{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":5.275,"endTime":9.707,"body":"When I agreed to give these three lectures and I decided I was gonna focus"},{"startTime":9.707,"endTime":13.845,"body":"on waste, yes, I knew it wasn't going to be a bundle of laughs."},{"startTime":14.065,"endTime":16.845,"body":"Yes, it's not going to be a bundle of laughs."},{"startTime":16.925,"endTime":23.096,"body":"I have found giving these lectures, quite a resting in kind of understanding what we"},{"startTime":23.096,"endTime":28.445,"body":"have done to our planet in the last three score years and 10."},{"startTime":29.145,"endTime":36.115,"body":"And then given the lectures, I picked three different topics, something new on the horizon,"},{"startTime":36.115,"endTime":43.085,"body":"microplastics where there's concern, but not a lot of hard data of risk and hazard."},{"startTime":44.485,"endTime":45.165,"body":"PFAS forever."},{"startTime":45.565,"endTime":50.645,"body":"Chemicals where there's good quantification, but still questions about how they impact on health."},{"startTime":51.425,"endTime":56.965,"body":"And I wanted to end it with something which has never actually gone away."},{"startTime":57.695,"endTime":66.911,"body":"Where the quantification is excellent, where the health evidence is mature, where the toxicology is"},{"startTime":66.911,"endTime":74.285,"body":"completely worked out, and where the overall investment is almost completely negligible."},{"startTime":75.265,"endTime":78.317,"body":"So I'm returning to lead and for me, partly this is also a bit of"},{"startTime":78.317,"endTime":78.725,"body":"a homage."},{"startTime":79.425,"endTime":80.405,"body":"My father was a plumber."},{"startTime":81.225,"endTime":84.525,"body":"Um, his specialty was doing lead dressing on roofs."},{"startTime":85.085,"endTime":88.445,"body":"I grew up surrounded with lead workers all my life."},{"startTime":88.745,"endTime":88.965,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":89.225,"endTime":95.538,"body":"So, um, whatever your IQ deficit is from growing up in Sheffield, I think mine"},{"startTime":95.538,"endTime":98.485,"body":"is multiplied by a factor of 10."},{"startTime":99.105,"endTime":106.005,"body":"So I'm gonna go through this today and, and really lead is something which has"},{"startTime":106.005,"endTime":107.845,"body":"been around since antiquity."},{"startTime":108.105,"endTime":114.739,"body":"Yes, we have a long history of living with lead and that belies the fact"},{"startTime":114.739,"endTime":119.605,"body":"that it's not in our top 10 elements in our crust."},{"startTime":120.365,"endTime":127.845,"body":"I think the crust contribution of lead is somewhere in the order of n 0.0013%."},{"startTime":128.395,"endTime":133.085,"body":"It's actually a relatively minority element in the Earth's crust."},{"startTime":133.665,"endTime":136.085,"body":"It just happens to be present in a variety of awes."},{"startTime":136.085,"endTime":137.965,"body":"I've illustrated some of the mineral forms there."},{"startTime":138.425,"endTime":144.314,"body":"Galena being the absolute key one in a form which is actually relatively easy to"},{"startTime":144.314,"endTime":145.885,"body":"smelt, easy to extract."},{"startTime":146.265,"endTime":153.648,"body":"And because it's often associated with silver, it was smelted relatively early for the extraction"},{"startTime":153.648,"endTime":155.125,"body":"of precious metals."},{"startTime":155.905,"endTime":162.416,"body":"And the byproduct lead could then be utilized and it could be utilized the Egyptians"},{"startTime":162.416,"endTime":163.285,"body":"for cosmetics."},{"startTime":163.945,"endTime":167.565,"body":"Um, but it could also be used for plates, items."},{"startTime":167.705,"endTime":173.485,"body":"And what I've got down here in this bottom corner is the oldest lead artifact."},{"startTime":173.595,"endTime":176.845,"body":"It's was found in the leaven in Israel."},{"startTime":177.675,"endTime":179.725,"body":"It's 6,000 years old."},{"startTime":180.385,"endTime":185.885,"body":"It is a mysterious item, sometimes described as a wand."},{"startTime":186.545,"endTime":191.765,"body":"The important thing about it is that it actually contains lead and isotopically."},{"startTime":192.315,"endTime":198.885,"body":"That lead comes from Turkey where the first mines for lead actually were based."},{"startTime":199.385,"endTime":206.445,"body":"And there's evidence of lead mining in Turkey from 6,000 BC predating the Bronze Age."},{"startTime":207.185,"endTime":211.725,"body":"So this material has been with us for a very long time."},{"startTime":212.355,"endTime":213.645,"body":"It's been very useful."},{"startTime":213.915,"endTime":217.285,"body":"It's been used as a poison, it's been used as a cure."},{"startTime":218.145,"endTime":221.365,"body":"But we've also known that lead has harmful effects."},{"startTime":221.385,"endTime":222.885,"body":"And we've known it for a very long time."},{"startTime":222.885,"endTime":227.702,"body":"And I suppose the point at which lead really begins to take off is during"},{"startTime":227.702,"endTime":232.52,"body":"the sort of Roman era, when the Romans begin to coin silver on mass to"},{"startTime":232.52,"endTime":233.805,"body":"pay for their empire."},{"startTime":234.665,"endTime":240.781,"body":"And at that point we begin to get lots of evidence of lead having detrimental"},{"startTime":240.781,"endTime":242.005,"body":"effects on health."},{"startTime":242.865,"endTime":250.435,"body":"So here I have Di Socrates who was a physician, a botanist around the time"},{"startTime":250.435,"endTime":251.445,"body":"of Nero."},{"startTime":252.225,"endTime":258.165,"body":"And he made the observation that lead makes the mind give way."},{"startTime":259.095,"endTime":266.277,"body":"There was already an appreciation that people who used lead cups, people who were imbibing"},{"startTime":266.277,"endTime":273.46,"body":"wine that had been treated with sapper, which was an extract, a concentrated grape extract"},{"startTime":273.46,"endTime":279.685,"body":"produced, distilled almost within sort of lead vessels were behaving a bit strangely."},{"startTime":280.265,"endTime":286.983,"body":"In fact, there's even some argument that perhaps, you know, some of the more colorful"},{"startTime":286.983,"endTime":293.701,"body":"aspects of Roman history were influenced by lead toxicity, a bit of antisocial behavior, very"},{"startTime":293.701,"endTime":295.045,"body":"poor conduct disorder."},{"startTime":295.465,"endTime":299.125,"body":"Yes, a little bit of psychosis thrown into the mix."},{"startTime":300.825,"endTime":307.518,"body":"Julius Caesar's architect noted that he felt the water quality deteriorated in the aqueduct when"},{"startTime":307.518,"endTime":313.765,"body":"they transferred lead lined sort of ducks from earthenware and sappa at the bottom."},{"startTime":313.795,"endTime":314.965,"body":"Well, sappa is interesting."},{"startTime":315.045,"endTime":319.209,"body":"I suppose it is this extract which was added to wine to make the wine"},{"startTime":319.209,"endTime":319.765,"body":"more palatable."},{"startTime":319.765,"endTime":323.937,"body":"It was actually used all the way through into medieval times where it was delivered"},{"startTime":323.937,"endTime":325.885,"body":"as a, a sweetener as lead acetate."},{"startTime":326.465,"endTime":335.348,"body":"And it was associated with, uh, satine um, satine sort of conditions with people displaying"},{"startTime":335.348,"endTime":337.125,"body":"abnormal strange behaviors."},{"startTime":337.585,"endTime":338.805,"body":"So satine gout."},{"startTime":339.385,"endTime":345.725,"body":"So in antiquity there's a realization that led affects the brain."},{"startTime":346.475,"endTime":352.46,"body":"Already there's a realization we have to go forward quite some time in history until"},{"startTime":352.46,"endTime":358.445,"body":"we begin to see people turning a more sort of rational scientific eye on the"},{"startTime":358.445,"endTime":358.845,"body":"issue."},{"startTime":358.865,"endTime":364.888,"body":"And I've picked Bernardo Ramazzini at this point because he really is the first person"},{"startTime":364.888,"endTime":370.911,"body":"who began to explore the link between occupational exposures and some of the sort of"},{"startTime":370.911,"endTime":374.525,"body":"cognitive and behavioral aspects of exposure to heavy metals."},{"startTime":375.105,"endTime":380.821,"body":"So he already noticed some of the tremors and behavioral problems occurring in individuals who"},{"startTime":380.821,"endTime":381.965,"body":"were using mercury."},{"startTime":382.385,"endTime":389.688,"body":"But he also in this treatise, observed similar sort of peripheral pulses occurring in potters"},{"startTime":389.688,"endTime":395.045,"body":"who were using lead copper and mercury glazes on their pots."},{"startTime":395.625,"endTime":401.157,"body":"So okay, we are in this period of time we're beginning to see an occupational"},{"startTime":401.157,"endTime":406.689,"body":"literature, an appreciation that people working with heavy metal AEs and metal AEs are beginning"},{"startTime":406.689,"endTime":408.165,"body":"to manifest symptomatic responses."},{"startTime":409.225,"endTime":413.314,"body":"And this is just my opportunity to give a call out for all of the"},{"startTime":413.314,"endTime":414.405,"body":"dead scientists \u003claugh\u003e, okay."},{"startTime":414.785,"endTime":417.565,"body":"Who did a relatively good job at addressing questions."},{"startTime":418.265,"endTime":426.445,"body":"So here we have Louis Raquel Poncia treaties published in 1836."},{"startTime":427.255,"endTime":434.728,"body":"Again, he begins to actually do larger studies, 1,200 cases of lead poisoning at his"},{"startTime":434.728,"endTime":435.725,"body":"central hospital."},{"startTime":435.955,"endTime":442.242,"body":"Beginning to look at the symptomatic responses of those individuals beginning to understand that the"},{"startTime":442.242,"endTime":448.53,"body":"symptoms were greatest in individuals who were exposed to lead fumes as opposed to lead"},{"startTime":448.53,"endTime":451.045,"body":"in other forms led via inhalation."},{"startTime":452.025,"endTime":455.845,"body":"So we know lead's bad, okay?"},{"startTime":455.985,"endTime":457.845,"body":"We know lead has adverse effects."},{"startTime":458.275,"endTime":460.405,"body":"This isn't news to anybody."},{"startTime":460.945,"endTime":463.085,"body":"And we are still in the 18 hundreds."},{"startTime":463.185,"endTime":470.274,"body":"Yes, I'm gonna go forward a little bit because, um, and it will come become"},{"startTime":470.274,"endTime":472.165,"body":"apparent in due course."},{"startTime":473.085,"endTime":479.235,"body":"I think this is the first report that LED potentially has an impact on children's"},{"startTime":479.235,"endTime":479.645,"body":"health."},{"startTime":480.825,"endTime":488.2,"body":"And it's a report published in Australia by an ophthalmologist looking at optical disturbances in"},{"startTime":488.2,"endTime":495.085,"body":"children, which he begins, this is a sort of like an Australian BMJ article."},{"startTime":495.385,"endTime":499.925,"body":"He begins to speculate that this could be because they're exposed to water, which has"},{"startTime":499.925,"endTime":502.045,"body":"come from a lead lined water tank."},{"startTime":502.625,"endTime":508.306,"body":"But then when he realizes that isn't at play, he begins to suspect lead in"},{"startTime":508.306,"endTime":508.685,"body":"paint."},{"startTime":509.065,"endTime":509.285,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":509.865,"endTime":514.906,"body":"And it is actually a, a, a really lovely piece of occupational medicine in this"},{"startTime":514.906,"endTime":519.947,"body":"paper, justifying his rationale, arguing that there is this exposure and people need to do"},{"startTime":519.947,"endTime":520.284,"body":"it."},{"startTime":520.385,"endTime":525.958,"body":"And when the children are isolated from this source of sort of lead contamination, their"},{"startTime":525.958,"endTime":527.445,"body":"symptoms sort of improved."},{"startTime":527.945,"endTime":532.165,"body":"But this was ridiculed at the time by the medical profession."},{"startTime":532.545,"endTime":539.959,"body":"So here we have the first evidence of lead having a pediatric impact on children"},{"startTime":539.959,"endTime":542.925,"body":"developing in relation to leaded paint."},{"startTime":543.625,"endTime":548.645,"body":"Now that's the first scientific sort of investigation of it."},{"startTime":549.145,"endTime":553.152,"body":"The next slide is a bit of a sort of, it's a bit of a"},{"startTime":553.152,"endTime":557.16,"body":"vanity on my part 'cause I found it and I had to put it up"},{"startTime":557.16,"endTime":559.565,"body":"there 'cause um, it shouldn't have been a surprise."