{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":8.495,"endTime":12.885,"body":"Thank you so much for you all for coming and joining online."},{"startTime":13.165,"endTime":14.405,"body":"I wish I'd prepared something now."},{"startTime":14.945,"endTime":19.733,"body":"Uh, so as ever, this is the Slido code, so you can ask me questions"},{"startTime":19.733,"endTime":22.925,"body":"at any point or tell me where I've gone wrong."},{"startTime":23.955,"endTime":30.338,"body":"Welcome to the last of this lecture series, the Nature of Music, and thank you"},{"startTime":30.338,"endTime":36.721,"body":"for joining me through it or through this lecture series, we have traveled across the"},{"startTime":36.721,"endTime":43.105,"body":"temporal spectrum to find where music exists in the audible spectrum, how it's transmitted and"},{"startTime":43.105,"endTime":49.488,"body":"broadcast in the electromagnetic spectrum, how rhythm works, and even turned the motion of the"},{"startTime":49.488,"endTime":50.765,"body":"planet into music."},{"startTime":51.865,"endTime":53.045,"body":"But here we'll go further."},{"startTime":54.065,"endTime":62.285,"body":"So the very edges of time and see where music ins intersects with infinity."},{"startTime":64.254,"endTime":67.585,"body":"Will we ever be able to see beyond the current observable universe?"},{"startTime":68.005,"endTime":69.145,"body":"Oh, it's much worse than that."},{"startTime":69.245,"endTime":71.025,"body":"The observable universe is shrinking."},{"startTime":71.405,"endTime":75.888,"body":"If you want to know what are my odds of winning the lottery, you come"},{"startTime":75.888,"endTime":76.785,"body":"straight to probability."},{"startTime":76.855,"endTime":81.065,"body":"Yeah, because probability is all about how likely or not events are to happen."},{"startTime":81.585,"endTime":86.098,"body":"I think the chance of there being an undiscovered second species, very like humans out"},{"startTime":86.098,"endTime":88.505,"body":"there in the world today is pretty slender."},{"startTime":88.505,"endTime":88.985,"body":"However,"},{"startTime":89.525,"endTime":91.225,"body":"And these are the pictures if you haven't seen them."},{"startTime":91.305,"endTime":92.585,"body":"I mean New York was orange."},{"startTime":92.965,"endTime":94.065,"body":"The air was orange."},{"startTime":94.255,"endTime":98.145,"body":"They said one day out in that air was like smoking a pack of cigarettes."},{"startTime":98.285,"endTime":101.345,"body":"It had the same effect on the lungs as smoking a number of cigarettes."},{"startTime":101.345,"endTime":104.471,"body":"So people who'd never smoked in their life were suddenly going to suffer some of"},{"startTime":104.471,"endTime":105.305,"body":"the same health effects."},{"startTime":106.165,"endTime":111.041,"body":"Any further questions is a brand new podcast from Gresham College, A place where we"},{"startTime":111.041,"endTime":115.918,"body":"ask our speakers all of your questions that went unanswered following their lecture guests have"},{"startTime":115.918,"endTime":120.145,"body":"included Ronald Hutton, Robin May, Chris Lintott, Sarah Hart, and Maggie s snowing."},{"startTime":120.605,"endTime":121.505,"body":"Any further questions?"},{"startTime":121.725,"endTime":124.625,"body":"All episodes are available wherever you listen to your podcasts."},{"startTime":131.395,"endTime":136.135,"body":"Now, Chris Lintott, my colleague, tells me that if you ever have a talk with"},{"startTime":136.135,"endTime":139.295,"body":"a question in the title, the answer is always no."},{"startTime":140.075,"endTime":148.015,"body":"So we'll take that approach first and see why music might be a non-renewable resource."},{"startTime":151.235,"endTime":158.656,"body":"And there has been throughout every generation this pessimistic view that we're running outta music"},{"startTime":158.656,"endTime":162.615,"body":"and all the good music has already happened."},{"startTime":163.875,"endTime":166.335,"body":"And if we want evidence, we can point to it."},{"startTime":167.475,"endTime":172.095,"body":"For example, take, um, this tune by James Brown."},{"startTime":172.215,"endTime":175.215,"body":"I got you probably the start of dance music."},{"startTime":175.915,"endTime":179.845,"body":"Um, and notice how the tempo fluctuates throughout as a fluidity."},{"startTime":180.265,"endTime":183.965,"body":"But then in the early seventies for convenience, click tracks were used."},{"startTime":184.465,"endTime":187.845,"body":"Now have a look at what the tunes did at that point."},{"startTime":188.555,"endTime":190.565,"body":"Literally flatlining music."},{"startTime":192.615,"endTime":201.706,"body":"There was also evidence for a lyrical, a stasis and exhaustion in this huge data"},{"startTime":201.706,"endTime":203.525,"body":"set of songs."},{"startTime":203.525,"endTime":209.872,"body":"They found that lyrics became simpler in terms of vocabulary, richness, readability, complexity, and the"},{"startTime":209.872,"endTime":211.565,"body":"number of repeated lines."},{"startTime":211.635,"endTime":212.605,"body":"Basically everything."},{"startTime":213.585,"endTime":216.245,"body":"Now it's easy to find cherry picked examples."},{"startTime":217.345,"endTime":225.578,"body":"So let's take this good title to start with simple words, but they carry with"},{"startTime":225.578,"endTime":232.165,"body":"them a story, a meaning that haunts, that lingers in the imagination."},{"startTime":233.375,"endTime":239.965,"body":"Let's compare it with a contemporary piece by Dr."},{"startTime":240.285,"endTime":240.485,"body":"Bieber."},{"startTime":243.625,"endTime":244.485,"body":"It starts like this."},{"startTime":246.395,"endTime":248.565,"body":"Yeah, you got that Yummy yum."},{"startTime":250.435,"endTime":253.205,"body":"That yummy yum, that yummy, yummy."},{"startTime":254.665,"endTime":255.285,"body":"It goes on."},{"startTime":257.834,"endTime":260.485,"body":"Yeah, you got that yummy yum."},{"startTime":261.315,"endTime":266.005,"body":"That yummy yum, that yummy, yummy."},{"startTime":269.155,"endTime":272.765,"body":"There's also evidence of stasis when it comes to harmony."},{"startTime":273.835,"endTime":277.805,"body":"Take these four fundamental chords that come from a major key."},{"startTime":278.225,"endTime":280.125,"body":"The 1, 6, 4, and five."},{"startTime":280.875,"endTime":284.845,"body":"They each have a sort of status as distance from home."},{"startTime":285.545,"endTime":287.285,"body":"One and six are kind of like tonic chords."},{"startTime":287.635,"endTime":290.285,"body":"Four is a subdominant, five is the dominant."},{"startTime":290.745,"endTime":294.93,"body":"So in this order, they create a sort of ridge of tension that falls away"},{"startTime":294.93,"endTime":296.605,"body":"in a classic five one cadence."},{"startTime":297.105,"endTime":302.43,"body":"And this was used for quite a long time in, uh, from the fifties onwards"},{"startTime":302.43,"endTime":307.045,"body":"as a tool for writing pop songs such as, uh, this example here,"},{"startTime":315.715,"endTime":317.445,"body":"Lift and Draw,"},{"startTime":322.115,"endTime":322.965,"body":"Lift Earth,"},{"startTime":323.615,"endTime":325.125,"body":"Angel Earth."},{"startTime":327.865,"endTime":332.845,"body":"We grew tired of that sore tooth like tension, all these five ones."},{"startTime":333.385,"endTime":340.685,"body":"And we felt for some reason that softer movements were necessary to invite repetition."},{"startTime":341.225,"endTime":347.232,"body":"So by moving the five chord here, what you create is two pla cadences, removing"},{"startTime":347.232,"endTime":353.24,"body":"that dominance and two of these softer cadences called a deceptive cadence and a leading"},{"startTime":353.24,"endTime":356.845,"body":"tone cadence, which invites repetition, sort of smooth surface."},{"startTime":357.745,"endTime":361.685,"body":"It started with this tune, um, any way you want it by journey."},{"startTime":361.785,"endTime":366.605,"body":"And you can hear that compelling flat harmony."},{"startTime":378.115,"endTime":382.205,"body":"I'll wait for one more repetition, but it could go on forever."},{"startTime":383.385,"endTime":386.725,"body":"In fact, there's been a feeding frenzy on this one loop."},{"startTime":387.825,"endTime":388.925,"body":"Here's a partial list."},{"startTime":389.665,"endTime":399.102,"body":"No need to memorize it using this sequence, but because it's a loop with no"},{"startTime":399.102,"endTime":404.765,"body":"real start point, it actually invites different cyclical patterns."},{"startTime":405.505,"endTime":408.245,"body":"We can loop the loop, not start on the one, but start here."},{"startTime":408.895,"endTime":409.925,"body":"Don't believe me."},{"startTime":410.225,"endTime":411.245,"body":"Listen to this."},{"startTime":426.985,"endTime":428.085,"body":"How many tunes use this?"},{"startTime":428.595,"endTime":435.965,"body":"Well, this many a partial list \u003claugh\u003e, those are the two tonic starting points."},{"startTime":436.065,"endTime":437.325,"body":"But we can start here."},{"startTime":445.765,"endTime":456.596,"body":"I here's a partial list and finally we're doing the unthinkable, starting on the five"},{"startTime":456.596,"endTime":459.485,"body":"chord, the least common."},{"startTime":459.505,"endTime":460.005,"body":"But still,"},{"startTime":471.305,"endTime":472.285,"body":"I'm not saying I don't like it."},{"startTime":473.945,"endTime":475.325,"body":"Here's some tunes that do that."},{"startTime":476.305,"endTime":479.285,"body":"In fact, it's almost like we're circling this harmonic drain."},{"startTime":479.985,"endTime":484.821,"body":"And you could almost put all of these tunes together, put them in the same"},{"startTime":484.821,"endTime":488.045,"body":"key, displace them appropriately, appropriately, and have a pop soup."},{"startTime":491.075,"endTime":501.471,"body":"This is 17 tunes on that circle at the same time, you might recognize a"},{"startTime":501.471,"endTime":502.165,"body":"couple."},{"startTime":504.385,"endTime":508.725,"body":"So pitch transition has homogenized, as has tamra."},{"startTime":508.865,"endTime":509.885,"body":"Here's a nice quote."},{"startTime":510.235,"endTime":513.085,"body":"There's a generic usage of pitch tamra and loudest."},{"startTime":513.294,"endTime":520.874,"body":"These point towards less variety and cons, consistent homogenization towards louder and and potentially poorer"},{"startTime":520.874,"endTime":521.885,"body":"volume dynamics."},{"startTime":522.304,"endTime":523.085,"body":"Not a good review."},{"startTime":523.705,"endTime":525.725,"body":"So it makes us ache for the past."},{"startTime":526.545,"endTime":529.885,"body":"But again, we have something that might be called a nostalgic regress."},{"startTime":530.625,"endTime":537.986,"body":"We think of these tunes like this one as the original Good tunes, um, sung"},{"startTime":537.986,"endTime":545.348,"body":"by Michael Jackson, but not written and sung, but Michael Jackson, but by the yorkshireman"},{"startTime":545.348,"endTime":549.765,"body":"Mick Jackson who wrote co-wrote and sang it first."