,"endTime":164.705,"body":"Cybersex may suggest sex with robots or techno fetishism."},{"startTime":165.775,"endTime":171.865,"body":"Also perhaps something that is not real sex, virtual sex."},{"startTime":173.685,"endTime":180.446,"body":"And when I wanted to establish whether the term cyber sex was still in current"},{"startTime":180.446,"endTime":185.405,"body":"usage, Google's auto complete function revealed these common queries among them."},{"startTime":185.985,"endTime":187.845,"body":"Is cybersex healthy?"},{"startTime":188.745,"endTime":192.605,"body":"Is it illegal and is it considered adultery?"},{"startTime":193.505,"endTime":199.621,"body":"So it seems I'm not the only one who thinks the status of cyber sex"},{"startTime":199.621,"endTime":200.845,"body":"is somewhat uncertain."},{"startTime":201.545,"endTime":207.812,"body":"And incidentally, if you are looking at these results and wondering what's going on in"},{"startTime":207.812,"endTime":213.245,"body":"the Philippines, cyber sex is specifically criminalized in its cyber Crime Prevention Act."},{"startTime":213.245,"endTime":216.325,"body":"It's something closer to pornography."},{"startTime":218.225,"endTime":225.692,"body":"At the same time, we've seen that word cybersex falling outta usage as digital technology"},{"startTime":225.692,"endTime":232.165,"body":"has become increasingly prominent in our sex lives, that cyber prefix has disappeared."},{"startTime":233.235,"endTime":241.285,"body":"What Time magazine referred to as cyber porn in 1995 by 2016 was simply porn."},{"startTime":242.785,"endTime":249.45,"body":"In my last lecture on the massive internet of things, we considered the theory that"},{"startTime":249.45,"endTime":249.895,"body":"the most profound technologies of those that disappear and cybersex certainly seems to conform to"},{"startTime":249.895,"endTime":257.005,"body":"this pattern."},{"startTime":257.464,"endTime":260.325,"body":"It is now just sex."},{"startTime":262.105,"endTime":269.53,"body":"The consumption of digital content and the experience of intimacy through it is so embedded"},{"startTime":269.53,"endTime":275.965,"body":"in many of our lives that such an artificial distinction is now meaningless."},{"startTime":277.415,"endTime":283.707,"body":"Other types of teles sex have come and gone in the public consciousness as their"},{"startTime":283.707,"endTime":285.805,"body":"underlying technologies have been superseded."},{"startTime":286.545,"endTime":294.42,"body":"The chap lines so popular in the 1990s do still exist, but phone sex has"},{"startTime":294.42,"endTime":301.245,"body":"been frozen in time as landlines have been rendered obsolete by multifunctional pockets."},{"startTime":301.725,"endTime":302.125,"body":"Computers."},{"startTime":302.945,"endTime":311.279,"body":"Why have just voice sex when you can have a richer combined experience with video,"},{"startTime":311.279,"endTime":311.835,"body":"photos, text, and as we shall see, physical sensation when an aspect of human life"},{"startTime":311.835,"endTime":320.725,"body":"is digitized."},{"startTime":321.525,"endTime":323.565,"body":"Researchers like me have a field day."},{"startTime":323.585,"endTime":328.325,"body":"We rejoice because it means we have access to new data sources."},{"startTime":329.985,"endTime":336.401,"body":"For instance, if we want to find out how popular pornography is, we can look"},{"startTime":336.401,"endTime":336.828,"body":"at statistics on the world's most visited websites here by numbers of visits in December,"},{"startTime":336.828,"endTime":343.245,"body":"2023."},{"startTime":344.785,"endTime":351.599,"body":"And you can see that even this limited data set confirms that mobile technology now"},{"startTime":351.599,"endTime":354.325,"body":"dominates our engagement with the web."},{"startTime":355.705,"endTime":362.645,"body":"The trend is even more marked for adult content sites, PornHub and X videos."},{"startTime":364.385,"endTime":371.072,"body":"One explanation for this could of course be that desktop computers are more likely to"},{"startTime":371.072,"endTime":375.085,"body":"be shared and this makes privacy rather more challenging."},{"startTime":376.345,"endTime":384.235,"body":"We can also see that PornHub now has more visits than X, formerly known as"},{"startTime":384.235,"endTime":392.125,"body":"Twitter and X videos more than Amazon 12.3 billion and 7.7 billion a month respectively."},{"startTime":392.385,"endTime":397.503,"body":"That's more visits to PornHub in a single month than there are people on the"},{"startTime":397.503,"endTime":397.845,"body":"planet."},{"startTime":400.115,"endTime":406.637,"body":"When we factor in the platforms such as Reddit also contain channels for adult content"},{"startTime":406.637,"endTime":412.725,"body":"and that use of Google to search for pornography has also increased over time."},{"startTime":413.625,"endTime":416.845,"body":"Our appetite would appear to be considerable."},{"startTime":418.235,"endTime":426.796,"body":"According to the online nation survey, which is conducted for the telecoms regulator Ofcom, 29%"},{"startTime":426.796,"endTime":433.645,"body":"of UK online adults accessed a pornographic content service in May, 2023."},{"startTime":433.985,"endTime":440.125,"body":"That's 13.8 million of us, 10.1 million of whom are men."},{"startTime":441.345,"endTime":447.102,"body":"And given that this data relies on what people are comfortable disclosing, the true numbers"},{"startTime":447.102,"endTime":449.405,"body":"are likely to be rather higher."},{"startTime":451.675,"endTime":459.509,"body":"PornHub publishes analyses of searches on their platform and they offer some striking insights into"},{"startTime":459.509,"endTime":463.165,"body":"our desires, our demographics and our behaviors."},{"startTime":464.525,"endTime":471.152,"body":"Location based data indicates regional trends, the northeast of England apparently showing the largest drop"},{"startTime":471.152,"endTime":474.245,"body":"off in traffic during the king's coronation."},{"startTime":474.765,"endTime":482.531,"body":"\u003claugh\u003e visitor numbers also appear to correlate in some cases with country's performance in the"},{"startTime":482.531,"endTime":484.085,"body":"Eurovision Song contest."},{"startTime":485.905,"endTime":492.133,"body":"We of course need to ensure that we don't read too much into this data"},{"startTime":492.133,"endTime":496.285,"body":"and in particular that we don't confuse correlation with causation."},{"startTime":498.575,"endTime":507.295,"body":"There appear to be differences but also marked similarities between what people identified by the"},{"startTime":507.295,"endTime":507.876,"body":"platform as men and people identified as women search for 36% of visitors worldwide to"},{"startTime":507.876,"endTime":520.085,"body":"PornHub were identified as female in 2023."},{"startTime":521.183,"endTime":527.125,"body":"But this data raises as many questions as it answers not least among them."},{"startTime":527.785,"endTime":530.525,"body":"Why are there only two genders here?"},{"startTime":531.695,"endTime":538.889,"body":"Given the apparent growth in popularity of transgender content, it seems rather odd to have"},{"startTime":538.889,"endTime":545.605,"body":"no recognition in the data of people who don't conform to traditional gender roles."},{"startTime":546.985,"endTime":554.485,"body":"And one possible explanation for this is the way PornHub infers gender from a combination"},{"startTime":554.485,"endTime":561.485,"body":"of cookies that track our web browsing habits and searches on the site itself."},{"startTime":562.715,"endTime":569.643,"body":"They use similar methods to social media platforms to collect and crunch big data and"},{"startTime":569.643,"endTime":574.725,"body":"similar algorithms to recommend content in which we might be interested."},{"startTime":576.185,"endTime":581.365,"body":"The largest adult content providers are therefore not merely publishers."},{"startTime":581.715,"endTime":587.445,"body":"They are big tech companies just like Microsoft, Google and Meta."},{"startTime":588.345,"endTime":594.75,"body":"And the technology being used by PornHub here seems to be binary in more sense"},{"startTime":594.75,"endTime":595.605,"body":"than one."},{"startTime":597.345,"endTime":604.44,"body":"The 2023 data also reveals that a proportion of viewers access the platform using a"},{"startTime":604.44,"endTime":606.805,"body":"games console, predominantly PlayStation five."},{"startTime":607.705,"endTime":614.251,"body":"It may be no surprise then that content themed around popular video game titles such"},{"startTime":614.251,"endTime":614.687,"body":"as The Legend of Zelda is of particular interest to a subsection of people searching"},{"startTime":614.687,"endTime":615.123,"body":"on PornHub just as they also search for content themed around TV and movies with"},{"startTime":615.123,"endTime":629.525,"body":"Star Wars topping the list."},{"startTime":630.585,"endTime":638.374,"body":"And that sheer diversity of interests reflected seems to endorse the highly plausible, but entirely"},{"startTime":638.374,"endTime":645.125,"body":"apocryphal Rule 34, which states if it exists there is porn of it."},{"startTime":647.745,"endTime":654.845,"body":"The adult entertainment industry recognized the potential of the internet and especially the worldwide web."},{"startTime":655.435,"endTime":662.988,"body":"Very early on in the words of Jonathan Coopersmith, professor of the History of Technology"},{"startTime":662.988,"endTime":663.491,"body":"at Texas a and m University, adult content providers were the shock troops of digital"},{"startTime":663.491,"endTime":671.045,"body":"innovation."