},{"startTime":560.635,"endTime":564.165,"body":"This is an advert from 1897."},{"startTime":564.425,"endTime":567.405,"body":"The reason there's a bit of vanity here is it's from New Cross."},{"startTime":567.605,"endTime":568.685,"body":"I live in New Cross in London."},{"startTime":568.825,"endTime":569.405,"body":"So there you are."},{"startTime":569.405,"endTime":571.125,"body":"I thought that's, that's entertaining."},{"startTime":571.125,"endTime":578.255,"body":"I found an advert about a business in my old area and already in 1897,"},{"startTime":578.255,"endTime":585.385,"body":"they're advertising the benefits of enamel lead-free paint because of the harmful effects they are"},{"startTime":585.385,"endTime":591.565,"body":"conjecturing are caused by exposure to lead-based paints based on the occupational literature."},{"startTime":591.565,"endTime":592.925,"body":"They're making a jump of faith."},{"startTime":593.415,"endTime":595.885,"body":"Their product is lead free already."},{"startTime":595.995,"endTime":600.285,"body":"This predates that paper in 1904."},{"startTime":601.185,"endTime":606.415,"body":"So lead, we have something to be concerned about."},{"startTime":608.355,"endTime":610.015,"body":"But when does it get hot?"},{"startTime":611.045,"endTime":613.335,"body":"When does, when do things begin to change?"},{"startTime":613.395,"endTime":619.545,"body":"Now I wanna introduce you to one of the most, I think, interesting figures in"},{"startTime":619.545,"endTime":620.775,"body":"20th century history."},{"startTime":622.085,"endTime":624.055,"body":"This is Thomas Ley."},{"startTime":625.395,"endTime":634.981,"body":"He has the distinction of being the man who invented tetra meth file lead and"},{"startTime":634.981,"endTime":640.095,"body":"also simultaneously the man who created CFCs \u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":641.845,"endTime":646.226,"body":"When I was coming here on, on the tube, I was reading some more information"},{"startTime":646.226,"endTime":648.855,"body":"about him and I I I found some quotes."},{"startTime":648.885,"endTime":649.175,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":649.175,"endTime":653.695,"body":"And I put them down in my book 'cause these quotes are just gold dust."},{"startTime":653.695,"endTime":656.488,"body":"And I, you know, I hate doing this 'cause you know, this is sort of,"},{"startTime":656.488,"endTime":659.095,"body":"but these are quotes people have written about him and they're absolutely spot on."},{"startTime":659.195,"endTime":666.307,"body":"So we've got JR McNeil wrote, he's had more of an adverse impact on the"},{"startTime":666.307,"endTime":670.575,"body":"atmosphere than any single organism in the earth's history."},{"startTime":671.805,"endTime":672.415,"body":"Good start."},{"startTime":673.165,"endTime":676.615,"body":"Bill Bryson, um, was a bit softer."},{"startTime":677.235,"endTime":681.535,"body":"He said that he had an uncanny instinct for the regrettable \u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":682.565,"endTime":684.135,"body":"Okay, that's quite good, isn't it?"},{"startTime":684.835,"endTime":691.415,"body":"Um, \u003claugh\u003e and then Fred Pierce wrote that he was a one man environmental disaster."},{"startTime":694.075,"endTime":695.055,"body":"That's quite amusing."},{"startTime":695.055,"endTime":699.735,"body":"It's darker to be frank than many of us would think."},{"startTime":699.755,"endTime":706.629,"body":"And actually within the darkness of reflecting on how we ended up pumping hundreds of"},{"startTime":706.629,"endTime":713.504,"body":"thousands of town of lead into our air, there were lessons to be learned, I"},{"startTime":713.504,"endTime":720.378,"body":"think, which resonate down the age in terms of the relationship between public health, the"},{"startTime":720.378,"endTime":724.045,"body":"economy and industry and key players within it."},{"startTime":725.185,"endTime":727.845,"body":"So Thomas Melee worked for General Motors."},{"startTime":728.065,"endTime":733.802,"body":"He was given the task of coming up with a product that would be an"},{"startTime":733.802,"endTime":737.245,"body":"anti knocking agent in gasoline engines that was required."},{"startTime":737.255,"endTime":738.605,"body":"There was desire for it."},{"startTime":739.475,"endTime":743.685,"body":"Ethanol worked quite nicely, but it couldn't be patented."},{"startTime":744.785,"endTime":751.969,"body":"And so he developed Tetra eel lead as a patented form of anti knocking agent,"},{"startTime":751.969,"endTime":753.885,"body":"which could be monetarized."},{"startTime":755.585,"endTime":759.205,"body":"Um, then you could say that would be fine."},{"startTime":759.795,"endTime":766.325,"body":"That would've been roughly 19 23, 19 24."},{"startTime":768.075,"endTime":772.725,"body":"There's a leak of tetraethyl fumes at the actual factory."},{"startTime":773.825,"endTime":781.52,"body":"Um, about five people die, about 50 individuals suffer from lead fme intoxication, hallucinations, um,"},{"startTime":781.52,"endTime":784.085,"body":"significant problems all hushed up."},{"startTime":784.905,"endTime":790.952,"body":"Yes, bizarrely the man himself in order to prove the safety of Tetra Leval lead,"},{"startTime":790.952,"endTime":797.0,"body":"um, inhaled it whilst washing his hands in it to prove that it was safe"},{"startTime":797.0,"endTime":802.645,"body":"and had to take six months off to recover paid for by the company."},{"startTime":803.305,"endTime":805.085,"body":"So look, this is not ideal."},{"startTime":805.585,"endTime":805.805,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":806.305,"endTime":810.805,"body":"And we end up in a situation where we have teal lead being introduced as"},{"startTime":810.805,"endTime":813.205,"body":"a fuel additive first for the United States."},{"startTime":813.225,"endTime":815.045,"body":"And very rapidly the market grows."},{"startTime":815.235,"endTime":815.525,"body":"Okay?"},{"startTime":816.025,"endTime":823.085,"body":"So this is a mass release of lead into the environment."},{"startTime":824.165,"endTime":829.793,"body":"A compound known to be harmful and shown to be harmful occupationally by the people"},{"startTime":829.793,"endTime":832.045,"body":"who are actually manufacturing it themselves."},{"startTime":833.275,"endTime":840.781,"body":"Then we find, I suppose the next lesson, which is money speaks, but money is"},{"startTime":840.781,"endTime":844.285,"body":"amplified when it meets the advertising industry."},{"startTime":845.505,"endTime":850.605,"body":"So the advertising industry now begin to really push this as a product."},{"startTime":851.585,"endTime":857.125,"body":"So we have the benefits, the automobile, the drivers benefit."},{"startTime":858.075,"endTime":860.925,"body":"Same thing also happened with lead-based paints."},{"startTime":861.065,"endTime":865.885,"body":"Um, lead-based paints were much better than the non-lead versions."},{"startTime":865.885,"endTime":867.445,"body":"And it was really strongly pushed."},{"startTime":867.785,"endTime":871.565,"body":"So the lead would still be used so it could still be monetized."},{"startTime":871.565,"endTime":875.045,"body":"So there would still be profit all very well in good."},{"startTime":875.115,"endTime":876.325,"body":"This happens the whole time."},{"startTime":876.685,"endTime":879.245,"body":"Products are made, people turn them into profit."},{"startTime":879.335,"endTime":881.045,"body":"There were questions about their safety."},{"startTime":881.955,"endTime":882.245,"body":"Fine."},{"startTime":883.465,"endTime":889.125,"body":"But this is a much more interesting story because of what happens next."},{"startTime":889.905,"endTime":896.055,"body":"And it intro allows me to introduce you to one of my scientific heroes and"},{"startTime":896.055,"endTime":898.925,"body":"one of my sort of scientific villains."},{"startTime":899.355,"endTime":899.645,"body":"Okay?"},{"startTime":902.825,"endTime":907.285,"body":"And here they are with the creator of me Val's sandwiched."},{"startTime":907.285,"endTime":913.485,"body":"In the middle here we have Claire Patterson Geochemist."},{"startTime":914.845,"endTime":922.235,"body":"On the other side we have Robert Keho, he's physician occupational toxicologist."},{"startTime":923.265,"endTime":928.911,"body":"They've become the chief pr sort of protagonists in the next period of understanding how"},{"startTime":928.911,"endTime":932.675,"body":"we learn about the impact of Tetra me viol lead."},{"startTime":932.735,"endTime":939.566,"body":"Now Claire Patterson's a remarkable individual and probably would've been remarkable if he had never"},{"startTime":939.566,"endTime":942.755,"body":"entered into the world of environmental toxicology."},{"startTime":942.895,"endTime":948.646,"body":"So this is a, this is a scientist who goes in the Manhattan Project and"},{"startTime":948.646,"endTime":954.398,"body":"for his PhD in subsequent postdoctoral work ages the universe just because that was the"},{"startTime":954.398,"endTime":960.149,"body":"nature of that generation by looking at isotopes of uranium to lead and different isotopes"},{"startTime":960.149,"endTime":965.901,"body":"of, of, of, of, of lead in meteorites to arrive at an estimate of the"},{"startTime":965.901,"endTime":967.435,"body":"age of the universe."},{"startTime":968.135,"endTime":973.185,"body":"Now he's a wonderful analytical chemist and one of the reasons he's my hero is"},{"startTime":973.185,"endTime":974.195,"body":"he measures things."},{"startTime":974.615,"endTime":981.265,"body":"And we live in a society sometimes where people forget the importance of measuring things"},{"startTime":981.265,"endTime":982.595,"body":"and measuring things."},{"startTime":983.385,"endTime":988.882,"body":"Well sometimes people think numbers just spontaneously arise out of some sort of science engine"},{"startTime":988.882,"endTime":990.715,"body":"and they can use them."},{"startTime":992.015,"endTime":999.098,"body":"It was his regard for the numbers that uncovered the consequence of tetra eal LEDs"},{"startTime":999.098,"endTime":1000.515,"body":"on the environment."},{"startTime":1001.615,"endTime":1006.704,"body":"And essentially it can be summarized this, he couldn't measure what he wanted to measure"},{"startTime":1006.704,"endTime":1011.115,"body":"and he was about as good at doing it as you possibly could."},{"startTime":1011.115,"endTime":1016.515,"body":"Now along the way, in order to try to get a measurement of lead, of"},{"startTime":1016.515,"endTime":1019.755,"body":"lead isotopes, he developed the world's first clean room."},{"startTime":1020.175,"endTime":1025.381,"body":"So he was at Caltech, spent his entire career at Caltech first clean room to"},{"startTime":1025.381,"endTime":1030.587,"body":"try to get an environment where he could actually measure the ledge within the meteorite"},{"startTime":1030.587,"endTime":1035.793,"body":"without it being contaminated by all of the contaminating lead within the world we were"},{"startTime":1035.793,"endTime":1036.835,"body":"living at in."},{"startTime":1037.575,"endTime":1044.135,"body":"And he eventually did it eventually in the clean room with the mass spectrometer that"},{"startTime":1044.135,"endTime":1050.696,"body":"he made himself with the reagents that he synthesized himself on the equipment that he"},{"startTime":1050.696,"endTime":1054.195,"body":"manufactured himself complete control of the entire process."},{"startTime":1054.735,"endTime":1062.74,"body":"He solved the conundrum, the universe's 4.55 billion years old went home, told his mother"},{"startTime":1062.74,"endTime":1064.875,"body":"she was probably unimpressed."},{"startTime":1064.975,"endTime":1065.555,"body":"Yes \u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":1065.785,"endTime":1072.005,"body":"Okay, so, but he couldn't get over the lead issue."},{"startTime":1073.145,"endTime":1074.845,"body":"Why was it so difficult to do?"},{"startTime":1075.065,"endTime":1078.485,"body":"Why was there so much lead in the environment?"},{"startTime":1078.985,"endTime":1080.605,"body":"And he raised issues about that."},{"startTime":1080.745,"endTime":1082.765,"body":"He raised issues of there's too much lead in it."},{"startTime":1082.765,"endTime":1084.485,"body":"But he said there's just a normal amount of lead."},{"startTime":1085.385,"endTime":1087.965,"body":"And so he went on to do some remarkable studies."},{"startTime":1088.305,"endTime":1092.325,"body":"Um, and herein is a bit of a debate."},{"startTime":1092.705,"endTime":1097.439,"body":"He wasn't taken seriously and he wasn't taken seriously 'cause he was a geochemist and"},{"startTime":1097.439,"endTime":1099.965,"body":"he was drifting into a world of medicine."