{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.2,"endTime":2.62,"body":"- Good evening, drear friends."},{"startTime":2.62,"endTime":5.01,"body":"Today it's the most famous story"},{"startTime":5.951,"endTime":10.26,"body":"in Soviet music history,"},{"startTime":5.951,"endTime":10.26,"body":"probably the most infamous story,"},{"startTime":10.26,"endTime":14.323,"body":"and I'm sure most of you would"},{"startTime":10.26,"endTime":14.323,"body":"know some bare bones of it."},{"startTime":15.738,"endTime":17.943,"body":"It's a story of a reformed composer."},{"startTime":19.51,"endTime":22.9,"body":"Stalin goes to the opera,"},{"startTime":19.51,"endTime":22.9,"body":"he dislikes the opera."},{"startTime":22.9,"endTime":25.82,"body":"Two days later an article"},{"startTime":22.9,"endTime":25.82,"body":"in \"Pravda\" appears"},{"startTime":25.82,"endTime":28.76,"body":"denouncing the opera, the opera is banned."},{"startTime":28.76,"endTime":31.4,"body":"Shostakovich has to"},{"startTime":28.76,"endTime":31.4,"body":"withdraw the big symphony"},{"startTime":31.4,"endTime":33.757,"body":"that he was writing, No. 4,"},{"startTime":34.88,"endTime":37.17,"body":"and reform his style, change his style,"},{"startTime":37.17,"endTime":38.32,"body":"to write the Fifth Symphony,"},{"startTime":38.32,"endTime":42.783,"body":"which is then approved by the authorities."},{"startTime":44.55,"endTime":47.23,"body":"And at the end of it,"},{"startTime":47.23,"endTime":49.84,"body":"we usually decide that"},{"startTime":47.23,"endTime":49.84,"body":"Stalin won the round,"},{"startTime":49.84,"endTime":53.4,"body":"or we decide that Shostakovich"},{"startTime":49.84,"endTime":53.4,"body":"might have sneaked"},{"startTime":53.4,"endTime":56.18,"body":"some kind of message of"},{"startTime":53.4,"endTime":56.18,"body":"resistance or opposition"},{"startTime":56.18,"endTime":57.233,"body":"into the symphony."},{"startTime":58.86,"endTime":60.53,"body":"So these are the bare bones,"},{"startTime":60.53,"endTime":62.53,"body":"and I'm not going to dispute this story,"},{"startTime":62.53,"endTime":64.51,"body":"I'm just going to add some details to it,"},{"startTime":64.51,"endTime":68.05,"body":"and I hope that even those"},{"startTime":64.51,"endTime":68.05,"body":"of you who know it very well"},{"startTime":68.05,"endTime":71.54,"body":"will find something in today's"},{"startTime":68.05,"endTime":71.54,"body":"lecture that they don't know."},{"startTime":71.54,"endTime":74.29,"body":"And those of you who"},{"startTime":71.54,"endTime":74.29,"body":"don't know the story well,"},{"startTime":74.29,"endTime":76.587,"body":"well fasten your seat belts."},{"startTime":76.587,"endTime":79.55,"body":"(audience members chuckling)"},{"startTime":79.55,"endTime":82.33,"body":"So, \"Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk,\" this opera,"},{"startTime":82.33,"endTime":85.59,"body":"I'm not actually going"},{"startTime":82.33,"endTime":85.59,"body":"to talk about it today,"},{"startTime":85.59,"endTime":88.31,"body":"because I've already given"},{"startTime":85.59,"endTime":88.31,"body":"one Gresham lecture on it,"},{"startTime":88.31,"endTime":90.203,"body":"which you can look up online."},{"startTime":91.45,"endTime":96.45,"body":"And this is an opera which"},{"startTime":91.45,"endTime":96.45,"body":"was based on and developed"},{"startTime":96.58,"endTime":100.44,"body":"by Nikolai Leskov,"},{"startTime":96.58,"endTime":100.44,"body":"adapted by Shostakovich."},{"startTime":100.44,"endTime":103.88,"body":"The title doesn't have very"},{"startTime":100.44,"endTime":103.88,"body":"much to do with Shakespeare,"},{"startTime":103.88,"endTime":106.08,"body":"it actually has much to do with Leskov,"},{"startTime":106.08,"endTime":107.75,"body":"it's an ironic title."},{"startTime":107.75,"endTime":111.064,"body":"The alternative title"},{"startTime":107.75,"endTime":111.064,"body":"is \"Katerina Izmailova,\""},{"startTime":111.064,"endTime":114.231,"body":"and this opera was premiered in 1934,"},{"startTime":114.231,"endTime":117.2,"body":"under two titles almost simultaneously"},{"startTime":117.2,"endTime":120.23,"body":"in Leningrad and in Moscow."},{"startTime":120.23,"endTime":125.23,"body":"And during those two years,"},{"startTime":120.23,"endTime":125.23,"body":"it basically run 200 times"},{"startTime":125.24,"endTime":126.703,"body":"in these two cities,"},{"startTime":127.62,"endTime":130.88,"body":"and that was something"},{"startTime":127.62,"endTime":130.88,"body":"absolutely unprecedented."