{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":6.435,"endTime":7.345,"body":"Thank you so much."},{"startTime":13.745,"endTime":14.575,"body":"Thank you so much."},{"startTime":15.025,"endTime":17.055,"body":"Thank you so much for coming on this gray day."},{"startTime":17.165,"endTime":19.215,"body":"Hopefully we can bring some color in."},{"startTime":21.395,"endTime":28.775,"body":"So among humanity's greatest inventions, I think the alphabet ranks the highest."},{"startTime":29.435,"endTime":35.81,"body":"The idea of a simple set of objects that can combine to create complex thoughts"},{"startTime":35.81,"endTime":37.935,"body":"and ideas and even emotions."},{"startTime":39.435,"endTime":45.175,"body":"And that also includes numbers and colors and what a poet can do with letters."},{"startTime":46.445,"endTime":52.546,"body":"What a mathematician does with a simple set of numbers, what an artist can do"},{"startTime":52.546,"endTime":52.953,"body":"with a set of colors a musician can do with a collection of pictures or"},{"startTime":52.953,"endTime":59.055,"body":"scales."},{"startTime":60.185,"endTime":67.455,"body":"These all have a long history, but scales is among the oldest alphabet we have."},{"startTime":68.935,"endTime":73.299,"body":"The Gresham College lecture that you're listening to right now is giving you knowledge and"},{"startTime":73.299,"endTime":73.59,"body":"insight from one of the world's leading academic experts making it takes a lot of"},{"startTime":73.59,"endTime":77.955,"body":"time."},{"startTime":78.455,"endTime":81.661,"body":"But because we want to encourage a love of learning, we think it's well worth"},{"startTime":81.661,"endTime":81.875,"body":"it."},{"startTime":82.815,"endTime":85.995,"body":"We never make you pay for lectures, although donations are needed."},{"startTime":86.495,"endTime":87.835,"body":"All we ask in return is this."},{"startTime":88.385,"endTime":90.595,"body":"Send a link to this lecture to someone you think would benefit."},{"startTime":90.895,"endTime":94.945,"body":"And if you haven't already, click the follow or subscribe button from wherever you are"},{"startTime":94.945,"endTime":95.755,"body":"listening right now."},{"startTime":96.775,"endTime":98.395,"body":"Now let's get back to the lecture."},{"startTime":102.025,"endTime":105.765,"body":"So our journey through scale starts 35,000 years ago."},{"startTime":106.585,"endTime":110.725,"body":"In the Paleolithic era, humans had made it to Europe."},{"startTime":111.185,"endTime":117.578,"body":"It was bitterly cold, wooly mammoths were roaming the earth and the Neanderthals were still"},{"startTime":117.578,"endTime":118.005,"body":"around."},{"startTime":119.305,"endTime":126.464,"body":"And in this cave in, which is now Germany, Holly Fells, which means hollow rock,"},{"startTime":126.464,"endTime":126.941,"body":"they found this beautiful object, a flute carved from the radial bone of this awesome"},{"startTime":126.941,"endTime":136.965,"body":"Griffin Vulture with a 2.5 meter wingspan."},{"startTime":137.625,"endTime":143.858,"body":"And we know it's a musical instrument and not any other object 'cause look how"},{"startTime":143.858,"endTime":148.845,"body":"beautifully those finger holes have been carved just perfectly for finger placement."},{"startTime":149.225,"endTime":154.36,"body":"And there's also signs of measurement as if this wasn't the first flute that had"},{"startTime":154.36,"endTime":155.045,"body":"been made."},{"startTime":157.145,"endTime":159.045,"body":"So what sounds come out of it?"},{"startTime":160.475,"endTime":167.825,"body":"Well, when we reconstruct it, we find that there is, there are six notes that"},{"startTime":167.825,"endTime":174.685,"body":"emerge, but the top and bottom one are an Octa apart double the frequency."},{"startTime":175.705,"endTime":181.565,"body":"And the interior ones are the scale, what's called the major pentatonic."},{"startTime":181.585,"endTime":185.365,"body":"But it has many names 'cause it's been found and refound over the ages."},{"startTime":187.695,"endTime":190.525,"body":"Let's listen to how it sounds on a replica of the flute."},{"startTime":203.795,"endTime":207.565,"body":"This might have echoed through the caves of Paleolithic Europe."},{"startTime":209.545,"endTime":212.365,"body":"Why does it sound so pleasant and accessible to us?"},{"startTime":212.705,"endTime":215.725,"body":"And even someone 35,000 years ago?"},{"startTime":219.195,"endTime":223.865,"body":"Well, even though they were different in many ways, perhaps they share a lot of"},{"startTime":223.865,"endTime":226.045,"body":"our biology and our experience of sound."},{"startTime":226.305,"endTime":228.725,"body":"So I'm gonna play you some sounds now."},{"startTime":228.725,"endTime":230.845,"body":"And what this is, is a sensory dissonance curve."},{"startTime":231.475,"endTime":238.461,"body":"It's basically one note against another and some will sound more gritty and others will"},{"startTime":238.461,"endTime":240.325,"body":"find sound more smooth."},{"startTime":240.375,"endTime":243.005,"body":"It'll be rough and smooth and it might follow this contour."},{"startTime":243.265,"endTime":245.885,"body":"So let's listen to this and see if you share this experience."},{"startTime":277.545,"endTime":280.93,"body":"You will notice that there's a massive peak at the front, what we might call"},{"startTime":280.93,"endTime":282.285,"body":"a minor second in that area."},{"startTime":283.065,"endTime":287.165,"body":"And then there are drops, a significant one at the fourth, and this particularly the"},{"startTime":287.165,"endTime":288.805,"body":"fifth where it drops really low."},{"startTime":289.345,"endTime":293.845,"body":"But by the time we finally reach the octave, it's gone completely, almost like it's"},{"startTime":293.845,"endTime":295.045,"body":"the same note again."},{"startTime":295.395,"endTime":296.685,"body":"It's double the frequency."},{"startTime":297.585,"endTime":305.554,"body":"And maybe we and our 35,000 year old ancestors share that experience of sound because"},{"startTime":305.554,"endTime":309.805,"body":"the roots and the octave are so close."},{"startTime":310.395,"endTime":314.103,"body":"This view of a scale as a ladder where the name comes from scarla is"},{"startTime":314.103,"endTime":317.565,"body":"not that accurate because the roots and the octave are kind of the same."},{"startTime":318.145,"endTime":320.765,"body":"It might be better to think of this as a"},{"startTime":322.625,"endTime":323.525,"body":"Um, circle."},{"startTime":324.225,"endTime":331.461,"body":"An octave circle where the roots and the octave match each other, A bracelet, a"},{"startTime":331.461,"endTime":336.285,"body":"necklace of notes so that we go round the scale."},{"startTime":336.625,"endTime":338.845,"body":"But once we get to the octave, we're back at the root again."},{"startTime":338.955,"endTime":339.765,"body":"They're identical."},{"startTime":341.485,"endTime":348.242,"body":"Actually the best view is to think of it in three dimensions as a helix,"},{"startTime":348.242,"endTime":350.045,"body":"which maintains that circularity."},{"startTime":351.345,"endTime":356.965,"body":"But there's an identity of these various pitch classes here."},{"startTime":358.345,"endTime":363.107,"body":"So whenever we look at the circle, we can imagine we're looking down a helix,"},{"startTime":363.107,"endTime":365.965,"body":"a coil, and we'll use this octave representation today."},{"startTime":366.385,"endTime":368.725,"body":"And this reveals some secrets of that pentatonic."},{"startTime":370.625,"endTime":375.285,"body":"For example, if you squint, you might notice that it's actually symmetrical"},{"startTime":377.215,"endTime":378.045,"body":"Along this angle."},{"startTime":379.825,"endTime":386.738,"body":"Not only that, but the gaps between the notes are only two length, a long"},{"startTime":386.738,"endTime":389.965,"body":"minor third and three short major seconds."},{"startTime":390.985,"endTime":397.401,"body":"As for the interior angles, there's a major third and the rest are perfect fifths"},{"startTime":397.401,"endTime":398.685,"body":"up and down."},{"startTime":400.265,"endTime":405.045,"body":"If you recall, a perfect fifth is the most consonant non tive note we have."},{"startTime":405.745,"endTime":411.045,"body":"And this configuration packs in as many perfect fifths as you can in the octave."},{"startTime":411.275,"endTime":412.325,"body":"It's the most constant."},{"startTime":412.325,"endTime":413.405,"body":"You can make five notes."},{"startTime":414.065,"endTime":419.558,"body":"And somehow our paleolithic ancestor found it and we keep finding it over and over"},{"startTime":419.558,"endTime":419.925,"body":"again."},{"startTime":420.545,"endTime":430.061,"body":"So really it's more like an arc of fifths joined by a major Third, let's"},{"startTime":430.061,"endTime":431.965,"body":"continue our journey."},{"startTime":435.045,"endTime":442.798,"body":"We're about 9,000 years ago in D in ancient China, north China, near the Yellow"},{"startTime":442.798,"endTime":443.315,"body":"River."},{"startTime":443.415,"endTime":447.315,"body":"And there's this extraordinary settlement that lasted for 12 centuries."},{"startTime":447.315,"endTime":450.515,"body":"There they cultivated rice and millet."},{"startTime":451.575,"endTime":454.355,"body":"Um, they had a proto form of writing."},{"startTime":455.825,"endTime":460.875,"body":"They, um, were were among the first humans to invent alcohol."},{"startTime":461.255,"endTime":466.002,"body":"And they lived the right rifle age of 40, which is really impressive for the"},{"startTime":466.002,"endTime":466.635,"body":"age stone."