},{"startTime":1100.785,"endTime":1104.973,"body":"And the medics and the toxicologists and the health profession, I'm one of them, weren't"},{"startTime":1104.973,"endTime":1108.325,"body":"keen on this person coming and telling them how to do things."},{"startTime":1109.385,"endTime":1112.885,"body":"But he began to do studies and some of the studies are really seminal."},{"startTime":1112.985,"endTime":1116.899,"body":"He looked at lead levels in the ocean and he discovered that if you went"},{"startTime":1116.899,"endTime":1120.814,"body":"from the top waters of the ocean to the deep waters in the ocean, there"},{"startTime":1120.814,"endTime":1123.685,"body":"was a 20 fold gradient in that column of lead concentrations."},{"startTime":1123.705,"endTime":1128.511,"body":"And because of the way in which water circulates in the deep ocean that kind"},{"startTime":1128.511,"endTime":1133.318,"body":"of inferred the lead, which was accumulating in the upper levels of the ocean, represented"},{"startTime":1133.318,"endTime":1138.125,"body":"lead which had represented the last hundred years, suggesting there'd been an enrichment of lead."},{"startTime":1138.745,"endTime":1141.085,"body":"He then went on and did ice core studies."},{"startTime":1141.465,"endTime":1147.542,"body":"He did Greenland, he did Antarctica, looked at the lead accumulation in the ice cores,"},{"startTime":1147.542,"endTime":1153.619,"body":"got very much the same sort of information, an increase of lead in those samples"},{"startTime":1153.619,"endTime":1155.645,"body":"during the industrial Revolu revolution."},{"startTime":1156.065,"endTime":1161.845,"body":"And then suddenly supercharging around the time that tetra eal lead comes into production."},{"startTime":1163.305,"endTime":1169.018,"body":"So he said a number of really salient things said, okay, there is lots of"},{"startTime":1169.018,"endTime":1171.685,"body":"lead around, but it's a new normal."},{"startTime":1172.235,"endTime":1173.045,"body":"It's not normal."},{"startTime":1173.705,"endTime":1176.645,"body":"Yes, normal was a hundred years ago."},{"startTime":1177.225,"endTime":1180.085,"body":"The levels now are artificially inflated."},{"startTime":1180.995,"endTime":1184.245,"body":"That is an incredibly important observation."},{"startTime":1184.785,"endTime":1189.717,"body":"He talked about the fact that tetra Evo lead was probably the culprit, but he"},{"startTime":1189.717,"endTime":1193.005,"body":"also mentioned other pieces of, of the jigsaw as well."},{"startTime":1193.305,"endTime":1195.525,"body":"And he suggested we should do something about that."},{"startTime":1195.825,"endTime":1202.77,"body":"And of course all of those things are technically the deaf nail to a successful"},{"startTime":1202.77,"endTime":1205.085,"body":"industry making tetra eal lead."},{"startTime":1205.985,"endTime":1214.138,"body":"So they have their defender and their defender is Robert Khar, who was a toxicologist"},{"startTime":1214.138,"endTime":1221.205,"body":"preaching the mantra that this is completely normal, these levels are completely normal."},{"startTime":1222.185,"endTime":1226.82,"body":"And he actually introduced in a whole series of hearings, something which is known as"},{"startTime":1226.82,"endTime":1228.365,"body":"the Robert K. Hall paradigm."},{"startTime":1229.065,"endTime":1232.712,"body":"And it's an interesting paradigm because it dominated the way in which this field developed"},{"startTime":1232.712,"endTime":1233.685,"body":"for quite some time."},{"startTime":1235.145,"endTime":1241.475,"body":"He argued though, if you wanted to criticize or do say something about tetra eal"},{"startTime":1241.475,"endTime":1247.805,"body":"lead, you had to be able to produce evidence which was absolutely, absolutely crystal clear."},{"startTime":1247.985,"endTime":1254.368,"body":"No uncertainty before the company had to do anything in order to potentially mi against,"},{"startTime":1254.368,"endTime":1255.645,"body":"against a risk."},{"startTime":1256.385,"endTime":1261.823,"body":"So essentially he set up a paradigm which was argued and it was adopted by"},{"startTime":1261.823,"endTime":1267.261,"body":"the government that allowed the industry itself to police itself to design its own studies"},{"startTime":1267.261,"endTime":1270.525,"body":"and is almost the reverse of the precautionary principle."},{"startTime":1270.705,"endTime":1274.988,"body":"You know, the precautionary principle says don't put something out into the environment unless you"},{"startTime":1274.988,"endTime":1275.845,"body":"know it's safe."},{"startTime":1276.545,"endTime":1280.045,"body":"His argument was, if it's in the environment, prove to me it's doing harm."},{"startTime":1280.785,"endTime":1286.498,"body":"And that's actually quite a difficult thing to do to a level of certainty that's"},{"startTime":1286.498,"endTime":1289.165,"body":"going to result in people taking action."},{"startTime":1290.305,"endTime":1295.239,"body":"So these battles went on for a very, very, very long time until eventually it"},{"startTime":1295.239,"endTime":1299.845,"body":"was accepted that this tetra evil led build up within the environment had occurred."},{"startTime":1301.825,"endTime":1309.065,"body":"And after it occurred, preliminary evidence began to occur showing relationships between blood led levels"},{"startTime":1309.065,"endTime":1312.445,"body":"in children and impacts on cognitive function."},{"startTime":1312.905,"endTime":1318.788,"body":"And perhaps the thing which really changed the debate impacts on intelligence quo in those"},{"startTime":1318.788,"endTime":1319.965,"body":"children as well."},{"startTime":1324.345,"endTime":1328.485,"body":"Now none of this should have been a tremendous surprise."},{"startTime":1330.475,"endTime":1338.006,"body":"This is a graph of global production of lead from prehistory to the development of"},{"startTime":1338.006,"endTime":1345.538,"body":"smelting technologies to the classical era, to the period of expansion of the Roman Empire"},{"startTime":1345.538,"endTime":1347.045,"body":"and silver coining."},{"startTime":1347.305,"endTime":1348.285,"body":"You can see it going up."},{"startTime":1348.285,"endTime":1354.142,"body":"Then it falls down again during the sort of medieval period we hit the medieval"},{"startTime":1354.142,"endTime":1359.999,"body":"uh, the industrial revolution, it kicks up again and that kick up also occurs because"},{"startTime":1359.999,"endTime":1364.685,"body":"the new lead mines are opened in South America and in Australia."},{"startTime":1364.785,"endTime":1369.325,"body":"And so lead suddenly becomes cheaper and that pushes lead production as well."},{"startTime":1369.465,"endTime":1374.125,"body":"So we have this increased lead production."},{"startTime":1374.145,"endTime":1376.485,"body":"We know it's going to go somewhere with manufacturing."},{"startTime":1376.585,"endTime":1383.563,"body":"It has being used and actually the ice core data is just exquisite in terms"},{"startTime":1383.563,"endTime":1387.285,"body":"of anticipating how this affected the global environment."},{"startTime":1388.505,"endTime":1394.938,"body":"So I've pulled some data from Joseph McConnell, two papers published in the proceedings of"},{"startTime":1394.938,"endTime":1400.085,"body":"the National Academy of the sort of USA and these are fantastic."},{"startTime":1400.185,"endTime":1406.755,"body":"So this is looking at lead in ice cores taken from the Greenland ice sheet"},{"startTime":1406.755,"endTime":1413.325,"body":"and it represents sort of like the production of lead during the period of time."},{"startTime":1413.345,"endTime":1419.325,"body":"And here you can begin to unpick how that production of lead correlates to the"},{"startTime":1419.325,"endTime":1425.305,"body":"fallout of atmospheric lead onto the ice sheets, which then gets incorporated into ice sort"},{"startTime":1425.305,"endTime":1431.285,"body":"of cause we can see the INH not much going on quite quiet classical antiquity."},{"startTime":1431.395,"endTime":1431.685,"body":"Okay?"},{"startTime":1431.685,"endTime":1434.805,"body":"We have the Roman Empire, we have the crisis of the republic."},{"startTime":1434.805,"endTime":1436.445,"body":"There's some interesting stuff here, okay?"},{"startTime":1436.445,"endTime":1443.045,"body":"When the political sort of upheavals and economic downturns, uh, actually pollution seems to improve."},{"startTime":1443.785,"endTime":1448.13,"body":"Um, then we have Pax from Mana and we can see uh, it goes up"},{"startTime":1448.13,"endTime":1452.475,"body":"again and those little dots relate to the coinage uh, density at that period of"},{"startTime":1452.475,"endTime":1452.765,"body":"time."},{"startTime":1453.145,"endTime":1455.645,"body":"And then the Roman Empire collapses."},{"startTime":1456.075,"endTime":1461.681,"body":"Lots of plagues occur into late antiquity and it's really not until the early medieval"},{"startTime":1461.681,"endTime":1465.045,"body":"period that lead begins to appear in our atmosphere."},{"startTime":1465.045,"endTime":1469.956,"body":"So we've got a fingerprint, we can see human activity in terms of lead production"},{"startTime":1469.956,"endTime":1473.885,"body":"and then we can actually begin to cascade that forward in time."},{"startTime":1474.905,"endTime":1480.125,"body":"So again here we have three ice cores from Russian Arctic North and South Greenland."},{"startTime":1480.635,"endTime":1484.725,"body":"Picking this up from about sort of like the point we were at before."},{"startTime":1484.825,"endTime":1490.814,"body":"So here we are in the sort of like the Go Republic Pax Romana in"},{"startTime":1490.814,"endTime":1496.405,"body":"the Middle ages now into the Carter Gideons, the great famines bang industrial evolution."},{"startTime":1496.425,"endTime":1498.045,"body":"We can see this increase."},{"startTime":1498.045,"endTime":1500.525,"body":"And just bear in mind this is a log scale, okay?"},{"startTime":1501.065,"endTime":1507.722,"body":"In terms of the concentrations of lead falling outta the atmosphere in prehistory to the"},{"startTime":1507.722,"endTime":1512.605,"body":"modern day illustrating that this is a real sort of issue."},{"startTime":1513.545,"endTime":1517.085,"body":"So lead is bad, we know that."},{"startTime":1517.145,"endTime":1520.245,"body":"We know it has neurological complications and we know that it has them in adults"},{"startTime":1520.245,"endTime":1521.485,"body":"and it has them in children."},{"startTime":1522.225,"endTime":1526.138,"body":"We know that there's lots of lead which has entered the environment and whilst it's"},{"startTime":1526.138,"endTime":1527.965,"body":"locked up in rocks, it's pretty safe."},{"startTime":1528.185,"endTime":1531.885,"body":"Yes, once it's mobilized and worked, then we've got a bit more of an issue."},{"startTime":1532.345,"endTime":1535.801,"body":"And I suppose one of the reasons I've, I've focused on lead of course is"},{"startTime":1535.801,"endTime":1537.645,"body":"that once you've mobilized, it doesn't go away."},{"startTime":1538.105,"endTime":1541.365,"body":"Yes, what has been released is there forever."},{"startTime":1542.105,"endTime":1547.965,"body":"Yes, it is the legacy that all subsequent generations will have to live with."},{"startTime":1549.145,"endTime":1553.08,"body":"But why should we be concerned and where are we now in terms of thinking"},{"startTime":1553.08,"endTime":1553.605,"body":"about this?"},{"startTime":1555.735,"endTime":1560.805,"body":"Where are our lead exposures coming from today?"},{"startTime":1561.225,"endTime":1564.325,"body":"And I suppose that's when it begins to get interesting."},{"startTime":1564.985,"endTime":1570.885,"body":"And in terms of thinking about whether lead is still an issue today, I think"},{"startTime":1570.885,"endTime":1573.245,"body":"many people don't think it is."},{"startTime":1573.945,"endTime":1578.913,"body":"And if you're one of them, be prepared to be quite surprised just by the"},{"startTime":1578.913,"endTime":1579.245,"body":"numbers."},{"startTime":1579.425,"endTime":1585.165,"body":"I'm going to give you lead pipes, clearly that's a straight thing."},{"startTime":1585.305,"endTime":1590.085,"body":"Uh, lots of um, sort of containers, plastics, I mean plastics."},{"startTime":1590.405,"endTime":1596.193,"body":"Actually many of plastics had lead incorporated into them PVC particularly to, to make them"},{"startTime":1596.193,"endTime":1596.965,"body":"more pliable."},{"startTime":1597.745,"endTime":1600.685,"body":"Um, we have paints, lead paints are still available."},{"startTime":1600.925,"endTime":1607.303,"body":"I was quite surprised to find out that there are still about 48% of countries"},{"startTime":1607.303,"endTime":1609.005,"body":"haven't banned lead paint."},{"startTime":1609.125,"endTime":1612.085,"body":"I thought that was a global ban, but that hasn't happened yet."