},{"startTime":550.425,"endTime":563.245,"body":"No relation, a tune."},{"startTime":563.365,"endTime":573.091,"body":"I happen to love 1980 ones, I must be lovely, is actually a reworking of"},{"startTime":573.091,"endTime":575.685,"body":"an even lovelier tune."},{"startTime":576.905,"endTime":579.245,"body":"And I never thought I'd feel this way."},{"startTime":579.315,"endTime":580.125,"body":"Same key as well."},{"startTime":580.265,"endTime":580.645,"body":"The way"},{"startTime":580.845,"endTime":581.285,"body":"I feel"},{"startTime":582.295,"endTime":583.005,"body":"About you"},{"startTime":584.385,"endTime":586.085,"body":"Not to be outdone, PROCO Harum"},{"startTime":588.145,"endTime":588.365,"body":"In"},{"startTime":588.365,"endTime":597.405,"body":"A white shade of the floor"},{"startTime":598.475,"endTime":602.175,"body":"Did a 230 year cover of bark."},{"startTime":602.495,"endTime":603.575,"body":"I merged the two here."},{"startTime":605.475,"endTime":605.695,"body":"We,"},{"startTime":619.315,"endTime":620.455,"body":"So that's stasis."},{"startTime":620.715,"endTime":625.608,"body":"But even when there's progression, there could be something that could be termed a dead"},{"startTime":625.608,"endTime":625.935,"body":"end."},{"startTime":626.515,"endTime":635.335,"body":"For example, in rock and it's associated styles, there's been this push to have more"},{"startTime":635.335,"endTime":641.215,"body":"distorted guitar sounds more um, weighty and drop tunes, guitars."},{"startTime":641.515,"endTime":650.231,"body":"And this contour of pitch against distortion spells out various rock and metal subtypes or"},{"startTime":650.231,"endTime":651.975,"body":"elements I guess."},{"startTime":653.275,"endTime":666.87,"body":"So we start in the apparently rebellious, but now quaint fifties with the low A"},{"startTime":666.87,"endTime":673.215,"body":"and the slightly broken sound, how rebellious."},{"startTime":674.315,"endTime":687.386,"body":"And then to the wonderful proto rock of sister Rosetta Tharpe, a bit Morey, a"},{"startTime":687.386,"endTime":692.615,"body":"little more saturated in the sixties."},{"startTime":694.155,"endTime":697.535,"body":"Low E, that's not good enough."},{"startTime":697.535,"endTime":698.815,"body":"Let's go down to an e-flat."},{"startTime":698.835,"endTime":699.855,"body":"Add a bit more fuzz."},{"startTime":704.565,"endTime":706.095,"body":"Well down to a D perhaps."},{"startTime":706.705,"endTime":708.215,"body":"Let's have these a little louder please."},{"startTime":717.115,"endTime":720.045,"body":"Here we add more distortion into the mix."},{"startTime":727.535,"endTime":731.165,"body":"We'll keep a D, but now we'll really rev up that distortion."},{"startTime":732.515,"endTime":733.005,"body":"Come on."},{"startTime":737.055,"endTime":739.925,"body":"Where do we go from here down."},{"startTime":742.545,"endTime":742.765,"body":"Yes,"},{"startTime":744.105,"endTime":744.645,"body":"You like it?"},{"startTime":744.645,"endTime":748.285,"body":"Come on, let's go."},{"startTime":748.285,"endTime":752.205,"body":"More distorted and lower with this Drop B."},{"startTime":757.835,"endTime":758.325,"body":"Come on."},{"startTime":759.345,"endTime":759.565,"body":"Oh,"},{"startTime":762.675,"endTime":763.325,"body":"Drop a."},{"startTime":763.425,"endTime":766.045,"body":"Now we're infiltrating the bass guitar's territory."},{"startTime":773.355,"endTime":773.645,"body":"Poor"},{"startTime":773.645,"endTime":782.229,"body":"Bill Haley and the appropriately named humanity's last breath \u003claugh\u003e have a drop E, which"},{"startTime":782.229,"endTime":788.525,"body":"is the same picture as a bass guitar and morbid distortion."},{"startTime":797.805,"endTime":798.515,"body":"Where did we go?"},{"startTime":799.345,"endTime":804.995,"body":"Well double drop E an octave below the base, which can hardly be heard."},{"startTime":806.135,"endTime":808.595,"body":"Here's one note of it with a lot of distortion."},{"startTime":808.595,"endTime":810.115,"body":"So you'll hear the upper partials."},{"startTime":812.545,"endTime":816.925,"body":"It's like we've run outta things to do with the guitar and have heaviness."},{"startTime":818.415,"endTime":820.285,"body":"Maybe we can remove the neck highly."},{"startTime":820.865,"endTime":821.085,"body":"And"},{"startTime":827.025,"endTime":830.205,"body":"So that's the case for musical exhaustion."},{"startTime":830.775,"endTime":837.484,"body":"Let's be more positive now because music also when we hear it, gives a sense"},{"startTime":837.484,"endTime":844.193,"body":"of endlessness both in space and time here on some quotes from you from this"},{"startTime":844.193,"endTime":850.903,"body":"Gresham survey about the sense of limitness limitlessness and um, temporal detachment and moving away"},{"startTime":850.903,"endTime":852.245,"body":"from the body."},{"startTime":852.585,"endTime":858.097,"body":"And this is why we listen to music as if it's escapes time and in"},{"startTime":858.097,"endTime":861.405,"body":"fact time is written into the fabric of music."},{"startTime":861.665,"endTime":869.984,"body":"We can start with a musical symbol of duration and split it and split it"},{"startTime":869.984,"endTime":876.085,"body":"again and again and again into the cantor dust of time."},{"startTime":880.425,"endTime":884.405,"body":"And we can do this indefinitely beyond our perception."},{"startTime":885.115,"endTime":888.005,"body":"Composers of course abuse this sort of privilege."},{"startTime":889.025,"endTime":891.445,"body":"Here's Heinrich's 1825 piece."},{"startTime":892.515,"endTime":893.885,"body":"Look at this passage here."},{"startTime":894.195,"endTime":895.605,"body":"It's absolutely ridiculous."},{"startTime":897.255,"endTime":899.965,"body":"These are 2040 eighth notes."},{"startTime":900.705,"endTime":906.925,"body":"And if you're keeping score, those are demi, semi hemi demi, semi hemi demi semiquavers."},{"startTime":909.585,"endTime":911.365,"body":"Yes, an apology is Jew."},{"startTime":913.865,"endTime":914.645,"body":"How does that sound?"},{"startTime":914.645,"endTime":916.245,"body":"At a very, very slow tempo."},{"startTime":919.495,"endTime":920.405,"body":"Let's listen to these."},{"startTime":922.045,"endTime":923.045,"body":"I couldn't get it short enough."},{"startTime":923.145,"endTime":925.005,"body":"The reverb just just reverb there."},{"startTime":926.465,"endTime":933.845,"body":"So music can slice time indefinitely, but it also wraps time around itself."},{"startTime":934.745,"endTime":937.845,"body":"Now it's possible to conceive of music that lasts forever."},{"startTime":939.665,"endTime":946.187,"body":"In response to a criticism about my music being too repetitive, I wrote a provably"},{"startTime":946.187,"endTime":951.405,"body":"non-repetitive piece based on irrational numbers, which without repetition could last forever."},{"startTime":952.705,"endTime":955.285,"body":"But we don't have forever to listen to Music."},{"startTime":956.215,"endTime":963.316,"body":"Music seems to trick us into believing it lasts forever with tools like this, repeat"},{"startTime":963.316,"endTime":970.417,"body":"signs, random access to different parts of the piece and even fading and fading out,"},{"startTime":970.417,"endTime":974.205,"body":"which suggest anness or a very lazy arrangement."},{"startTime":976.335,"endTime":985.573,"body":"Electronic music have harnessed these massively by using feedback and even the possibility of freezing"},{"startTime":985.573,"endTime":986.805,"body":"sound forever."},{"startTime":988.625,"endTime":989.885,"body":"But it goes further back."},{"startTime":990.075,"endTime":994.685,"body":"Composers have abused this ability to repeat the always eccentric."},{"startTime":994.685,"endTime":997.125,"body":"Eric Satie has this piece here."},{"startTime":997.385,"endTime":1002.381,"body":"Notice he removes the bar lines 'cause he didn't like the sense of that rigid"},{"startTime":1002.381,"endTime":1006.045,"body":"structure and he asked the pianist to play it 840 times."},{"startTime":1006.515,"endTime":1010.885,"body":"Some really helpful suggestions of how you should pre prepare yourself beforehand."},{"startTime":1012.325,"endTime":1018.805,"body":"I feel like that sometimes, but that idea of circling time is actually ancient."},{"startTime":1019.305,"endTime":1023.965,"body":"It goes back to the maam and this beautiful 15th century piece."},{"startTime":1023.965,"endTime":1031.973,"body":"Look at this score written in circle notation, which allows both the performers and the"},{"startTime":1031.973,"endTime":1038.915,"body":"listeners to be caught for a moment in the sense of infinite time."},{"startTime":1052.895,"endTime":1054.595,"body":"But music isn't just time."},{"startTime":1054.655,"endTime":1060.707,"body":"It has structures like pictures and scales and harmony, which allows all sorts of cycles"},{"startTime":1060.707,"endTime":1061.515,"body":"to occur."},{"startTime":1062.535,"endTime":1068.45,"body":"The most common one is the idea that we hear in terms of horizontal line,"},{"startTime":1068.45,"endTime":1071.605,"body":"but also there's this idea of Octa equivalence."},{"startTime":1071.785,"endTime":1077.525,"body":"In many music cultures where notes and octa apart are somehow the same."},{"startTime":1078.545,"endTime":1080.165,"body":"We come back to where we start."},{"startTime":1086.865,"endTime":1094.381,"body":"And if there's one optical illusion which does such a thing, it's the shepherd tone"},{"startTime":1094.381,"endTime":1095.885,"body":"which endlessly rises."},{"startTime":1098.155,"endTime":1099.165,"body":"Well, it's not endless."},{"startTime":1099.505,"endTime":1102.655,"body":"It takes pictures and they keep going up until they reach the octave and then"},{"startTime":1102.655,"endTime":1103.285,"body":"they fade out."},{"startTime":1103.585,"endTime":1107.405,"body":"And we just connect them together by virtue of our"},{"startTime":1109.485,"endTime":1112.605,"body":"Predilection to hear line and octave equivalences."},{"startTime":1112.915,"endTime":1115.685,"body":"Here is a visual and auditory demonstration."},{"startTime":1123.315,"endTime":1124.765,"body":"I'll tell you when the loop starts"},{"startTime":1148.815,"endTime":1158.365,"body":"Still gets me and musicians capture this, not just in long lines but in notes."},{"startTime":1158.835,"endTime":1162.965,"body":"Take this cannon by the ever ingenious js bark."},{"startTime":1163.755,"endTime":1168.325,"body":"It's one of his puzzle cannons based on a theme that was given to him."},{"startTime":1169.745,"endTime":1171.085,"body":"Um, the royal theme."},{"startTime":1171.115,"endTime":1177.229,"body":"It's this naughty, almost impossible to manage theme, but he creates these endless, beautiful reconfigurations"},{"startTime":1177.229,"endTime":1178.045,"body":"of them."},{"startTime":1178.545,"endTime":1181.325,"body":"And one of them is this cannon at two."