},{"startTime":466.735,"endTime":470.035,"body":"Age 40 is the new a hundred I guess."},{"startTime":471.055,"endTime":477.213,"body":"And among the amazing artifacts we find in that period is this awesome lineage of"},{"startTime":477.213,"endTime":478.035,"body":"flutes 33."},{"startTime":478.035,"endTime":482.555,"body":"Here's just a selection of them, which is a treasure trove for musicologists."},{"startTime":482.795,"endTime":485.195,"body":"'cause it shows the evolution of scales in this region."},{"startTime":485.665,"endTime":491.552,"body":"They're carved from this beautiful bird's bones, the red crown crane, which I'm kind of"},{"startTime":491.552,"endTime":493.515,"body":"obsessed with at the moment."},{"startTime":494.895,"endTime":498.755,"body":"And what we find is that they added more notes into the octave."},{"startTime":500.015,"endTime":504.746,"body":"And also it seems that some of the flutes were tuned together so could people"},{"startTime":504.746,"endTime":506.955,"body":"could play together, which is quite awesome."},{"startTime":507.505,"endTime":512.732,"body":"They even found this bone sh, which just played incremental pitches maybe as a form,"},{"startTime":512.732,"endTime":514.475,"body":"early form of pitch reference."},{"startTime":515.255,"endTime":518.635,"body":"And this flute at the bottom, you'll notice there are two holes there."},{"startTime":519.815,"endTime":522.983,"body":"And the reason may be that the A five and the A six are really"},{"startTime":522.983,"endTime":523.195,"body":"sharp."},{"startTime":523.855,"endTime":526.315,"body":"And so someone added a hole just to tune it in."},{"startTime":526.465,"endTime":527.915,"body":"It's just awesome to think this."},{"startTime":528.535,"endTime":532.795,"body":"So let's see what happens as we go through these flutes."},{"startTime":533.575,"endTime":538.805,"body":"So the first we find has six notes, but only four unique pitch classes."},{"startTime":544.615,"endTime":546.605,"body":"Still it's got a symmetry to it."},{"startTime":548.515,"endTime":557.605,"body":"Then again, they found a major pentatonic, quite chirpy that one."},{"startTime":558.705,"endTime":564.611,"body":"And then we move to this one, which is the earliest playable musical instrument yet"},{"startTime":564.611,"endTime":565.005,"body":"found."},{"startTime":565.265,"endTime":568.085,"body":"So what you'll hear is the actual sounds of this instrument being played."},{"startTime":568.345,"endTime":572.685,"body":"So you can imagine it being played 8,000 years ago."},{"startTime":594.145,"endTime":598.435,"body":"Then we start seeing this semitone introduced that harsh interval at the beginning."},{"startTime":604.845,"endTime":608.816,"body":"Quite an odd scale and you can know it's odd 'cause look at where the"},{"startTime":608.816,"endTime":609.875,"body":"fifths are spread out."},{"startTime":610.615,"endTime":612.195,"body":"So there's a little more dissonance here."},{"startTime":613.175,"endTime":619.955,"body":"And then our final one in the series is this incredible fluke, which had this"},{"startTime":619.955,"endTime":624.475,"body":"nine pitch note collection all in a chain of fifths."},{"startTime":632.495,"endTime":645.882,"body":"And because of that complexity, they could create seven note scales, quite familiar to us,"},{"startTime":645.882,"endTime":653.915,"body":"different ones from the same flute, early scale practice."},{"startTime":654.035,"endTime":665.101,"body":"I guess let's skip a few years to the Iron Age ancient Babylon, where this"},{"startTime":665.101,"endTime":673.955,"body":"very Indiana Jones like object was found with these enigmatic symbols on."},{"startTime":673.955,"endTime":681.715,"body":"It was first thought to be a form of astronomical um, uh, reference."},{"startTime":682.695,"endTime":691.189,"body":"But this growing consensus, that consensus that this is a fact, the first piece of"},{"startTime":691.189,"endTime":691.755,"body":"music theory, those seven points of that won key heto Graham are thought to be"},{"startTime":691.755,"endTime":702.515,"body":"the strings of a liar."},{"startTime":703.815,"endTime":710.16,"body":"And what that matrix below, which has all these numbers are tuning instructions, there's another"},{"startTime":710.16,"endTime":710.583,"body":"tablet which supports the idea that the player is instructed to tune those strings so"},{"startTime":710.583,"endTime":719.045,"body":"that they are no longer rough."},{"startTime":719.145,"endTime":722.205,"body":"So they are smooth, which means that they're in perfect fifths."},{"startTime":722.745,"endTime":726.663,"body":"So let's take the yellow one, go four to one, five to two, and so"},{"startTime":726.663,"endTime":726.925,"body":"on."},{"startTime":727.865,"endTime":736.245,"body":"So let's simulate this chap tuning up a little bit out."},{"startTime":739.095,"endTime":739.445,"body":"Thank"},{"startTime":739.445,"endTime":739.565,"body":"You."},{"startTime":760.185,"endTime":761.685,"body":"And now we have a complete scale."},{"startTime":776.515,"endTime":777.645,"body":"What of these other numbers?"},{"startTime":779.235,"endTime":786.853,"body":"Well, they actually just rotate that Heto Graham so that they fill out the 12"},{"startTime":786.853,"endTime":788.885,"body":"notes of the octave."},{"startTime":790.065,"endTime":795.125,"body":"And individually they produce what we would call modes rotations of that diatonic scale."},{"startTime":797.765,"endTime":807.683,"body":"So what's happening here, we are building fifths, six of them in fact packing them"},{"startTime":807.683,"endTime":808.345,"body":"in."},{"startTime":809.645,"endTime":814.585,"body":"And then finally we close the circle with a tritone, quite a dissonant interval."},{"startTime":815.525,"endTime":822.172,"body":"If we range these in fifths, we note that it produces another arc of fifths,"},{"startTime":822.172,"endTime":823.945,"body":"the diatonic scale l."},{"startTime":826.725,"endTime":833.337,"body":"So you'll see that the Babylonian tablet is an arc of seven fifth, but if"},{"startTime":833.337,"endTime":837.745,"body":"you recall, our vulture flute is an arc of fifths."},{"startTime":838.205,"endTime":839.945,"body":"So they've completed the cycle of fifth."},{"startTime":841.085,"endTime":846.816,"body":"And if that pattern of five blacks and seven whites looks familiar, it's because it's"},{"startTime":846.816,"endTime":848.345,"body":"imprinted onto our keyboards."},{"startTime":849.285,"endTime":857.617,"body":"So the next time you see a musical keyboard or even touch it, you can"},{"startTime":857.617,"endTime":858.172,"body":"think of this story of bone and stone imprinted upon it more than constructing a"},{"startTime":858.172,"endTime":866.505,"body":"scale."},{"startTime":866.775,"endTime":872.465,"body":"What we are also constructing is a set of degrees, melodic steps."},{"startTime":875.125,"endTime":880.065,"body":"And this took a while to, for music notation to catch up with."},{"startTime":880.605,"endTime":885.483,"body":"For example, this is an early form of music notation called, which used nomes, which"},{"startTime":885.483,"endTime":886.785,"body":"are just melodic shapes."},{"startTime":887.285,"endTime":891.447,"body":"And there were sort of ways of remembering a shape of melody, but not very"},{"startTime":891.447,"endTime":891.725,"body":"specific."},{"startTime":892.505,"endTime":895.565,"body":"And as ever, it was a teacher who sorted out this problem."},{"startTime":896.405,"endTime":903.355,"body":"Guido Deto in about a thousand ad who adapted a piece of text and a"},{"startTime":903.355,"endTime":907.525,"body":"melody to try and lock in these melodic notes."},{"startTime":908.705,"endTime":913.709,"body":"And so what he did was add a for each start of each line, it"},{"startTime":913.709,"endTime":916.045,"body":"would be a note in the scale."},{"startTime":917.425,"endTime":919.085,"body":"You'll see what's going on as I play it."},{"startTime":949.315,"endTime":950.885,"body":"There's the birth of Souled."},{"startTime":951.585,"endTime":953.565,"body":"Now Utz is very hard to sing."},{"startTime":954.145,"endTime":960.685,"body":"So later on Giovanni Batista Doni changed Utz into doe."},{"startTime":960.955,"endTime":961.845,"body":"It's his own name."},{"startTime":961.865,"endTime":963.965,"body":"He stuck his name in there, which is pretty cheeky."},{"startTime":965.505,"endTime":969.965,"body":"Um, c um, later had its own note that was added to it."},{"startTime":970.425,"endTime":977.212,"body":"But because it shared a a sound with, so it got changed to tea by"},{"startTime":977.212,"endTime":981.285,"body":"a English music educator in the 18th, 19th century."},{"startTime":982.505,"endTime":985.005,"body":"So now it could be drunk with jam and bread."},{"startTime":988.105,"endTime":992.045,"body":"So these six notes, again, give us a line of symmetry."},{"startTime":992.315,"endTime":996.085,"body":"They create a tone, tone, semitone tone, tone,"},{"startTime":1000.355,"endTime":1000.645,"body":"Tone,"},{"startTime":1003.545,"endTime":1004.605,"body":"The juicy semitone."},{"startTime":1009.065,"endTime":1010.605,"body":"And that semitone matters."},{"startTime":1014.995,"endTime":1017.205,"body":"This hexa cord is hugely powerful."},{"startTime":1019.745,"endTime":1026.518,"body":"For example, it could be transposed to different notes, which would introduce different accidentals changes"},{"startTime":1026.518,"endTime":1028.325,"body":"in the fundamental harmony."