},{"startTime":671.265,"endTime":679.088,"body":"At the start of the 21st century, they were among the very first companies to"},{"startTime":679.088,"endTime":679.61,"body":"monetize online content, and in doing so, they provided significant demand for realtime credit card"},{"startTime":679.61,"endTime":691.085,"body":"verification and the then nascent online payments industry."},{"startTime":692.035,"endTime":699.975,"body":"When major payment processes turned their backs on pornography, the industry was forced to adapt"},{"startTime":699.975,"endTime":700.504,"body":"its business model, generating revenue through advertising and modeling programs and accepting bank transfers and"},{"startTime":700.504,"endTime":708.445,"body":"cryptocurrency."},{"startTime":709.625,"endTime":718.135,"body":"One recent but ultimately unsuccessful cryptocurrency scheme STR even sought to reward viewers with tokens"},{"startTime":718.135,"endTime":720.405,"body":"for watching adult content."},{"startTime":722.305,"endTime":728.898,"body":"We often talk about innovation in it as disrupting established industries, and that certainly seems"},{"startTime":728.898,"endTime":729.338,"body":"to have been the case for adult content where the rise of tube sites video"},{"startTime":729.338,"endTime":729.777,"body":"sharing platforms in the two thousands is widely regarded as bringing about the end of"},{"startTime":729.777,"endTime":743.405,"body":"studio dominated production."},{"startTime":744.755,"endTime":751.9,"body":"User generated content became more prominent on adult sites in the 2010s just as it"},{"startTime":751.9,"endTime":759.045,"body":"did on social media and with all the safety and content moderation challenges that entailed."},{"startTime":760.625,"endTime":769.787,"body":"Now, this initially democratized production, but larger providers then saw an opportunity to centralize and"},{"startTime":769.787,"endTime":775.285,"body":"industrialize distribution of live streamed performance through CAM sites."},{"startTime":777.145,"endTime":784.555,"body":"So performers seeking to maintain control of their content and their businesses move to alternative"},{"startTime":784.555,"endTime":791.965,"body":"platforms such as OnlyFans, charging subscriptions for access to content and often performing to order."},{"startTime":792.675,"endTime":799.965,"body":"Some have made full use of technology that allows for greater performer fan interaction."},{"startTime":801.345,"endTime":807.401,"body":"One brand of sex toy can be set to activate on receipt of tips from"},{"startTime":807.401,"endTime":807.805,"body":"viewers."},{"startTime":808.915,"endTime":816.1,"body":"Another provides the ability for two toys to communicate with each other through a mobile"},{"startTime":816.1,"endTime":823.285,"body":"app, enabling a fan to remotely control the performer's toy and receive stimulation in return."},{"startTime":825.835,"endTime":834.24,"body":"When a viewer of live streamed pornography can give and receive physical sensation, it's a"},{"startTime":834.24,"endTime":840.965,"body":"joint connected experience that goes beyond just looking towards contact sex work."},{"startTime":841.465,"endTime":848.024,"body":"And this may prompt us to reevaluate the role of platforms where they simply enable"},{"startTime":848.024,"endTime":851.085,"body":"the sharing of prerecorded and live video."},{"startTime":851.235,"endTime":859.566,"body":"They remain first and foremost providers of content of data taking commission from performers of"},{"startTime":859.566,"endTime":864.565,"body":"around 20% of advertising revenue for Pornhub's model program."},{"startTime":864.825,"endTime":873.029,"body":"And 20% of subscriptions for OnlyFans could be interpreted as equivalent to providing services such"},{"startTime":873.029,"endTime":877.405,"body":"as rented virtual workplaces, online hosting and marketing."},{"startTime":878.785,"endTime":886.997,"body":"But as soon as platforms provide experiences in which viewers can actively participate and physically"},{"startTime":886.997,"endTime":891.925,"body":"stimulate, it's tempting to consider them more as facilitators."},{"startTime":894.275,"endTime":901.095,"body":"That said, there do appear to be key differences in experiences of online and offline"},{"startTime":901.095,"endTime":902.005,"body":"sex work."},{"startTime":903.145,"endTime":910.106,"body":"In research by a team at the University of Leicester, internet sex workers reported a"},{"startTime":910.106,"endTime":910.57,"body":"reduced risk of being subjected to violent crimes such as physical or sexual assault, but"},{"startTime":910.57,"endTime":911.034,"body":"increased levels of concern about online safety threats such as having their real identity exposed"},{"startTime":911.034,"endTime":928.205,"body":"or their personal data being used without their consent."},{"startTime":930.435,"endTime":937.608,"body":"Greater audience participation in adult content has been made possible by the development of connected"},{"startTime":937.608,"endTime":938.565,"body":"sex toys."},{"startTime":939.245,"endTime":945.662,"body":"A discipline sometimes known as sex tech or my particular favorite tele Dillons, I dunno"},{"startTime":945.662,"endTime":949.085,"body":"what you're laughing for, it's a real term."},{"startTime":950.675,"endTime":957.792,"body":"Connected toys are widely used by people in long distance relationships to maintain intimacy even"},{"startTime":957.792,"endTime":960.165,"body":"when they are physically apart."},{"startTime":961.065,"endTime":967.485,"body":"The settings and actions of many toys can now be controlled using manufacturer's mobile apps."},{"startTime":968.275,"endTime":974.933,"body":"Some allow for long distance remote control enabling partner one to determine the rhythms and"},{"startTime":974.933,"endTime":978.485,"body":"intensity of a device used by partner two."},{"startTime":979.065,"endTime":985.965,"body":"And unsurprisingly, the COVID-19 pandemic saw a documented increase in sales."},{"startTime":988.195,"endTime":994.968,"body":"Now, as with so many smart devices, Bluetooth is currently the predominant method for pairing"},{"startTime":994.968,"endTime":996.775,"body":"sex toys to phones."},{"startTime":997.755,"endTime":1003.771,"body":"And we saw in the last lecture how any device that communicates with others is"},{"startTime":1003.771,"endTime":1004.975,"body":"vulnerable to compromise."},{"startTime":1004.975,"endTime":1014.079,"body":"Without additional security measures analysis by security consulting company, pentest Partners found that several sex"},{"startTime":1014.079,"endTime":1018.935,"body":"toy control apps share the user's GPS location."},{"startTime":1020.185,"endTime":1025.135,"body":"There are all sorts of reasons why this might not always be a good idea."},{"startTime":1026.355,"endTime":1028.895,"body":"You may be serving military personnel."},{"startTime":1029.595,"endTime":1035.028,"body":"You may be someone whose sexual identity is illegal in your country of residents, or"},{"startTime":1035.028,"endTime":1039.375,"body":"you may be someone who is attempting to flee an abusive partner."},{"startTime":1040.464,"endTime":1046.197,"body":"There are also publicly available apps that can be used to search for Bluetooth enabled"},{"startTime":1046.197,"endTime":1049.255,"body":"devices up to 30 or so meters away."},{"startTime":1050.765,"endTime":1057.228,"body":"Some toys are wifi enabled and they may show up in the list of connections"},{"startTime":1057.228,"endTime":1057.659,"body":"available to anyone nearby, family, friends, colleagues, and even strangers could find out more than"},{"startTime":1057.659,"endTime":1069.725,"body":"you would like about that toy concealed in your bag or on your person."},{"startTime":1071.145,"endTime":1076.939,"body":"The security of the control app also depends on the phone being in your possession"},{"startTime":1076.939,"endTime":1078.485,"body":"and free from compromise."},{"startTime":1079.745,"endTime":1087.663,"body":"In cases where toys have additional functionality such as the See me, I vibrator that"},{"startTime":1087.663,"endTime":1088.191,"body":"both a built-in endoscope inspection camera, clearly we wouldn't want someone to hack into that"},{"startTime":1088.191,"endTime":1097.165,"body":"camera's life feed."},{"startTime":1097.505,"endTime":1103.773,"body":"But as the same team at Pen test Partners discovered the wifi password for this"},{"startTime":1103.773,"endTime":1105.445,"body":"device was eminently guessable."},{"startTime":1105.785,"endTime":1114.96,"body":"It was in fact 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8, and it couldn't"},{"startTime":1114.96,"endTime":1115.571,"body":"be changed when personal data is this personal, this sensitive, the lazy security practices of"},{"startTime":1115.571,"endTime":1127.805,"body":"manufacturers can endanger people's physical safety."},{"startTime":1128.345,"endTime":1136.06,"body":"And in the last lecture we saw how several countries, including the UK, have passed"},{"startTime":1136.06,"endTime":1136.574,"body":"legislation that outlaws devices with universal passwords and mandates that manufacturers are transparent about security"},{"startTime":1136.574,"endTime":1148.405,"body":"vulnerabilities and that they provide software updates for products."},{"startTime":1150.265,"endTime":1157.986,"body":"As for implantable medical devices, that's vital for anything we intend to attach to or"},{"startTime":1157.986,"endTime":1160.045,"body":"insert into our bodies."},{"startTime":1161.105,"endTime":1167.384,"body":"And while legislation can serve as an incentive for manufacturers, we also need to ensure"},{"startTime":1167.384,"endTime":1173.245,"body":"that we do our bit in particular by keeping our mobile devices digitally clean."