},{"startTime":1182.065,"endTime":1185.85,"body":"Now it doesn't look like much just a handful of bars, but within it you"},{"startTime":1185.85,"endTime":1187.365,"body":"have to sort of decode it."},{"startTime":1188.315,"endTime":1193.005,"body":"What you have is one voice that is a canon."},{"startTime":1193.035,"endTime":1195.005,"body":"It's played against itself, a fifth apart."},{"startTime":1195.005,"endTime":1196.925,"body":"That's just standard brilliance from bark."},{"startTime":1197.185,"endTime":1203.935,"body":"But there are clever thing is the melody, which starts in the key of C"},{"startTime":1203.935,"endTime":1210.685,"body":"minor and then creeps up the key of D minor and keeps repeating this process."},{"startTime":1214.065,"endTime":1217.285,"body":"We can hear the, um, key modulation."},{"startTime":1217.285,"endTime":1220.81,"body":"I'll just take the first bar from every repetition so you get a sense of"},{"startTime":1220.81,"endTime":1221.045,"body":"it."},{"startTime":1227.545,"endTime":1236.348,"body":"And if we go up in, we'll eventually come back to where we, and he"},{"startTime":1236.348,"endTime":1244.565,"body":"says in inscription, as the melody rises, so does the glory of the king."},{"startTime":1244.955,"endTime":1247.165,"body":"What a suck up, but a brilliant composer."},{"startTime":1248.665,"endTime":1255.086,"body":"So I like to think of this piece as endless staircases, one of those eight"},{"startTime":1255.086,"endTime":1261.508,"body":"bars that repeat over and over again and another slower loop of modulations that slowly"},{"startTime":1261.508,"endTime":1262.365,"body":"creep up."},{"startTime":1262.625,"endTime":1265.205,"body":"And they're not like eurovision modulations, which suddenly happen."},{"startTime":1266.115,"endTime":1266.605,"body":"They are."},{"startTime":1266.835,"endTime":1270.405,"body":"It's written in such a way that like a shipone, you don't hear the seams."},{"startTime":1271.595,"endTime":1277.085,"body":"What you'll hear is the red cursor go round eight bars."},{"startTime":1277.945,"endTime":1280.992,"body":"And then when it comes back to where it starts, we'll get the theme again,"},{"startTime":1280.992,"endTime":1281.805,"body":"but a tone higher."},{"startTime":1308.585,"endTime":1309.005,"body":"Here's"},{"startTime":1309.005,"endTime":1310.045,"body":"The repetition right here,"},{"startTime":1313.185,"endTime":1313.405,"body":"And"},{"startTime":1313.405,"endTime":1314.205,"body":"We're in D minor."},{"startTime":1314.425,"endTime":1315.325,"body":"How the hell did that happen?"},{"startTime":1320.265,"endTime":1323.405,"body":"And musicians are masters of these loops."},{"startTime":1324.225,"endTime":1329.325,"body":"Here's something from the Quiet genius with infinity in his mind."},{"startTime":1329.645,"endTime":1335.045,"body":"Schubert, this passage here in green will just be coming up to it."},{"startTime":1335.045,"endTime":1346.485,"body":"It'll go by quickly, but just so you get a sense of it, that's, it"},{"startTime":1348.975,"endTime":1353.685,"body":"Seems like this pretty elegant ornamental thing, but it's absolutely ingenious."},{"startTime":1353.985,"endTime":1358.672,"body":"What's happening here is that Schubert starts on D minor and then he moves to"},{"startTime":1358.672,"endTime":1361.485,"body":"F, which means it's only one note that changes."},{"startTime":1361.945,"endTime":1365.525,"body":"In fact, only one note has changed at every transition."},{"startTime":1365.875,"endTime":1367.925,"body":"It's a smoothly voice led pattern."},{"startTime":1368.185,"endTime":1372.627,"body":"So he goes from D minor to F to a minor to C, C minor"},{"startTime":1372.627,"endTime":1375.885,"body":"until he gets back to D minor without retracing his steps."},{"startTime":1376.745,"endTime":1378.125,"body":"How is this possible?"},{"startTime":1378.705,"endTime":1383.885,"body":"And it's possible because of the many loops that coexist in musical structures."},{"startTime":1384.465,"endTime":1388.609,"body":"We all might know the cycle of fifths where if you start on OneNote, you"},{"startTime":1388.609,"endTime":1391.925,"body":"can go up fifths and come back to where you started again."},{"startTime":1392.945,"endTime":1396.765,"body":"But there is also other cycles like the cycle of major thirds."},{"startTime":1397.195,"endTime":1401.885,"body":"This is only three notes long, CEG sharp or a flat and back to C."},{"startTime":1402.075,"endTime":1407.072,"body":"This is in a 12 tone universe of course, or the cycle of minor thirds,"},{"startTime":1407.072,"endTime":1408.405,"body":"which is four long."},{"startTime":1408.425,"endTime":1411.365,"body":"And these all happening at the same time and they intersect."},{"startTime":1411.435,"endTime":1415.285,"body":"Intersect in strange ways, creating chords along the way."},{"startTime":1416.985,"endTime":1422.285,"body":"And also notes reappear at various other points in this lattice."},{"startTime":1422.625,"endTime":1427.325,"body":"You write, remember this from the last lecture as Oilers tonics here, but I kept"},{"startTime":1427.325,"endTime":1429.205,"body":"it simple for you that time."},{"startTime":1429.955,"endTime":1434.805,"body":"This surface of chords actually wraps round in extraordinary ways."},{"startTime":1434.825,"endTime":1439.165,"body":"And the best way to present it is not in two dimensions, but in three."},{"startTime":1440.265,"endTime":1444.446,"body":"How do we wrap a 12 and a four and a three around so they"},{"startTime":1444.446,"endTime":1444.725,"body":"connect."},{"startTime":1445.425,"endTime":1447.685,"body":"The answer is obvious and delicious."},{"startTime":1449.595,"endTime":1450.765,"body":"It's a donut shape."},{"startTime":1451.285,"endTime":1458.805,"body":"\u003claugh\u003e, this is how we wrap all the 24 triads together."},{"startTime":1459.505,"endTime":1468.165,"body":"And Schubert ingeniously does a nice little icing frosting of this donut around here."},{"startTime":1468.595,"endTime":1470.485,"body":"I'll show it's in slow motion."},{"startTime":1471.225,"endTime":1473.885,"body":"So remember that every move only changes one note."},{"startTime":1474.105,"endTime":1478.677,"body":"So we should see it creeping along the tonics and around the bagel or donut,"},{"startTime":1478.677,"endTime":1481.725,"body":"whatever you've had depending on what you've had for breakfast."},{"startTime":1481.985,"endTime":1498.445,"body":"So let's go and back to D Minor."},{"startTime":1500.895,"endTime":1505.245,"body":"Let's hear it in context to see how fast and elegant and he continues on"},{"startTime":1505.245,"endTime":1506.405,"body":"in this elegant dance."},{"startTime":1525.625,"endTime":1534.868,"body":"We can also think about musical completion or infinity in terms of collections of musical"},{"startTime":1534.868,"endTime":1535.485,"body":"objects."},{"startTime":1536.105,"endTime":1544.285,"body":"And humanity has always had this desire to catalog, collect, identify, name objects."},{"startTime":1544.285,"endTime":1546.045,"body":"And it's no different when it comes to music."},{"startTime":1547.355,"endTime":1551.405,"body":"This is ancient, particularly in Arabic Macan."},{"startTime":1551.465,"endTime":1557.517,"body":"And this is a collection of rhythms and their rhythms actually, which are sourced from"},{"startTime":1557.517,"endTime":1558.325,"body":"Arabic poetry."},{"startTime":1558.505,"endTime":1562.005,"body":"So they have a very, uh, prosodic nature to it."},{"startTime":1562.005,"endTime":1563.085,"body":"They sound like speech."},{"startTime":1563.825,"endTime":1571.805,"body":"In fact, they're only built up from three objects, a doom, a D, and silence."},{"startTime":1573.105,"endTime":1579.017,"body":"So this one here, the maxim, which actually appeared in lecture number two is do"},{"startTime":1579.017,"endTime":1582.565,"body":"see if you can hear it in this passage."},{"startTime":1588.695,"endTime":1589.045,"body":"Space."},{"startTime":1589.615,"endTime":1590.285,"body":"Space matters."},{"startTime":1591.275,"endTime":1592.485,"body":"It's more than a meter."},{"startTime":1592.755,"endTime":1595.485,"body":"It's a sort of phrase quality."},{"startTime":1596.455,"endTime":1598.125,"body":"There are many, many in this catalog."},{"startTime":1599.025,"endTime":1600.565,"body":"Here's a really beautiful one."},{"startTime":1601.805,"endTime":1602.605,"body":"D are fat here."},{"startTime":1602.825,"endTime":1605.365,"body":"So it would be do tack."},{"startTime":1606.385,"endTime":1608.565,"body":"Do do, do tack."},{"startTime":1608.665,"endTime":1609.845,"body":"Two, three do."},{"startTime":1633.065,"endTime":1635.245,"body":"And these go up to 48 beats and beyond."},{"startTime":1636.985,"endTime":1646.735,"body":"In the Western tradition, it was inevitable perhaps that catalogers would try and collect themes,"},{"startTime":1646.735,"endTime":1648.685,"body":"particularly classical themes."},{"startTime":1648.705,"endTime":1653.925,"body":"And this wonderfully positive book, a dictionary of musical themes, there are 10,000."},{"startTime":1653.925,"endTime":1655.565,"body":"This is pre-digital era."},{"startTime":1656.105,"endTime":1657.805,"body":"So they had to do this manually."},{"startTime":1657.865,"endTime":1659.405,"body":"And how would you look up a melody?"},{"startTime":1659.955,"endTime":1661.365,"body":"Well, you would hum it to yourself."},{"startTime":1661.425,"endTime":1665.829,"body":"And then this back, there's this huge index that starts with C, C, C, C,"},{"startTime":1665.829,"endTime":1668.765,"body":"C, C, C, C, C, C sharp and so on."},{"startTime":1668.765,"endTime":1672.045,"body":"So you found your melody all assumed in the key of C."},{"startTime":1672.545,"endTime":1677.073,"body":"And then you would look up this catalog number M 8 63 and you would"},{"startTime":1677.073,"endTime":1678.885,"body":"have the music emerging from it."},{"startTime":1683.115,"endTime":1685.045,"body":"This is still used in copyright cases."},{"startTime":1689.425,"endTime":1691.405,"body":"Now both of those are quite partial."},{"startTime":1691.515,"endTime":1696.085,"body":"They're sort of looking outward to what exists in music and then cataloging it."},{"startTime":1696.465,"endTime":1700.458,"body":"But there's an idea of a musical set which starts kind of from the ground"},{"startTime":1700.458,"endTime":1700.725,"body":"up."},{"startTime":1701.345,"endTime":1705.085,"body":"We can think of starting from nothing."},{"startTime":1705.585,"endTime":1710.119,"body":"And we saw this in the last lecture, thinking of the 12 notes as a"},{"startTime":1710.119,"endTime":1713.445,"body":"necklace or bracelet and deciding which ones are on and off."},{"startTime":1713.945,"endTime":1714.525,"body":"That's it."},{"startTime":1715.145,"endTime":1720.197,"body":"And Alan Fort, who might have had fewer friends than me, spent a long time"},{"startTime":1720.197,"endTime":1723.565,"body":"cataloging them and naming every single one of these objects."},{"startTime":1724.265,"endTime":1727.285,"body":"Not very beautiful names, but naming them nonetheless."