},{"startTime":1029.345,"endTime":1035.605,"body":"And people like Palini made absolutely beautiful music by manipulating this hexa cord."},{"startTime":1036.545,"endTime":1036.765,"body":"Oh,"},{"startTime":1056.465,"endTime":1062.342,"body":"So the transposition of the hexa cord really mattered, but what also mattered is what"},{"startTime":1062.342,"endTime":1067.045,"body":"the final note was, what felt like home within the hexa cord."},{"startTime":1068.635,"endTime":1071.165,"body":"This piece by egham, it's just so beautiful."},{"startTime":1071.795,"endTime":1073.685,"body":"It's called a mass on any mode."},{"startTime":1074.145,"endTime":1078.407,"body":"And what it is, it's a piece which has fixed notes upon it, but the"},{"startTime":1078.407,"endTime":1080.965,"body":"choir gets to choose what mode to sing in."},{"startTime":1080.965,"endTime":1082.325,"body":"They get to choose the clef."},{"startTime":1083.225,"endTime":1088.685,"body":"So it's actually packs in different versions into one, uh, one score."},{"startTime":1088.685,"endTime":1090.845,"body":"It's the first generative piece I guess."},{"startTime":1091.265,"endTime":1109.865,"body":"So you'll hear this piece in three different modes and you can see how it"},{"startTime":1109.865,"endTime":1118.545,"body":"radically changes its emotional impact, the beautiful."},{"startTime":1129.205,"endTime":1130.865,"body":"Why do these feel different?"},{"startTime":1133.605,"endTime":1136.905,"body":"Why is it that it matters where the semitone is and these degrees?"},{"startTime":1140.365,"endTime":1146.1,"body":"Why do we get a different emotional effect when we play two chords that are"},{"startTime":1146.1,"endTime":1146.865,"body":"almost identical?"},{"startTime":1159.455,"endTime":1165.176,"body":"When we move from a minor key to a major key, it feels like the"},{"startTime":1165.176,"endTime":1167.465,"body":"light is breaking through the clouds."},{"startTime":1191.135,"endTime":1196.872,"body":"When we move from major to minor, it feels like a shadow is cast like"},{"startTime":1196.872,"endTime":1198.785,"body":"the sun is going down,"},{"startTime":1199.845,"endTime":1202.105,"body":"But nobody wants to know him."},{"startTime":1202.695,"endTime":1208.705,"body":"They can see that he's just a fool and he never gives an answer."},{"startTime":1209.445,"endTime":1215.145,"body":"But the fool sees the sun going down,"},{"startTime":1215.855,"endTime":1216.825,"body":"Sees the sun going down."},{"startTime":1216.985,"endTime":1218.465,"body":"I just realized that that's good."},{"startTime":1221.005,"endTime":1221.225,"body":"Why?"},{"startTime":1221.835,"endTime":1223.465,"body":"There are three broad answers here."},{"startTime":1223.925,"endTime":1226.865,"body":"It could be that this is just only cultural."},{"startTime":1227.445,"endTime":1231.202,"body":"It could be that we just learn to associate major with happy things and minor"},{"startTime":1231.202,"endTime":1232.705,"body":"and it's just an arbitrary connection."},{"startTime":1233.015,"endTime":1237.625,"body":"This is called a valence arousal plane, which are, it's a simple way of mapping"},{"startTime":1237.625,"endTime":1237.932,"body":"out our emotions, whether they're active, have the energy or they're passive, whether they're positive"},{"startTime":1237.932,"endTime":1243.465,"body":"or negative or negative."},{"startTime":1243.805,"endTime":1248.285,"body":"So if we're very, uh, it's very positive and we're active, we're excited."},{"startTime":1248.905,"endTime":1256.33,"body":"If we're, if it's positive and um, passive, then we are serene, angry is active"},{"startTime":1256.33,"endTime":1258.805,"body":"and negative and so on."},{"startTime":1259.105,"endTime":1261.805,"body":"So how do musical parameters map onto this?"},{"startTime":1263.195,"endTime":1269.085,"body":"Well, broadly speaking, they do this dissonance instability."},{"startTime":1269.505,"endTime":1272.885,"body":"And the minor keys tend to go to negative valences."},{"startTime":1274.345,"endTime":1278.485,"body":"Um, but the arousal dimension is really universal."},{"startTime":1278.705,"endTime":1280.605,"body":"It hardly changes across cultures."},{"startTime":1281.585,"endTime":1288.431,"body":"The horizontal is a little bit more malleable, but still the major key and the"},{"startTime":1288.431,"endTime":1294.365,"body":"me key are, are seem to be imprinted more than is culturally explicable."},{"startTime":1295.625,"endTime":1297.845,"body":"So how about language?"},{"startTime":1299.275,"endTime":1306.971,"body":"When we're happy, we speak with a wider range, greater leaps and a higher averaged"},{"startTime":1306.971,"endTime":1307.485,"body":"tone."},{"startTime":1307.635,"endTime":1313.672,"body":"When we're sad we have smaller interval changes and lower, oh, you brought, you brought"},{"startTime":1313.672,"endTime":1315.685,"body":"another guitar or the opposite."},{"startTime":1318.665,"endTime":1325.64,"body":"So here's, um, the interesting thing is that major melodies have wider ranges and gaps"},{"startTime":1325.64,"endTime":1331.685,"body":"'cause of the way that, um, notes and melodies progress succeed each other."},{"startTime":1332.225,"endTime":1337.61,"body":"We find that there are bigger gaps in major melodies and smaller ones in minor"},{"startTime":1337.61,"endTime":1339.405,"body":"melodies, particularly the harmonic minor."},{"startTime":1339.905,"endTime":1343.125,"body":"So this mirrors our language, but not completely."},{"startTime":1344.185,"endTime":1345.565,"body":"So let's look at another angle."},{"startTime":1346.435,"endTime":1350.926,"body":"Biology, there's something inherent in a major chord in a minor chord that makes us"},{"startTime":1350.926,"endTime":1351.525,"body":"feel differently."},{"startTime":1352.985,"endTime":1358.485,"body":"And it could be the harmonic series which imprints a maness."},{"startTime":1358.905,"endTime":1363.986,"body":"So when we, a musical instrument resonates on its own, we are hearing that major"},{"startTime":1363.986,"endTime":1364.325,"body":"underpinning."},{"startTime":1365.225,"endTime":1368.885,"body":"In fact harmonics 4, 5, 6 play a major triad."},{"startTime":1371.075,"endTime":1378.209,"body":"It's like an airport announcement, but if we subvert that, literally turn it upside down,"},{"startTime":1378.209,"endTime":1382.965,"body":"we get a minor triad, your flight is canceled \u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":1385.745,"endTime":1390.139,"body":"So there's something unnatural perhaps about minor and it sort of grates against us in"},{"startTime":1390.139,"endTime":1390.725,"body":"the background."},{"startTime":1392.465,"endTime":1398.597,"body":"So that gives us an op opportunity to think about intervals as agreeing or disagreeing"},{"startTime":1398.597,"endTime":1402.685,"body":"with this background sense, this cloud of major versus minor."},{"startTime":1403.845,"endTime":1412.023,"body":"So if perfect fifths up, give us a certain feeling and major thirds give us"},{"startTime":1412.023,"endTime":1412.568,"body":"a certain feeling, we can build out intervals from a roots and fifths and in"},{"startTime":1412.568,"endTime":1413.113,"body":"major thirds and we can build upon them spanning outwards into this tapestry of emotional"},{"startTime":1413.113,"endTime":1428.925,"body":"response."},{"startTime":1429.225,"endTime":1430.405,"body":"And then we can do the opposite."},{"startTime":1430.465,"endTime":1431.525,"body":"We can go down fifth."},{"startTime":1431.585,"endTime":1435.645,"body":"So we insert that darker flavor into our pitch collection."},{"startTime":1439.135,"endTime":1443.205,"body":"These build triads, but they also build scales"},{"startTime":1446.175,"endTime":1448.765,"body":"Which have this complex emotive effect."},{"startTime":1449.395,"endTime":1453.765,"body":"They're called brighter scale degrees and darker, but each one of them are, are different."},{"startTime":1454.745,"endTime":1458.931,"body":"And what's interesting is how we perceive them is that we sort of categorize them"},{"startTime":1458.931,"endTime":1461.165,"body":"and we see the octave, we zone out."},{"startTime":1461.675,"endTime":1463.365,"body":"This feels like a majory second."},{"startTime":1463.365,"endTime":1464.845,"body":"This feels like a minor second."},{"startTime":1465.195,"endTime":1470.245,"body":"This feels like a minor sixth or, and these overlap in really complex ways."},{"startTime":1471.745,"endTime":1475.36,"body":"So what I'm gonna play you is a sort of simulation of what might be"},{"startTime":1475.36,"endTime":1476.325,"body":"going on inside you."},{"startTime":1476.325,"endTime":1478.605,"body":"As you're listening to these notes together."},{"startTime":1479.665,"endTime":1483.0,"body":"I'm gonna play you a major triad then a minor triad and see how that"},{"startTime":1483.0,"endTime":1483.445,"body":"they feel."},{"startTime":1484.175,"endTime":1490.739,"body":"These emotions will come up here due to this lovely, these lovely algorithms that Dennis"},{"startTime":1490.739,"endTime":1493.365,"body":"ham kindly let me use tonight."},{"startTime":1494.585,"endTime":1497.837,"body":"And then what we'll do is play one note that say a major six on"},{"startTime":1497.837,"endTime":1500.005,"body":"the major chord and a major six on the minor."},{"startTime":1500.265,"endTime":1501.245,"body":"And it will change."},{"startTime":1501.385,"endTime":1504.565,"body":"Its, even though it's the same note, it will change its expression."},{"startTime":1505.425,"endTime":1512.445,"body":"So major content, sad."