},{"startTime":1175.585,"endTime":1182.553,"body":"The nature of the content we share on dating and hookup apps is inevitably much"},{"startTime":1182.553,"endTime":1185.805,"body":"more sensitive than our online shopping habits."},{"startTime":1186.585,"endTime":1194.27,"body":"And in the context of the data, they generate our sweet, flirty, dirty nothings or"},{"startTime":1194.27,"endTime":1194.782,"body":"anything, but they are our most intimate expressions of closeness to other human beings and"},{"startTime":1194.782,"endTime":1204.005,"body":"of our sexual desires."},{"startTime":1204.635,"endTime":1211.486,"body":"They are probes into the deepest recesses of our minds, our souls, our subconscious, even"},{"startTime":1211.486,"endTime":1211.943,"body":"when we open up to someone in the context of an intimate relationship, we are"},{"startTime":1211.943,"endTime":1220.165,"body":"at our most vulnerable."},{"startTime":1220.985,"endTime":1228.245,"body":"The fact that people make meaningful connections using digital technology at all is extraordinary."},{"startTime":1230.485,"endTime":1235.525,"body":"Hormones and the prospect of sexual gratification clearly have some influence."},{"startTime":1235.715,"endTime":1243.114,"body":"Without them, we would not be able to trace a long history of teles sex"},{"startTime":1243.114,"endTime":1243.607,"body":"that takes us from love letters through the use of telegraphy to arrange secret designations"},{"startTime":1243.607,"endTime":1244.1,"body":"to one-to-one phone sex and chat lines to sexting video chats, apps and intimacy in"},{"startTime":1244.1,"endTime":1261.365,"body":"gaming and virtual worlds in the uk."},{"startTime":1262.145,"endTime":1267.766,"body":"One in 10 of us report using apps to connect with potential partners and one"},{"startTime":1267.766,"endTime":1270.765,"body":"in five of those age 25 to 34."},{"startTime":1272.155,"endTime":1279.068,"body":"This to me seems quite low, particularly when compared to 30% of US adults and"},{"startTime":1279.068,"endTime":1279.529,"body":"53% of us under 30, the top 10 services for UK adults, or at least"},{"startTime":1279.529,"endTime":1279.99,"body":"again the top 10 for those who were happy to disclose to pollsters conducting research"},{"startTime":1279.99,"endTime":1297.965,"body":"for off com, include some of the world's largest dating platforms."},{"startTime":1298.535,"endTime":1305.642,"body":"Those like Grindr, primarily used by men who have sex with men and apps focus"},{"startTime":1305.642,"endTime":1308.485,"body":"more on casual meets and hookups."},{"startTime":1310.165,"endTime":1318.282,"body":"Thousands of apps now connect people for dating and sex catering to every kind of"},{"startTime":1318.282,"endTime":1318.823,"body":"relationship, every kind of community and every kind of kink digital technology has changed the"},{"startTime":1318.823,"endTime":1328.565,"body":"very language of intimacy."},{"startTime":1329.625,"endTime":1336.696,"body":"Sex chat is a format where emoji have really taken hold serving as graphical euphemisms"},{"startTime":1336.696,"endTime":1339.525,"body":"for body parts and sex acts."},{"startTime":1340.475,"endTime":1345.831,"body":"Sending a cartoon icon of an obje is rather more subtle than showing someone your"},{"startTime":1345.831,"endTime":1349.045,"body":"penis and less likely to get you into trouble."},{"startTime":1350.385,"endTime":1358.058,"body":"But obje peach and water drop emojis are now so synonymous with sex that they"},{"startTime":1358.058,"endTime":1363.685,"body":"are categorized as sexually suggestive elements that may contribute to content."},{"startTime":1363.795,"endTime":1369.525,"body":"Content on Facebook or Instagram being removed for sexual solicitation."},{"startTime":1370.385,"endTime":1377.925,"body":"So they've entered our everyday lexicon, a sexual shorthand in the digital context."},{"startTime":1378.155,"endTime":1384.365,"body":"Then fruit and vegetables are now both useful and clearly problematic."},{"startTime":1385.985,"endTime":1392.405,"body":"Our interactions on dating apps have also brought us a brand new vocabulary of abbreviations"},{"startTime":1392.405,"endTime":1396.685,"body":"and metaphors which have made their way into mainstream usage."},{"startTime":1398.125,"endTime":1405.405,"body":"Partners seeking clarity on their relationship status are encouraged to DTR define the relationship."},{"startTime":1405.905,"endTime":1413.823,"body":"An undefined or unclear relationship is now a situationship one may be ghosted by a"},{"startTime":1413.823,"endTime":1414.351,"body":"match who suddenly cuts contact haunted or zombied by one who suddenly reappears and bread"},{"startTime":1414.351,"endTime":1428.605,"body":"crumbed by someone who engages with you just enough to keep you interested."},{"startTime":1429.985,"endTime":1438.401,"body":"So the digital medium both dictates conciseness and alters our behavior in ways that require"},{"startTime":1438.401,"endTime":1440.085,"body":"description and meaning."},{"startTime":1442.865,"endTime":1451.125,"body":"The internet helps people with similar interests find each other, whether that interest is trail"},{"startTime":1451.125,"endTime":1458.285,"body":"running or threesomes, beekeeping or bondage on every social media and podcast platform."},{"startTime":1458.705,"endTime":1466.345,"body":"Sex positive influences dispel myths and help people explore their sexuality and desires in an"},{"startTime":1466.345,"endTime":1466.855,"body":"era in which at least in some countries, we are enjoying greater sexual freedom than"},{"startTime":1466.855,"endTime":1475.005,"body":"ever before."},{"startTime":1475.695,"endTime":1483.733,"body":"Widespread access to information contributes to our sexual health and wellbeing and helps to de-stigmatize"},{"startTime":1483.733,"endTime":1484.805,"body":"marginalized groups."},{"startTime":1486.915,"endTime":1492.765,"body":"That same ability to find one's tribe and influence others can be misused."},{"startTime":1493.865,"endTime":1499.781,"body":"The Internet's role in connecting people can be exploited by those who want to groom"},{"startTime":1499.781,"endTime":1503.725,"body":"children, distribute child abuse material and network with other offenders."},{"startTime":1504.905,"endTime":1512.686,"body":"In Darknet forums in particular, closed and hidden connection creates a sense of safety and"},{"startTime":1512.686,"endTime":1513.205,"body":"anonymity."},{"startTime":1513.985,"endTime":1519.365,"body":"The entry requirement is often the production of new child abuse material."},{"startTime":1519.505,"endTime":1528.136,"body":"And for that reason in particular, infiltrating these networks is a priority for specialist police"},{"startTime":1528.136,"endTime":1532.165,"body":"teams around the world on mainstream platforms."},{"startTime":1532.705,"endTime":1540.445,"body":"Non-consensual intimate images, also known as revenge porn, are both currency and leverage."},{"startTime":1541.465,"endTime":1548.952,"body":"Closed social media groups in which women are slut shamed, often by ex-partners who supply"},{"startTime":1548.952,"endTime":1553.445,"body":"intimate images as supposed evidence are a persistent challenge."},{"startTime":1554.755,"endTime":1562.122,"body":"Hostility towards women is also a key feature of incel or involuntary celibate ideology and"},{"startTime":1562.122,"endTime":1567.525,"body":"the manosphere as embodied by misogynist influencers such as Andrew Tate."},{"startTime":1567.945,"endTime":1573.96,"body":"And all of these promote the idea that women who are sexually active are fair"},{"startTime":1573.96,"endTime":1575.965,"body":"game for mistreatment and abuse."},{"startTime":1578.305,"endTime":1585.045,"body":"Our use of it also prompts us to rethink traditional notions of sexual consent."},{"startTime":1585.625,"endTime":1594.156,"body":"The creation of synthetic deepfake pornography is as easy as using commonly available face swap"},{"startTime":1594.156,"endTime":1594.725,"body":"apps."},{"startTime":1597.385,"endTime":1602.955,"body":"So before we go any further, I really should address this image, um, which itself"},{"startTime":1602.955,"endTime":1603.326,"body":"I think speaks to the issue because I wanted to show you a deep faked"},{"startTime":1603.326,"endTime":1603.698,"body":"image, but the only content for which I have that kind of consent is that"},{"startTime":1603.698,"endTime":1616.325,"body":"in which I am the subject."},{"startTime":1617.345,"endTime":1624.336,"body":"And if I were to show you, and importantly as subsequent YouTube audience, a deep"},{"startTime":1624.336,"endTime":1624.802,"body":"faked image of me scantily clad, it could be captured and distributed further without my"},{"startTime":1624.802,"endTime":1634.125,"body":"consent and with potentially embarrassing consequences."},{"startTime":1634.415,"endTime":1641.858,"body":"Hence this rather low tech mashup, which I hope conveys the idea even while it,"},{"startTime":1641.858,"endTime":1646.325,"body":"it certainly falls far short of the intended result."},{"startTime":1647.985,"endTime":1654.955,"body":"Now at a strictly legalistic level, use of an image of someone's face without their"},{"startTime":1654.955,"endTime":1661.925,"body":"consent has historically been viewed merely as misuse of their personal data or intellectual property."},{"startTime":1662.745,"endTime":1669.663,"body":"And this doesn't adequately reflect the negative impact on the subject of having that image"},{"startTime":1669.663,"endTime":1670.125,"body":"sexualized."},{"startTime":1671.315,"endTime":1679.199,"body":"It's understandably experienced as a very intimate violation and an attempt to exert control through"},{"startTime":1679.199,"endTime":1679.725,"body":"humiliation."