},{"startTime":1727.905,"endTime":1735.118,"body":"The pentatonic scale or the vulture bone flute, if you remember that is 5 35"},{"startTime":1735.118,"endTime":1738.485,"body":"and has this, um, shape to it."},{"startTime":1739.025,"endTime":1741.285,"body":"And everything from silence,"},{"startTime":1743.575,"endTime":1747.965,"body":"Which is zero one, which is basically means it has no notes in it."},{"startTime":1747.965,"endTime":1752.846,"body":"And it's number one on the list with no notes in it, all the way"},{"startTime":1752.846,"endTime":1755.125,"body":"up to the chromatic scale, 12 one."},{"startTime":1756.305,"endTime":1763.755,"body":"And in the middle, the Hendrix chord, which is given the rather astronomical name for"},{"startTime":1763.755,"endTime":1765.245,"body":"Zed 15 B."},{"startTime":1765.655,"endTime":1767.445,"body":"Chris Lintott would be proud of that one."},{"startTime":1771.675,"endTime":1780.083,"body":"Another approach to not just creating chords and objects but melodies or scales, was by"},{"startTime":1780.083,"endTime":1781.205,"body":"this chapsky."},{"startTime":1781.485,"endTime":1782.845,"body":"I knew I wouldn't say that the first time."},{"startTime":1783.515,"endTime":1785.525,"body":"He's extraordinary, as you can tell by the company."},{"startTime":1785.585,"endTime":1786.285,"body":"He keeps that."},{"startTime":1786.285,"endTime":1792.765,"body":"Same with zapper in a mobious strip of music with John Cage and a dedication"},{"startTime":1792.765,"endTime":1794.925,"body":"from Leonard Bernstein to him."},{"startTime":1796.185,"endTime":1796.645,"body":"He did."},{"startTime":1796.985,"endTime":1799.725,"body":"He published lots of really beautiful material."},{"startTime":1800.305,"endTime":1806.189,"body":"Uh, last week, last lecture, we saw his lexicon of musical invective, which is a"},{"startTime":1806.189,"endTime":1812.074,"body":"collection of terrible reviews of great composers over the time, but his most famous perhaps"},{"startTime":1812.074,"endTime":1815.605,"body":"for this, for source of scales and melodic patterns."},{"startTime":1816.465,"endTime":1820.805,"body":"And it is a sort of ground up collection of materials."},{"startTime":1821.185,"endTime":1828.885,"body":"And I'll give you some of the, um, mechanisms that I used within it."},{"startTime":1830.235,"endTime":1833.365,"body":"Most people give up by page two, but we'll go a little bit further."},{"startTime":1834.665,"endTime":1840.007,"body":"The nice thing about it's that you start not with a triad or a major"},{"startTime":1840.007,"endTime":1843.925,"body":"scale, but you start with absolutely nothing, the universe of nothing."},{"startTime":1844.785,"endTime":1848.644,"body":"And then just one note, you pick a note, I'll play it for you just"},{"startTime":1848.644,"endTime":1850.445,"body":"in case you dunno what note is."},{"startTime":1850.935,"endTime":1851.605,"body":"There is this."},{"startTime":1852.385,"endTime":1856.485,"body":"And then you take not just a note, but like a two dimensional space."},{"startTime":1856.945,"endTime":1860.555,"body":"You take that beginning note and the end note, let's, let's make it an octave,"},{"startTime":1860.555,"endTime":1863.685,"body":"but you could take whatever space you like and then we have this."},{"startTime":1865.665,"endTime":1869.628,"body":"Now we can divide that space up in it as many parts as we want,"},{"startTime":1869.628,"endTime":1870.685,"body":"equal parts, unequal parts."},{"startTime":1870.825,"endTime":1875.045,"body":"But he starts with divided in two equal parts."},{"startTime":1875.105,"endTime":1878.045,"body":"So we have these principle tones that exist here."},{"startTime":1882.265,"endTime":1883.685,"body":"Not much, but it's a start."},{"startTime":1884.625,"endTime":1887.485,"body":"But the thing is, all the moves are quite systematic."},{"startTime":1887.945,"endTime":1892.951,"body":"So he takes these principle tones and then he has these devices that color that"},{"startTime":1892.951,"endTime":1893.285,"body":"ornament."},{"startTime":1894.625,"endTime":1900.008,"body":"So one of the tools is interpolation adding one note above that principle tone, just"},{"startTime":1900.008,"endTime":1901.085,"body":"the semitone above."},{"startTime":1901.105,"endTime":1907.245,"body":"So we have this, we need new fun terms."},{"startTime":1907.305,"endTime":1910.285,"body":"So this is interpolation one note above."},{"startTime":1910.345,"endTime":1913.805,"body":"And, uh, the starting note, one note above the next one."},{"startTime":1916.095,"endTime":1918.525,"body":"Don't worry, there's no test here, but you get the idea."},{"startTime":1920.575,"endTime":1926.685,"body":"Infra interpolation, I managed that, but not slansky sounds like this."},{"startTime":1930.785,"endTime":1937.502,"body":"And then you start ha creating kind of from thin air, something that resembles music,"},{"startTime":1937.502,"endTime":1941.085,"body":"a strange music, but a sort of life."},{"startTime":1944.805,"endTime":1944.925,"body":"I"},{"startTime":1944.925,"endTime":1945.325,"body":"Like it."},{"startTime":1946.105,"endTime":1952.051,"body":"And that thesaurus goes on creating all these strange beasts, some of them that exist"},{"startTime":1952.051,"endTime":1957.205,"body":"out in the universe, but many that are only exist in that thesaurus."},{"startTime":1959.105,"endTime":1962.405,"body":"One very beautiful one is the so-called grandmother chord."},{"startTime":1963.035,"endTime":1966.285,"body":"It's like, no grandmother I know, but it's a lovely chord."},{"startTime":1966.955,"endTime":1973.28,"body":"What it is is every 12 notes arranged in such a way so that all"},{"startTime":1973.28,"endTime":1979.605,"body":"the intervals, all 11 intervals are present, but they are presented in a palindromic fashion."},{"startTime":1980.025,"endTime":1985.054,"body":"And if you don't understand what I just said, just remember it's clever and it"},{"startTime":1985.054,"endTime":1985.725,"body":"sounds cool."},{"startTime":1990.095,"endTime":1990.725,"body":"There you go."},{"startTime":1991.505,"endTime":1995.805,"body":"And along the way you have these patterns, which start to sound quite familiar."},{"startTime":2000.985,"endTime":2003.405,"body":"Why that sounds familiar is because of one person."},{"startTime":2004.225,"endTime":2011.85,"body":"And that is John Coltrane, who after his amazing exhaustion perhaps of standard jazz, continued"},{"startTime":2011.85,"endTime":2019.476,"body":"on this mission to create a jazz that was more open-ended, not held back by"},{"startTime":2019.476,"endTime":2026.085,"body":"harmonic structure, but sort of hinted at the infinite possibilities of musical realization."},{"startTime":2026.345,"endTime":2032.565,"body":"Listen to lines like this, and you'll hear Ghost of Zelinsky in his reasoning"},{"startTime":2040.225,"endTime":2048.005,"body":"And throughout his compositions, like the famous giant steps, which itself is a fractal loop."},{"startTime":2048.495,"endTime":2052.085,"body":"There are three, uh, key areas, a major third apart."},{"startTime":2052.205,"endTime":2058.486,"body":"So it's one of those loops they appear every bar, but that same pattern, every"},{"startTime":2058.486,"endTime":2059.324,"body":"four bars."},{"startTime":2059.755,"endTime":2062.645,"body":"Also self similarity, a fractal."},{"startTime":2062.905,"endTime":2064.804,"body":"And that on the left is his diagram."},{"startTime":2065.905,"endTime":2070.46,"body":"He wasn't guessing this, he was constructing it from the ground up in a beautiful"},{"startTime":2070.46,"endTime":2070.764,"body":"fashion."},{"startTime":2072.025,"endTime":2079.776,"body":"And as his career and his spiritual depth, let's say continued, he unearthed this unique"},{"startTime":2079.776,"endTime":2081.844,"body":"and strange beautiful music."},{"startTime":2082.985,"endTime":2085.085,"body":"For example, in his album, A Love Supreme."},{"startTime":2085.125,"endTime":2090.324,"body":"I don't know if you've heard it, but it's an extraordinary jazz classic."},{"startTime":2091.545,"endTime":2096.685,"body":"It has very few chords in it, but uh, a lot of really incredible musicianship."},{"startTime":2097.345,"endTime":2101.395,"body":"And what he tends to do is take a very small idea and transform it"},{"startTime":2101.395,"endTime":2102.205,"body":"in multiple ways."},{"startTime":2102.985,"endTime":2110.653,"body":"For example, this is the O three five or three seven b uh, set of"},{"startTime":2110.653,"endTime":2111.165,"body":"notes."},{"startTime":2111.225,"endTime":2112.685,"body":"You can see it on the top left there."},{"startTime":2113.145,"endTime":2117.762,"body":"And c, it's CE flat f it's this lovely little bluesy phrase, this seed phrase"},{"startTime":2117.762,"endTime":2121.765,"body":"and this passage, you can hear him manipulating it in many different ways."},{"startTime":2136.105,"endTime":2138.445,"body":"It is really just one phrase in many ways."},{"startTime":2139.105,"endTime":2144.805,"body":"And how he's changing it primarily is in terms of chromatic transposition, how high it"},{"startTime":2144.805,"endTime":2149.365,"body":"is, where it's placed in the bar, and how stretchy it is."},{"startTime":2149.365,"endTime":2151.325,"body":"Sometimes they're long times, times they're short."},{"startTime":2151.985,"endTime":2156.968,"body":"So rather than thinking of this music as a flat page, we have three dimensions"},{"startTime":2156.968,"endTime":2157.965,"body":"to deal with."},{"startTime":2157.985,"endTime":2163.427,"body":"We can think of each of those phrases as either being high, short and on"},{"startTime":2163.427,"endTime":2165.605,"body":"beat, one or another parameter changing."},{"startTime":2165.745,"endTime":2169.888,"body":"In fact, they exist really beautifully if you present them on a queue with those"},{"startTime":2169.888,"endTime":2170.165,"body":"dimensions."},{"startTime":2170.665,"endTime":2176.487,"body":"And so what Coltrane is doing is picking from these possibilities, this space of musical"},{"startTime":2176.487,"endTime":2179.205,"body":"possibilities and finding his trajectory through it."},{"startTime":2179.745,"endTime":2181.605,"body":"So his solo actually looks like this."},{"startTime":2182.625,"endTime":2183.925,"body":"No, I don't have many friends."},{"startTime":2184.545,"endTime":2188.205,"body":"So this is his entire solo played out on here."},{"startTime":2188.985,"endTime":2193.365,"body":"And I can even show it visually."},{"startTime":2194.715,"endTime":2199.17,"body":"There's are three of the phrases and it's hear them solo as it flies through"},{"startTime":2199.17,"endTime":2199.765,"body":"musical space."},{"startTime":2221.105,"endTime":2228.07,"body":"And what's really beautiful I find about this vision is that it doesn't show music"},{"startTime":2228.07,"endTime":2235.036,"body":"as a one concrete realization, but a space of opportunity from which many melodies can"},{"startTime":2235.036,"endTime":2235.965,"body":"be drawn."},{"startTime":2236.625,"endTime":2237.885,"body":"And it's very similar."