},{"startTime":130.88,"endTime":133.35,"body":"Extraordinary, extraordinary success."},{"startTime":133.35,"endTime":135.09,"body":"Even more extraordinary when you think"},{"startTime":135.09,"endTime":138.11,"body":"of all the productions"},{"startTime":135.09,"endTime":138.11,"body":"abroad that took place"},{"startTime":138.11,"endTime":140.72,"body":"during '35, '36 in those cities,"},{"startTime":140.72,"endTime":145.72,"body":"such as Cleveland, New York,"},{"startTime":140.72,"endTime":145.72,"body":"Prague, London, and so on."},{"startTime":147.77,"endTime":152.77,"body":"Then finally in December"},{"startTime":147.77,"endTime":152.77,"body":"1935, this opera is staged"},{"startTime":153.04,"endTime":155.61,"body":"at the Bolshoi Theater,"},{"startTime":153.04,"endTime":155.61,"body":"at the second stage,"},{"startTime":155.61,"endTime":157.24,"body":"the smaller stage."},{"startTime":157.24,"endTime":161.24,"body":"But that means that Stalin"},{"startTime":157.24,"endTime":161.24,"body":"comes to see it at that point."},{"startTime":161.24,"endTime":163.51,"body":"He wouldn't go to any other theater,"},{"startTime":163.51,"endTime":166.513,"body":"so this explains why he saw it so late."},{"startTime":167.47,"endTime":172.27,"body":"And on the 26th of January,"},{"startTime":167.47,"endTime":172.27,"body":"Stalin returns the performance,"},{"startTime":172.27,"endTime":175.13,"body":"Shostakovich is called"},{"startTime":172.27,"endTime":175.13,"body":"in urgently to attend,"},{"startTime":175.13,"endTime":177.55,"body":"and of course he expects"},{"startTime":175.13,"endTime":177.55,"body":"an audience with Stalin,"},{"startTime":177.55,"endTime":181.39,"body":"because that's exactly what"},{"startTime":177.55,"endTime":181.39,"body":"happened two weeks earlier"},{"startTime":181.39,"endTime":184.19,"body":"to one of his colleagues, Ivan Stravinsky."},{"startTime":184.19,"endTime":188.43,"body":"He expects to be praise the"},{"startTime":184.19,"endTime":188.43,"body":"same way as Stravinsky was."},{"startTime":188.43,"endTime":189.81,"body":"But in fact, Stalin leaves."},{"startTime":189.81,"endTime":192.68,"body":"It seems that he left after the third act"},{"startTime":192.68,"endTime":194.5,"body":"and didn't see the final act,"},{"startTime":194.5,"endTime":198.4,"body":"and Shostakovich is left"},{"startTime":194.5,"endTime":198.4,"body":"in confusion and fear."},{"startTime":198.4,"endTime":200.01,"body":"Because again, that is something"},{"startTime":200.01,"endTime":202.04,"body":"that had never happened before."},{"startTime":202.04,"endTime":205.55,"body":"So two days later, there"},{"startTime":202.04,"endTime":205.55,"body":"is the article in \"Pravda\""},{"startTime":205.55,"endTime":208.62,"body":"in the main organ of the Communist Party,"},{"startTime":208.62,"endTime":212.57,"body":"and the opera is actually not banned."},{"startTime":212.57,"endTime":216.04,"body":"Yeah, it runs for a few"},{"startTime":212.57,"endTime":216.04,"body":"more times in both theaters,"},{"startTime":216.04,"endTime":217.71,"body":"and then it is withdrawn."},{"startTime":217.71,"endTime":219.56,"body":"Yeah, so there never was an official ban,"},{"startTime":219.56,"endTime":222.4,"body":"but obviously the criticism was so severe"},{"startTime":222.4,"endTime":225.763,"body":"that nobody would dream of performing it."},{"startTime":227.2,"endTime":231.98,"body":"So, as I said, I'm not going to talk much"},{"startTime":231.98,"endTime":234.86,"body":"about the opera today,"},{"startTime":231.98,"endTime":234.86,"body":"but we'll just give you"},{"startTime":234.86,"endTime":238.03,"body":"a fragment to hear, so that we can ponder"},{"startTime":238.03,"endTime":240.293,"body":"why Stalin might have disliked it."},{"startTime":241.13,"endTime":244.89,"body":"Yeah, so there's a famous"},{"startTime":241.13,"endTime":244.89,"body":"sex scene in the opera,"},{"startTime":244.89,"endTime":246.55,"body":"which I'm not going to show you today."},{"startTime":246.55,"endTime":248.463,"body":"I usually do, but not today."},{"startTime":249.43,"endTime":251.3,"body":"Which, of course, would have offended him."