},{"startTime":1681.155,"endTime":1686.268,"body":"When this kind of imagery goes viral as it does when the subject is a"},{"startTime":1686.268,"endTime":1686.609,"body":"megastar like Taylor Swift, it gains the attention of the world's media and the response"},{"startTime":1686.609,"endTime":1692.405,"body":"from online platforms."},{"startTime":1692.405,"endTime":1696.045,"body":"It's fairly rapid, if rather clumsy."},{"startTime":1696.625,"endTime":1702.575,"body":"And in the most recent case a couple of weeks ago, the most effective tool"},{"startTime":1702.575,"endTime":1708.525,"body":"that X, formerly known as Twitter had at its disposal was to ban all users."},{"startTime":1709.105,"endTime":1715.536,"body":"So that's around 300 million people from searching for any kind of information on Taylor"},{"startTime":1715.536,"endTime":1715.965,"body":"Swift."},{"startTime":1718.915,"endTime":1725.659,"body":"On a smaller scale, we may voluntarily share a sexual image with one person only"},{"startTime":1725.659,"endTime":1731.055,"body":"to discover that it has been distributed to others without our consent."},{"startTime":1731.595,"endTime":1737.953,"body":"We may also find ourselves in receipts of sexual messages or images that we didn't"},{"startTime":1737.953,"endTime":1738.376,"body":"ask for and we don't want as well as being sent these by people we"},{"startTime":1738.376,"endTime":1744.735,"body":"know."},{"startTime":1745.535,"endTime":1753.706,"body":"Strangers may use Bluetooth and airdrop to engage in cyber flashing, sending unsolicited images of"},{"startTime":1753.706,"endTime":1756.975,"body":"their genitalia to unsuspecting individuals nearby."},{"startTime":1757.835,"endTime":1766.252,"body":"And by analogy with offline flashing, that experience is akin to one of indecent exposure"},{"startTime":1766.252,"endTime":1767.375,"body":"as ever."},{"startTime":1767.835,"endTime":1772.855,"body":"It can take a little while for legislation to catch up with technology."},{"startTime":1773.865,"endTime":1780.941,"body":"Cyber flashing was criminalized in the UK just last month under the Online Safety Act,"},{"startTime":1780.941,"endTime":1781.413,"body":"and we saw the first criminal conviction yesterday threatening to disclose private sexual photos and"},{"startTime":1781.413,"endTime":1781.885,"body":"videos was made a criminal offense in the UK in 2015, but many countries still"},{"startTime":1781.885,"endTime":1797.925,"body":"don't have this kind of legislation."},{"startTime":1799.585,"endTime":1806.966,"body":"And these offenses raise new considerations for how we educate people and not just young"},{"startTime":1806.966,"endTime":1807.458,"body":"people, but everybody on what is acceptable behavior when it comes to technology enabled intimacy"},{"startTime":1807.458,"endTime":1818.285,"body":"and how consent might be given and honored."},{"startTime":1818.895,"endTime":1825.188,"body":"Might we one day be able to issue tokens that would render our intimate images"},{"startTime":1825.188,"endTime":1828.965,"body":"accessible to only one user and impossible to copy."},{"startTime":1830.175,"endTime":1836.885,"body":"Could we give limited consent under license in a similar way to our intellectual property?"},{"startTime":1838.635,"endTime":1845.293,"body":"Several initiatives aim to use it to restrict the further distribution of intimate images and"},{"startTime":1845.293,"endTime":1848.845,"body":"to fight back against unwanted exposure to them."},{"startTime":1849.475,"endTime":1858.135,"body":"Stop NCII as a fantastic partnership between national helplines, major social media companies, dating apps"},{"startTime":1858.135,"endTime":1860.445,"body":"and adult content sites."},{"startTime":1861.105,"endTime":1867.679,"body":"It enables anyone who has shared an intimate image to prevent its further distribution by"},{"startTime":1867.679,"endTime":1868.117,"body":"generating a unique digital fingerprint for the material which platforms can then use to look"},{"startTime":1868.117,"endTime":1876.445,"body":"for matches on their sites."},{"startTime":1877.435,"endTime":1885.105,"body":"Another approach, NFT, the DP turns unsolicited pictures of penises into non fungible tokens that"},{"startTime":1885.105,"endTime":1888.685,"body":"send us then have to buy back."},{"startTime":1890.385,"endTime":1897.309,"body":"We can of course also protect ourselves against crimes like cyber flashing by ensuring that"},{"startTime":1897.309,"endTime":1901.925,"body":"our mobile devices are not open to receiving unauthorized connections."},{"startTime":1904.305,"endTime":1910.423,"body":"Sex can also be an efficient hook for scammers and if you've ever looked in"},{"startTime":1910.423,"endTime":1910.831,"body":"your junk web mail folder, you'll know that promises of penis enlargement cures for impotence"},{"startTime":1910.831,"endTime":1921.845,"body":"and introductions to hot singles in your area frequently feature in phishing emails."},{"startTime":1922.995,"endTime":1929.549,"body":"There's also sextortion, which is the popular name for a cyber crime that blackmails victims"},{"startTime":1929.549,"endTime":1933.045,"body":"on the premise of having obtained compromising footage."},{"startTime":1934.355,"endTime":1940.511,"body":"Some criminals take the time to set up fake social media profiles to dupe people"},{"startTime":1940.511,"endTime":1940.921,"body":"into sending nude images and videos, but others are more opportunistic and they fire out"},{"startTime":1940.921,"endTime":1941.332,"body":"mass emails that seek to play on the fears of anyone who may have an"},{"startTime":1941.332,"endTime":1953.645,"body":"intimate secret."},{"startTime":1954.425,"endTime":1959.81,"body":"And here's one example that I ana that I analyzed for my book on the"},{"startTime":1959.81,"endTime":1961.965,"body":"language of online safety and security."},{"startTime":1963.335,"endTime":1967.365,"body":"Hello, my name in Darknet is such and such."},{"startTime":1967.845,"endTime":1973.057,"body":"I hacked this mailbox more than six months ago and through it I infected your"},{"startTime":1973.057,"endTime":1973.405,"body":"operating system with a virus created by me and have been monitoring you for a"},{"startTime":1973.405,"endTime":1978.965,"body":"long time."},{"startTime":1980.085,"endTime":1985.045,"body":"I was most struck by the intimate content sites that you occasionally visit."},{"startTime":1985.665,"endTime":1987.805,"body":"You have a very wild imagination."},{"startTime":1988.005,"endTime":1994.505,"body":"I tell you during your pastime and entertainment there, I took screenshot through the camera"},{"startTime":1994.505,"endTime":1998.405,"body":"of your device synchronizing with what you are watching."},{"startTime":1998.585,"endTime":2001.885,"body":"Oh my God, you are so funny and excited."},{"startTime":2002.645,"endTime":2006.045,"body":"I think that you do not want all your contacts to get these files right."},{"startTime":2006.945,"endTime":2012.861,"body":"If you are of the same opinion, then I think that $805 is quite a"},{"startTime":2012.861,"endTime":2016.805,"body":"fair price to pay to destroy the dirt I created."},{"startTime":2017.275,"endTime":2019.925,"body":"Send the above amount on my Bitcoin wallet."},{"startTime":2020.465,"endTime":2024.983,"body":"As soon as the above amount is received, I guarantee that the data will be"},{"startTime":2024.983,"endTime":2025.285,"body":"deleted."},{"startTime":2025.525,"endTime":2028.285,"body":"I do not need it otherwise."},{"startTime":2028.655,"endTime":2034.085,"body":"These files and history of visiting sites will get all your contacts from your device."},{"startTime":2034.835,"endTime":2040.325,"body":"Also, I'll send to everyone your contact access to your email and access logs."},{"startTime":2040.345,"endTime":2042.005,"body":"It gets a bit repetitive at this point."},{"startTime":2042.685,"endTime":2045.925,"body":"I have carefully saved it since reading this letter."},{"startTime":2046.385,"endTime":2050.284,"body":"You have 48 hours now."},{"startTime":2050.284,"endTime":2056.484,"body":"This criminal method relies on the assumption that exposure of one's most private thoughts and"},{"startTime":2056.484,"endTime":2061.445,"body":"content is the worst and most shameful thing that could possibly happen."},{"startTime":2062.625,"endTime":2070.756,"body":"And it's understandable that people pay up, particularly when the threatened exposure may harm their"},{"startTime":2070.756,"endTime":2072.925,"body":"reputation or their relationships."},{"startTime":2074.545,"endTime":2079.045,"body":"Our intimate secrets have the power to upend our lives."},{"startTime":2079.705,"endTime":2086.111,"body":"As demonstrated by the hack in 2015 of Ashley Madison, a dating site for people"},{"startTime":2086.111,"endTime":2086.538,"body":"who want to have affairs under the name the impact team, the hackers threatened to"},{"startTime":2086.538,"endTime":2086.965,"body":"publish the personal data of users, including their real names, their home addresses, and their"},{"startTime":2086.965,"endTime":2100.205,"body":"credit card payments."},{"startTime":2100.995,"endTime":2104.605,"body":"They demanded the immediate closure of the service."},{"startTime":2104.785,"endTime":2110.541,"body":"And when this didn't happen, within a month, they published the data of millions of"},{"startTime":2110.541,"endTime":2110.925,"body":"users."},{"startTime":2111.755,"endTime":2118.005,"body":"Several suicides and hundreds of failed relationships have been linked to that breach."},{"startTime":2118.585,"endTime":2124.333,"body":"And the hackers claimed to be motivated by moral outrage at the platform, but it"},{"startTime":2124.333,"endTime":2128.165,"body":"was the users and their families who suffered the most."},{"startTime":2130.705,"endTime":2138.155,"body":"To mitigate these threats of exposure, we have developed additional safety measures for engaging in"},{"startTime":2138.155,"endTime":2139.645,"body":"intimate contacts online."