},{"startTime":1612.665,"endTime":1619.239,"body":"Um, we have occupational uses, we have traditional medicines and spices, which I'm gonna talk"},{"startTime":1619.239,"endTime":1625.813,"body":"about a bit later on, as well as a potential source of lead contamination which"},{"startTime":1625.813,"endTime":1628.005,"body":"people just don't think about."},{"startTime":1628.985,"endTime":1633.796,"body":"And all of these things we are exposed to either through ingestion or inhalation or"},{"startTime":1633.796,"endTime":1637.325,"body":"through contact, all of which can be taken into the body."},{"startTime":1637.325,"endTime":1639.725,"body":"And then we have a range of health effects."},{"startTime":1640.265,"endTime":1646.403,"body":"And I suppose if there's a take home message, I'm going to try to force"},{"startTime":1646.403,"endTime":1652.542,"body":"out of this talk about lead is that the, there's this idea that it's, it's"},{"startTime":1652.542,"endTime":1658.681,"body":"neurological, yes, it has neurological effects and you know that um, it has significant con"},{"startTime":1658.681,"endTime":1662.365,"body":"cardiovascular effects as well in terms of absolute quantification."},{"startTime":1663.125,"endTime":1669.44,"body":"Probably the burden of disease through cardiovascular causes is greater than that attributed to the"},{"startTime":1669.44,"endTime":1671.125,"body":"impact on the brain."},{"startTime":1671.705,"endTime":1673.485,"body":"And I don't think that's appreciated."},{"startTime":1673.505,"endTime":1677.581,"body":"And it's only when you appreciate that, that some of these numbers downstream begin to"},{"startTime":1677.581,"endTime":1678.125,"body":"make sense."},{"startTime":1678.375,"endTime":1683.285,"body":"There are reproductive issues, there are links to chronic kidney disease."},{"startTime":1683.735,"endTime":1692.325,"body":"There are increasing pieces of evidence linking accumulation of lead in bone to osteoporosis."},{"startTime":1693.065,"endTime":1695.805,"body":"The sort of lead begins to replace calcium."},{"startTime":1695.985,"endTime":1701.245,"body":"And as it begins to reduce calcium, it induces weakness within the bone."},{"startTime":1702.145,"endTime":1708.002,"body":"And that in part relates to the way in which our body stores lead, which"},{"startTime":1708.002,"endTime":1709.565,"body":"sounds kind of crazy."},{"startTime":1710.385,"endTime":1715.397,"body":"So a lot of the lead we inhale or we eat in our diet, we"},{"startTime":1715.397,"endTime":1718.405,"body":"just excrete or it passes out in our thesis."},{"startTime":1718.665,"endTime":1721.325,"body":"Yes we have some which will enter the blood."},{"startTime":1722.185,"endTime":1727.92,"body":"Um, and then it will partition throughout the body into either soft tissues or into"},{"startTime":1727.92,"endTime":1728.685,"body":"hard tissues."},{"startTime":1729.625,"endTime":1737.368,"body":"96% of your lead, which you've accumulated over your lifetime will be accumulated in your"},{"startTime":1737.368,"endTime":1737.885,"body":"skeleton."},{"startTime":1739.505,"endTime":1739.795,"body":"Okay?"},{"startTime":1740.615,"endTime":1743.835,"body":"Or your teeth in hard tissues."},{"startTime":1744.995,"endTime":1747.635,"body":"A relatively small percentage is in the blood."},{"startTime":1747.825,"endTime":1751.846,"body":"Most of that small percentage in the blood is actually retained within your red blood"},{"startTime":1751.846,"endTime":1752.115,"body":"cells."},{"startTime":1752.325,"endTime":1753.795,"body":"About 99% of it."},{"startTime":1754.175,"endTime":1757.606,"body":"And those ratios change a little bit depending on whether you're an adult or a"},{"startTime":1757.606,"endTime":1757.835,"body":"child."},{"startTime":1759.775,"endTime":1763.883,"body":"The consequences on the brain, if we just focus on these to begin with, and"},{"startTime":1763.883,"endTime":1766.075,"body":"I think they're interested are in early life."},{"startTime":1766.105,"endTime":1774.026,"body":"I've got sleep disturbance, behavioral disturbance, anxiety, cognitive development issues, a whole host of verbal"},{"startTime":1774.026,"endTime":1781.948,"body":"challenges, all of which have been proven and related to lead exposures in the blood"},{"startTime":1781.948,"endTime":1785.645,"body":"between N 0.12 30 micrograms per microliter."},{"startTime":1785.825,"endTime":1789.944,"body":"Now there's a story here which is going to come out because we're gonna talk"},{"startTime":1789.944,"endTime":1794.064,"body":"about the way in which lead and blood and lead and tissues is decreased but"},{"startTime":1794.064,"endTime":1797.085,"body":"right from the bang, let me point out, it's now cons."},{"startTime":1797.085,"endTime":1798.005,"body":"It's now accepted."},{"startTime":1798.005,"endTime":1800.045,"body":"There is no cell, there is no safe level."},{"startTime":1800.585,"endTime":1804.166,"body":"Yes, there does not seem to be a safe level for lead at all in"},{"startTime":1804.166,"endTime":1804.405,"body":"adults."},{"startTime":1804.895,"endTime":1811.929,"body":"Again, we see uh, cognitive impairments and those cognitive impairments which are kind of done"},{"startTime":1811.929,"endTime":1818.963,"body":"by association blood led levels in association to these effects are actually supported by clinic"},{"startTime":1818.963,"endTime":1825.998,"body":"clinical outcomes, low birth weight in children, but also mechanistic data in terms of metabolic"},{"startTime":1825.998,"endTime":1827.405,"body":"changes within tissue."},{"startTime":1827.405,"endTime":1828.805,"body":"So there's actually some real science."},{"startTime":1828.835,"endTime":1834.892,"body":"This is one of those areas where it's not just epidemiology showing an association, we"},{"startTime":1834.892,"endTime":1840.949,"body":"actually have really good data on how lead causes the toxicology and the damage which"},{"startTime":1840.949,"endTime":1842.565,"body":"brings about these impacts."},{"startTime":1843.545,"endTime":1849.025,"body":"Now one of the other things which I think is important about lead and the"},{"startTime":1849.025,"endTime":1853.045,"body":"brain is that normally the brain is a pretty protected environment."},{"startTime":1853.045,"endTime":1856.325,"body":"Now the that's graph is ridiculously complicated."},{"startTime":1856.835,"endTime":1858.325,"body":"It's the best one I could find."},{"startTime":1859.305,"endTime":1860.165,"body":"Simple stuff."},{"startTime":1860.265,"endTime":1867.245,"body":"Yes, the brain is normally protected from the outside world by the blood brain barrier."},{"startTime":1867.745,"endTime":1874.089,"body":"Really tight junctions yes to restrict the passage of exogenous materials from the blood toxins,"},{"startTime":1874.089,"endTime":1879.165,"body":"infectious agents into the brain because the brain is a protected environment."},{"startTime":1880.105,"endTime":1885.109,"body":"But lead doesn't have a problem because lead has transporters which are just there to"},{"startTime":1885.109,"endTime":1887.445,"body":"help it move across that blood-brain barrier."},{"startTime":1888.305,"endTime":1892.321,"body":"One of them is known as the divalent metal transporter one, they can just go"},{"startTime":1892.321,"endTime":1893.125,"body":"straight through that."},{"startTime":1893.425,"endTime":1895.325,"body":"It can also go through calcium channels."},{"startTime":1895.745,"endTime":1900.325,"body":"So the blood brainin barrier is not a barrier to lead."},{"startTime":1901.025,"endTime":1904.765,"body":"So it has access once it's in the circulation to get to the brain."},{"startTime":1906.155,"endTime":1909.485,"body":"Once it's in the brain it has a plethora of cells it can interact with."},{"startTime":1909.665,"endTime":1911.845,"body":"So we have some neurons there, have neuronal junction."},{"startTime":1912.265,"endTime":1915.635,"body":"And then we have these two cells here which look a bit like amoeba at"},{"startTime":1915.635,"endTime":1916.085,"body":"the top."},{"startTime":1916.105,"endTime":1919.445,"body":"That's a glial cell that's kind of like the immune cell in the brain."},{"startTime":1919.835,"endTime":1923.785,"body":"Down here we have an astrocyte which kind of has plays a sort of maintenance"},{"startTime":1923.785,"endTime":1925.365,"body":"role within the actual brain structure."},{"startTime":1926.185,"endTime":1927.205,"body":"And you can look across here."},{"startTime":1927.205,"endTime":1933.176,"body":"But essentially what happens is the lead has the potential to basically disturb calcium metabolism"},{"startTime":1933.176,"endTime":1935.565,"body":"in all of these cell types."},{"startTime":1935.905,"endTime":1942.383,"body":"And to cause oxidative stress, I will end up causing free radical production which affects"},{"startTime":1942.383,"endTime":1948.861,"body":"neuro transmission and actually can result in neuronal cell death because it triggers inflammation within"},{"startTime":1948.861,"endTime":1949.725,"body":"the brain."},{"startTime":1950.825,"endTime":1957.008,"body":"So we have a toxin, I should say a toxicant, I should always say this"},{"startTime":1957.008,"endTime":1958.245,"body":"to my students."},{"startTime":1958.705,"endTime":1962.805,"body":"Toxins are biological, yes toxicants, inorganics are lead is a toxicant."},{"startTime":1963.065,"endTime":1968.897,"body":"We have a toxicant which can be taken into the body through the gut, through"},{"startTime":1968.897,"endTime":1974.729,"body":"the airway, move and petition through the blood to soft and hard tissues and has"},{"startTime":1974.729,"endTime":1976.285,"body":"access to the brain."},{"startTime":1977.185,"endTime":1982.571,"body":"So this is actually, it's ticking a lot of the boxes for something you don't"},{"startTime":1982.571,"endTime":1985.085,"body":"really want to release into the environment."},{"startTime":1987.505,"endTime":1993.596,"body":"And this is just to make that point about the way in which it petitions"},{"startTime":1993.596,"endTime":1996.845,"body":"from food, air contact into the various tissues."},{"startTime":1997.515,"endTime":2003.553,"body":"Because I think you've gotta bear in mind that in the, in the blood, in"},{"startTime":2003.553,"endTime":2009.592,"body":"the blood pool lead has a half life of around 28 to about 36 days"},{"startTime":2009.592,"endTime":2011.605,"body":"in the bone for years."},{"startTime":2012.105,"endTime":2015.165,"body":"Yes it can be mobilized from the bone."},{"startTime":2015.825,"endTime":2020.016,"body":"Um, under certain conditions the bone actually acts as a sort of storage organ for"},{"startTime":2020.016,"endTime":2024.207,"body":"the heavy metal, yes it should be doing it for calcium, but it's been replaced"},{"startTime":2024.207,"endTime":2025.605,"body":"by lead in this circumstance."},{"startTime":2026.135,"endTime":2031.948,"body":"Which means that when you take a blood sample from someone to measure lead, what"},{"startTime":2031.948,"endTime":2037.762,"body":"you are actually measuring is recent lead and old lead in a dynamic exchange between"},{"startTime":2037.762,"endTime":2038.925,"body":"the body stores."},{"startTime":2039.025,"endTime":2040.685,"body":"Yes, the soft tissues, the heart tissues."},{"startTime":2040.685,"endTime":2045.325,"body":"So it's a much more complicated sort of relationship than people generally think."},{"startTime":2045.785,"endTime":2046.605,"body":"But that's important."},{"startTime":2046.605,"endTime":2051.532,"body":"And the thing about bone and I I find this fascinating is that there are"},{"startTime":2051.532,"endTime":2056.459,"body":"moments in which bone let, will let go of the heavy metals including lead that"},{"startTime":2056.459,"endTime":2057.445,"body":"it has accumulated."},{"startTime":2058.185,"endTime":2059.525,"body":"And one of them is pregnancy."},{"startTime":2060.545,"endTime":2066.405,"body":"So during pregnancy lead will be mobilized and it'll be mobilized to the developing fetus."},{"startTime":2067.025,"endTime":2072.654,"body":"Yes, first child is gonna get that hit, yes the other time it's going to"},{"startTime":2072.654,"endTime":2073.405,"body":"get mobilized."},{"startTime":2073.405,"endTime":2079.104,"body":"There are other, there are other examples is joint menopause when the lead is gonna"},{"startTime":2079.104,"endTime":2083.284,"body":"begin to actually begin to become more mobilized into the tissue."},{"startTime":2085.125,"endTime":2088.62,"body":"I was looking for some nice pictures of bone 'cause we do have some studies"},{"startTime":2088.62,"endTime":2092.114,"body":"going on in my department at the moment looking at lead accumulation in bone because"},{"startTime":2092.114,"endTime":2094.445,"body":"we are interested in osteoporosis and how that might work."},{"startTime":2095.185,"endTime":2100.725,"body":"But what I found instead were teeth studies and again this is quite nice."},{"startTime":2100.745,"endTime":2102.525,"body":"So this is a study of human teeth."