},{"startTime":1513.705,"endTime":1513.925,"body":"Now"},{"startTime":1514.005,"endTime":1520.405,"body":"A six on a major reassure, but on a minor"},{"startTime":1523.205,"endTime":1523.765,"body":"Poignant"},{"startTime":1526.085,"endTime":1530.245,"body":"A seventh on a major expectation"},{"startTime":1533.365,"endTime":1533.925,"body":"Yearning,"},{"startTime":1535.965,"endTime":1543.605,"body":"A tritone floaty and on a minor mysterious."},{"startTime":1547.905,"endTime":1553.125,"body":"And this ambiguity is on the left, the possible chords that it could be."},{"startTime":1556.025,"endTime":1559.365,"body":"It is at the heart of our musical experience."},{"startTime":1561.305,"endTime":1568.048,"body":"And a culture that really understood this combinatorial effect of degrees is South Indian cathartic"},{"startTime":1568.048,"endTime":1571.645,"body":"music who build scales using this wonderful system."},{"startTime":1571.745,"endTime":1576.529,"body":"So they're types of second types of thirds, types of minor third types of major"},{"startTime":1576.529,"endTime":1577.805,"body":"third and so on."},{"startTime":1578.745,"endTime":1584.565,"body":"And you can construct scales by walking through this pathway."},{"startTime":1586.265,"endTime":1587.245,"body":"So you can do that now."},{"startTime":1587.245,"endTime":1592.13,"body":"You can build your own scale by just taking a pathway through this and picking"},{"startTime":1592.13,"endTime":1596.365,"body":"from these various scale degree types, let's listen to a couple of them."},{"startTime":1619.225,"endTime":1625.205,"body":"And the gorgeous chay, which is major at the bottom and minor at the top."},{"startTime":1634.375,"endTime":1639.767,"body":"There are in fact 72 pathways through this and all of them are used in"},{"startTime":1639.767,"endTime":1641.205,"body":"this Mela Carta system."},{"startTime":1641.695,"endTime":1643.325,"body":"Those are the three we listen to."},{"startTime":1643.665,"endTime":1645.805,"body":"And our little major scale is over here."},{"startTime":1646.025,"endTime":1646.765,"body":"If you're wondering."},{"startTime":1649.225,"endTime":1652.325,"body":"So these scale degrees matter in our musical experience."},{"startTime":1654.985,"endTime":1661.262,"body":"Now we can make scales by just choosing scale degrees, but what's extraordinary about this"},{"startTime":1661.262,"endTime":1666.285,"body":"ancient diatonic scale is it has a property that's called maximal independence."},{"startTime":1666.665,"endTime":1669.92,"body":"It means that when we rotate it, it never looks the same until we get"},{"startTime":1669.92,"endTime":1671.005,"body":"back to the top again."},{"startTime":1671.395,"endTime":1678.716,"body":"What that means practically for musicians is that every rotation creates a new combination of"},{"startTime":1678.716,"endTime":1684.085,"body":"degrees and thus a new emotional landscape for us to explore."},{"startTime":1686.345,"endTime":1688.085,"body":"So now the fun begins."},{"startTime":1688.695,"endTime":1692.085,"body":"Let's go through these rotations, these modes, and see how they feel."},{"startTime":1693.935,"endTime":1696.365,"body":"We'll start arbitrarily here."},{"startTime":1697.745,"endTime":1702.805,"body":"And what's beautiful about this is that I sent out a survey to you all."},{"startTime":1703.025,"endTime":1705.205,"body":"Um, I hope some of you filled that out."},{"startTime":1705.625,"endTime":1710.368,"body":"And so all the emotional responses that you see here come from you, not from"},{"startTime":1710.368,"endTime":1710.685,"body":"me."},{"startTime":1711.145,"endTime":1717.805,"body":"And the consensus is remarkable about how these modes feel."},{"startTime":1718.345,"endTime":1720.605,"body":"It, it still baffles me."},{"startTime":1720.605,"endTime":1724.886,"body":"In fact, the reason I did music at all is someone showed me the modes"},{"startTime":1724.886,"endTime":1725.171,"body":"when I was 17 and I just couldn't believe that it'd be possible for one"},{"startTime":1725.171,"endTime":1731.165,"body":"scale to have such different emotional effects."},{"startTime":1732.225,"endTime":1737.685,"body":"But look at this melancholic, melancholy, sweet, sad, calm, beautiful, foggy mts."},{"startTime":1738.705,"endTime":1739.765,"body":"So what is Dorian?"},{"startTime":1740.275,"endTime":1751.483,"body":"Well, a natural minor scale sounds like this, but Dorian has a major a little"},{"startTime":1751.483,"endTime":1753.725,"body":"bit more hope."},{"startTime":1758.775,"endTime":1760.165,"body":"Let's listen to it in context"},{"startTime":1764.585,"endTime":1764.805,"body":"Are"},{"startTime":1780.185,"endTime":1791.416,"body":"Notice that the melody is not this, it's this, it's sad, but it has some"},{"startTime":1791.416,"endTime":1792.165,"body":"hope."},{"startTime":1793.305,"endTime":1798.087,"body":"And because it has that hope, it means that you can hear it over and"},{"startTime":1798.087,"endTime":1798.725,"body":"over again."},{"startTime":1798.725,"endTime":1804.275,"body":"It's used a lot for vamps in jazz and in rock like Dorian Gray, the"},{"startTime":1804.275,"endTime":1806.125,"body":"Dorian mode never gets old."},{"startTime":1828.015,"endTime":1829.645,"body":"Let's turn the dial one more time."},{"startTime":1830.065,"endTime":1836.143,"body":"And we get this, the frit mode, it difference from minor because of that flattened"},{"startTime":1836.143,"endTime":1837.765,"body":"second, which adds tension."},{"startTime":1838.225,"endTime":1841.845,"body":"Here's a natural minor, here's your responses."},{"startTime":1841.955,"endTime":1852.885,"body":"Tension regretful, confronting loss with resolve, but with a flattened second."},{"startTime":1858.385,"endTime":1860.765,"body":"That's the peak of our tension in that curve."},{"startTime":1862.185,"endTime":1874.045,"body":"And it creates this dark color that is of course irresistible to the metal community."},{"startTime":1908.725,"endTime":1909.645,"body":"I was waiting for the trail."},{"startTime":1910.425,"endTime":1915.736,"body":"Um, that sound didn't start with metal of course, in fact it's connected to North"},{"startTime":1915.736,"endTime":1916.445,"body":"African macame."},{"startTime":1916.445,"endTime":1921.245,"body":"There's a four note scale, the hija tetra chord, which you would all know that"},{"startTime":1921.245,"endTime":1924.125,"body":"spread into and Lucia as part of flamenco music."},{"startTime":1924.345,"endTime":1928.151,"body":"And there's a whole host of scales that sound like frig in with different added"},{"startTime":1928.151,"endTime":1928.405,"body":"notes."},{"startTime":1928.485,"endTime":1929.405,"body":"A major version."},{"startTime":1930.025,"endTime":1936.133,"body":"Um, one which I call the flamenco scale, has a major and a minor third"},{"startTime":1936.133,"endTime":1936.54,"body":"and a major and minor seventh, which allows the root to be trapped from both,"},{"startTime":1936.54,"endTime":1944.685,"body":"both sides and a claustrophobic clutch."},{"startTime":1952.385,"endTime":1952.605,"body":"Yes,"},{"startTime":1964.215,"endTime":1965.605,"body":"Let's turn the dial again."},{"startTime":1967.925,"endTime":1976.765,"body":"Lydian hears your associations dreaminess floating, being happy, but detached from the world."},{"startTime":1977.865,"endTime":1978.085,"body":"Why?"},{"startTime":1978.715,"endTime":1987.005,"body":"Well, a major scale sounds like this, but Lydian has its race force."},{"startTime":1989.705,"endTime":1992.405,"body":"You've heard it in every film about two thirds of the way through."},{"startTime":1994.145,"endTime":1994.565,"body":"You'll"},{"startTime":1994.565,"endTime":1998.965,"body":"Hear this when our hero realizes there's more to the world."},{"startTime":2001.735,"endTime":2002.805,"body":"Let's hear it in context."},{"startTime":2025.265,"endTime":2028.525,"body":"And it also has associations with floating."},{"startTime":2030.235,"endTime":2035.125,"body":"It's used for depictions of space or weightlessness because of this sharpened forth."},{"startTime":2058.094,"endTime":2059.284,"body":"Let's turn the dial again."},{"startTime":2061.155,"endTime":2062.885,"body":"Here we have the mixolydian."},{"startTime":2064.505,"endTime":2065.764,"body":"Here's your thoughts about it."},{"startTime":2066.435,"endTime":2067.804,"body":"Heroism, confidence."},{"startTime":2068.525,"endTime":2069.085,"body":"Stoicism."},{"startTime":2070.034,"endTime":2074.241,"body":"It's happy, it's like major, but there's something about that flat and seventh, which means"},{"startTime":2074.241,"endTime":2075.364,"body":"it doesn't want anything."},{"startTime":2075.395,"endTime":2076.965,"body":"Doesn't expect anything in life."},{"startTime":2078.145,"endTime":2079.565,"body":"It has a resolve about it."},{"startTime":2079.705,"endTime":2106.016,"body":"So here's major and Ian, I, Eric Satie wrote one of his op in the"},{"startTime":2106.016,"endTime":2109.525,"body":"Ilian mode."},{"startTime":2125.665,"endTime":2126.485,"body":"So beautiful"},{"startTime":2128.425,"endTime":2131.405,"body":"And it has a sort of americanness to it."},{"startTime":2131.645,"endTime":2132.205,"body":"I dunno why."},{"startTime":2147.865,"endTime":2150.005,"body":"And it also has this rustic charm too."},{"startTime":2150.125,"endTime":2155.191,"body":"I think of it as the older sibling of Dorian who's a little bit more"},{"startTime":2155.191,"endTime":2156.205,"body":"happy about life."},{"startTime":2172.235,"endTime":2172.455,"body":"She"},{"startTime":2184.565,"endTime":2188.875,"body":"Turn it again and we get a alien, which are the same notes of natural"},{"startTime":2188.875,"endTime":2191.175,"body":"minor, but they differ from a minor mode."