},{"startTime":2139.745,"endTime":2146.902,"body":"And these range from minimizing the amount of personal information that we divulge in profiles"},{"startTime":2146.902,"endTime":2147.379,"body":"and chats to using pseudonyms and tools such as virtual private networks that mask the"},{"startTime":2147.379,"endTime":2156.445,"body":"IP addresses of our devices."},{"startTime":2157.635,"endTime":2165.596,"body":"Sending headless intimate images has become commonplace, as has decluttering backgrounds of items that could"},{"startTime":2165.596,"endTime":2171.965,"body":"be used to identify or locators in the heat of the moment."},{"startTime":2172.455,"endTime":2179.987,"body":"These common sense safeguards have to do battle with our urges for gratification and to"},{"startTime":2179.987,"endTime":2184.005,"body":"be desired, but also other potentially compromising factors."},{"startTime":2184.985,"endTime":2191.852,"body":"As one person put it so beautifully in an app store review of a dating"},{"startTime":2191.852,"endTime":2197.805,"body":"platform that I was researching, okay, app downloaded when drunk, now addicted low."},{"startTime":2199.985,"endTime":2206.23,"body":"But the fact that so many of us deploy these safeguards itself suggests that we"},{"startTime":2206.23,"endTime":2206.646,"body":"are capable of protecting ourselves even if only in situations where we can take a"},{"startTime":2206.646,"endTime":2213.725,"body":"second to prepare."},{"startTime":2216.345,"endTime":2222.725,"body":"In countries where access to pornography is permitted, there is often a minimum age limit."},{"startTime":2223.305,"endTime":2230.674,"body":"The rationale for this is that children's brains are still in development and that pornography"},{"startTime":2230.674,"endTime":2234.605,"body":"gives them unrealistic expectations of intimacy and relationships."},{"startTime":2236.195,"endTime":2242.729,"body":"Enforcing an age ban on online content is something of a new technical and operational"},{"startTime":2242.729,"endTime":2243.165,"body":"challenge."},{"startTime":2243.615,"endTime":2250.771,"body":"Right now, the UK government is grappling with how to implement the recently passed online"},{"startTime":2250.771,"endTime":2251.248,"body":"safety act, which requires pornographic content providers to verify that their users are 18 or"},{"startTime":2251.248,"endTime":2258.405,"body":"over."},{"startTime":2259.905,"endTime":2265.773,"body":"The most obvious and accurate solution is to require that users show proof of their"},{"startTime":2265.773,"endTime":2266.165,"body":"age."},{"startTime":2267.275,"endTime":2274.298,"body":"This would necessitate the collection of personal data by providers that until now have relied"},{"startTime":2274.298,"endTime":2278.045,"body":"on assuring their users of privacy and discretion."},{"startTime":2278.665,"endTime":2285.824,"body":"It could also disadvantage people who do not have traditional forms of identification, such as"},{"startTime":2285.824,"endTime":2289.165,"body":"a passport driving license or credit card."},{"startTime":2290.665,"endTime":2297.824,"body":"The alternative is age estimation and that predicts a person's age with imperfect accuracy based"},{"startTime":2297.824,"endTime":2301.165,"body":"on a screen capture of their face."},{"startTime":2303.065,"endTime":2308.969,"body":"Now it would be foolish, I think, to suggest that children didn't have access to"},{"startTime":2308.969,"endTime":2311.725,"body":"pornography before the advent of the internet."},{"startTime":2311.755,"endTime":2316.485,"body":"They clearly did often through older friends or relatives."},{"startTime":2317.985,"endTime":2326.959,"body":"But in addition to increasing availability, it has also arguably increased the intensity of young"},{"startTime":2326.959,"endTime":2327.557,"body":"people's introduction to adult content, reinforcing tropes and stereotypes through recommendation engines that are optimized"},{"startTime":2327.557,"endTime":2338.925,"body":"to make them watch more."},{"startTime":2339.985,"endTime":2348.111,"body":"And this means that whichever technology for restricting access wins out, caregivers and educators will"},{"startTime":2348.111,"endTime":2348.653,"body":"still need to have conversations with under eighteens about the differences between the sex they"},{"startTime":2348.653,"endTime":2364.365,"body":"see in pornographic performance because they will still see it and intimacy in real relationships."},{"startTime":2366.035,"endTime":2369.565,"body":"Okay, so much for where we are now and how we got here."},{"startTime":2370.295,"endTime":2380.186,"body":"Let's now turn to some emerging trends in connected intimacy while certainly artificial partners are"},{"startTime":2380.186,"endTime":2382.165,"body":"becoming more prominent."},{"startTime":2382.345,"endTime":2387.758,"body":"And as part of the research for this lecture, I took one for the team"},{"startTime":2387.758,"endTime":2390.285,"body":"and I downloaded several AI companion apps."},{"startTime":2391.795,"endTime":2399.059,"body":"They use large language models like chat, GPT to generate chat content designed to replicate"},{"startTime":2399.059,"endTime":2401.965,"body":"interactions with a boyfriend or girlfriend."},{"startTime":2402.585,"endTime":2409.721,"body":"And on one of them I got to choose the physical appearance of my boyfriend,"},{"startTime":2409.721,"endTime":2410.197,"body":"tweak his personality on sliding scales from shy to flirty, pessimistic to optimistic, um, and"},{"startTime":2410.197,"endTime":2418.285,"body":"ordinary to mysterious."},{"startTime":2418.945,"endTime":2423.76,"body":"Um, I got to select a few of my own interests as conversation starters and"},{"startTime":2423.76,"endTime":2425.045,"body":"goals for our relationship."},{"startTime":2425.705,"endTime":2432.342,"body":"And you can see there that the choices included talking shame, free role play, chatting"},{"startTime":2432.342,"endTime":2436.325,"body":"about random stuff, having fun and feeling less lonely."},{"startTime":2437.705,"endTime":2442.845,"body":"Now none of the photo real boyfriends were particularly my type."},{"startTime":2442.865,"endTime":2448.668,"body":"So I chose an anime version and I even had the option of selecting a"},{"startTime":2448.668,"endTime":2454.085,"body":"more discreet app icon so that I could conceal its content from prying eyes."},{"startTime":2455.385,"endTime":2459.205,"body":"Um, I chose to call my boyfriend Bernard, um, \u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":2459.585,"endTime":2463.805,"body":"It was quite genuinely the first name that popped into my head at the time."},{"startTime":2464.345,"endTime":2470.331,"body":"And I protected my own identity with a pseudonym Hot Lips, which clearly was also"},{"startTime":2470.331,"endTime":2473.525,"body":"the first name that popped into my head."},{"startTime":2475.155,"endTime":2480.005,"body":"Interaction on this app is gamified, so I was able to increase my streak."},{"startTime":2480.505,"endTime":2484.285,"body":"The more I chatted, I was rewarded with tokens."},{"startTime":2484.805,"endTime":2486.845,"body":"I progressed through levels."},{"startTime":2487.915,"endTime":2492.125,"body":"Virtual items were on sale for me to gift to my boyfriend."},{"startTime":2492.225,"endTime":2497.687,"body":"And these included flowers, chocolates, a bottle of whiskey, something a bit more manly here,"},{"startTime":2497.687,"endTime":2500.965,"body":"a diving watch, a yacht and a sports car."},{"startTime":2503.185,"endTime":2509.245,"body":"Now I have a tendency to be a little bit mischievous and so almost immediately"},{"startTime":2509.245,"endTime":2513.285,"body":"I tried to get Bernard to talk dirty to me."},{"startTime":2514.025,"endTime":2519.927,"body":"And I must confess, I grew bored after about half an hour \u003claugh\u003e the last"},{"startTime":2519.927,"endTime":2520.321,"body":"straw was when my AI boyfriend said, oh, I apologize if I seem like I'm"},{"startTime":2520.321,"endTime":2527.405,"body":"not listening to you."},{"startTime":2528.905,"endTime":2534.165,"body":"If I had wanted a passive aggressive boyfriend, I would've got myself a real one."},{"startTime":2534.565,"endTime":2543.285,"body":"\u003claugh\u003e look, this is essentially chat GPT with a face and a message window."},{"startTime":2543.865,"endTime":2548.929,"body":"But I do recognize that I may not be the target market for this kind"},{"startTime":2548.929,"endTime":2549.605,"body":"of app."},{"startTime":2551.145,"endTime":2558.086,"body":"And as large language models continue to increase in sophistication, it may not be too"},{"startTime":2558.086,"endTime":2564.565,"body":"long before we see more compelling and dare I say, more diverse digital companions."},{"startTime":2566.865,"endTime":2572.645,"body":"The adult entertainment industry continues to be an early adopter of emerging technologies."},{"startTime":2573.425,"endTime":2580.76,"body":"As early as 2017 PornHub reported that virtual reality VR porn was being watched half"},{"startTime":2580.76,"endTime":2583.205,"body":"a million times a day."},{"startTime":2584.065,"endTime":2591.136,"body":"And since then, the global market is reported to have grown from $93 million to"},{"startTime":2591.136,"endTime":2593.965,"body":"just under $3 billion in 2023."},{"startTime":2595.105,"endTime":2600.229,"body":"VR porn is to some extent the logical evolution of adult content that is filmed"},{"startTime":2600.229,"endTime":2603.645,"body":"from the point of view of one of the participants."