},{"startTime":2103.185,"endTime":2105.685,"body":"Um, and this is from Malaysia."},{"startTime":2105.865,"endTime":2108.245,"body":"So it's looking at the ethnic groups within Malaysia."},{"startTime":2108.345,"endTime":2113.301,"body":"So we have Malay, Chinese and India within Malay and they're looking at the dentine"},{"startTime":2113.301,"endTime":2116.605,"body":"in the teeth as an accumulated tissue for heavy metals."},{"startTime":2117.225,"endTime":2123.03,"body":"And if we just focus on just lead here, we can see essentially that ethnicity"},{"startTime":2123.03,"endTime":2124.965,"body":"doesn't make a huge difference."},{"startTime":2124.965,"endTime":2128.765,"body":"And that's there really as a proxy for dietary differences between different ethnic groups."},{"startTime":2130.155,"endTime":2135.062,"body":"This is the more interesting one because what you have is 15 to 30, 31"},{"startTime":2135.062,"endTime":2139.969,"body":"to 50 50 over and you can see as you age you begin to just"},{"startTime":2139.969,"endTime":2141.605,"body":"increase the actual long-term concentrations."},{"startTime":2141.625,"endTime":2145.205,"body":"The accumulation of heavy metals within the body."},{"startTime":2146.065,"endTime":2147.765,"body":"So we are accumulating this stuff."},{"startTime":2147.775,"endTime":2153.645,"body":"We've become biological accumulators of a toxicant which we know has adverse effects on health."},{"startTime":2155.005,"endTime":2158.325,"body":"I said we knew a lot about its toxicology and we do."},{"startTime":2158.425,"endTime":2161.593,"body":"And I could bore you all to death endlessly about this 'cause this is my"},{"startTime":2161.593,"endTime":2161.805,"body":"world."},{"startTime":2162.145,"endTime":2167.301,"body":"But here are some simple things that it does which cause problems in the human"},{"startTime":2167.301,"endTime":2167.645,"body":"body."},{"startTime":2169.195,"endTime":2174.662,"body":"Lead will bind to little groups known as fal groups, which are often on proteins"},{"startTime":2174.662,"endTime":2176.485,"body":"when it binds to them."},{"startTime":2176.905,"endTime":2178.485,"body":"It can inactivate enzymes."},{"startTime":2178.555,"endTime":2183.205,"body":"Many of those enzymes are involved in the generation of heme in red blood cells."},{"startTime":2183.905,"endTime":2189.645,"body":"So led by binding to the enzymes which are involved in heme reduction can result"},{"startTime":2189.645,"endTime":2192.325,"body":"in anemia good to an anemia signature."},{"startTime":2193.945,"endTime":2198.416,"body":"The body is full of lots of molecules which have these file groups 'cause they're"},{"startTime":2198.416,"endTime":2200.205,"body":"really good sponges for three radicals."},{"startTime":2200.425,"endTime":2204.925,"body":"Yes, in fact there's a small molecular weight sponge called glutathione, which is it throughout"},{"startTime":2204.925,"endTime":2206.725,"body":"all the tissues in the body."},{"startTime":2207.585,"endTime":2213.253,"body":"But if it's bound to lead, it doesn't function in that way, which means you've"},{"startTime":2213.253,"endTime":2214.765,"body":"reduced spontaneously that barrier."},{"startTime":2215.665,"endTime":2218.765,"body":"And in addition, some of the enzymes in the body, I've got two here."},{"startTime":2219.585,"endTime":2222.085,"body":"SOD stands for superoxide dismutase."},{"startTime":2222.745,"endTime":2224.045,"body":"GPX is the glu defined oxidase."},{"startTime":2224.045,"endTime":2226.405,"body":"These are enzymes which also function to mop up dangers."},{"startTime":2226.405,"endTime":2226.885,"body":"Three radicals."},{"startTime":2227.195,"endTime":2229.285,"body":"They're inactivated by lead."},{"startTime":2229.305,"endTime":2233.811,"body":"So if you knock out the low molecular weight sponge and the enzymes go figure"},{"startTime":2233.811,"endTime":2238.318,"body":"the number three radicals in your system goes up, you get a condition known as"},{"startTime":2238.318,"endTime":2242.525,"body":"oxidative stress and as the oxidative stress goes out, you move towards cell death."},{"startTime":2242.745,"endTime":2242.965,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":2243.345,"endTime":2247.045,"body":"So it can actually have generic effects in that way."},{"startTime":2247.265,"endTime":2251.405,"body":"And as I mentioned before, it really messes up calcium handling in cells."},{"startTime":2251.405,"endTime":2256.005,"body":"And calcium is absolutely fundamental to cell signaling and cell maintenance and metabolism."},{"startTime":2256.985,"endTime":2261.765,"body":"So just the lead in the system itself can dysregulate the whole system."},{"startTime":2262.665,"endTime":2267.858,"body":"Now all of this is really bad but I'm now gonna give you some good"},{"startTime":2267.858,"endTime":2268.205,"body":"news."},{"startTime":2268.555,"endTime":2272.651,"body":"Okay, I know it's not like me, I'm probably gonna break after I've done this,"},{"startTime":2272.651,"endTime":2272.925,"body":"okay?"},{"startTime":2275.565,"endTime":2278.045,"body":"Although it says at the top it's catastrophic."},{"startTime":2278.045,"endTime":2284.172,"body":"Well clearly Mytho LED was catastrophic but because of the science by Peterson and by"},{"startTime":2284.172,"endTime":2290.3,"body":"the health professionals, it was realized that it was bad for human health and it"},{"startTime":2290.3,"endTime":2296.427,"body":"was banned more accurately phased out in a staged and graded fashion as these things"},{"startTime":2296.427,"endTime":2297.245,"body":"often are."},{"startTime":2298.665,"endTime":2306.365,"body":"But for me, here's another message because what this tells you is regulation works."},{"startTime":2307.545,"endTime":2313.65,"body":"So here we have the percentage of children who have a blood lead letter greater"},{"startTime":2313.65,"endTime":2315.685,"body":"than 10 micrograms per deciliter."},{"startTime":2315.945,"endTime":2318.525,"body":"So that's the sort of threshold level at the time they did this."},{"startTime":2318.865,"endTime":2324.159,"body":"And here we have a timeline from 1971 through to 2008 and the red line"},{"startTime":2324.159,"endTime":2329.454,"body":"is looking at that percentage of children with high blood levels relative to the lead-based"},{"startTime":2329.454,"endTime":2331.925,"body":"paint poisoning act in the United States."},{"startTime":2332.145,"endTime":2337.902,"body":"The phase out of gasoline beginning in 1973 bans on residential painting in the states"},{"startTime":2337.902,"endTime":2340.205,"body":"in 78 ban on lead plumbing."},{"startTime":2340.585,"endTime":2346.452,"body":"And you can begin to see as all these regulations come in, the proportion of"},{"startTime":2346.452,"endTime":2352.32,"body":"children with high lead levels falls that I think is a biomarker of success and"},{"startTime":2352.32,"endTime":2353.885,"body":"tremendous public health success."},{"startTime":2354.785,"endTime":2358.649,"body":"And the blue line over here just relates to the actual pure measurements of the"},{"startTime":2358.649,"endTime":2359.165,"body":"actual lead."},{"startTime":2359.265,"endTime":2365.343,"body":"Now just bear in mind, we're still above 10, sort of two to 10 in"},{"startTime":2365.343,"endTime":2366.965,"body":"terms of the proportions."},{"startTime":2367.305,"endTime":2370.085,"body":"Now that's great, that's the United States."},{"startTime":2370.985,"endTime":2378.316,"body":"Uh, just for the sake of argument, that's when the United Kingdom banned gas, leaded"},{"startTime":2378.316,"endTime":2378.805,"body":"gasoline."},{"startTime":2378.805,"endTime":2381.405,"body":"That was at the beginning of 2000 January, 2000."},{"startTime":2381.985,"endTime":2384.645,"body":"And that's when we banned leaded paint."},{"startTime":2384.905,"endTime":2387.565,"body":"So that puts us onto that, that spectrum."},{"startTime":2388.945,"endTime":2399.365,"body":"But the world did not become lead free or teal led free until August, 2021."},{"startTime":2400.815,"endTime":2407.438,"body":"Again, not appreciated when Algeria was the final country to ban the sale of leaded"},{"startTime":2407.438,"endTime":2409.205,"body":"petrol with one caveat."},{"startTime":2409.625,"endTime":2413.165,"body":"And it's a caveat that I only found out about this week."},{"startTime":2413.235,"endTime":2418.972,"body":"It's one of those habits of when you produce these lectures, you read around that"},{"startTime":2418.972,"endTime":2424.71,"body":"I've just discovered that if you have a piston operated light aircraft, they still use"},{"startTime":2424.71,"endTime":2427.005,"body":"petrol EAL lead in their engines."},{"startTime":2427.385,"endTime":2429.285,"body":"And I had no idea that was still the case."},{"startTime":2429.285,"endTime":2430.725,"body":"There seems to be a bit of a loophole."},{"startTime":2430.725,"endTime":2432.085,"body":"So that's, that's an interesting one."},{"startTime":2432.105,"endTime":2436.205,"body":"Now this has been tremendously successful."},{"startTime":2436.265,"endTime":2444.946,"body":"How successful, look here we have blood led concentrations across Europe from the mid seventies"},{"startTime":2444.946,"endTime":2453.628,"body":"through to the present day and you can see how concentrations have fallen in children's"},{"startTime":2453.628,"endTime":2455.365,"body":"blood tremendously successful."},{"startTime":2456.065,"endTime":2460.28,"body":"And we can go on, we can also look at that in terms of the"},{"startTime":2460.28,"endTime":2461.685,"body":"concentrations in North America success."},{"startTime":2463.235,"endTime":2465.175,"body":"So why should we be concerned?"},{"startTime":2466.755,"endTime":2471.751,"body":"The science has evolved and what the science has now told us is that led"},{"startTime":2471.751,"endTime":2476.415,"body":"at much lower levels than we previously thought has impacts particularly on cardiovascular health."},{"startTime":2478.435,"endTime":2480.255,"body":"And I've stolen, this is a dashboard."},{"startTime":2480.605,"endTime":2481.615,"body":"This is great fun."},{"startTime":2482.235,"endTime":2486.54,"body":"If you follow this little thing, it will take you to the dashboard for the"},{"startTime":2486.54,"endTime":2490.845,"body":"global burden of disease and you can pick your disease and you can pick your"},{"startTime":2490.845,"endTime":2495.15,"body":"environmental stressor and it will tell you how your stressor contributes towards the global burden"},{"startTime":2495.15,"endTime":2495.725,"body":"of disease."},{"startTime":2496.305,"endTime":2501.445,"body":"And this is the global burden of disease, total mortality related to lead."},{"startTime":2502.305,"endTime":2508.322,"body":"And you can see here we have IHD, that's ischemic heart disease, stroke, hypertensive related"},{"startTime":2508.322,"endTime":2509.125,"body":"heart disease."},{"startTime":2509.125,"endTime":2511.005,"body":"And down here we have chronic kidney disease."},{"startTime":2511.225,"endTime":2515.575,"body":"So you can begin to work out what the global burden of disease is globe"},{"startTime":2515.575,"endTime":2516.445,"body":"because of lead."},{"startTime":2517.145,"endTime":2521.175,"body":"And then we can put some numbers on it and we can see that although"},{"startTime":2521.175,"endTime":2525.205,"body":"the concentrations have gone down, actually the science is suggesting the risk has gone up."},{"startTime":2526.065,"endTime":2532.805,"body":"So in 1990, if you do this exercise, you get around half a million excess"},{"startTime":2532.805,"endTime":2539.546,"body":"deaths because of lead globally in 19 2019, which is the last time this exercise"},{"startTime":2539.546,"endTime":2540.445,"body":"was done."},{"startTime":2541.265,"endTime":2551.125,"body":"We are up to 900,000 premature deaths if we don't get completely obsessed with death."},{"startTime":2551.985,"endTime":2555.948,"body":"And then we also begin to consider what the impact is on your day to"},{"startTime":2555.948,"endTime":2557.005,"body":"day living your morbidity."},{"startTime":2557.065,"endTime":2557.285,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":2557.285,"endTime":2561.43,"body":"And we can actually then begin to deal with things like developmental disorders and how"},{"startTime":2561.43,"endTime":2563.365,"body":"that begins to impact on your life."},{"startTime":2564.035,"endTime":2569.19,"body":"Well then we can put some IES disability adjusted life year estimates on this and"},{"startTime":2569.19,"endTime":2570.565,"body":"we can see that."},{"startTime":2570.595,"endTime":2577.18,"body":"Okay, let's, let's just look at the headline figure for sort of now and we"},{"startTime":2577.18,"endTime":2583.765,"body":"can see we're looking at around 21.7 million disability adjusted life year in the global"},{"startTime":2583.765,"endTime":2584.205,"body":"population."