},{"startTime":2191.175,"endTime":2193.987,"body":"Usually when we, we play in a minor key, we change the sixth and the"},{"startTime":2193.987,"endTime":2194.175,"body":"seventh."},{"startTime":2194.315,"endTime":2198.335,"body":"So we have leading tones into the root and melodic fluency."},{"startTime":2198.555,"endTime":2206.295,"body":"But alien is starkly minor at the top, which adds these sort of sentiments."},{"startTime":2206.685,"endTime":2207.375,"body":"Resignation."},{"startTime":2207.445,"endTime":2208.295,"body":"It's so interesting."},{"startTime":2208.605,"endTime":2211.655,"body":"It's, it's sad and it won't move from it."},{"startTime":2236.465,"endTime":2236.685,"body":"Oof."},{"startTime":2238.175,"endTime":2238.805,"body":"Cheer up."},{"startTime":2241.915,"endTime":2244.725,"body":"It's the word bleak keeps coming up."},{"startTime":2244.875,"endTime":2247.005,"body":"It's like this bleak alien landscape."},{"startTime":2267.225,"endTime":2272.845,"body":"And when played loud, it has this cathartic, powerful, beautiful grief."},{"startTime":2302.275,"endTime":2303.045,"body":"Turn it again."},{"startTime":2304.665,"endTime":2306.125,"body":"And we discover the ian."},{"startTime":2307.025,"endTime":2309.725,"body":"Now every family has a weirdo I should know."},{"startTime":2310.865,"endTime":2312.805,"body":"And this is the family's weirdo."},{"startTime":2313.305,"endTime":2313.525,"body":"Why?"},{"startTime":2314.285,"endTime":2316.005,"body":"'cause it lacks that, that all important."},{"startTime":2316.335,"endTime":2324.419,"body":"Fifth, and whoever answers the survey, whatever their background, a child, an adult, or their"},{"startTime":2324.419,"endTime":2331.965,"body":"musical knowledge, they recognize this lack of the fifth something's missing, unstable, no harmony."},{"startTime":2334.945,"endTime":2337.365,"body":"It is quite hard to make this work as a mode."},{"startTime":2337.365,"endTime":2340.405,"body":"It needs a lot of repetition because of the lack of that fifth."},{"startTime":2344.545,"endTime":2346.325,"body":"So you get chords like this one."},{"startTime":2352.295,"endTime":2353.965,"body":"There are examples of it."},{"startTime":2368.315,"endTime":2369.525,"body":"Stem style one more time."},{"startTime":2370.705,"endTime":2372.325,"body":"And we end up at Ionan."},{"startTime":2372.585,"endTime":2374.205,"body":"Now Ionan is often ignored."},{"startTime":2374.515,"endTime":2375.525,"body":"It's just major."},{"startTime":2376.385,"endTime":2380.885,"body":"But in fact I would argue that the modal use of the major scale is"},{"startTime":2380.885,"endTime":2382.685,"body":"wholly different from major key music."},{"startTime":2383.915,"endTime":2386.485,"body":"Look how many sunlights come into the responses."},{"startTime":2386.845,"endTime":2392.725,"body":"Sunlight, sunlight, home arrivals, sunlight, contentment, looking up at the sky, sunlight, sunshine, and light."},{"startTime":2392.845,"endTime":2395.245,"body":"I left a few of the sunlight out 'cause I couldn't fit them on."},{"startTime":2397.305,"endTime":2397.925,"body":"Why is that?"},{"startTime":2399.075,"endTime":2406.413,"body":"Well, it feels content, but when we play the third and fourth degree together, there's"},{"startTime":2406.413,"endTime":2412.285,"body":"a shimmer that adds, which is just irresistibly summary, normal major scale."},{"startTime":2412.665,"endTime":2413.725,"body":"But let's add those."},{"startTime":2417.505,"endTime":2418.845,"body":"And you get chords like this."},{"startTime":2429.085,"endTime":2430.885,"body":"I didn't know what example to play here."},{"startTime":2431.185,"endTime":2449.65,"body":"So I used them all and just put them on top of each other from"},{"startTime":2449.65,"endTime":2466.885,"body":"Copeland to Gretzky to Pink Floyd data, some video game music you can text."},{"startTime":2469.545,"endTime":2469.765,"body":"So"},{"startTime":2471.105,"endTime":2471.325,"body":"Is"},{"startTime":2471.325,"endTime":2478.165,"body":"It not extraordinary that one scale produces all these emotional colors and even times of"},{"startTime":2478.165,"endTime":2482.725,"body":"the day, it's the sort of spectrum of human experience."},{"startTime":2483.985,"endTime":2490.319,"body":"In fact, we can organize them in terms of positivity and negativity or times of"},{"startTime":2490.319,"endTime":2494.965,"body":"the day, but they connect in all sorts of interesting ways."},{"startTime":2495.105,"endTime":2500.165,"body":"For example, if we arrange them in terms of brightness, Lillian mode looks like that."},{"startTime":2500.385,"endTime":2502.645,"body":"But we're only one step away from Ionian."},{"startTime":2502.665,"endTime":2509.468,"body":"We drop the fourth and we come Ionian, drop the seventh, we get Mixolydian, drop"},{"startTime":2509.468,"endTime":2509.921,"body":"the third, we get Dorian drop the sixth AOL drop the second Fri in the"},{"startTime":2509.921,"endTime":2516.725,"body":"fifth."},{"startTime":2517.745,"endTime":2517.965,"body":"Rin."},{"startTime":2518.465,"endTime":2521.165,"body":"You might think we're done, but we haven't dropped the root yet."},{"startTime":2521.625,"endTime":2527.005,"body":"And when you drop the root, it is lidian and the cycle continues."},{"startTime":2529.445,"endTime":2534.845,"body":"I like to think of it at times of day around the planet, light and"},{"startTime":2534.845,"endTime":2536.645,"body":"dark circling in that way."},{"startTime":2537.865,"endTime":2542.53,"body":"And if we think of them as a positive and negative side, it's also really"},{"startTime":2542.53,"endTime":2544.085,"body":"interesting thing that comes up."},{"startTime":2544.665,"endTime":2550.951,"body":"If we take the brightest mode, Lydian, remember brightness and happiness has got sharper notes"},{"startTime":2550.951,"endTime":2553.885,"body":"we can think of its evil twin."},{"startTime":2554.305,"endTime":2559.255,"body":"If we go up a tone, we can imagine another scale that happens by reflecting"},{"startTime":2559.255,"endTime":2560.245,"body":"around the root."},{"startTime":2563.225,"endTime":2566.325,"body":"So what is the evil twin of Lidian?"},{"startTime":2566.515,"endTime":2572.725,"body":"What comes out when we invert lidian is the darkest mode."},{"startTime":2573.185,"endTime":2574.685,"body":"Ian, it's its reflection."},{"startTime":2575.635,"endTime":2581.045,"body":"It's no fluke because the next brightest becomes the next darkest mix."},{"startTime":2581.065,"endTime":2581.725,"body":"Lidian, alien."},{"startTime":2582.385,"endTime":2586.725,"body":"What's left, Dorian?"},{"startTime":2587.465,"endTime":2588.765,"body":"So what happens to Dorian?"},{"startTime":2589.625,"endTime":2592.605,"body":"It becomes itself, it's palindromic."},{"startTime":2593.385,"endTime":2597.925,"body":"You can see that reflection point in the center."},{"startTime":2600.145,"endTime":2605.461,"body":"And again, look to your piano and you'll see that reflection point in the middle"},{"startTime":2605.461,"endTime":2606.525,"body":"of d Dorian."},{"startTime":2612.565,"endTime":2618.98,"body":"I find it astonishing that all these colors come from just one scale and that"},{"startTime":2618.98,"endTime":2623.685,"body":"one scale is itself ancient and imprinted into a clay tablet."},{"startTime":2628.665,"endTime":2634.973,"body":"It gets a little more complicated than that because adding scale degrees give us emotion,"},{"startTime":2634.973,"endTime":2635.393,"body":"but removing them does also Japanese music and art has this concept of mar, which"},{"startTime":2635.393,"endTime":2643.805,"body":"is this positive use of space."},{"startTime":2644.995,"endTime":2647.285,"body":"It's making, um, space matter."},{"startTime":2648.185,"endTime":2652.968,"body":"The symbol for it is absolutely beautiful a door through the cre of which the"},{"startTime":2652.968,"endTime":2653.925,"body":"moonshine peeps in."},{"startTime":2654.305,"endTime":2655.285,"body":"How beautiful is that?"},{"startTime":2656.545,"endTime":2659.245,"body":"And here's the concept when it comes to scales."},{"startTime":2659.425,"endTime":2667.569,"body":"If we take a Dorian framework, but we remove whether it's happy or sad, and"},{"startTime":2667.569,"endTime":2674.085,"body":"we remove whether we expect anything from it, and we get this"},{"startTime":2678.565,"endTime":2680.085,"body":"A wholly different experience."},{"startTime":2681.255,"endTime":2682.885,"body":"Let's do the same with frien."},{"startTime":2717.565,"endTime":2718.225,"body":"So beautiful"},{"startTime":2720.765,"endTime":2727.86,"body":"Scales are essential in jazz playing where a harmonic template represented like that as used"},{"startTime":2727.86,"endTime":2730.225,"body":"as a vehicle for expression."},{"startTime":2731.445,"endTime":2737.05,"body":"And then if anyone's tried to learn jazz, you'll, you'll know that there are scales"},{"startTime":2737.05,"endTime":2738.545,"body":"associated with these chords."},{"startTime":2739.325,"endTime":2742.593,"body":"So for example, you're given C seven and then you learn, what what can I"},{"startTime":2742.593,"endTime":2743.465,"body":"play on C seven?"},{"startTime":2743.685,"endTime":2751.466,"body":"And the answer is you can play core tones, guide tones, mix all these different"},{"startTime":2751.466,"endTime":2751.985,"body":"scales."},{"startTime":2752.295,"endTime":2755.305,"body":"It's not that helpful because they all add up to every note \u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":2755.885,"endTime":2757.665,"body":"So the answer is anything you like."