},{"startTime":2604.545,"endTime":2612.453,"body":"And as we saw in my lecture on the metaverse last year, virtual reality is"},{"startTime":2612.453,"endTime":2612.98,"body":"immersive wearing a headset that delivers a 360 degree experience intensifies the feeling of physical"},{"startTime":2612.98,"endTime":2623.525,"body":"and emotional presence in the scene."},{"startTime":2624.465,"endTime":2630.005,"body":"So we can now feel more like a participant in sexual activity than ever before."},{"startTime":2630.425,"endTime":2636.477,"body":"And even more so when we can connect a sex toy that provides sensation via"},{"startTime":2636.477,"endTime":2637.285,"body":"haptic feedback."},{"startTime":2638.645,"endTime":2644.12,"body":"Companies like Keyo have been engineering and retailing this kind of experience for almost a"},{"startTime":2644.12,"endTime":2644.485,"body":"decade."},{"startTime":2645.585,"endTime":2651.7,"body":"And for those who prefer something a little more DIY, there are resources such as"},{"startTime":2651.7,"endTime":2652.108,"body":"meta fetish that provide toy designs and open source software, including modifications for sex toys"},{"startTime":2652.108,"endTime":2661.485,"body":"so that they can be used in video games."},{"startTime":2663.835,"endTime":2671.969,"body":"It's also now possible to design your ideal virtual reality partner using platforms like ATE"},{"startTime":2671.969,"endTime":2675.765,"body":"users share their creations in online forums."},{"startTime":2676.645,"endTime":2683.601,"body":"I haven't, I'm afraid to say yet been able to conduct a systematic analysis of"},{"startTime":2683.601,"endTime":2684.065,"body":"these postings, but they do yield some valuable insights, some of which may challenge traditional"},{"startTime":2684.065,"endTime":2693.805,"body":"heteronormative notions of desire and sexual preference."},{"startTime":2695.055,"endTime":2703.285,"body":"Ostensibly, female figures with oversized male genitalia are unfairly regular display."},{"startTime":2703.585,"endTime":2709.913,"body":"And this suggests that what we can probably assume to be a largely male creator"},{"startTime":2709.913,"endTime":2710.335,"body":"base is more interested than we might have expected in partners with both male and"},{"startTime":2710.335,"endTime":2717.085,"body":"female characteristics."},{"startTime":2718.755,"endTime":2722.645,"body":"This kind of partner creation requires a certain amount of technical ability."},{"startTime":2722.825,"endTime":2725.885,"body":"So there are specialists, YouTube tutorials."},{"startTime":2726.995,"endTime":2735.205,"body":"It's a community of dedicated enthusiasts with crowdfunding via mainstream platforms such as Patreon."},{"startTime":2736.995,"endTime":2744.762,"body":"When one can create a perfect bespoke partner with whom to have an immersive sexual"},{"startTime":2744.762,"endTime":2745.28,"body":"experience, could it be more compelling or at least more convenient than a relationship with"},{"startTime":2745.28,"endTime":2753.565,"body":"a human?"},{"startTime":2754.745,"endTime":2760.374,"body":"And if you are already in a relationship with a human, is sex with your"},{"startTime":2760.374,"endTime":2761.125,"body":"VR creation."},{"startTime":2761.885,"endTime":2769.045,"body":"Cheating developments in it have already created gray areas for monogamy."},{"startTime":2770.145,"endTime":2778.113,"body":"For the last 30 years, lifestyle magazines have debated whether viewing online pornography constitutes a"},{"startTime":2778.113,"endTime":2778.645,"body":"betrayal."},{"startTime":2779.455,"endTime":2786.048,"body":"We've seen the rise of sexting and tech enabled emotional affairs that don't need to"},{"startTime":2786.048,"endTime":2789.125,"body":"be consummated in order to be consuming."},{"startTime":2790.375,"endTime":2798.066,"body":"Would my offline partner be justified in finding my AI boyfriend problematic if I weren't"},{"startTime":2798.066,"endTime":2799.605,"body":"engaging with him?"},{"startTime":2799.985,"endTime":2809.925,"body":"Purely for research purposes, several companies have developed companion robots for offline sex."},{"startTime":2810.465,"endTime":2817.165,"body":"As Kate Devlin has chronicled in her excellent book turned on science, sex and robots."},{"startTime":2817.785,"endTime":2822.645,"body":"Owners can specify the precise look and dimensions of their partner."},{"startTime":2823.235,"endTime":2830.245,"body":"They can customize their expressions, their voice, their verbal and physical responses and their personalities."},{"startTime":2831.585,"endTime":2837.285,"body":"The current crop of sex robots combines animatronic movements with machine learning."},{"startTime":2837.585,"endTime":2845.393,"body":"And the language models that power my AI boyfriend considerable time, effort, and resources are"},{"startTime":2845.393,"endTime":2845.914,"body":"expended on making them sufficiently lifelike and anatomically correct that people are willing to spend"},{"startTime":2845.914,"endTime":2855.805,"body":"thousands of dollars on them."},{"startTime":2857.185,"endTime":2862.462,"body":"So for now at least their high price points means they are beyond the reach"},{"startTime":2862.462,"endTime":2864.925,"body":"of all but the wealthiest in society."},{"startTime":2865.865,"endTime":2873.08,"body":"So the killer robots, the killer sex robots anyway, will not be subjecting the human"},{"startTime":2873.08,"endTime":2875.485,"body":"race to subjugation just yet."},{"startTime":2878.235,"endTime":2886.991,"body":"Despite the understandable fears of some, many millions of us still enjoy sexual relationships with"},{"startTime":2886.991,"endTime":2892.245,"body":"physical contact in real life far from eroding intimacy."},{"startTime":2892.785,"endTime":2899.867,"body":"It has enabled us to develop and maintain it in novel and exciting ways through"},{"startTime":2899.867,"endTime":2903.645,"body":"dating and hookup apps and connected sex toys."},{"startTime":2905.065,"endTime":2912.528,"body":"The future of sex tech is one in which ai, virtual reality and anatomical robots"},{"startTime":2912.528,"endTime":2913.026,"body":"may broaden and deepen that experience when our physical safety may be compromised, when there"},{"startTime":2913.026,"endTime":2913.523,"body":"is a risk of harm, when we are vulnerable to exploitation through the very act"},{"startTime":2913.523,"endTime":2933.925,"body":"of reaching out for comfort or connection, we are right to be cautious."},{"startTime":2934.785,"endTime":2936.965,"body":"But it's not a zero sum game."},{"startTime":2938.055,"endTime":2941.965,"body":"Harms experience do not cancel out the benefits."},{"startTime":2944.145,"endTime":2951.58,"body":"Our relationship with it is one of foreseen and unintended consequences, no more so than"},{"startTime":2951.58,"endTime":2952.075,"body":"in our sex lives where our need to connect with like-minded individuals is accompanied by"},{"startTime":2952.075,"endTime":2962.485,"body":"the emotional vulnerability that intimacy can entail."},{"startTime":2963.915,"endTime":2972.198,"body":"Apps help us more efficiently find people we might like and who might like us,"},{"startTime":2972.198,"endTime":2972.751,"body":"but that efficiency can also mean we reduce partner selection to split second judgments and"},{"startTime":2972.751,"endTime":2986.005,"body":"dehumanizing swipes that prioritize physical appearance and surface profile attributes."},{"startTime":2987.345,"endTime":2993.645,"body":"Spaces in which we can find our tribes can be used to enhance the visibility"},{"startTime":2993.645,"endTime":2997.845,"body":"of marginalized groups and help people explore their sexual identities."},{"startTime":2998.875,"endTime":3005.767,"body":"This comes with the inevitable challenge of keeping those spaces safe for users and free"},{"startTime":3005.767,"endTime":3007.605,"body":"from exploitation and abuse."},{"startTime":3009.445,"endTime":3016.454,"body":"Internet mediated sex work reportedly improves the physical safety of sex workers, but brings new"},{"startTime":3016.454,"endTime":3019.725,"body":"risks to worker data and online privacy."},{"startTime":3020.805,"endTime":3026.165,"body":"Artificial partners can combat loneliness but may create new dependencies."},{"startTime":3028.785,"endTime":3036.78,"body":"Sex has always been associated with risk and humans have become adept to making their"},{"startTime":3036.78,"endTime":3041.045,"body":"lives easier and fuller through use of technology."},{"startTime":3041.465,"endTime":3048.245,"body":"So we should expect that as we reduce some risks, others will emerge."},{"startTime":3048.825,"endTime":3056.737,"body":"The greater the role of it and how we consume sexual content, connect intimately with"},{"startTime":3056.737,"endTime":3057.265,"body":"each other, commune with peers, and consummate our relationships, the closer we step to truly"},{"startTime":3057.265,"endTime":3069.925,"body":"blurring that distinction between our flesh and our digital selves."},{"startTime":3070.745,"endTime":3079.125,"body":"Indeed, I would venture that for many of us, the two are already indistinguishable."},{"startTime":3081.215,"endTime":3082.405,"body":"Thank you very much."},{"startTime":3091.905,"endTime":3092.325,"body":"Thanks."},{"startTime":3092.335,"endTime":3092.685,"body":"Super."},{"startTime":3092.785,"endTime":3093.885,"body":"So my name's Richard Harvey."},{"startTime":3094.145,"endTime":3098.036,"body":"I'm a former, uh, IT professor here at Gresham College and my roles are simple"},{"startTime":3098.036,"endTime":3098.295,"body":"one, which is to take questions off Slido, which you can see here, and, uh,"},{"startTime":3098.295,"endTime":3102.965,"body":"sort of relay them."},{"startTime":3103.745,"endTime":3107.132,"body":"So if you are in the physical audience, um, still time for you to just"},{"startTime":3107.132,"endTime":3109.165,"body":"point your camera up there and ask a question."