},{"startTime":2584.205,"endTime":2587.245,"body":"These, these figures are chunky."},{"startTime":2587.975,"endTime":2595.73,"body":"There is no other chemical entity which gives a number of this magnitude, yes, hardly"},{"startTime":2595.73,"endTime":2596.765,"body":"any investment."},{"startTime":2598.185,"endTime":2603.77,"body":"Now most of this burden is in low and middle income countries and the terminology"},{"startTime":2603.77,"endTime":2606.005,"body":"here is a little bit thing."},{"startTime":2606.005,"endTime":2612.24,"body":"But you can certainly see Pakistan, Bangladesh, India lighting up dramatically here in terms of"},{"startTime":2612.24,"endTime":2617.645,"body":"areas where there's significant high levels of blood sort of concentrations in children."},{"startTime":2617.705,"endTime":2622.47,"body":"And if you wanna put that into sort of quantification, India, China, Nigeria, Pakistan, Indonesia,"},{"startTime":2622.47,"endTime":2625.965,"body":"these are millions of children with unhealthy levels of blood lead."},{"startTime":2626.115,"endTime":2628.405,"body":"Okay, this is chunky massive."},{"startTime":2628.625,"endTime":2636.383,"body":"In fact if you estimate it, you have about 800 million children and young individuals"},{"startTime":2636.383,"endTime":2644.142,"body":"under the age of 19 who have blood level levels at concentrations known to be"},{"startTime":2644.142,"endTime":2651.901,"body":"harmful under current research and very little investment in research into this particular area compared"},{"startTime":2651.901,"endTime":2655.005,"body":"with microplastics or compared with PFAS."},{"startTime":2655.135,"endTime":2657.685,"body":"Hence the reason I picked this one is by last example."},{"startTime":2659.225,"endTime":2661.565,"body":"And the science is great and the science is really good."},{"startTime":2661.625,"endTime":2663.285,"body":"I'm gonna just fly through some science here."},{"startTime":2663.285,"endTime":2667.949,"body":"Look, this is a study, um, it's based on a a, a sort of survey,"},{"startTime":2667.949,"endTime":2672.614,"body":"a longitudinal survey of health in the United States, the National Health and Nutrition Examination"},{"startTime":2672.614,"endTime":2672.925,"body":"Service."},{"startTime":2673.315,"endTime":2677.576,"body":"Here we have adjusted blood levels and here we have um, if you have sort"},{"startTime":2677.576,"endTime":2679.565,"body":"of like diastolic and systolic blood pressure."},{"startTime":2680.425,"endTime":2683.593,"body":"Um, and actually it doesn't look as though are many dots, but those are average"},{"startTime":2683.593,"endTime":2683.805,"body":"dots."},{"startTime":2683.805,"endTime":2686.005,"body":"There are about 500 pieces of data in this."},{"startTime":2686.005,"endTime":2690.885,"body":"And you can see there's a relationship between blood levels, lead levels and blood pressure."},{"startTime":2692.105,"endTime":2698.826,"body":"And if you take that data and then you convert that to risk, you can"},{"startTime":2698.826,"endTime":2705.548,"body":"begin to see how mean blood levels correspond to predicted deaths for myocardial infarction or"},{"startTime":2705.548,"endTime":2706.445,"body":"from strokes."},{"startTime":2707.065,"endTime":2712.607,"body":"And you can see it's a curve which goes all the way down to very,"},{"startTime":2712.607,"endTime":2714.085,"body":"very low concentrations indeed."},{"startTime":2715.825,"endTime":2717.445,"body":"And the data gets better."},{"startTime":2717.505,"endTime":2718.285,"body":"That's quite odd."},{"startTime":2718.325,"endTime":2720.285,"body":"I picked it up there 'cause it's from 1985."},{"startTime":2720.345,"endTime":2723.325,"body":"It was one of the first studies which looked at this cardiovascular risk effect."},{"startTime":2723.585,"endTime":2725.125,"body":"Here's something a little bit more recent."},{"startTime":2726.795,"endTime":2729.605,"body":"This is from Lancet Public Health 2018."},{"startTime":2730.145,"endTime":2734.325,"body":"And it's again looking at that survey in about 14,000 individuals."},{"startTime":2734.325,"endTime":2739.525,"body":"And just look at the course all cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, ischemic heart disease, concentrations"},{"startTime":2739.525,"endTime":2740.565,"body":"of blood lead."},{"startTime":2740.565,"endTime":2743.445,"body":"That's ten seven point five five, 2.5."},{"startTime":2743.755,"endTime":2745.045,"body":"Look at that black line."},{"startTime":2745.045,"endTime":2745.845,"body":"That's the effect."},{"startTime":2746.345,"endTime":2751.634,"body":"And you can see that it's going down towards zero down to incredibly low levels"},{"startTime":2751.634,"endTime":2753.045,"body":"of blood lead concentrations."},{"startTime":2753.505,"endTime":2759.515,"body":"And over here this is really nice 'cause they've put lots of things which are"},{"startTime":2759.515,"endTime":2765.125,"body":"associated with increased cardiovascular risk, cigarettes, smoking, lack of activity, high cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin."},{"startTime":2765.125,"endTime":2766.645,"body":"And over here we have the effect estimates."},{"startTime":2766.645,"endTime":2768.525,"body":"At the very top, you have lead."},{"startTime":2768.585,"endTime":2773.553,"body":"And you'll see that lead is one of the strongest predictors of all of these"},{"startTime":2773.553,"endTime":2773.885,"body":"indications."},{"startTime":2775.145,"endTime":2778.245,"body":"Not appreciated by the general public."},{"startTime":2779.185,"endTime":2782.005,"body":"If it was, I think there'd be much, much more focus."},{"startTime":2782.265,"endTime":2787.834,"body":"Now once you've got those relationships, you can begin to do proper evaluations globally, look"},{"startTime":2787.834,"endTime":2790.805,"body":"at the risk and try to quantify it."},{"startTime":2791.905,"endTime":2794.125,"body":"And again, subject which is very new."},{"startTime":2794.745,"endTime":2796.245,"body":"So this is from October this year."},{"startTime":2797.475,"endTime":2801.605,"body":"This is looking at IQ loss across the global population."},{"startTime":2801.825,"endTime":2806.085,"body":"So this is cumulative IQ loss across blood level concentrations."},{"startTime":2806.085,"endTime":2810.514,"body":"And again, we can see the line goes down and clearly we are still seeing"},{"startTime":2810.514,"endTime":2814.943,"body":"IQ losses beneath ten five and 3.5, which is what the CDC recently said we"},{"startTime":2814.943,"endTime":2816.125,"body":"should be concerned about."},{"startTime":2816.755,"endTime":2820.085,"body":"Okay, that's quite a lot of IQ loss."},{"startTime":2820.665,"endTime":2826.075,"body":"In fact, I think it, it's about, I wrote it down because I couldn't, I"},{"startTime":2826.075,"endTime":2831.485,"body":"myself couldn't quite wrap my head around the magnitude of the loss of IQ points."},{"startTime":2831.625,"endTime":2833.445,"body":"But it's, it's pretty hefty."},{"startTime":2834.235,"endTime":2838.885,"body":"This is the cardiovascular risk again, parts down."},{"startTime":2838.985,"endTime":2842.845,"body":"Now the reason I've done this is they use this to do an economic evaluation."},{"startTime":2844.005,"endTime":2845.485,"body":"Economic evaluations really matter."},{"startTime":2845.665,"endTime":2848.445,"body":"Yes, because that's how people think about these things."},{"startTime":2849.345,"endTime":2858.258,"body":"The costing of lead based on these IQ effects on children up to the age"},{"startTime":2858.258,"endTime":2867.171,"body":"of five and cardiovascular deaths came in and literally I fell off my stool when"},{"startTime":2867.171,"endTime":2876.085,"body":"I read it at 6 trillion US dollars per year or 6.9% of global GDP."},{"startTime":2876.795,"endTime":2878.095,"body":"Now you can argue about the figures."},{"startTime":2878.315,"endTime":2882.455,"body":"Yes they can go up, they can go down, however that number goes."},{"startTime":2882.525,"endTime":2886.495,"body":"It's hefty, yes and certainly worth people's attention."},{"startTime":2888.475,"endTime":2892.258,"body":"Now it's difficult when you do those calculations to deal with the impacts on the"},{"startTime":2892.258,"endTime":2893.015,"body":"brain in children."},{"startTime":2893.715,"endTime":2899.538,"body":"And I just wanted to say this and the reason is when you start looking"},{"startTime":2899.538,"endTime":2905.361,"body":"at childhood disabilities related to poor cognitive development, that goes all the way through to"},{"startTime":2905.361,"endTime":2908.855,"body":"crime, antisocial behavior, lifestyle impacts all the way through."},{"startTime":2908.855,"endTime":2913.615,"body":"And those aspects have not been fully quantified to the present moment in time."},{"startTime":2914.365,"endTime":2915.495,"body":"Okay, big effects."},{"startTime":2916.075,"endTime":2919.895,"body":"Now I'm gonna rattle through some things to keep you nervous."},{"startTime":2922.435,"endTime":2923.815,"body":"The lead never went away."},{"startTime":2924.565,"endTime":2929.999,"body":"This is a study my colleague Dave Green and colleagues RO Harrison, the University of"},{"startTime":2929.999,"endTime":2932.535,"body":"Birmingham did measuring lead and lead isotopes."},{"startTime":2933.045,"endTime":2934.975,"body":"Busy road in central London, Marburn Road."},{"startTime":2934.975,"endTime":2936.455,"body":"There's an air quality monitoring station."},{"startTime":2936.995,"endTime":2942.895,"body":"If you look at the isotopes, what you work out is about 40% of the"},{"startTime":2942.895,"endTime":2947.615,"body":"lead that you measure in the air comes from tetra eile lead."},{"startTime":2948.475,"endTime":2949.575,"body":"It never went away."},{"startTime":2950.395,"endTime":2955.252,"body":"It just got retained into the soil, into the roads so it could be kicked"},{"startTime":2955.252,"endTime":2958.815,"body":"back up into the air in the passage of waking vehicles."},{"startTime":2960.005,"endTime":2964.455,"body":"Important message, what we put out into our environment stays there."},{"startTime":2965.325,"endTime":2969.75,"body":"Lead is a classic example of this and we have a few things that I"},{"startTime":2969.75,"endTime":2971.815,"body":"think we need to be concerned with."},{"startTime":2974.175,"endTime":2976.575,"body":"Batteries real obsessed with batteries."},{"startTime":2976.875,"endTime":2981.152,"body":"And we are very good in the west at making our problems disappear by shifting"},{"startTime":2981.152,"endTime":2984.575,"body":"them to the developing world to get them to deal with it."},{"startTime":2985.205,"endTime":2986.095,"body":"This is India."},{"startTime":2986.805,"endTime":2992.149,"body":"This is somebody recycling by hand lead batteries and actually smelting the lead outta them"},{"startTime":2992.149,"endTime":2993.575,"body":"in an open pit."},{"startTime":2994.925,"endTime":2996.775,"body":"Yeah, this is quite common."},{"startTime":2997.685,"endTime":3004.152,"body":"It's estimated that 90% of lead batteries in India end up being recycled under these"},{"startTime":3004.152,"endTime":3005.015,"body":"unregulated things."},{"startTime":3005.035,"endTime":3006.255,"body":"And here's an interesting one."},{"startTime":3006.255,"endTime":3011.495,"body":"This is the concentration of lead in controls and people who are doing this work."},{"startTime":3011.515,"endTime":3016.495,"body":"And you can see this huge additional lead concentration through this unregulated work."},{"startTime":3016.835,"endTime":3020.577,"body":"And associated with that, the people who are working in these fields have a significant"},{"startTime":3020.577,"endTime":3021.575,"body":"increase in blood pressure."},{"startTime":3021.845,"endTime":3023.855,"body":"They also have decreased lung function."},{"startTime":3023.855,"endTime":3026.855,"body":"Clearly this is not an ideal working environment."},{"startTime":3027.065,"endTime":3031.676,"body":"So batteries, some people argue that the fact that lead is still high is because"},{"startTime":3031.676,"endTime":3035.365,"body":"of this battery recycling issue and it's something we have to address."},{"startTime":3036.585,"endTime":3039.325,"body":"Here's something else we have to be concerned with."},{"startTime":3039.525,"endTime":3044.788,"body":"I used this slide before when I talked about microplasty, but tires, uh, use lead"},{"startTime":3044.788,"endTime":3047.245,"body":"in the vulcanization process in their manufacture."},{"startTime":3048.305,"endTime":3052.205,"body":"And this is data from some colleagues at the MRC toxicology unit."},{"startTime":3052.945,"endTime":3058.304,"body":"All they did was grind up lots of different tires from cars and lorries and"},{"startTime":3058.304,"endTime":3060.805,"body":"measure the actual metals associated with them."