},{"startTime":2237.985,"endTime":2243.553,"body":"And it looks exactly like if there are any bi biologists here, what's called morpho"},{"startTime":2243.553,"endTime":2243.925,"body":"space."},{"startTime":2244.435,"endTime":2247.925,"body":"This is what's called routes cube."},{"startTime":2248.385,"endTime":2250.445,"body":"And it's all the possible seashells."},{"startTime":2250.795,"endTime":2259.922,"body":"Seashells also have three genes which shape its various fun, its various, um, uh, characteristics"},{"startTime":2259.922,"endTime":2262.965,"body":"of verbs, spire, and flare."},{"startTime":2263.145,"endTime":2267.525,"body":"So in fact, all the possible seashells are represented on this cube."},{"startTime":2268.425,"endTime":2272.943,"body":"And the gray area here, the shaded area is the ones that are found in"},{"startTime":2272.943,"endTime":2273.245,"body":"nature."},{"startTime":2274.265,"endTime":2276.645,"body":"So it's like nature has selected these."},{"startTime":2276.865,"endTime":2283.548,"body":"But um, there were others available just like there were others available for Coltrane in"},{"startTime":2283.548,"endTime":2284.885,"body":"his next solo."},{"startTime":2286.955,"endTime":2291.565,"body":"This lecture series was called The Nature of Music, how Music Works."},{"startTime":2292.065,"endTime":2296.208,"body":"But this viewpoint is more like there is a natural music that we can tap"},{"startTime":2296.208,"endTime":2296.485,"body":"into."},{"startTime":2297.395,"endTime":2299.685,"body":"There's a music of nature that's always there."},{"startTime":2299.745,"endTime":2304.434,"body":"And this is a very positive idea that there was a huge poss possibilities that"},{"startTime":2304.434,"endTime":2305.685,"body":"we can draw upon."},{"startTime":2307.065,"endTime":2314.07,"body":"And so musical pieces are structures when the within this field of possibilities, these shapes"},{"startTime":2314.07,"endTime":2315.005,"body":"that occur."},{"startTime":2316.055,"endTime":2318.485,"body":"Let's take this one here."},{"startTime":2319.345,"endTime":2323.245,"body":"And this is a solo by Jimmy Smith, the blues organist."},{"startTime":2323.765,"endTime":2328.854,"body":"I don't need to explain much, but each of these bubbles is a small, bubbles"},{"startTime":2328.854,"endTime":2333.605,"body":"is a phrase, but you'll hear that they're related together, uh, within various fields."},{"startTime":2334.185,"endTime":2339.849,"body":"And as he solos, you will experience a sense of musical journey and understand his"},{"startTime":2339.849,"endTime":2340.605,"body":"thinking perhaps."},{"startTime":2409.155,"endTime":2418.061,"body":"And some music can be seen as just occasional realizations of this huge field of"},{"startTime":2418.061,"endTime":2418.655,"body":"possibilities."},{"startTime":2419.805,"endTime":2422.775,"body":"What does this field of possibilities look like?"},{"startTime":2423.965,"endTime":2427.175,"body":"Well, there's been attempts to try and map it out."},{"startTime":2428.235,"endTime":2436.0,"body":"Damien from, um, who's a musician and technologist, attempted to catalog using very simple criteria"},{"startTime":2436.0,"endTime":2441.695,"body":"of pitch, class and rhythm, every melody that could possibly exist."},{"startTime":2442.675,"endTime":2444.655,"body":"You can even download it from this link here."},{"startTime":2444.885,"endTime":2446.255,"body":"It's six terabytes."},{"startTime":2446.255,"endTime":2449.215,"body":"There's 68.7 billion melodies."},{"startTime":2449.555,"endTime":2454.82,"body":"His reasoning is that is to protect artists from being sued for accidentally coming across"},{"startTime":2454.82,"endTime":2456.575,"body":"something that appeared before them."},{"startTime":2457.275,"endTime":2463.84,"body":"And it's an interesting and perhaps noble idea, but it doesn't, at least to me,"},{"startTime":2463.84,"endTime":2468.655,"body":"represent music is a very narrow way of thinking about music."},{"startTime":2468.755,"endTime":2470.095,"body":"And I'll demonstrate it here."},{"startTime":2470.475,"endTime":2475.015,"body":"For example, one of these billions of melodies would probably look something like this."},{"startTime":2476.325,"endTime":2492.121,"body":"I'll play it to you in the way that it's been cataloged, but that's not"},{"startTime":2492.121,"endTime":2493.175,"body":"music."},{"startTime":2493.865,"endTime":2503.348,"body":"The actual music has harmony, tamra, dynamic control, and all the rich noise that makes"},{"startTime":2503.348,"endTime":2505.245,"body":"up human expression."},{"startTime":2557.225,"endTime":2558.085,"body":"You get the idea."},{"startTime":2560.185,"endTime":2561.645,"body":"How can we capture that?"},{"startTime":2562.185,"endTime":2565.325,"body":"That's what we are interested in, that deep music."},{"startTime":2566.065,"endTime":2573.005,"body":"And what is useful here is to borrow from literature."},{"startTime":2574.645,"endTime":2577.565,"body":"A short story by, I'll do my best here."},{"startTime":2578.015,"endTime":2579.765,"body":"Jorge Luis Boche."},{"startTime":2580.105,"endTime":2586.445,"body":"That's as good as you're gonna get, is called the Library of Babel, 1941."},{"startTime":2586.455,"endTime":2591.198,"body":"Short story, I dunno if anyone's read it here, but it imagines this uni universe,"},{"startTime":2591.198,"endTime":2594.045,"body":"which is just made up of this vast library."},{"startTime":2594.865,"endTime":2600.045,"body":"And this library is just filled with books that are 410 pages longer."},{"startTime":2600.665,"endTime":2607.812,"body":"And every book is, every permutation has a permutation and every permutation of a small"},{"startTime":2607.812,"endTime":2608.765,"body":"character set."},{"startTime":2611.665,"endTime":2615.725,"body":"So there's every possible 410 page book in this vast library."},{"startTime":2616.905,"endTime":2621.845,"body":"And it's a really beautiful piece of literature."},{"startTime":2621.975,"endTime":2626.891,"body":"There are these people who are looking for the one book that explains why the"},{"startTime":2626.891,"endTime":2631.807,"body":"library was written, but amongst it, all these great works of literature, a lot of"},{"startTime":2631.807,"endTime":2635.085,"body":"gibberish, and then great arguments against those, uh, sacred books."},{"startTime":2636.065,"endTime":2643.125,"body":"And so it's about human knowledge and also the extent of human authorship."},{"startTime":2644.505,"endTime":2649.389,"body":"And as you read the short story, you get this eerie realization that the book"},{"startTime":2649.389,"endTime":2652.645,"body":"you are reading is just one in that library itself."},{"startTime":2654.305,"endTime":2655.645,"body":"How does this relate to music?"},{"startTime":2656.555,"endTime":2658.845,"body":"What are the letters, the alphabet of music?"},{"startTime":2659.525,"endTime":2663.765,"body":"I don't think they're melody, but they're the sound canvas itself."},{"startTime":2664.745,"endTime":2667.685,"body":"And we can go to some way by thinking about digital audio."},{"startTime":2668.425,"endTime":2673.045,"body":"All sound is a wave form and we can split that up into numbers."},{"startTime":2673.585,"endTime":2674.965,"body":"We can pick our resolution."},{"startTime":2674.975,"endTime":2676.285,"body":"Let's go with CD quality."},{"startTime":2677.155,"endTime":2682.198,"body":"That means if we think of a piece of music lasts up to 74 minutes"},{"startTime":2682.198,"endTime":2687.242,"body":"so that we could fit on Beethoven's ninth and has this bit rate and, and"},{"startTime":2687.242,"endTime":2690.605,"body":"this sample rate, it has 5.2 billion bits within it."},{"startTime":2691.985,"endTime":2700.447,"body":"So our musical library of Babel would have every combination of zeros and ones from"},{"startTime":2700.447,"endTime":2705.525,"body":"all zeros, 5.2 billion of them to all ones."},{"startTime":2708.145,"endTime":2711.045,"body":"That's two to the 5.2 billion combinations."},{"startTime":2712.895,"endTime":2714.725,"body":"Let's call that number a mil tillion."},{"startTime":2717.065,"endTime":2720.885,"body":"Now, it's hard to imagine how big this number is."},{"startTime":2721.025,"endTime":2722.645,"body":"I'm gonna do my best to explain it to you."},{"startTime":2723.185,"endTime":2728.885,"body":"But just a word of warning from Chris Lintott, permutations always win."},{"startTime":2730.185,"endTime":2733.005,"body":"So it's bigger than you think and could possibly think."},{"startTime":2733.505,"endTime":2738.108,"body":"But I'm gonna do my best to explain to you how big this number is"},{"startTime":2738.108,"endTime":2741.485,"body":"and the amount of possible music, at least in sonic form."},{"startTime":2742.745,"endTime":2745.165,"body":"So now let's think of each of those pieces of music."},{"startTime":2745.165,"endTime":2747.485,"body":"74 minutes, not as the CDs."},{"startTime":2748.025,"endTime":2750.285,"body":"CDs by the way, was something that we used to store music on."},{"startTime":2750.475,"endTime":2757.356,"body":"Nevermind, ask your grandparents, but we'll store them on a grain of sand so that"},{"startTime":2757.356,"endTime":2761.485,"body":"each piece of music is a grain of sand."},{"startTime":2763.185,"endTime":2769.165,"body":"And so I'll try and explain how big this library is and we'll start here."},{"startTime":2769.625,"endTime":2777.036,"body":"So imagine yourself on a beach and you pick up a grain of sand, and"},{"startTime":2777.036,"endTime":2780.495,"body":"that is, let's say Beethoven's ninth Symphony."},{"startTime":2782.365,"endTime":2783.335,"body":"Pick up another."},{"startTime":2784.435,"endTime":2793.175,"body":"And that is kind of blue or Madness's first album or Bartox field recording."},{"startTime":2793.825,"endTime":2797.495,"body":"Everything that you hear in your lifetime can fit in twos."},{"startTime":2799.885,"endTime":2805.627,"body":"Spotify is a bucket and probably all of human recorded music fits on a, in"},{"startTime":2805.627,"endTime":2809.455,"body":"a few sandcastles, maybe a small beach if we're generous."},{"startTime":2809.875,"endTime":2811.535,"body":"But that's not the extent of the library."},{"startTime":2811.955,"endTime":2818.934,"body":"The library would actually coat the entire surface of earth and expand upwards, including not"},{"startTime":2818.934,"endTime":2825.913,"body":"just the record sounds, but all the sounds that have been made from dinosaur roars"},{"startTime":2825.913,"endTime":2827.775,"body":"to your best arguments."},{"startTime":2829.635,"endTime":2835.73,"body":"The library extend to the top of Everest and out to the stratosphere, engulfing all"},{"startTime":2835.73,"endTime":2838.575,"body":"the radio signals that we broadcast out."},{"startTime":2839.115,"endTime":2846.903,"body":"It reached the moon and include every sound that we've made, including a child's voice"},{"startTime":2846.903,"endTime":2854.691,"body":"bouncing off the surface of the, we would expand outwards and catch up to the"},{"startTime":2854.691,"endTime":2858.845,"body":"Voyager space pro traveling with strange earth sounds."