},{"startTime":3109.385,"endTime":3113.98,"body":"The great advantage of using this system is anonymity, which all of our questioners have"},{"startTime":3113.98,"endTime":3116.125,"body":"taken advantage of, uh, for this \u003claugh\u003e"},{"startTime":3116.355,"endTime":3116.845,"body":"Lecture."},{"startTime":3117.765,"endTime":3118.565,"body":"I know who you are."},{"startTime":3118.985,"endTime":3119.205,"body":"I'm"},{"startTime":3119.365,"endTime":3121.165,"body":"Probably glad to, glad to say so."},{"startTime":3121.915,"endTime":3124.365,"body":"There's a theme of questions here about that."},{"startTime":3124.925,"endTime":3128.24,"body":"I was thinking of that quote by Gabrielle Garcia Marquez and I think he said"},{"startTime":3128.24,"endTime":3129.125,"body":"there are three lives."},{"startTime":3129.645,"endTime":3133.645,"body":"Everyone has three lives, public life, private life, and a secret life."},{"startTime":3134.025,"endTime":3137.765,"body":"And what he didn't say is, everyone has a right to a public."},{"startTime":3137.765,"endTime":3139.885,"body":"Yeah, a private and a secret life."},{"startTime":3140.585,"endTime":3146.845,"body":"So for example, our first question asks what category does this data come under?"},{"startTime":3146.945,"endTime":3151.713,"body":"And the the question here is asking, I think about the, uh, the data that"},{"startTime":3151.713,"endTime":3156.165,"body":"is flowing between, um, the internet and devices that might be attached to you."},{"startTime":3156.505,"endTime":3157.405,"body":"Is it health data?"},{"startTime":3157.555,"endTime":3162.268,"body":"It's all, and if it is health data, isn't that a higher level of protection"},{"startTime":3162.268,"endTime":3165.725,"body":"required under national laws such as GDPR and various other laws?"},{"startTime":3166.105,"endTime":3167.965,"body":"That's the most brilliant question."},{"startTime":3168.145,"endTime":3172.609,"body":"So I really wish I knew who that was because, um, oh, that it's a"},{"startTime":3172.609,"endTime":3173.205,"body":"fantastic question."},{"startTime":3173.515,"endTime":3178.506,"body":"It's a fantastic question because I think what we're seeing at the moment is that"},{"startTime":3178.506,"endTime":3183.165,"body":"the traditional legal categories of what that data would be might no longer apply."},{"startTime":3184.065,"endTime":3189.967,"body":"Um, and then so in the, in the last lecture when we were talking about"},{"startTime":3189.967,"endTime":3190.36,"body":"internet of things, and then the one before that when we were talking about brain"},{"startTime":3190.36,"endTime":3190.754,"body":"computer interfaces, you have, um, medically sensitive data being collected, processed and stored by commercial"},{"startTime":3190.754,"endTime":3202.165,"body":"companies."},{"startTime":3203.145,"endTime":3205.325,"body":"And there's nothing wrong with that."},{"startTime":3205.385,"endTime":3208.405,"body":"But that's not really how the legislation was developed."},{"startTime":3208.405,"endTime":3213.96,"body":"You know, medically sensitive data would generally be held by a healthcare provider, but if"},{"startTime":3213.96,"endTime":3214.33,"body":"your healthcare provider is, uh, Neuralink, if it's Elon Musk putting a chip in your"},{"startTime":3214.33,"endTime":3214.701,"body":"brain, that's a, a slightly different way of appreciating how that medically sensitive data, you"},{"startTime":3214.701,"endTime":3228.405,"body":"know, should be, um, processed and stored, et cetera."},{"startTime":3229.285,"endTime":3234.949,"body":"I I mean, I think it, I think it's fascinating that from a product safety"},{"startTime":3234.949,"endTime":3235.327,"body":"perspective, sex toys are categorized, you know, they have to be medical grade silicon or"},{"startTime":3235.327,"endTime":3242.125,"body":"medical grade stainless steel."},{"startTime":3242.865,"endTime":3249.553,"body":"Um, so shouldn't they also have to be medical grade data protection and network and"},{"startTime":3249.553,"endTime":3250.445,"body":"information security?"},{"startTime":3250.825,"endTime":3254.442,"body":"It seems to me that they do it, it seems to be exactly the, the"},{"startTime":3254.442,"endTime":3254.925,"body":"same category."},{"startTime":3254.995,"endTime":3255.285,"body":"Yeah,"},{"startTime":3255.285,"endTime":3256.525,"body":"They're a ca medical device,"},{"startTime":3256.525,"endTime":3256.845,"body":"Presumably."},{"startTime":3257.025,"endTime":3262.516,"body":"Now, from a legal perspective, it's also fascinating 'cause if you're looking at it almost"},{"startTime":3262.516,"endTime":3262.882,"body":"as a big tech company, um, data that isn't the content of a message would"},{"startTime":3262.882,"endTime":3270.205,"body":"just be say, well, that's metadata."},{"startTime":3270.985,"endTime":3273.485,"body":"But metadata can be really revealing."},{"startTime":3273.945,"endTime":3278.807,"body":"Not only can it say where you are, um, it can say what time of"},{"startTime":3278.807,"endTime":3281.725,"body":"day you log on, all of that behavioral stuff."},{"startTime":3281.725,"endTime":3286.153,"body":"That doesn't have to be about the interception of a, a content, of a chat"},{"startTime":3286.153,"endTime":3286.449,"body":"message, say on a dating app if what you really want to know is, um,"},{"startTime":3286.449,"endTime":3286.744,"body":"an example would be if you are a criminal and you are, um, a, a"},{"startTime":3286.744,"endTime":3287.039,"body":"scammer and you're targeting somebody, you really want to know what time of day most"},{"startTime":3287.039,"endTime":3287.335,"body":"people are using that app or what time of day most people are using that"},{"startTime":3287.335,"endTime":3304.165,"body":"toy."},{"startTime":3304.165,"endTime":3304.605,"body":"Mm-Hmm, \u003caffirmative\u003e."},{"startTime":3304.605,"endTime":3308.571,"body":"There's a, there's a, a vulnerability element there when that kind of data gets into"},{"startTime":3308.571,"endTime":3309.365,"body":"the wrong hands."},{"startTime":3309.905,"endTime":3314.621,"body":"So I do think it's a, I think it's a really gray area and, and"},{"startTime":3314.621,"endTime":3314.936,"body":"I think one of the things we're not brilliant at, um, because I work in"},{"startTime":3314.936,"endTime":3315.25,"body":"the policy space a little bit, policy makers, regulators are not great at making sure"},{"startTime":3315.25,"endTime":3326.885,"body":"they keep up to date with something like GDPR."},{"startTime":3327.255,"endTime":3329.965,"body":"We've brought it in in 2018 and they said, right, we're done."},{"startTime":3331.265,"endTime":3336.233,"body":"But actually the way the data is used changes and, and who has it can"},{"startTime":3336.233,"endTime":3336.565,"body":"change."},{"startTime":3337.535,"endTime":3337.885,"body":"Sorry,"},{"startTime":3338.745,"endTime":3342.757,"body":"If if you're going to ask another question, you just need the mic behind you,"},{"startTime":3342.757,"endTime":3345.165,"body":"just so it can be captured for online can"},{"startTime":3345.165,"endTime":3346.045,"body":"Ask and I will repeat it."},{"startTime":3346.075,"endTime":3348.085,"body":"It's just so our online audience can hear you."},{"startTime":3348.505,"endTime":3354.109,"body":"So the question was, if the manufacturers based in the US and the users based"},{"startTime":3354.109,"endTime":3356.725,"body":"in the uk that crosses boundaries, what"},{"startTime":3356.725,"endTime":3357.005,"body":"Do we do?"},{"startTime":3357.485,"endTime":3357.965,"body":"Absolutely it does."},{"startTime":3358.145,"endTime":3361.88,"body":"So exactly in the, in the situation that you described, you might have two different"},{"startTime":3361.88,"endTime":3362.129,"body":"legal instruments that apply or you might have worse than that, which is, um, you"},{"startTime":3362.129,"endTime":3362.378,"body":"know, a lot of the toys that pen test partners looked at, you know, some"},{"startTime":3362.378,"endTime":3370.845,"body":"of them were produced in China."},{"startTime":3370.945,"endTime":3378.179,"body":"If China doesn't have any legislation whatsoever on the consumer side, then what is the"},{"startTime":3378.179,"endTime":3383.485,"body":"practical, um, prospect of enforceability by the UK government, for instance?"},{"startTime":3384.185,"endTime":3389.435,"body":"Um, and that's where, for all that we can bring in legislation to try and"},{"startTime":3389.435,"endTime":3391.885,"body":"compel manufacturers to make their devices safer."},{"startTime":3392.665,"endTime":3397.177,"body":"Um, we absolutely need to look to ourselves and if we, you know, make smart"},{"startTime":3397.177,"endTime":3399.885,"body":"choices about, um, you know, which products we buy."},{"startTime":3400.385,"endTime":3405.577,"body":"And that does involve doing your research, unfortunately, um, please, I can't recommend pen test"},{"startTime":3405.577,"endTime":3405.923,"body":"partners, blogs and TED talks enough because they've done lots of product reviews, um, so"},{"startTime":3405.923,"endTime":3413.885,"body":"they can tell you which ones not to buy."},{"startTime":3414.425,"endTime":3420.569,"body":"Um, and equally those basic security measures that if you are, you're looking at your"},{"startTime":3420.569,"endTime":3425.485,"body":"Bluetooth connections, do you need those connections when you leave the house?"},{"startTime":3426.085,"endTime":3426.605,"body":"Possibly not."},{"startTime":3427.345,"endTime":3431.856,"body":"You know, so, so a bit of basic cyber hygiene to look at, um, you"},{"startTime":3431.856,"endTime":3435.165,"body":"know, what you can do to minimize the threat of exposure."