},{"startTime":2759.245,"endTime":2761.945,"body":"But we can think of this more in a more sophisticated way."},{"startTime":2762.325,"endTime":2766.537,"body":"If we take these scale degrees, we can think of them as in terms of"},{"startTime":2766.537,"endTime":2769.345,"body":"how in or out they are compared to the chord."},{"startTime":2769.805,"endTime":2775.688,"body":"So there's this central zone which really spell out the chord and the rest are"},{"startTime":2775.688,"endTime":2776.865,"body":"extrapolations of it."},{"startTime":2778.285,"endTime":2785.745,"body":"And so experienced jazz players create these trajectories of in and out through this chord."},{"startTime":2786.845,"endTime":2795.105,"body":"And scales can be thought of ma more zones, overlapping zones, implying these scales."},{"startTime":2795.725,"endTime":2798.825,"body":"Scales are a consequence of the melody rather than the other way round."},{"startTime":2800.135,"endTime":2804.345,"body":"This is my good friend Steve Hamilton improvising on one chord C seven."},{"startTime":2804.725,"endTime":2806.945,"body":"And you can hear these colors being brought out."},{"startTime":2845.315,"endTime":2849.845,"body":"We end our journey through scales modes with Revelle."},{"startTime":2850.875,"endTime":2852.005,"body":"This is his notebook."},{"startTime":2852.215,"endTime":2853.125,"body":"Isn't that beautiful?"},{"startTime":2854.955,"endTime":2857.045,"body":"Revelle was an incredible composer."},{"startTime":2857.425,"endTime":2863.997,"body":"He was quite unusual because despite his, uh, working for decades and being an absolutely"},{"startTime":2863.997,"endTime":2864.435,"body":"brilliant, um, and dedicated composer, he producers not that much compared to his colleagues, his"},{"startTime":2864.435,"endTime":2871.885,"body":"good friend Stravinsky."},{"startTime":2871.885,"endTime":2872.885,"body":"Look how cool they look."},{"startTime":2874.265,"endTime":2878.165,"body":"Called him the Swiss watchmaker for his technical perfection."},{"startTime":2879.025,"endTime":2884.925,"body":"And he spent sometimes decades sculpting and re orchestrating to get this perfect color."},{"startTime":2886.065,"endTime":2893.433,"body":"What's unusual is that this sort of care you would think would result in careful"},{"startTime":2893.433,"endTime":2893.925,"body":"music."},{"startTime":2894.025,"endTime":2899.205,"body":"But what he really did was distill emotion into these beautiful extraordinary colors."},{"startTime":2904.025,"endTime":2908.205,"body":"So he managed to produce a sort of iridescent beauty."},{"startTime":2908.275,"endTime":2913.405,"body":"This is his notepad where he wrote this very sad poem of George Moore's out."},{"startTime":2913.585,"endTime":2919.05,"body":"And he wrote this in Holland Park, which is very meaningful to me and it's"},{"startTime":2919.05,"endTime":2919.415,"body":"actually reminds me of, of of peacocks and his music, which had this irid iridescence,"},{"startTime":2919.415,"endTime":2928.525,"body":"I'm gonna play your recording of him playing 110 years ago."},{"startTime":2929.145,"endTime":2932.525,"body":"And he's playing le was or tourist while you hear these scintillating colors."},{"startTime":2932.985,"endTime":2955.728,"body":"And then the elegance devastating simplicity of the paan and the P for a dead"},{"startTime":2955.728,"endTime":2957.245,"body":"princess."},{"startTime":2986.515,"endTime":2986.805,"body":"Wait,"},{"startTime":2988.875,"endTime":2989.165,"body":"Wait,"},{"startTime":2991.415,"endTime":2993.405,"body":"Sorry, I couldn't resist that."},{"startTime":2993.505,"endTime":2997.605,"body":"And he had a real connection with people, les him with George Gershwin."},{"startTime":2997.825,"endTime":2998.565,"body":"He loved jazz."},{"startTime":2999.225,"endTime":3005.962,"body":"Um, Paul Wittgenstein Wittgenstein, the older brother of the philosopher Ludwig Paul was a accomplished"},{"startTime":3005.962,"endTime":3010.005,"body":"pianist who lost his right arm in the war."},{"startTime":3010.305,"endTime":3014.085,"body":"And Revelle wrote him Concerto for left hand only."},{"startTime":3014.155,"endTime":3015.965,"body":"It's extraordinary piece."},{"startTime":3017.475,"endTime":3020.765,"body":"This is the bottom left is dedicated to Stravinsky."},{"startTime":3021.585,"endTime":3027.903,"body":"His pupil, Vaughn Williams, who appears in this lecture series, um, was greatly influenced by"},{"startTime":3027.903,"endTime":3028.325,"body":"Rael."},{"startTime":3029.145,"endTime":3031.845,"body":"And Revelle adored his teacher foray."},{"startTime":3032.425,"endTime":3038.65,"body":"So much so that he wrote foray a piece dedicated to him, not just dedicated"},{"startTime":3038.65,"endTime":3039.065,"body":"to to him, but he took forays name and using the French cryptogram system assigned"},{"startTime":3039.065,"endTime":3047.365,"body":"notes to it forwards and backwards."},{"startTime":3047.465,"endTime":3047.845,"body":"Of course."},{"startTime":3048.625,"endTime":3049.045,"body":"Why not?"},{"startTime":3051.175,"endTime":3069.685,"body":"Let's hear it later in the piece."},{"startTime":3070.355,"endTime":3072.565,"body":"Revelle goes through these beautiful colors."},{"startTime":3072.945,"endTime":3077.845,"body":"He goes from minor to the parallel Ionian and then this extraordinary sound world."},{"startTime":3099.275,"endTime":3103.205,"body":"That scale is this nore natural too."},{"startTime":3103.265,"endTime":3107.447,"body":"You'll see it looks kind of like a diatonic scale, but the semitone have crept"},{"startTime":3107.447,"endTime":3108.005,"body":"closer together."},{"startTime":3108.475,"endTime":3113.584,"body":"What that means is that the major modes are brighter and the minor modes are"},{"startTime":3113.584,"endTime":3113.925,"body":"darker."},{"startTime":3114.985,"endTime":3116.845,"body":"And Val loved this sound."},{"startTime":3117.425,"endTime":3121.43,"body":"He used several modes of it, one of which is named after him, the darkest"},{"startTime":3121.43,"endTime":3121.965,"body":"one here."},{"startTime":3123.465,"endTime":3129.805,"body":"And the chesia is in the middle as the palindromic version of Dorian."},{"startTime":3134.335,"endTime":3140.885,"body":"Throughout his life, Revelle suffered from insomnia, confusion."},{"startTime":3141.305,"endTime":3146.885,"body":"And his favorite activity was, um, his favorite activity was swimming."},{"startTime":3146.945,"endTime":3149.245,"body":"And one day he found that his limbs wouldn't work."},{"startTime":3149.865,"endTime":3154.565,"body":"It turns out he had lesions to the left hemisphere of his brain."},{"startTime":3154.745,"endTime":3163.365,"body":"And it resulted in aphasia the inability to connect thoughts with alphabets."},{"startTime":3164.235,"endTime":3167.285,"body":"Firstly in terms of language where he'd forget words."},{"startTime":3168.105,"endTime":3172.725,"body":"And then in terms of musical symbols, he used to lament that he had still"},{"startTime":3172.725,"endTime":3175.805,"body":"so much to say that was trapped in his brain."},{"startTime":3178.105,"endTime":3179.405,"body":"He still continued working."},{"startTime":3180.625,"endTime":3186.41,"body":"And um, one of his last pieces was Bolero, an infamous piece, especially if you"},{"startTime":3186.41,"endTime":3188.725,"body":"are a percussionist or a cellist."},{"startTime":3190.315,"endTime":3191.485,"body":"It's such an unusual piece."},{"startTime":3191.545,"endTime":3194.005,"body":"It may be influenced by his aphasia, we don't know."},{"startTime":3194.145,"endTime":3200.6,"body":"But he repeats the same rhythm 169 times and he just has one melody, uh,"},{"startTime":3200.6,"endTime":3205.765,"body":"simple 16 bar melody that just repeats over and over and over."},{"startTime":3207.185,"endTime":3210.435,"body":"He felt that it had an insistent quality that he had just had to get"},{"startTime":3210.435,"endTime":3211.085,"body":"it out there."},{"startTime":3212.385,"endTime":3217.167,"body":"So how does it, how does he make it interesting is that his orchestration is"},{"startTime":3217.167,"endTime":3217.805,"body":"just extraordinary."},{"startTime":3217.835,"endTime":3224.2,"body":"I've talked about it before, but his use of modes, he pulls colors onto this"},{"startTime":3224.2,"endTime":3230.565,"body":"melody, which are just phenomenon and um, in a way it's a sort of distilled"},{"startTime":3232.395,"endTime":3232.885,"body":"Emotion."},{"startTime":3233.585,"endTime":3239.948,"body":"In the absence of conventional musical structure is just whittled emotion down just to color"},{"startTime":3239.948,"endTime":3241.645,"body":"orchestral and modal color."},{"startTime":3242.345,"endTime":3302.798,"body":"So what we'll hear now is the last part of Bolero just two minutes long,"},{"startTime":3302.798,"endTime":3306.829,"body":"which will have a live analysis of the scales being used as well as your"},{"startTime":3306.829,"endTime":3399.525,"body":"thoughts about those scales as they pass by Rebel's."},{"startTime":3399.525,"endTime":3405.285,"body":"Life was tinged with this deep sadness, but also great joy."},{"startTime":3406.035,"endTime":3412.255,"body":"Perhaps it's like a scale where you need those flatter notes to create the brighter"},{"startTime":3412.255,"endTime":3413.085,"body":"mode elsewhere."},{"startTime":3413.825,"endTime":3422.504,"body":"But I also hear in his music a triumph of humanity's ability to build a"},{"startTime":3422.504,"endTime":3430.605,"body":"language to express the deepest and greatest range of emotion even when words fail."