},{"startTime":2860.505,"endTime":2861.325,"body":"But that wouldn't be enough."},{"startTime":2862.825,"endTime":2870.235,"body":"They'd have to head out into interstellar space to include all the music that hasn't"},{"startTime":2870.235,"endTime":2877.645,"body":"been made, perhaps trapped in revelle's mind or a lost jam of Hendrix or CHOP's."},{"startTime":2877.965,"endTime":2878.565,"body":"Improvisation"},{"startTime":2880.495,"endTime":2888.935,"body":"Would include strange, every imaginable piece of music, an unimaginable one, but still would continue"},{"startTime":2888.935,"endTime":2895.125,"body":"until we reached right to the edge of the observable universe."},{"startTime":2895.785,"endTime":2903.925,"body":"And it would include noise and also without prejudice, every piece of human expression."},{"startTime":2905.545,"endTime":2907.045,"body":"But the universe would not be enough."},{"startTime":2907.465,"endTime":2908.445,"body":"So we have to be creative."},{"startTime":2908.545,"endTime":2910.165,"body":"Now, let's go back to our beach."},{"startTime":2910.425,"endTime":2913.765,"body":"And now a grain of sand is a universe of music that we just filled."},{"startTime":2914.635,"endTime":2920.091,"body":"We'd fill up one, then a handful, then a bucket, then a sand castle, then"},{"startTime":2920.091,"endTime":2923.365,"body":"a beach, then the world of universes of music."},{"startTime":2924.715,"endTime":2928.885,"body":"Like I said, permutations always win and would expand outwards."},{"startTime":2928.885,"endTime":2933.997,"body":"Everything you can imagine now come at the frog singing ness and dormer in every"},{"startTime":2933.997,"endTime":2937.405,"body":"key is in this vast library you would fill up."},{"startTime":2937.825,"endTime":2944.384,"body":"And then we'd have to go a level deeper meta, meta universes, filling up handfuls"},{"startTime":2944.384,"endTime":2950.943,"body":"and buckets and universes, not hundreds of times, not thousands, but millions of times before"},{"startTime":2950.943,"endTime":2954.005,"body":"we reached the limit of sonic authorship."},{"startTime":2955.865,"endTime":2963.538,"body":"I'm not sure what's more dazzling idea, the idea of how vast this library is,"},{"startTime":2963.538,"endTime":2969.165,"body":"but also that it actually ends the extent of human imagination."},{"startTime":2969.255,"endTime":2973.445,"body":"Every music that's being made and will be made is in this vast library."},{"startTime":2974.265,"endTime":2978.906,"body":"Now, we could argue about fidelity and what is noise and what is music was"},{"startTime":2978.906,"endTime":2979.525,"body":"the same."},{"startTime":2979.585,"endTime":2984.031,"body":"But I'd like to think that even if the tiniest sliver of this is meaningful"},{"startTime":2984.031,"endTime":2987.885,"body":"music, then we have a practical eternity of music to discover and enjoy."},{"startTime":2989.345,"endTime":2997.34,"body":"And to this fast library, I humbly submit these six lectures in audio form just"},{"startTime":2997.34,"endTime":3001.605,"body":"six grains of sand among that vast library."},{"startTime":3002.315,"endTime":3003.405,"body":"They lived there already."},{"startTime":3008.905,"endTime":3011.645,"body":"But music is more than sound."},{"startTime":3012.585,"endTime":3020.722,"body":"It bonds us across cultures and even time and speaks to the depths of a"},{"startTime":3020.722,"endTime":3025.605,"body":"logical soul in ways that are surely without limit."},{"startTime":3028.975,"endTime":3029.805,"body":"Thank you so much."},{"startTime":3033.935,"endTime":3034.765,"body":"Thank you so much,"},{"startTime":3036.865,"endTime":3040.085,"body":"Jeremy on sound, tams in on lights."},{"startTime":3042.095,"endTime":3066.685,"body":"Thank you to Gresham and Face Infinity"},{"startTime":3067.665,"endTime":3068.965,"body":"And um, we've got time."},{"startTime":3069.155,"endTime":3073.925,"body":"Yeah, but I'm, I'm gonna go straight to John Coltrane and his circle."},{"startTime":3074.125,"endTime":3074.725,"body":"I love that album."},{"startTime":3075.265,"endTime":3075.485,"body":"Oh,"},{"startTime":3075.715,"endTime":3076.365,"body":"Love premier."},{"startTime":3077.145,"endTime":3081.872,"body":"And it just struck me as amazing that someone who I'd always thought was making"},{"startTime":3081.872,"endTime":3086.599,"body":"the stuff up as he went along, creating sound out of sound outta sound as"},{"startTime":3086.599,"endTime":3088.805,"body":"you sort of implied at the end."},{"startTime":3088.805,"endTime":3089.085,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":3089.225,"endTime":3092.245,"body":"And yet there's a mechanic, there's a mechanical element to it."},{"startTime":3092.245,"endTime":3092.525,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":3092.525,"endTime":3093.565,"body":"Which I hadn't expected."},{"startTime":3093.715,"endTime":3098.065,"body":"There's this sense that mechanics are the enemy of soul, and I don't feel that's"},{"startTime":3098.065,"endTime":3098.645,"body":"the case."},{"startTime":3098.985,"endTime":3105.885,"body":"In fact, all the great revolutions were about ideas this intersection of let's say science"},{"startTime":3105.885,"endTime":3106.805,"body":"and art."},{"startTime":3106.825,"endTime":3108.725,"body":"But I just think it's craft really."},{"startTime":3109.305,"endTime":3114.317,"body":"And we tend to think maybe it's convenient to think that these great artists were"},{"startTime":3114.317,"endTime":3117.325,"body":"somehow unschooled or didn't know what they were doing."},{"startTime":3117.955,"endTime":3122.289,"body":"Firstly, musical knowledge is not just about naming things, it's about knowing how to do"},{"startTime":3122.289,"endTime":3123.445,"body":"things and repeating them."},{"startTime":3123.865,"endTime":3127.125,"body":"But the Society of Hendrix, for example, was fascinated by music theory."},{"startTime":3127.125,"endTime":3130.805,"body":"He wanted to study classical music, but he died too young, unfortunately."},{"startTime":3131.145,"endTime":3138.21,"body":"And, um, uh, Charlie Parker carried around Stravinsky scores to work from and, um, coltrane's"},{"startTime":3138.21,"endTime":3140.565,"body":"for sous and so on."},{"startTime":3140.595,"endTime":3146.685,"body":"They knew about music deeply sometimes with, uh, names that often aren't shared."},{"startTime":3147.225,"endTime":3150.885,"body":"But yes, it's always known at various levels."},{"startTime":3152.445,"endTime":3153.485,"body":"Somebody online has asked."},{"startTime":3154.185,"endTime":3160.953,"body":"So do you feel, have you, what they're asking is, have we approached a dead"},{"startTime":3160.953,"endTime":3161.405,"body":"end?"},{"startTime":3161.465,"endTime":3167.392,"body":"You answered it partly in your last question, but the idea of the last statement"},{"startTime":3167.392,"endTime":3172.925,"body":"of your lecture, but the idea of cataloging everything somehow seems almost too rigid."},{"startTime":3173.205,"endTime":3177.685,"body":"A structure for something that is as, as loose or creative as it's the"},{"startTime":3177.685,"endTime":3180.285,"body":"Message here is like, it's beyond the ability to catalog."},{"startTime":3181.025,"endTime":3183.325,"body":"But actually there is, let's say a danger."},{"startTime":3183.325,"endTime":3188.797,"body":"There is a tendency that we like the familiar, we like some new things, but"},{"startTime":3188.797,"endTime":3192.445,"body":"generally we're, our musical enjoyments is rewarded by familiar things."},{"startTime":3192.865,"endTime":3198.047,"body":"So if we still keep listening to the same type of music, um, we do"},{"startTime":3198.047,"endTime":3202.885,"body":"turn, we do become quite insular and tend to enjoy that type of music."},{"startTime":3202.945,"endTime":3208.645,"body":"And you can see that, um, happening, um, in various subcultures of music."},{"startTime":3209.185,"endTime":3215.885,"body":"And the way of breaking outta that I suggest just like it would be for"},{"startTime":3215.885,"endTime":3221.245,"body":"any, uh, genetic, um, uh, closing in of material is cross pollination."},{"startTime":3221.765,"endTime":3225.876,"body":"I invite people to listen to all types of music from all eras and to"},{"startTime":3225.876,"endTime":3229.165,"body":"make all types of music stuff that they, um, don't initially like."},{"startTime":3229.365,"endTime":3234.65,"body":"'cause a lot of music is a acquired in cultured taste, but a good taste,"},{"startTime":3234.65,"endTime":3236.765,"body":"uh, rewarding test taste once earned."},{"startTime":3237.355,"endTime":3241.789,"body":"Well, that deep mutation of the bottom note on the heavy metal that you That's"},{"startTime":3241.789,"endTime":3242.085,"body":"right."},{"startTime":3242.565,"endTime":3244.525,"body":"I enjoyed it all along that spectrum."},{"startTime":3244.885,"endTime":3245.765,"body":"I hope you did."},{"startTime":3245.955,"endTime":3246.245,"body":"Also,"},{"startTime":3247.145,"endTime":3251.327,"body":"Is there any music that's inspiring you at the moment, which kind of points towards"},{"startTime":3251.327,"endTime":3251.885,"body":"the future?"},{"startTime":3253.225,"endTime":3261.148,"body":"Um, so there's some wonderful things happening at the intersection of electronics and let's say"},{"startTime":3261.148,"endTime":3262.205,"body":"classical music."},{"startTime":3262.485,"endTime":3266.325,"body":"I don't, I don't know how to define it, but there is a sort of"},{"startTime":3266.325,"endTime":3267.605,"body":"posts stylistic thing that's happening."},{"startTime":3267.625,"endTime":3274.741,"body":"And I really enjoy, um, electronic music that, uh, take that engages with the virtuosity"},{"startTime":3274.741,"endTime":3279.485,"body":"and expression that comes with classical or chamber type music."},{"startTime":3280.065,"endTime":3281.045,"body":"And that's happening."},{"startTime":3281.165,"endTime":3286.059,"body":"I mean, I, I don't want to name too many things, but I mean, for"},{"startTime":3286.059,"endTime":3290.954,"body":"example, John Hopkins has this approach to electronic music, which doesn't seem to be rigid"},{"startTime":3290.954,"endTime":3293.565,"body":"in terms of structure and meter and key."},{"startTime":3293.945,"endTime":3295.525,"body":"Um, there's a guy called John Metcalf."},{"startTime":3295.525,"endTime":3300.819,"body":"They're not all Johns, I promise \u003claugh\u003e, who has this really delicate type of chamber"},{"startTime":3300.819,"endTime":3301.525,"body":"electronic music."},{"startTime":3301.985,"endTime":3305.485,"body":"But I mean, I'm discovering stuff from the past really."},{"startTime":3305.505,"endTime":3310.952,"body":"That's the, um, it it's, it's false to think that progression doesn't, it's the non-linear"},{"startTime":3310.952,"endTime":3312.405,"body":"universe we're living in."