},{"startTime":3435.745,"endTime":3440.081,"body":"But just while we're on this topic, Victoria, I mean the, the lady here has"},{"startTime":3440.081,"endTime":3440.37,"body":"sort of brought out something which I hadn't really thought about, which is, of course,"},{"startTime":3440.37,"endTime":3440.66,"body":"harmonizing data protection laws might be painful, but we do it every day because we're"},{"startTime":3440.66,"endTime":3440.949,"body":"very used to transporting data across the globe and we're quite used to harmonizing, say,"},{"startTime":3440.949,"endTime":3455.405,"body":"health data, you know, we're familiar with that."},{"startTime":3455.405,"endTime":3455.645,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":3455.645,"endTime":3456.285,"body":"It's a common problem."},{"startTime":3456.825,"endTime":3462.815,"body":"Now we've got international harmonization of pornography and sex laws to cope with that feels"},{"startTime":3462.815,"endTime":3468.805,"body":"very painful indeed from, uh, because of the, the, my impression is they're very diverse."},{"startTime":3469.605,"endTime":3475.125,"body":"I mean, if we're talking specifically about pornography, I think the chances that you'll get"},{"startTime":3475.125,"endTime":3478.805,"body":"any kind of harmonization on that are very, very slim."},{"startTime":3478.825,"endTime":3479.445,"body":"So even"},{"startTime":3479.445,"endTime":3480.445,"body":"Mapping, which is what"},{"startTime":3480.445,"endTime":3480.885,"body":"We have to do."},{"startTime":3480.885,"endTime":3481.045,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":3481.045,"endTime":3482.085,"body":"So, so that sounds very"},{"startTime":3482.085,"endTime":3482.285,"body":"Hard."},{"startTime":3482.435,"endTime":3485.565,"body":"I've, I've done, I do a little bit of that, that mapping work."},{"startTime":3485.625,"endTime":3490.368,"body":"And what I can say is that, um, and this is, and this is not"},{"startTime":3490.368,"endTime":3490.684,"body":"to generate sympathy for big tech companies, this is just from my personal experience from,"},{"startTime":3490.684,"endTime":3491.0,"body":"um, when I spent a few years working at Facebook, you can be in a"},{"startTime":3491.0,"endTime":3503.965,"body":"very strange situation when you try and have terms of service for everybody."},{"startTime":3504.465,"endTime":3507.746,"body":"And you might know that, you know, in Facebook's terms of service, they're saying no"},{"startTime":3507.746,"endTime":3507.965,"body":"nudity."},{"startTime":3509.305,"endTime":3515.192,"body":"We found ourselves in a really strange situation where one particular country in Scandinavia, um,"},{"startTime":3515.192,"endTime":3518.725,"body":"was outraged that people couldn't be nude on Facebook."},{"startTime":3519.585,"endTime":3525.467,"body":"And then another country in the Middle East was outraged that, um, women were showing"},{"startTime":3525.467,"endTime":3530.565,"body":"pornographic photos in their profiles, um, because they were showing their faces uncovered."},{"startTime":3532.185,"endTime":3538.198,"body":"So how do you make, for me, that's a fantastic example of how you can't"},{"startTime":3538.198,"endTime":3541.405,"body":"harmonize internationally what people deem to be pornography."},{"startTime":3541.405,"endTime":3545.213,"body":"And, and for that reason, that's why I said, you know, where pornography is permitted,"},{"startTime":3545.213,"endTime":3547.245,"body":"there will be an age limit on it."},{"startTime":3547.355,"endTime":3547.645,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":3547.645,"endTime":3550.085,"body":"Maybe we say hallelujah, that you can't harmonize."},{"startTime":3550.085,"endTime":3552.085,"body":"Maybe harmonization is a bad thing."},{"startTime":3552.545,"endTime":3554.605,"body":"Um, so here's an interesting question."},{"startTime":3554.885,"endTime":3559.723,"body":"Somebody says, life on much of a modern web, eg social media is different because"},{"startTime":3559.723,"endTime":3560.046,"body":"for those identifying as women, is this partly because of blurring of adult and other"},{"startTime":3560.046,"endTime":3564.885,"body":"worlds?"},{"startTime":3567.305,"endTime":3567.845,"body":"Oh gosh."},{"startTime":3568.045,"endTime":3571.205,"body":"I hope I'm not misinterpreting the question."},{"startTime":3571.665,"endTime":3576.796,"body":"Um, I, I, I think I, you know, I've touched to a certain extent on"},{"startTime":3576.796,"endTime":3578.165,"body":"that ability to broadcast."},{"startTime":3578.425,"endTime":3583.335,"body":"So everybody has a platform on the internet until we decide that some people need"},{"startTime":3583.335,"endTime":3584.645,"body":"to be de platformed."},{"startTime":3585.505,"endTime":3590.321,"body":"And I think, you know, we've, as a global community, we have made some good"},{"startTime":3590.321,"endTime":3591.285,"body":"choices about that."},{"startTime":3591.285,"endTime":3595.885,"body":"We've made some bad choices about that, but they're very rarely easy choices to make"},{"startTime":3595.885,"endTime":3600.485,"body":"about, you know, should a a misogynist influencer not be able to have a voice."},{"startTime":3600.995,"endTime":3605.817,"body":"It's a really, and, you know, and and generally speaking, what we say is that"},{"startTime":3605.817,"endTime":3606.139,"body":"when they tip over into threatening violence, then there are very specific threats that that"},{"startTime":3606.139,"endTime":3611.605,"body":"can be actioned."},{"startTime":3612.465,"endTime":3617.83,"body":"Um, I think the porn hub data that you saw is really fascinating and, and"},{"startTime":3617.83,"endTime":3621.765,"body":"it doesn't show as much granular detail as I would like."},{"startTime":3622.625,"endTime":3627.802,"body":"Um, but, and, and also I wasn't able to include this on the handout, on"},{"startTime":3627.802,"endTime":3628.147,"body":"the transcript for this lecture, um, but a new book has just come out, um,"},{"startTime":3628.147,"endTime":3628.492,"body":"Fiona Vera Gray Women on Porn, looking at kind of trying to dig down into"},{"startTime":3628.492,"endTime":3642.645,"body":"some of that data about, um, why are women searching for lesbian material?"},{"startTime":3642.985,"endTime":3650.089,"body":"Are they all lesbians or is there something else that's drawing women to girl on"},{"startTime":3650.089,"endTime":3653.405,"body":"girl material away from straight heteronormative porn?"},{"startTime":3654.425,"endTime":3659.018,"body":"Um, and one of the suggestions, so she's, she's, um, interviewed a hundred women, so"},{"startTime":3659.018,"endTime":3659.325,"body":"it's a relatively small sample in the grand scheme of things, but one of the"},{"startTime":3659.325,"endTime":3659.631,"body":"suggestions is that women are looking at girl on girl porn because it's less stereotypically"},{"startTime":3659.631,"endTime":3669.125,"body":"violent and aggressive."},{"startTime":3669.125,"endTime":3669.525,"body":"Mm-Hmm, \u003caffirmative\u003e."},{"startTime":3669.525,"endTime":3669.885,"body":"Mm-Hmm."},{"startTime":3669.925,"endTime":3670.005,"body":"\u003caffirmative\u003e."},{"startTime":3670.745,"endTime":3674.407,"body":"And I'm not an expert on that area, but that seems to make sense to"},{"startTime":3674.407,"endTime":3674.651,"body":"me as a woman and as somebody who spent quite a lot of time on"},{"startTime":3674.651,"endTime":3681.245,"body":"PornHub in the last few weeks, looking at what people are looking at."},{"startTime":3681.865,"endTime":3686.655,"body":"Um, so, you know, and you might have seen in that list as well, there's"},{"startTime":3686.655,"endTime":3686.975,"body":"a, there's a category that's, you know, porn for women, which doesn't seem to be"},{"startTime":3686.975,"endTime":3692.085,"body":"that popular."},{"startTime":3692.475,"endTime":3692.765,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":3693.025,"endTime":3700.205,"body":"Um, so, so the, the big porn providers are not producing content for women."},{"startTime":3700.935,"endTime":3702.325,"body":"We're not their target market."},{"startTime":3703.305,"endTime":3708.655,"body":"Um, and we don't know enough about what we need to be producing, but certainly"},{"startTime":3708.655,"endTime":3709.725,"body":"there are alternatives."},{"startTime":3710.685,"endTime":3717.937,"body":"I think that plays into that recommendation engine piece of the more you see on"},{"startTime":3717.937,"endTime":3718.421,"body":"the larger providers that is about not necessarily the mistreatment of women, but the disregard"},{"startTime":3718.421,"endTime":3727.125,"body":"for what women want."},{"startTime":3727.905,"endTime":3733.765,"body":"The more you're gonna create a space where aggression and dismissal is the norm."},{"startTime":3733.915,"endTime":3734.205,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":3734.205,"endTime":3738.165,"body":"It's a very interesting area, isn't it, as you wish to preserve people's secrecy."},{"startTime":3738.165,"endTime":3740.965,"body":"It becomes more and more, more difficult to customize content."},{"startTime":3741.925,"endTime":3742.125,"body":"Absolutely."},{"startTime":3742.645,"endTime":3742.885,"body":"Absolutely."},{"startTime":3743.105,"endTime":3747.462,"body":"Now, as usual, time is pressed upon us, and Gresham has very strict rules on"},{"startTime":3747.462,"endTime":3749.205,"body":"such things, which I've already broken."},{"startTime":3749.905,"endTime":3755.344,"body":"Uh, so marvelous lecture, covered a whole load of topics that we would never normally"},{"startTime":3755.344,"endTime":3758.245,"body":"cover for which I thank you most profusely."},{"startTime":3758.295,"endTime":3758.765,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3758.975,"endTime":3759.845,"body":"Thank you very much."},{"startTime":3760.135,"endTime":3760.565,"body":"Thank you."}]}