},{"startTime":3060.805,"endTime":3065.925,"body":"And right at the end, cars and HTVs a source of lead."},{"startTime":3066.785,"endTime":3072.272,"body":"So as you drive around and your tires are ground into the uh, road, we"},{"startTime":3072.272,"endTime":3075.565,"body":"have a new source of lead entering our environment."},{"startTime":3076.145,"endTime":3085.586,"body":"Um, plastics, I mentioned plastics before because lead had historically been used in toys and"},{"startTime":3085.586,"endTime":3086.845,"body":"plastic manufacturing."},{"startTime":3087.235,"endTime":3091.645,"body":"It's been phased out here to a certain extent but not everywhere."},{"startTime":3092.145,"endTime":3096.834,"body":"And we still import a lot of very cheap goods from other countries which don't"},{"startTime":3096.834,"endTime":3098.085,"body":"have such high regulation."},{"startTime":3098.305,"endTime":3099.365,"body":"And here's the other thing."},{"startTime":3100.465,"endTime":3101.925,"body":"We want to recycle that."},{"startTime":3102.105,"endTime":3105.045,"body":"And so all of the old plastic we are recycling."},{"startTime":3105.555,"endTime":3111.322,"body":"Potentially we are recycling the lead and all the contaminants, which is in that plastic"},{"startTime":3111.322,"endTime":3113.245,"body":"when it was originally manufactured."},{"startTime":3113.905,"endTime":3118.845,"body":"So lead is still an issue when we start thinking about plastics and microplastics."},{"startTime":3121.285,"endTime":3122.265,"body":"And then food."},{"startTime":3124.255,"endTime":3127.185,"body":"This is something which took me by surprise."},{"startTime":3127.495,"endTime":3128.585,"body":"This is turmeric."},{"startTime":3128.965,"endTime":3129.185,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3129.965,"endTime":3135.481,"body":"Um, apparently if you want people to buy your turmeric, it's really good if it's"},{"startTime":3135.481,"endTime":3136.585,"body":"bright yellow oranges."},{"startTime":3136.965,"endTime":3141.345,"body":"And the best way of doing that is to add lead mates to it."},{"startTime":3142.125,"endTime":3147.225,"body":"And so in other countries, this is in Bangladesh, they add it and then they"},{"startTime":3147.225,"endTime":3147.905,"body":"export it."},{"startTime":3148.325,"endTime":3152.593,"body":"And so actually there's quite a high level of lead within imported spices coming into"},{"startTime":3152.593,"endTime":3154.585,"body":"the United Kingdom and Europe in general."},{"startTime":3155.205,"endTime":3159.996,"body":"And you can actually begin to quantify the concentrations of how that lead builds up"},{"startTime":3159.996,"endTime":3164.787,"body":"in the soil outside these facilities, in the dust, in the mineral dust, in the"},{"startTime":3164.787,"endTime":3166.065,"body":"pigments which they're putting."},{"startTime":3166.125,"endTime":3170.025,"body":"So you can actually see how the lead is accumulating in the industrial process."},{"startTime":3170.245,"endTime":3172.265,"body":"So lead has not gone away."},{"startTime":3172.725,"endTime":3177.185,"body":"Yes, the lead we put into the environment is still there and recycling."},{"startTime":3177.605,"endTime":3183.665,"body":"And we are still as a society making things and introducing lead into our environment."},{"startTime":3184.845,"endTime":3189.385,"body":"So I thought I would therefore end with this."},{"startTime":3191.745,"endTime":3196.845,"body":"I wanted to talk about waste and I've been unreservedly negative and depressing about it,"},{"startTime":3196.845,"endTime":3201.945,"body":"which is to break the fundamental paradigm of giving a talk, which is you're meant"},{"startTime":3201.945,"endTime":3207.045,"body":"to leave the room feeling happy and as though the world is a better place."},{"startTime":3208.285,"endTime":3213.494,"body":"I think it's time we all woke up and stopped entertaining ourselves and distracting ourselves"},{"startTime":3213.494,"endTime":3215.925,"body":"because we are in a perilous situation."},{"startTime":3216.025,"endTime":3221.851,"body":"In fact, looking at the great challenge of our age, these are the planetary boundaries"},{"startTime":3221.851,"endTime":3223.405,"body":"defined at various points."},{"startTime":3223.865,"endTime":3228.445,"body":"And this graph illustrates how far we are exceeding our planetary Biogen."},{"startTime":3228.445,"endTime":3229.925,"body":"So this is 2023."},{"startTime":3230.625,"endTime":3235.675,"body":"We have, oh look, we haven't quite got to stratospheric, ozone apocalypse uh, atmospheric loading,"},{"startTime":3235.675,"endTime":3236.685,"body":"not too bad."},{"startTime":3236.685,"endTime":3237.605,"body":"Ocean acidification."},{"startTime":3237.605,"endTime":3239.165,"body":"We haven't killed everything quite yet."},{"startTime":3239.905,"endTime":3241.485,"body":"Uh, biogeochemical flows."},{"startTime":3241.485,"endTime":3242.365,"body":"We've messed that up."},{"startTime":3242.365,"endTime":3243.765,"body":"Fresh water, we've messed that up."},{"startTime":3243.765,"endTime":3245.445,"body":"Land system change that's messed up."},{"startTime":3245.595,"endTime":3249.085,"body":"Biosphere integrity is in shocking state climate change."},{"startTime":3249.105,"endTime":3253.188,"body":"We know the direction that's going at and novel chemical entities in our environment is"},{"startTime":3253.188,"endTime":3254.005,"body":"off the scale."},{"startTime":3254.875,"endTime":3260.989,"body":"This is not a time for being unrelentingly cheerful unless you are doing something about"},{"startTime":3260.989,"endTime":3261.805,"body":"those issues."},{"startTime":3262.665,"endTime":3268.885,"body":"And so here are some lessons, bled dot insert, whatever comes next."},{"startTime":3269.205,"endTime":3269.725,"body":"'cause it's coming."},{"startTime":3270.405,"endTime":3275.015,"body":"Somebody's about to monetize a new chemical and release into the environment without safety testing"},{"startTime":3275.015,"endTime":3276.245,"body":"and without any regulation."},{"startTime":3276.385,"endTime":3277.405,"body":"We know it's going to happen."},{"startTime":3277.625,"endTime":3280.725,"body":"Yes, it, it is a continuing issue."},{"startTime":3281.385,"endTime":3284.885,"body":"The anthropogenic material we put out there stays there."},{"startTime":3285.265,"endTime":3286.765,"body":"We have to live with the consequence."},{"startTime":3288.665,"endTime":3293.516,"body":"One of the reasons the public I think struggle to wrap their head around these"},{"startTime":3293.516,"endTime":3298.045,"body":"issues is that we think about poisoning, we think about occupational exposures, high exposures."},{"startTime":3298.125,"endTime":3303.555,"body":"We don't think about the consequences of low level exposures over decades on health and"},{"startTime":3303.555,"endTime":3305.365,"body":"how that causes chronic disease."},{"startTime":3305.705,"endTime":3310.036,"body":"And if we don't understand that, we don't embrace it, then it's a very difficult"},{"startTime":3310.036,"endTime":3310.325,"body":"narrative."},{"startTime":3312.225,"endTime":3314.325,"body":"The story of lead tells us something very important."},{"startTime":3314.545,"endTime":3316.525,"body":"If you want to change things, you regulate."},{"startTime":3317.155,"endTime":3318.565,"body":"Yeah, education is great."},{"startTime":3318.725,"endTime":3323.075,"body":"I don't think, and I'm an educationist, I think education is good, but education on"},{"startTime":3323.075,"endTime":3324.525,"body":"its own doesn't change anything."},{"startTime":3324.715,"endTime":3327.365,"body":"There's lots of ways you can avoid change."},{"startTime":3328.585,"endTime":3330.285,"body":"We need to think about the whole planet."},{"startTime":3330.805,"endTime":3334.49,"body":"I know that sounds a bit green and sort of a bit tree hugry, but"},{"startTime":3334.49,"endTime":3337.685,"body":"it's actually to do with actual sustainability of the planet we live on."},{"startTime":3338.345,"endTime":3343.728,"body":"Um, and another thing, we need to stop exporting our problems elsewhere and claiming that"},{"startTime":3343.728,"endTime":3344.805,"body":"we've solved them."},{"startTime":3345.445,"endTime":3351.205,"body":"'cause we do that tremendous amount and it really is completely a dereliction of the"},{"startTime":3351.205,"endTime":3353.125,"body":"duty of her advanced society."},{"startTime":3353.505,"endTime":3356.405,"body":"Now I'm leaving you on a positive thought."},{"startTime":3356.405,"endTime":3364.185,"body":"Therefore please feel free to insert your inspirational quote."},{"startTime":3364.925,"endTime":3368.545,"body":"My inspirational quote is this, it's time to do something."},{"startTime":3369.085,"endTime":3376.324,"body":"Yes, it's time to accept the magnitude of what we have done and to make"},{"startTime":3376.324,"endTime":3380.185,"body":"a positive decision to change the status quo."},{"startTime":3381.005,"endTime":3386.405,"body":"The status quo doesn't guarantee us, I think a very happy next 100 years."},{"startTime":3386.615,"endTime":3387.085,"body":"Thank you,"},{"startTime":3397.665,"endTime":3398.605,"body":"God, you're depressing"},{"startTime":3399.245,"endTime":3399.565,"body":"\u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":3401.305,"endTime":3405.005,"body":"It was absolutely wonderful talk and really, really, really scary."},{"startTime":3405.265,"endTime":3406.445,"body":"Uh, as you might expect."},{"startTime":3407.385,"endTime":3411.425,"body":"Uh, I I'm not sure if I missed it in the middle of all that"},{"startTime":3411.425,"endTime":3415.466,"body":"lot, but imagine a child living on the, on the edge of Mariburn Road or"},{"startTime":3415.466,"endTime":3416.005,"body":"South Circular."},{"startTime":3416.555,"endTime":3421.661,"body":"What do we know about their individual blood led levels being associated with being next"},{"startTime":3421.661,"endTime":3424.045,"body":"to a road for example like that"},{"startTime":3424.345,"endTime":3425.845,"body":"At the present moment in time at these levels?"},{"startTime":3427.085,"endTime":3427.725,"body":"Probably not enough."},{"startTime":3428.595,"endTime":3433.035,"body":"There's a study going on at the present moment in time, probably for the first"},{"startTime":3433.035,"endTime":3437.476,"body":"time in a couple of decades at Queen Mary's University where they are actually going"},{"startTime":3437.476,"endTime":3441.325,"body":"in and looking at blood levels in children to create that data set."},{"startTime":3441.325,"endTime":3442.565,"body":"We've been very neglectful."},{"startTime":3442.705,"endTime":3447.165,"body":"Yes, I think there's been an assumption that the problem was solved, yes."},{"startTime":3447.545,"endTime":3450.605,"body":"Um, because of the regulation and the concentrations falling."},{"startTime":3451.265,"endTime":3453.565,"body":"But now we know that there are health effects at these lower levels."},{"startTime":3453.765,"endTime":3454.605,"body":"I think it's important."},{"startTime":3454.785,"endTime":3460.08,"body":"And to pick up on your point, um, we have a tremendously inspired way of"},{"startTime":3460.08,"endTime":3465.375,"body":"doing things and planning in the United Kingdom, especially in our cities, in that we"},{"startTime":3465.375,"endTime":3469.965,"body":"do like building high density houses and developments next to the busiest roads."},{"startTime":3470.025,"endTime":3470.245,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3470.465,"endTime":3475.124,"body":"Now you might argue we don't have lead and petrol anymore, but it now turns"},{"startTime":3475.124,"endTime":3479.783,"body":"out we are still re suspending the historic lead and we're introducing new lead from"},{"startTime":3479.783,"endTime":3480.405,"body":"tire ware."},{"startTime":3480.785,"endTime":3483.245,"body":"So yes, I think we do need to work out what's going on."},{"startTime":3483.905,"endTime":3487.786,"body":"And there's a sort of funding research question which interests me about a lot of"},{"startTime":3487.786,"endTime":3488.045,"body":"this."},{"startTime":3488.545,"endTime":3492.497,"body":"So you, I used to do medical research as well, but you very often find"},{"startTime":3492.497,"endTime":3494.605,"body":"your funding cycle is three or five years."},{"startTime":3495.105,"endTime":3498.645,"body":"And what you're looking here is lifelong change in these people."},{"startTime":3498.985,"endTime":3504.432,"body":"So collecting real world data over long periods of time surely remains a funding challenge"},{"startTime":3504.432,"endTime":3505.885,"body":"for people like you."},{"startTime":3506.745,"endTime":3512.082,"body":"So, you know, I'm, I'm always going to say that what we need are longitudinal"},{"startTime":3512.082,"endTime":3515.285,"body":"cohorts, large populations who we follow routinely across time."