},{"startTime":3312.405,"endTime":3317.681,"body":"And you kind of think that there's this dissonance contour that happens in terms of,"},{"startTime":3317.681,"endTime":3322.958,"body":"of harmony, but you listen to Renaissance Aldo at the moment is blowing my mind"},{"startTime":3322.958,"endTime":3326.125,"body":"with a sort of harmonic approaches his, his using."},{"startTime":3326.705,"endTime":3330.878,"body":"Um, so music is so rich that I don't think that where we happen to"},{"startTime":3330.878,"endTime":3335.052,"body":"be in time is in a way the pinnacle of, it's like a garden that's"},{"startTime":3335.052,"endTime":3336.165,"body":"flowering in different directions."},{"startTime":3336.705,"endTime":3340.125,"body":"Um, but I'm deep into reel at the moment."},{"startTime":3340.245,"endTime":3342.165,"body":"I just can't believe how beautiful it is."},{"startTime":3342.165,"endTime":3344.685,"body":"And there's so much potential in what you can do with that."},{"startTime":3344.685,"endTime":3347.205,"body":"And it's crossover with jazz and electronic."},{"startTime":3347.305,"endTime":3352.687,"body":"So somewhere to answer your question in some way, somewhere between what we might call"},{"startTime":3352.687,"endTime":3358.069,"body":"classical jazz and electronic music, there's this beautiful thing that happening that breaks away from"},{"startTime":3358.069,"endTime":3363.451,"body":"the score, I mean, to micro timing and micro tuning in an expressive way, not"},{"startTime":3363.451,"endTime":3365.245,"body":"in a, uh, prescriptive way."},{"startTime":3365.385,"endTime":3368.885,"body":"And I think there's so much to be done there."},{"startTime":3370.335,"endTime":3370.765,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3371.345,"endTime":3373.085,"body":"We have two questions here in the front."},{"startTime":3373.785,"endTime":3378.845,"body":"In fact, three that's a cluster \u003claugh\u003e, there's probably some triad that you should"},{"startTime":3378.905,"endTime":3379.285,"body":"Oh yeah."},{"startTime":3381.425,"endTime":3382.125,"body":"Hey, Milton."},{"startTime":3382.125,"endTime":3382.805,"body":"Wonderful as"},{"startTime":3382.805,"endTime":3382.965,"body":"Ever."},{"startTime":3383.305,"endTime":3383.925,"body":"Uh, wonderful."},{"startTime":3384.905,"endTime":3388.365,"body":"And there's a, a quote that's always, um, fascinated me."},{"startTime":3388.505,"endTime":3393.893,"body":"Um, it's offered John MCL album m Vishal album, and he says this album is"},{"startTime":3393.893,"endTime":3397.485,"body":"dedicated to the spirit of music that speaks the unspeakable."},{"startTime":3397.815,"endTime":3398.965,"body":"Would you agree with that one?"},{"startTime":3399.265,"endTime":3399.685,"body":"That's"},{"startTime":3399.685,"endTime":3400.085,"body":"Beautiful."},{"startTime":3400.245,"endTime":3401.325,"body":"I mean, that's, that's beautiful."},{"startTime":3402.285,"endTime":3407.936,"body":"I mean, I'm quite a skeptic and if people know me that I'm, I don't,"},{"startTime":3407.936,"endTime":3413.588,"body":"it's hard for me to use words like soul and transcendence in a, that means"},{"startTime":3413.588,"endTime":3413.965,"body":"anything."},{"startTime":3414.305,"endTime":3419.565,"body":"But it's hard to put in other terms that it's a way the Oilers term,"},{"startTime":3419.565,"endTime":3424.125,"body":"I think it was him that talks about the logic of the soul."},{"startTime":3424.345,"endTime":3428.485,"body":"And that's what it is that bypasses the symbolic meaning of language."},{"startTime":3428.485,"endTime":3430.285,"body":"Sometimes it uses it also."},{"startTime":3430.745,"endTime":3434.165,"body":"And, um, I think that's the endless fascination with music."},{"startTime":3434.645,"endTime":3438.821,"body":"I mean, I couldn't believe when I was eight years old, I heard a few"},{"startTime":3438.821,"endTime":3441.885,"body":"pieces of music, but it was basically the Beatles I heard."},{"startTime":3441.885,"endTime":3446.332,"body":"And I couldn't believe how they knew what was going on in my brain by"},{"startTime":3446.332,"endTime":3446.925,"body":"manipulating sound."},{"startTime":3447.285,"endTime":3450.325,"body":"I didn't know how they did that, and I still don't \u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":3450.825,"endTime":3453.245,"body":"But that's what brought me here is this endless idea."},{"startTime":3453.245,"endTime":3456.695,"body":"And I think, think that at any point of answering those questions, do you lose"},{"startTime":3456.695,"endTime":3456.925,"body":"anything?"},{"startTime":3457.425,"endTime":3458.565,"body":"You don't unweave the rainbow."},{"startTime":3458.745,"endTime":3460.965,"body":"You just discover more colors between them."},{"startTime":3461.545,"endTime":3461.965,"body":"Thanks."},{"startTime":3463.585,"endTime":3464.045,"body":"Yes sir."},{"startTime":3465.615,"endTime":3466.565,"body":"Thank you for your lecture."},{"startTime":3466.965,"endTime":3471.285,"body":"I was, uh, surprised to hear bark's cannon sound incredibly avant-garde."},{"startTime":3471.435,"endTime":3472.205,"body":"It's crazy."},{"startTime":3472.565,"endTime":3479.006,"body":"I mean his cra well in lecture two of next year, it's dedicated wholly to"},{"startTime":3479.006,"endTime":3485.447,"body":"parks invention and you'll hear things, uh, more things that will surprise you, but it's"},{"startTime":3485.447,"endTime":3487.165,"body":"deeply chromatic and inventive."},{"startTime":3487.165,"endTime":3490.405,"body":"There's this idea that it's somehow stiff or structured."},{"startTime":3490.405,"endTime":3495.045,"body":"It's playful and imaginative and bizarre and wonderful."},{"startTime":3495.345,"endTime":3499.702,"body":"And there's again, I have, I don't think I've heard everything that bark's made, so"},{"startTime":3499.702,"endTime":3501.445,"body":"I should carry on with that."},{"startTime":3502.145,"endTime":3503.125,"body":"But it's quite sad."},{"startTime":3503.125,"endTime":3504.205,"body":"We don't have enough a, um,"},{"startTime":3504.365,"endTime":3505.525,"body":"I never play it on the radio."},{"startTime":3506.235,"endTime":3507.125,"body":"They never play that one."},{"startTime":3507.915,"endTime":3513.025,"body":"Well, that's another thing I didn't, I, it was one of the slides I didn't"},{"startTime":3513.025,"endTime":3518.135,"body":"use, but if you looked at the classic FM broadcasting, it's a real shame because"},{"startTime":3518.135,"endTime":3522.565,"body":"there's such incredible music that is accessible, but somehow familiar familiarity breeds repetition."},{"startTime":3522.785,"endTime":3526.605,"body":"And I think that's something that we have to actively fight a against."},{"startTime":3526.965,"endTime":3531.94,"body":"I don't mean we have to sort of challenge ourselves all the time, but so"},{"startTime":3531.94,"endTime":3536.916,"body":"many rael pieces just so beautiful that aren't played even within the general great composers"},{"startTime":3536.916,"endTime":3540.565,"body":"of, I think that we can, um, broadcast and embrace more."},{"startTime":3540.625,"endTime":3543.005,"body":"And it stands for us really as listeners to do that."},{"startTime":3543.165,"endTime":3543.285,"body":"I"},{"startTime":3543.285,"endTime":3549.6,"body":"Think that's related to the way the current way algorithms, which are re suggesting what"},{"startTime":3549.6,"endTime":3551.285,"body":"you ask limiting our"},{"startTime":3551.285,"endTime":3552.045,"body":"Hearing point."},{"startTime":3552.475,"endTime":3558.92,"body":"Yeah, I think I'm a techno file, but I think that's really unfortunate politically, uh,"},{"startTime":3558.92,"endTime":3565.365,"body":"educationally, culturally that we've built a model which gives us what it thinks we want."},{"startTime":3566.145,"endTime":3567.205,"body":"We don't know what we want."},{"startTime":3567.525,"endTime":3570.691,"body":"I didn't know I'd like jazz, I didn't know I'd like revelle, I didn't know"},{"startTime":3570.691,"endTime":3571.325,"body":"I'd be here."},{"startTime":3572.585,"endTime":3576.045,"body":"Um, I quite liked it when it was the BBC and I was created stuff"},{"startTime":3576.045,"endTime":3579.045,"body":"rather me having to decide that I want to watch a crime thriller."},{"startTime":3579.045,"endTime":3581.52,"body":"I don't want watch a crime filler, but I just do it because I do"},{"startTime":3581.52,"endTime":3581.685,"body":"it."},{"startTime":3581.715,"endTime":3587.898,"body":"It's a, it's a habit and I think that's one thing of human behavior that"},{"startTime":3587.898,"endTime":3592.845,"body":"we should do and uh, and sort of break our sleepy habits."},{"startTime":3593.665,"endTime":3595.085,"body":"And I think algorithms could work."},{"startTime":3595.485,"endTime":3599.685,"body":"I thought this idea that you could have an algorithm that suggests something that's distant"},{"startTime":3599.685,"endTime":3603.885,"body":"to what you like just curated not too far, but the right throw of distance"},{"startTime":3603.885,"endTime":3605.285,"body":"saying, well, you like that."},{"startTime":3605.485,"endTime":3608.285,"body":"I can tell that you like subdominant minor chords."},{"startTime":3608.385,"endTime":3611.405,"body":"So here's something, uh, that you've never heard that does that."},{"startTime":3611.525,"endTime":3615.005,"body":"I, so I'm, I'm very optimistic about what algorithms to do."},{"startTime":3615.345,"endTime":3620.045,"body":"But now, but at the moment there are poorly used Pandora's box, I believe."},{"startTime":3620.785,"endTime":3621.165,"body":"So you"},{"startTime":3621.165,"endTime":3622.405,"body":"Had a question in the front as well."},{"startTime":3625.975,"endTime":3626.405,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3626.425,"endTime":3628.765,"body":"Um, I just wanna say your visualizations are incredible."},{"startTime":3629.185,"endTime":3629.885,"body":"Oh, thank you."},{"startTime":3629.885,"endTime":3632.605,"body":"Um, and you actually just answered my, my first two questions, so thank you."},{"startTime":3632.665,"endTime":3637.296,"body":"The second was, I wanted to know what your thoughts were on the relevance of"},{"startTime":3637.296,"endTime":3637.605,"body":"nons."},{"startTime":3637.605,"endTime":3639.845,"body":"So information when it comes to music."},{"startTime":3639.905,"endTime":3644.383,"body":"So for example, I think particularly when we think about what it means for artificial"},{"startTime":3644.383,"endTime":3648.861,"body":"intelligence to be creating sounds or music, um, about, for example, the embodiedness of the"},{"startTime":3648.861,"endTime":3653.339,"body":"making of music, even if you're making it electronically, um, and how that impacts what"},{"startTime":3653.339,"endTime":3656.325,"body":"you con consider as sort of an object of music."},{"startTime":3656.465,"endTime":3656.685,"body":"Um,"},{"startTime":3656.715,"endTime":3661.374,"body":"Yeah, it's just a brilliant question and it's something I just slipped in at the"},{"startTime":3661.374,"endTime":3666.033,"body":"end there in the last few, couple of sentences saying that music is not even"},{"startTime":3666.033,"endTime":3666.965,"body":"this sonic library."