},{"startTime":3431.495,"endTime":3431.965,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3449.795,"endTime":3457.885,"body":"Okay, so 59 minutes ago Mark Reed asked, uh, pentatonics comma Yes."},{"startTime":3457.885,"endTime":3460.365,"body":"Made of stacked fifths are everywhere."},{"startTime":3460.625,"endTime":3462.245,"body":"That's not a question, but a statement."},{"startTime":3462.455,"endTime":3462.805,"body":"Great."},{"startTime":3463.045,"endTime":3463.565,"body":"\u003claugh\u003e \u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":3463.705,"endTime":3465.285,"body":"I'm glad you said that, I"},{"startTime":3465.285,"endTime":3465.805,"body":"Should have said that."},{"startTime":3466.065,"endTime":3466.445,"body":"Ha ha."},{"startTime":3466.625,"endTime":3470.005,"body":"Um, stacking two more fifths that we get Lidian mode."},{"startTime":3470.675,"endTime":3475.365,"body":"Well we also get that diatonic cycl, which is what that whole circle was."},{"startTime":3475.585,"endTime":3480.028,"body":"But yes, you get the Lydian mode of view, count the lowest one as the"},{"startTime":3480.028,"endTime":3480.325,"body":"root"},{"startTime":3480.545,"endTime":3485.245,"body":"And he says, might Lydian mode have preceded Ionian mode due to this simplicity?"},{"startTime":3485.305,"endTime":3485.525,"body":"Oh,"},{"startTime":3485.525,"endTime":3487.045,"body":"That's a great question, isn't it?"},{"startTime":3487.065,"endTime":3487.285,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3487.345,"endTime":3488.365,"body":"That's a great question."},{"startTime":3488.595,"endTime":3495.652,"body":"Well, we don't, we don't know so much about prehistoric music and um, of course"},{"startTime":3495.652,"endTime":3498.005,"body":"it would be different everywhere."},{"startTime":3498.665,"endTime":3504.056,"body":"Um, there is a sense of coming home to a tonic that seems to appear"},{"startTime":3504.056,"endTime":3504.416,"body":"in many places and the Ionian mode does so in a more voice led manner"},{"startTime":3504.416,"endTime":3511.965,"body":"than the lidian, which is more floaty."},{"startTime":3512.185,"endTime":3517.772,"body":"So you the two Semites, when they move in the Ionian mood mode capture back"},{"startTime":3517.772,"endTime":3521.125,"body":"to the home, which they don't in the Lidian."},{"startTime":3521.745,"endTime":3526.702,"body":"Um, but that said, it seems in a way that Dorian might be the first"},{"startTime":3526.702,"endTime":3527.033,"body":"mode just because of its sim symmetry and its sort of balanced nature of, of"},{"startTime":3527.033,"endTime":3534.965,"body":"minor and major tones we don't know, which is wonderful."},{"startTime":3535.025,"endTime":3537.565,"body":"It feels instinctively like that's the case, but we can't prove it."},{"startTime":3537.815,"endTime":3538.885,"body":"Would that be fair to say?"},{"startTime":3538.985,"endTime":3539.485,"body":"That's right."},{"startTime":3539.705,"endTime":3539.925,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3540.345,"endTime":3545.437,"body":"And and I like the way that you talk about how, I mean these things"},{"startTime":3545.437,"endTime":3545.776,"body":"don't evolve in a sort of, uh, a unified monolithic way because the world of"},{"startTime":3545.776,"endTime":3553.245,"body":"music has evolved globally in different directions, especially."},{"startTime":3553.245,"endTime":3553.485,"body":"Yeah,"},{"startTime":3553.485,"endTime":3557.967,"body":"Those Chinese fruits are extraordinary To see something like that, that seems linear and it"},{"startTime":3557.967,"endTime":3558.565,"body":"seems impossible."},{"startTime":3558.625,"endTime":3558.885,"body":"It does."},{"startTime":3558.885,"endTime":3559.925,"body":"It seems like it's made up, but"},{"startTime":3560.065,"endTime":3560.405,"body":"It does."},{"startTime":3560.405,"endTime":3561.845,"body":"And I can't believe how old it is."},{"startTime":3562.085,"endTime":3563.965,"body":"I know it's, it is mind blowing."},{"startTime":3564.415,"endTime":3564.765,"body":"Great."},{"startTime":3565.025,"endTime":3567.365,"body":"Um, we have another question here."},{"startTime":3567.425,"endTime":3572.84,"body":"Um, in the ma carta tones, the root note is C but it actually starts"},{"startTime":3572.84,"endTime":3574.645,"body":"in g for each scale."},{"startTime":3575.075,"endTime":3575.365,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":3575.465,"endTime":3577.165,"body":"Is that just to make it easier to understand?"},{"startTime":3577.425,"endTime":3577.645,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3577.645,"endTime":3579.405,"body":"Or is that what a C is for them?"},{"startTime":3580.425,"endTime":3584.325,"body":"Um, well they don't use the word C so \u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":3584.425,"endTime":3585.085,"body":"No they don't."},{"startTime":3585.145,"endTime":3586.125,"body":"That's a great answer."},{"startTime":3586.825,"endTime":3587.045,"body":"No."},{"startTime":3587.065,"endTime":3592.306,"body":"And um, uh, yeah there are some pitch references 'cause there are instruments played to"},{"startTime":3592.306,"endTime":3593.005,"body":"that drone."},{"startTime":3593.025,"endTime":3593.445,"body":"Mm-Hmm."},{"startTime":3593.485,"endTime":3594.405,"body":"\u003caffirmative\u003e and a Yes."},{"startTime":3594.595,"endTime":3597.165,"body":"It's usually around the G area."},{"startTime":3597.475,"endTime":3598.925,"body":"They don't use the note c."},{"startTime":3599.115,"endTime":3602.965,"body":"It's uh, a different solf edge system that's brought around that."},{"startTime":3603.465,"endTime":3608.721,"body":"Um, yes, I mean it's unusual because it's uh, it is as we discovered in"},{"startTime":3608.721,"endTime":3611.525,"body":"the last lecture, it is, uh, monophonic music."},{"startTime":3611.525,"endTime":3615.697,"body":"So there's a drone and which allows not only these, but each of those to"},{"startTime":3615.697,"endTime":3617.645,"body":"be micro tone tuned for further expression."},{"startTime":3617.835,"endTime":3621.258,"body":"What I didn't mention is that you can go up one of those scales and"},{"startTime":3621.258,"endTime":3623.085,"body":"down another greatly enhancing the number of mm-Hmm"},{"startTime":3623.165,"endTime":3625.885,"body":"\u003caffirmative\u003e it's what you do with it as well as selecting it."},{"startTime":3625.885,"endTime":3626.045,"body":"Exactly."},{"startTime":3626.105,"endTime":3626.485,"body":"Is it not?"},{"startTime":3626.915,"endTime":3627.205,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":3627.545,"endTime":3629.445,"body":"Um, gosh, this all moved very quickly."},{"startTime":3629.985,"endTime":3631.805,"body":"Uh, where do you get the transcripts please?"},{"startTime":3631.945,"endTime":3636.607,"body":"Um, you, um, if you have registered for the lecture, which presumably you have 'cause"},{"startTime":3636.607,"endTime":3639.405,"body":"you're watching, you can download it from the website."},{"startTime":3639.605,"endTime":3644.365,"body":"I believe it's also emails to everyone that's either registered online or in person."},{"startTime":3644.625,"endTime":3645.885,"body":"So a link to it"},{"startTime":3646.345,"endTime":3648.125,"body":"And every lecture be sent to you and every lecture has a page as well."},{"startTime":3648.125,"endTime":3651.925,"body":"Yes, it's quite easy to find, which has the video and a transcript."},{"startTime":3652.275,"endTime":3654.245,"body":"Nice, easy question to answer there."},{"startTime":3654.425,"endTime":3656.325,"body":"Um, back to the difficult ones, \u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":3656.495,"endTime":3656.965,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3657.125,"endTime":3658.005,"body":"I have synesthesia."},{"startTime":3658.705,"endTime":3661.845,"body":"So hearing the samples on your lecture really resonated with me."},{"startTime":3661.845,"endTime":3662.325,"body":"Amazing."},{"startTime":3662.435,"endTime":3663.485,"body":"Also, a nice easy question."},{"startTime":3663.485,"endTime":3663.845,"body":"There's"},{"startTime":3663.845,"endTime":3666.685,"body":"An upcoming lecture we hope on synesthesia and mm-Hmm."},{"startTime":3666.725,"endTime":3668.525,"body":"\u003caffirmative\u003e light and music."},{"startTime":3668.585,"endTime":3669.005,"body":"Mm-Hmm."},{"startTime":3669.045,"endTime":3674.045,"body":"\u003caffirmative\u003e."},{"startTime":3669.345,"endTime":3675.245,"body":"Um, somebody is asking what was the difference between the first set of seven scales?"},{"startTime":3676.305,"endTime":3677.325,"body":"Uh, oh my goodness."},{"startTime":3677.325,"endTime":3680.325,"body":"It's going at the normal ones and the second set."},{"startTime":3680.865,"endTime":3682.045,"body":"Ah, the weird ones."},{"startTime":3682.355,"endTime":3682.645,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":3683.025,"endTime":3689.565,"body":"So, um, I mentioned that the semitone on the are in different places."},{"startTime":3689.625,"endTime":3690.045,"body":"Mm-Hmm."},{"startTime":3690.085,"endTime":3695.085,"body":"\u003caffirmative\u003e."},{"startTime":3690.265,"endTime":3694.059,"body":"And in the diatonic mode, those semitones are as far away from each other as"},{"startTime":3694.059,"endTime":3694.565,"body":"is possible."},{"startTime":3694.565,"endTime":3696.805,"body":"They're not opposite, but they're as far away as they can be."},{"startTime":3697.075,"endTime":3701.8,"body":"What the acoustic modes that we looked at do is that they have, um, hold"},{"startTime":3701.8,"endTime":3706.525,"body":"tones and semitones, but the semitones are one step closer and it transforms the completely."