},{"startTime":3515.385,"endTime":3515.605,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3516.625,"endTime":3520.045,"body":"Um, they are, I mean I'm involved in a number of them."},{"startTime":3520.275,"endTime":3523.525,"body":"They are very draining, very hard on the people working on them."},{"startTime":3523.765,"endTime":3524.765,"body":"'cause it's not a quick win."},{"startTime":3524.865,"endTime":3529.787,"body":"Yes, you, you are investing in something for five, 10 years before you get a"},{"startTime":3529.787,"endTime":3532.085,"body":"positive paper out of the whole process."},{"startTime":3533.225,"endTime":3538.525,"body":"But they are the only way forward, especially if you're trying to look at the"},{"startTime":3538.525,"endTime":3542.765,"body":"way in which a chemical in an environment contributes to disease causation."},{"startTime":3543.635,"endTime":3548.066,"body":"Once you have a disease and you're just asking does it exacerbate a symptom or"},{"startTime":3548.066,"endTime":3550.725,"body":"some sort of diagnostic criteria, well then that's easier."},{"startTime":3550.905,"endTime":3551.125,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3551.505,"endTime":3553.325,"body":"But this is about disease development."},{"startTime":3553.395,"endTime":3556.845,"body":"This is about the causing of noncommunicable disease."},{"startTime":3557.155,"endTime":3562.286,"body":"Therefore you need to start in childhood and you need to follow populations through funding"},{"startTime":3562.286,"endTime":3565.365,"body":"will always be a battle because that's very expensive."},{"startTime":3565.575,"endTime":3566.405,"body":"Thank you very much."},{"startTime":3566.515,"endTime":3569.325,"body":"That was really an interesting discussion."},{"startTime":3570.625,"endTime":3576.839,"body":"In the 1990s I did a comparative study of policies to deal with lead pollution"},{"startTime":3576.839,"endTime":3579.325,"body":"comparing the USA with the uk."},{"startTime":3580.145,"endTime":3584.671,"body":"And the impression I had then was that the USA in the ways you indicated"},{"startTime":3584.671,"endTime":3587.085,"body":"initially were trying to do something about it."},{"startTime":3587.985,"endTime":3593.138,"body":"And my summary of the position in the UK was that the UK government had"},{"startTime":3593.138,"endTime":3597.605,"body":"never set a lead reduction target until after it had already been met."},{"startTime":3598.385,"endTime":3599.845,"body":"Do you think that remains the case?"},{"startTime":3602.025,"endTime":3604.445,"body":"Ooh, almost certainly."},{"startTime":3605.665,"endTime":3610.365,"body":"Nobody, well, there's only one caveat to what you've said, which I agree with."},{"startTime":3610.425,"endTime":3610.645,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3611.095,"endTime":3615.937,"body":"Which now the tendency is to set a target so far in the future that"},{"startTime":3615.937,"endTime":3619.165,"body":"you will not be responsible for the delivery of it."},{"startTime":3619.225,"endTime":3619.445,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3619.825,"endTime":3621.165,"body":"So this is how it has changed."},{"startTime":3621.315,"endTime":3622.605,"body":"They they have evolved."},{"startTime":3622.945,"endTime":3623.165,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3623.545,"endTime":3629.925,"body":"Now you promised the change in 20 years time under some other political climate."},{"startTime":3630.065,"endTime":3630.285,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3630.665,"endTime":3634.546,"body":"So you, you, the words are fine, but the delivery isn't great in the short"},{"startTime":3634.546,"endTime":3634.805,"body":"term."},{"startTime":3636.345,"endTime":3640.466,"body":"Um, I wondered you, I listened to your PFAS one as well and that had"},{"startTime":3640.466,"endTime":3641.565,"body":"a pretty similar conclusion."},{"startTime":3641.985,"endTime":3648.135,"body":"Is there any hope for mediation for, um, lead particularly, but, but really any of"},{"startTime":3648.135,"endTime":3649.365,"body":"these big issues?"},{"startTime":3650.035,"endTime":3656.405,"body":"Yeah, I think there genuinely is, if willing to invest in the solutions."},{"startTime":3657.785,"endTime":3663.245,"body":"Um, I think there are solutions to many of these issues for remediation already."},{"startTime":3663.385,"endTime":3663.605,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3664.305,"endTime":3669.31,"body":"The issue is they're very expensive and the remediation won't happen unless it's economically favorable"},{"startTime":3669.31,"endTime":3670.645,"body":"for it to happen."},{"startTime":3670.745,"endTime":3670.965,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3670.965,"endTime":3672.565,"body":"And at the moment it's just a cost."},{"startTime":3672.945,"endTime":3673.165,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3673.835,"endTime":3675.645,"body":"It's a cost which people don't want to meet."},{"startTime":3675.665,"endTime":3676.805,"body":"So you have to regulate."},{"startTime":3676.905,"endTime":3677.125,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3677.625,"endTime":3682.275,"body":"If you regulate and say you have to do this, this is the remediation, then"},{"startTime":3682.275,"endTime":3683.205,"body":"suddenly everything changes."},{"startTime":3683.425,"endTime":3683.645,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3683.645,"endTime":3684.725,"body":"Money becomes available."},{"startTime":3684.775,"endTime":3685.805,"body":"Innovation happens."},{"startTime":3686.185,"endTime":3692.026,"body":"So I, I know, you know, perhaps you could imagine that I'm very pro-regulation and"},{"startTime":3692.026,"endTime":3692.805,"body":"very anti-business."},{"startTime":3693.125,"endTime":3697.925,"body":"I see regulation as being the engine to create new business opportunities."},{"startTime":3698.145,"endTime":3698.365,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3698.825,"endTime":3704.707,"body":"New innovations, new solutions, but actually focusing on solutions and sustainability for economic growth as"},{"startTime":3704.707,"endTime":3707.845,"body":"opposed to just throwing chemicals into our environment."},{"startTime":3709.565,"endTime":3710.765,"body":"I mean, it's a very optimistic"},{"startTime":3711.665,"endTime":3713.205,"body":"No, I'm gonna sit down in a second."},{"startTime":3713.355,"endTime":3713.645,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":3714.245,"endTime":3719.245,"body":"\u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":3714.985,"endTime":3721.942,"body":"You know, when, uh, there's so much emphasis on growth and emphasis on rapid growth"},{"startTime":3721.942,"endTime":3724.725,"body":"of companies to achieve that growth."},{"startTime":3725.145,"endTime":3726.445,"body":"People take shortcuts."},{"startTime":3727.505,"endTime":3731.845,"body":"And as you rightly point out, people are generating new, new stuff all the time."},{"startTime":3732.705,"endTime":3738.045,"body":"And we have, I can quote the bonfire of the regulations as as policy decisions."},{"startTime":3738.545,"endTime":3738.765,"body":"You,"},{"startTime":3738.785,"endTime":3741.365,"body":"You, you're in a minority I suspect."},{"startTime":3741.905,"endTime":3743.125,"body":"Oh, I usually am."},{"startTime":3743.225,"endTime":3743.765,"body":"Oh, I know that."},{"startTime":3743.905,"endTime":3746.285,"body":"Um, but I would look at it this way."},{"startTime":3747.205,"endTime":3748.765,"body":"Somebody's gonna pick up that cost."},{"startTime":3749.585,"endTime":3750.965,"body":"Yes, that cost is coming."},{"startTime":3751.075,"endTime":3752.485,"body":"It's not, not gonna happen."},{"startTime":3753.175,"endTime":3760.568,"body":"Those health costs, those economic costs will be delivered to our, our children and our"},{"startTime":3760.568,"endTime":3765.005,"body":"grandchildren in a degraded environment which they didn't deserve."},{"startTime":3765.225,"endTime":3765.445,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3766.145,"endTime":3771.938,"body":"So at the present moment in time, I don't think that's adequately costed into long-term"},{"startTime":3771.938,"endTime":3772.325,"body":"projections."},{"startTime":3772.325,"endTime":3776.885,"body":"When you focus on growth, I think there should be a denominator about how much"},{"startTime":3776.885,"endTime":3781.445,"body":"that growth is going to cost in terms of environmental degradation and in health costs."},{"startTime":3781.705,"endTime":3786.765,"body":"And until that's done carefully, you won't know if your growth is actually an illusion."},{"startTime":3787.505,"endTime":3787.725,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3787.785,"endTime":3791.932,"body":"And actually you are growing in the short term, but losing mass GDP in the"},{"startTime":3791.932,"endTime":3792.485,"body":"long term."},{"startTime":3793.015,"endTime":3793.445,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3793.865,"endTime":3801.495,"body":"Um, given what you've said, would you say that schools, um, and indeed blocks of"},{"startTime":3801.495,"endTime":3809.125,"body":"flats should never be situated right near really busy roads, a roads or extremely busy"},{"startTime":3809.125,"endTime":3809.445,"body":"Roads?"},{"startTime":3809.595,"endTime":3811.485,"body":"I've been saying that since the year dock."},{"startTime":3811.795,"endTime":3812.085,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":3812.585,"endTime":3815.245,"body":"How does one object to it in planning applications?"},{"startTime":3815.245,"endTime":3816.045,"body":"That's the point."},{"startTime":3816.105,"endTime":3821.555,"body":"So, you know, there is, I have some sympathy for certain environments in London because"},{"startTime":3821.555,"endTime":3822.645,"body":"they're historically there."},{"startTime":3822.745,"endTime":3822.965,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":3823.765,"endTime":3830.105,"body":"I have no sympathy with new developments which are ignoring known and present environmental risks"},{"startTime":3830.105,"endTime":3836.445,"body":"and usually coming up with very, very nebulous justifications why they don't apply to them."},{"startTime":3837.185,"endTime":3844.147,"body":"Are there any examples of countries that maybe don't do, aren't addressing things perfectly, but"},{"startTime":3844.147,"endTime":3850.645,"body":"are nonetheless, um, making a better fist of things than perhaps the UK is?"},{"startTime":3854.145,"endTime":3856.205,"body":"So what's the correct word to say there?"},{"startTime":3857.515,"endTime":3862.493,"body":"It's, I believe if I was a politician, I'd say it's unhelpful to compare other"},{"startTime":3862.493,"endTime":3864.485,"body":"country's performance because of the Yeah."},{"startTime":3865.185,"endTime":3872.999,"body":"Um, clearly there are countries which do a better job of balancing economic growth against"},{"startTime":3872.999,"endTime":3876.125,"body":"social justice, dare I say that."},{"startTime":3876.465,"endTime":3878.205,"body":"And environmental sustainability."},{"startTime":3879.075,"endTime":3881.845,"body":"Many of them are in the North Europe."},{"startTime":3881.985,"endTime":3886.132,"body":"The irony is of course the countries which do the best job probably have the"},{"startTime":3886.132,"endTime":3886.685,"body":"lowest risks."},{"startTime":3887.585,"endTime":3893.861,"body":"Um, and the places which we need regulation, where most of the people live and"},{"startTime":3893.861,"endTime":3898.045,"body":"most of the people at disadvantaged are very deregulated areas."},{"startTime":3899.545,"endTime":3903.005,"body":"But you can tell those countries how to govern themselves."},{"startTime":3903.665,"endTime":3909.383,"body":"All you can do is deliver data and hope at some point, um, the data"},{"startTime":3909.383,"endTime":3909.765,"body":"wins."},{"startTime":3909.765,"endTime":3912.845,"body":"That's the scientific, the curse of the scientist is we don't change things."},{"startTime":3913.505,"endTime":3916.645,"body":"We present data and hope, you know,"},{"startTime":3916.715,"endTime":3918.525,"body":"With fingers crossed that things will happen."},{"startTime":3919.675,"endTime":3922.845,"body":"Well 2024 is the year of elections."},{"startTime":3922.865,"endTime":3926.605,"body":"You have your chance to influence people and ask for more data."},{"startTime":3927.605,"endTime":3928.045,"body":"Ian mud, wait."},{"startTime":3928.045,"endTime":3930.245,"body":"Thank you very, very much for another wonderful lecture."},{"startTime":3930.385,"endTime":3932.045,"body":"We are really, really sorry to see you go."},{"startTime":3932.315,"endTime":3933.765,"body":"It's been great working with you."},{"startTime":3934.175,"endTime":3935.005,"body":"Thank you very much."}]}