},{"startTime":3667.505,"endTime":3672.291,"body":"Um, again, we have a tendency think of music as objects that we own and"},{"startTime":3672.291,"endTime":3674.525,"body":"we have, and somehow they benefit us."},{"startTime":3674.705,"endTime":3676.005,"body":"But music is an activity."},{"startTime":3676.465,"endTime":3681.778,"body":"And the, some of the most musical rewarding moments I've had is not necessarily listening,"},{"startTime":3681.778,"endTime":3687.091,"body":"listening to bark or the perfect rendition, but a moment with a friend or a"},{"startTime":3687.091,"endTime":3689.925,"body":"colleague or a student where something magical happens."},{"startTime":3690.585,"endTime":3697.402,"body":"And of course the musical experience is ritualistic, it's embodied, it's visual and uh, open"},{"startTime":3697.402,"endTime":3703.765,"body":"to people who can't hear as we know with many exemplars of that point."},{"startTime":3703.865,"endTime":3711.47,"body":"So it's a, um, a language and an activity that is multifaceted and indeed, uh,"},{"startTime":3711.47,"endTime":3714.005,"body":"goes well beyond sonic information."},{"startTime":3714.425,"endTime":3716.085,"body":"But I had to start somewhere."},{"startTime":3716.565,"endTime":3721.565,"body":"\u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":3717.865,"endTime":3723.085,"body":"Yes, professor, just to build on that question, um, have you ever given much thought"},{"startTime":3723.085,"endTime":3728.305,"body":"to evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology explanations as to why, uh, auditory senses this sort"},{"startTime":3728.305,"endTime":3733.525,"body":"of harmonic processing is so powerful in us compared with say, our sense of touch?"},{"startTime":3733.875,"endTime":3741.645,"body":"Yeah, it's in incre it's a, uh, incredibly insightful question because it's extraordinary, our hearing."},{"startTime":3742.385,"endTime":3745.871,"body":"It doesn't seem to, it doesn't, this, you could, I would be quite happy to"},{"startTime":3745.871,"endTime":3749.125,"body":"switch off the visual field, but never, never, never lose my sense of sound."},{"startTime":3749.555,"endTime":3755.285,"body":"Well the, um, for, for a start sound is an extraordinary superpower."},{"startTime":3755.955,"endTime":3764.365,"body":"It's continuous and the decoding, um, resources that we're using are immense."},{"startTime":3764.845,"endTime":3769.668,"body":"I mean, even for you to recognize the different vowels I'm saying is an incredible,"},{"startTime":3769.668,"endTime":3773.205,"body":"a critical process that's happening in your mind in real time."},{"startTime":3773.385,"endTime":3775.965,"body":"And to put them together and to separate it from the other sounds."},{"startTime":3775.965,"endTime":3780.274,"body":"Here in my first lecture I went into this idea of how we, how we"},{"startTime":3780.274,"endTime":3782.285,"body":"make sense of this, uh, sonic canvas."},{"startTime":3782.985,"endTime":3788.695,"body":"Um, but language and music seem to be driven together for you to recognize what"},{"startTime":3788.695,"endTime":3794.405,"body":"I'm saying are the same, uh, faculties that allow you to hear melodies and chords."},{"startTime":3794.705,"endTime":3798.045,"body":"And we did this ability to group, we can hear that there's a group of"},{"startTime":3798.045,"endTime":3799.605,"body":"people, but one person talking within it."},{"startTime":3800.075,"endTime":3802.605,"body":"Same, we can hear one note with an accord."},{"startTime":3803.105,"endTime":3808.615,"body":"So this ability to draw sets around objects that we hear in real time in"},{"startTime":3808.615,"endTime":3810.085,"body":"this fast invisible bubble."},{"startTime":3810.635,"endTime":3815.045,"body":"It's just, uh, madness and all the arts are incredible."},{"startTime":3815.145,"endTime":3819.655,"body":"But there is something about how music bonds with time that it's just so direct"},{"startTime":3819.655,"endTime":3824.165,"body":"and you can't, you can shut your eyes but you can't really shut your ears."},{"startTime":3824.275,"endTime":3829.755,"body":"It's this constant stream of, of information that our brains are kind of molded around"},{"startTime":3829.755,"endTime":3835.236,"body":"and where the music, uh, or language came first or whether they coexist, which I"},{"startTime":3835.236,"endTime":3838.525,"body":"kind of think they do, is an open question."},{"startTime":3839.265,"endTime":3840.325,"body":"May I press that point?"},{"startTime":3840.565,"endTime":3844.735,"body":"I often think that uh, people are like nim chimpsky who are trying to explain"},{"startTime":3844.735,"endTime":3846.125,"body":"the origins of formal language."},{"startTime":3846.995,"endTime":3852.631,"body":"They are perhaps missing the point that we, I'm, I'm willing to bet we're able"},{"startTime":3852.631,"endTime":3856.765,"body":"to communicate extremely fluently, pre-form linguistically using our powers of vocalization."},{"startTime":3857.505,"endTime":3862.181,"body":"And despite what I said before, then also our ability to be visually dynamic with"},{"startTime":3862.181,"endTime":3862.805,"body":"our bodies."},{"startTime":3863.425,"endTime":3866.085,"body":"Now, do, do you think that this is of course an impossible to answer question."},{"startTime":3866.225,"endTime":3871.097,"body":"Do you think that there was much limitation on what we were able to conceptualize"},{"startTime":3871.097,"endTime":3875.645,"body":"and communicate prior to the emergence of what we might call formal folk languages?"},{"startTime":3875.865,"endTime":3877.285,"body":"I'm, I'm inclined to think that's not true."},{"startTime":3877.465,"endTime":3882.46,"body":"We had, if we, as soon as we had the resources of harmonic analysis, we"},{"startTime":3882.46,"endTime":3884.125,"body":"basically had our conceptual world,"},{"startTime":3884.555,"endTime":3886.885,"body":"Okay, these questions are ramping up, but that's \u003claugh\u003e."},{"startTime":3887.425,"endTime":3893.76,"body":"But essentially, um, once we have the ability to unpick the sonic canvas so much"},{"startTime":3893.76,"endTime":3894.605,"body":"is possible."},{"startTime":3894.785,"endTime":3898.805,"body":"That's to recognize sound objects among other ones."},{"startTime":3899.225,"endTime":3905.887,"body":"And also, um, it couples with our need to predict music feasts on our predictive"},{"startTime":3905.887,"endTime":3909.885,"body":"fa faculties, not just our recogni recognition of sounds."},{"startTime":3910.185,"endTime":3911.485,"body":"It does both in fact."},{"startTime":3911.825,"endTime":3917.681,"body":"And so, um, in lecture two I went deep into the predictive, uh, frameworks that"},{"startTime":3917.681,"endTime":3920.805,"body":"we use both on rhythmic and melodic sequences."},{"startTime":3920.945,"endTime":3925.939,"body":"And the reason music is so, uh, rich is that it's doing all of this"},{"startTime":3925.939,"endTime":3926.605,"body":"at once."},{"startTime":3926.605,"endTime":3932.069,"body":"We're recognizing sounds words, uh, picking about part colors, making sense of it and predicting"},{"startTime":3932.069,"endTime":3936.805,"body":"what's gonna happen less and this continue happening next in this continuous cycle."},{"startTime":3937.155,"endTime":3938.165,"body":"It's just ridiculous."},{"startTime":3938.175,"endTime":3941.205,"body":"Which is not very eloquent way \u003claugh\u003e, but it's just, it shouldn't happen."},{"startTime":3941.345,"endTime":3942.805,"body":"But it has, i"},{"startTime":3942.925,"endTime":3943.845,"body":"I think that's bang on the money."},{"startTime":3943.905,"endTime":3950.116,"body":"Uh, unlike our visual perspective, it seems to be intuitively from an origin we don't"},{"startTime":3950.116,"endTime":3955.085,"body":"appear to have this sense of single perspective on moments in sound."},{"startTime":3955.085,"endTime":3959.922,"body":"There appears to be an incredibly broad, what you might call Buddhist lee consumption of"},{"startTime":3959.922,"endTime":3960.245,"body":"now"},{"startTime":3960.675,"endTime":3963.605,"body":"They're born Yeah, they're bound in this temporal ribbon."},{"startTime":3964.385,"endTime":3966.725,"body":"I'm going to take the privilege of the last question here."},{"startTime":3966.725,"endTime":3966.965,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":3966.965,"endTime":3968.005,"body":"Because we've run out time."},{"startTime":3968.175,"endTime":3968.605,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3968.665,"endTime":3971.765,"body":"Um, and this is a personal question from online somewhere."},{"startTime":3972.825,"endTime":3977.957,"body":"You said before you are going to have synesthesia, but you do seem to not"},{"startTime":3977.957,"endTime":3982.405,"body":"just to hear music, but to feel it or see it almost mathematically."},{"startTime":3983.505,"endTime":3986.765,"body":"Do you see music differently to maybe most of us in this audience?"},{"startTime":3987.085,"endTime":3989.965,"body":"I think we all have an inner musical life."},{"startTime":3990.245,"endTime":3991.125,"body":"I think it changed."},{"startTime":3991.365,"endTime":3996.347,"body":"I remember as I went on to study music and listening to bar had closed"},{"startTime":3996.347,"endTime":3999.005,"body":"my eyes and I would see lines happening."},{"startTime":3999.205,"endTime":4002.445,"body":"I don't think, um, uh, sin uh, synesthetic."},{"startTime":4002.585,"endTime":4007.453,"body":"But I think in order for us to understand music, we do understand in terms"},{"startTime":4007.453,"endTime":4009.725,"body":"of physical movement into, into visual imagery."},{"startTime":4010.265,"endTime":4015.879,"body":"Um, I was very late to note reading and maybe that gave me a different"},{"startTime":4015.879,"endTime":4018.125,"body":"perspective on how to understand music."},{"startTime":4018.585,"endTime":4022.692,"body":"But any musician, they sit at the piano and we see this line, but what"},{"startTime":4022.692,"endTime":4026.799,"body":"is under the surface and what we sort of know and what's so surprising is"},{"startTime":4026.799,"endTime":4030.085,"body":"that there are all these loops that happen between all these notes."},{"startTime":4030.155,"endTime":4031.405,"body":"It's not this neat line."},{"startTime":4031.865,"endTime":4033.485,"body":"And we cope with that in different ways."},{"startTime":4033.765,"endTime":4034.365,"body":"'cause it is coping."},{"startTime":4034.465,"endTime":4039.005,"body":"We cope with that visual or just by feeling and feeling is not, not thinking."},{"startTime":4039.315,"endTime":4045.5,"body":"It's a sort of LF logic that happens that helps us unpick the immense but"},{"startTime":4045.5,"endTime":4046.325,"body":"beautiful complexity."},{"startTime":4046.975,"endTime":4047.845,"body":"Thank you Milton."},{"startTime":4047.945,"endTime":4049.205,"body":"Ladies and gentlemen, please."},{"startTime":4049.225,"endTime":4050.045,"body":"Thanks Milton."}]}