},{"startTime":3706.985,"endTime":3710.005,"body":"And of course there are other scales too, with their own set of modes."},{"startTime":3710.025,"endTime":3710.445,"body":"Mm-Hmm."},{"startTime":3710.485,"endTime":3715.485,"body":"\u003caffirmative\u003e."},{"startTime":3711.325,"endTime":3712.205,"body":"I thought I'd keep it short."},{"startTime":3712.785,"endTime":3713.805,"body":"No, no, no, it's super."},{"startTime":3714.465,"endTime":3720.615,"body":"Um, Jason asks, can you speak, this is complicated to the relationship between modes and"},{"startTime":3720.615,"endTime":3721.845,"body":"the Overtone series?"},{"startTime":3723.265,"endTime":3723.485,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3723.745,"endTime":3724.205,"body":"That's a,"},{"startTime":3724.265,"endTime":3725.285,"body":"That's another lecture really."},{"startTime":3725.395,"endTime":3725.685,"body":"Well,"},{"startTime":3726.085,"endTime":3727.765,"body":"I mean, that's a great, its a"},{"startTime":3727.765,"endTime":3728.205,"body":"Great it's question."},{"startTime":3728.205,"endTime":3728.925,"body":"It's, it's a very good question."},{"startTime":3729.105,"endTime":3729.325,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3729.465,"endTime":3735.165,"body":"It seems however that, I mean overtones, uh, are really, uh, beautiful and important."},{"startTime":3735.665,"endTime":3740.885,"body":"It seems however, that the lower overtones are far more important than the higher overtones."},{"startTime":3741.085,"endTime":3746.449,"body":"I know I love just intonation and so on, but it seems that the fifth"},{"startTime":3746.449,"endTime":3746.806,"body":"and the third and maybe that flat and seventh make their way in, but as"},{"startTime":3746.806,"endTime":3747.164,"body":"we go up, their influence, I think becomes, um, smaller just as a air volume"},{"startTime":3747.164,"endTime":3758.965,"body":"in the Harmonic series diminishes."},{"startTime":3759.145,"endTime":3759.365,"body":"Yep."},{"startTime":3759.655,"endTime":3760.005,"body":"Super."},{"startTime":3760.745,"endTime":3764.285,"body":"Um, what did you mean \u003claugh\u003e?"},{"startTime":3764.865,"endTime":3765.365,"body":"The whole thing"},{"startTime":3765.495,"endTime":3766.445,"body":"About the last hour?"},{"startTime":3766.505,"endTime":3771.569,"body":"No, what did you mean about that being a difference between Ionian mode and the"},{"startTime":3771.569,"endTime":3772.245,"body":"major scale?"},{"startTime":3772.835,"endTime":3773.765,"body":"It's just the way it's used."},{"startTime":3773.775,"endTime":3778.655,"body":"There are seven notes and you could play, for example, you could play those seven"},{"startTime":3778.655,"endTime":3782.885,"body":"notes by playing CFGC, which means that you're playing those, all those notes."},{"startTime":3782.985,"endTime":3783.405,"body":"Mm-Hmm."},{"startTime":3783.445,"endTime":3788.445,"body":"\u003caffirmative\u003e."},{"startTime":3783.485,"endTime":3786.685,"body":"But you're only creating thirds and fifths when you're using them."},{"startTime":3786.825,"endTime":3787.245,"body":"Mm-Hmm."},{"startTime":3787.285,"endTime":3791.165,"body":"\u003caffirmative\u003e, I use the term Ionian when it's more pan diatonic like Aaron Copeland does."},{"startTime":3791.505,"endTime":3796.075,"body":"So that you hear those die tones die, sorry, semitone rub against each other and"},{"startTime":3796.075,"endTime":3796.685,"body":"so on."},{"startTime":3796.825,"endTime":3798.885,"body":"So it's more, um, pan diatonic."},{"startTime":3799.585,"endTime":3805.645,"body":"So introduces more, um, dissonant, um, into valic structures."},{"startTime":3805.945,"endTime":3806.365,"body":"Mm-Hmm."},{"startTime":3806.405,"endTime":3811.405,"body":"\u003caffirmative\u003e,"},{"startTime":3808.235,"endTime":3808.525,"body":"Keep"},{"startTime":3808.525,"endTime":3808.685,"body":"Going."},{"startTime":3808.705,"endTime":3809.445,"body":"You want to lie down?"},{"startTime":3809.725,"endTime":3814.725,"body":"\u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":3810.585,"endTime":3817.954,"body":"Uh, where would you say \u003claugh\u003e musical systems, not based on the octave EEG Polynesian"},{"startTime":3817.954,"endTime":3821.885,"body":"gamma land music fit into all of this?"},{"startTime":3822.075,"endTime":3823.165,"body":"Yeah, great question."},{"startTime":3823.265,"endTime":3826.728,"body":"And um, I had to leave some things out and I had a section on"},{"startTime":3826.728,"endTime":3826.959,"body":"de sea and the gamma land and the stretched octave, which we'll have to wait"},{"startTime":3826.959,"endTime":3830.885,"body":"for another day."},{"startTime":3831.625,"endTime":3837.845,"body":"Um, so, uh, what's interesting though is that the gamt doesn't ignore the octave."},{"startTime":3837.845,"endTime":3840.565,"body":"In fact, they name the notes again at the octave."},{"startTime":3840.565,"endTime":3844.796,"body":"What they do is stretch a tuning of it, and they do that to create,"},{"startTime":3844.796,"endTime":3845.925,"body":"uh, beats and resonance."},{"startTime":3845.985,"endTime":3851.245,"body":"So it's a al choice over a tuning choice, a tuning of those notes."},{"startTime":3851.545,"endTime":3854.005,"body":"So it's to create a color, a different type of color."},{"startTime":3854.555,"endTime":3859.685,"body":"They, however, still use a number of siphon notation to, uh, notate those notes."},{"startTime":3860.185,"endTime":3861.325,"body":"So the octaves exist."},{"startTime":3861.325,"endTime":3866.391,"body":"There are some cultures which don't name the same octaves or um, same names of"},{"startTime":3866.391,"endTime":3870.445,"body":"those octaves, but they are notable by by how few there are."},{"startTime":3871.095,"endTime":3871.445,"body":"Super."},{"startTime":3872.265,"endTime":3874.245,"body":"And I'm going to ask one last question."},{"startTime":3874.275,"endTime":3874.565,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":3874.565,"endTime":3876.245,"body":"This can be a trailer for a future lecture."},{"startTime":3876.695,"endTime":3881.157,"body":"Could you comment on Sabian's use of emotion and color within his compositions if you"},{"startTime":3881.157,"endTime":3882.645,"body":"happen to know the artist?"},{"startTime":3884.025,"endTime":3884.245,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3884.555,"endTime":3889.845,"body":"Well, Sri was a famous sin, so he talked about composing his painting."},{"startTime":3890.785,"endTime":3896.826,"body":"So, um, he had certain color associations, so would literally paint as he literally form"},{"startTime":3896.826,"endTime":3897.229,"body":"visual elements as he composed Mm-Hmm, \u003caffirmative\u003e mine were arbitrarily linked just by some of"},{"startTime":3897.229,"endTime":3905.285,"body":"the names that were in there."},{"startTime":3905.285,"endTime":3906.245,"body":"And that's interesting."},{"startTime":3906.325,"endTime":3910.132,"body":"I mean, I use the term color, but what's interesting about music is that we"},{"startTime":3910.132,"endTime":3912.925,"body":"don't really have the words for how it feels those moments."},{"startTime":3913.225,"endTime":3917.405,"body":"So we have to use these loose analogies to get there."},{"startTime":3917.785,"endTime":3920.285,"body":"But for Sri and others, those were tightly,"},{"startTime":3920.705,"endTime":3925.325,"body":"It was direct rather than a metaphor or, or some kind of displaced feeling."},{"startTime":3925.345,"endTime":3925.565,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3925.585,"endTime":3927.765,"body":"But again, um, we'll come back to Sri."},{"startTime":3928.405,"endTime":3928.605,"body":"Excellent."},{"startTime":3928.665,"endTime":3931.725,"body":"So Milton's next lecture is I think the 25th of April."},{"startTime":3932.285,"endTime":3934.205,"body":"I should remember these highly."},{"startTime":3934.235,"endTime":3934.525,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":3934.525,"endTime":3934.885,"body":"Is that right?"},{"startTime":3935.225,"endTime":3935.845,"body":"25th."},{"startTime":3935.905,"endTime":3937.525,"body":"The 25th of April when he'll be, this is the"},{"startTime":3937.525,"endTime":3938.245,"body":"25th of April"},{"startTime":3938.475,"endTime":3941.205,"body":"When he'll be talking about Consonances and Dissonances."},{"startTime":3941.305,"endTime":3942.725,"body":"Do you want to say anything else about that?"},{"startTime":3943.105,"endTime":3948.291,"body":"So there'll be another survey going about going out and it's about music that everyone"},{"startTime":3948.291,"endTime":3948.637,"body":"thinks is bad, that you love music that everyone thinks is good that you hate,"},{"startTime":3948.637,"endTime":3948.983,"body":"but most importantly what I call the beautifully ugly in music, the most scrunchie chords"},{"startTime":3948.983,"endTime":3961.085,"body":"and rhythms that do everything for you."},{"startTime":3961.185,"endTime":3964.005,"body":"So I'd love to hear your thoughts on that and we'll build that together."},{"startTime":3964.805,"endTime":3964.925,"body":"Fabulous."},{"startTime":3964.925,"endTime":3967.005,"body":"Well thank you so much everyone for coming."},{"startTime":3967.105,"endTime":3968.085,"body":"Can we thank Nelson again?"},{"startTime":3968.255,"endTime":3968.605,"body":"Thank"},{"startTime":3968.605,"endTime":3968.725,"body":"You."},{"startTime":3970.745,"endTime":3971.495,"body":"Thank you so much."},{"startTime":3974.465,"endTime":3974.815,"body":"Thank."}]}