},{"startTime":251.3,"endTime":254.34,"body":"Yeah, because this grand"},{"startTime":251.3,"endTime":254.34,"body":"man would not be subjected"},{"startTime":254.34,"endTime":255.8,"body":"to anything like that,"},{"startTime":255.8,"endTime":258.42,"body":"even though maybe not much"},{"startTime":255.8,"endTime":258.42,"body":"was happening on stage,"},{"startTime":258.42,"endTime":261.29,"body":"but the music was exceptionally graphic."},{"startTime":261.29,"endTime":263.693,"body":"Yeah, so we knew what was going on."},{"startTime":264.76,"endTime":267.28,"body":"Another thing generally"},{"startTime":264.76,"endTime":267.28,"body":"in the musical style,"},{"startTime":267.28,"endTime":271.01,"body":"Shostakovich does a lot"},{"startTime":267.28,"endTime":271.01,"body":"of musical provocation,"},{"startTime":271.01,"endTime":274.52,"body":"so he combines things that"},{"startTime":271.01,"endTime":274.52,"body":"are not really combinable."},{"startTime":274.52,"endTime":276.28,"body":"You know, like musical hooliganism,"},{"startTime":276.28,"endTime":278.05,"body":"parodies of polkas and waltzes,"},{"startTime":278.05,"endTime":281.98,"body":"and next to that quite"},{"startTime":278.05,"endTime":281.98,"body":"the strident, dissonant,"},{"startTime":281.98,"endTime":283.933,"body":"and very moving music."},{"startTime":285.4,"endTime":286.98,"body":"So how to make sense of that?"},{"startTime":286.98,"endTime":288.77,"body":"I mean, even today when you listen to it,"},{"startTime":288.77,"endTime":290.94,"body":"you sort of feels torn"},{"startTime":288.77,"endTime":290.94,"body":"in different direction."},{"startTime":290.94,"endTime":292.63,"body":"Should you sympathize with the characters,"},{"startTime":292.63,"endTime":293.77,"body":"or should you not?"},{"startTime":293.77,"endTime":295.08,"body":"You know, it's really difficult,"},{"startTime":295.08,"endTime":297.72,"body":"kind of aesthetically, to comprehend."},{"startTime":297.72,"endTime":300.03,"body":"And the third thing, which"},{"startTime":297.72,"endTime":300.03,"body":"probably was (chuckling)"},{"startTime":300.03,"endTime":304.76,"body":"maybe was a defining factor,"},{"startTime":300.03,"endTime":304.76,"body":"it was extremely loud."},{"startTime":304.76,"endTime":307.24,"body":"Everyone comments that"},{"startTime":304.76,"endTime":307.24,"body":"it was extremely loud,"},{"startTime":307.24,"endTime":309.3,"body":"and it's not such a big theater,"},{"startTime":309.3,"endTime":311.43,"body":"and it was a huge orchestra together"},{"startTime":311.43,"endTime":314.27,"body":"with an addition of a brass section,"},{"startTime":314.27,"endTime":315.73,"body":"which is called a banda, yeah."},{"startTime":315.73,"endTime":319.3,"body":"So I'm just going to play"},{"startTime":315.73,"endTime":319.3,"body":"you one of the tracks,"},{"startTime":319.3,"endTime":322.6,"body":"this is from a production"},{"startTime":319.3,"endTime":322.6,"body":"by Richard Jones,"},{"startTime":322.6,"endTime":325.12,"body":"a recent production at"},{"startTime":322.6,"endTime":325.12,"body":"the Royal Opera House,"},{"startTime":325.12,"endTime":328.342,"body":"and you will get the sense"},{"startTime":325.12,"endTime":328.342,"body":"of the sonic assault."},{"startTime":328.342,"endTime":331.201,"body":"(singing in foreign language)"},{"startTime":331.201,"endTime":334.951,"body":"(dramatic orchestral music)"},{"startTime":341.938,"endTime":345.771,"body":"(singing in foreign language)"},{"startTime":382.992,"endTime":386.659,"body":"(dramatic orchestral music)"},{"startTime":478.71,"endTime":481.63,"body":"So having heard this, you"},{"startTime":478.71,"endTime":481.63,"body":"might actually (chuckling)"},{"startTime":481.63,"endTime":485.56,"body":"sympathize with the feelings of the person"},{"startTime":485.56,"endTime":487.6,"body":"who was behind this article."},{"startTime":487.6,"endTime":490.25,"body":"This is chaos, not music,"},{"startTime":487.6,"endTime":490.25,"body":"or muddle instead of music."},{"startTime":491.23,"endTime":493.44,"body":"This is on the left, and then"},{"startTime":491.23,"endTime":493.44,"body":"there was another article"},{"startTime":493.44,"endTime":496.653,"body":"about his ballet, which"},{"startTime":493.44,"endTime":496.653,"body":"is like a week later."},{"startTime":498.93,"endTime":503.93,"body":"Yeah, the opera is"},{"startTime":498.93,"endTime":503.93,"body":"inharmonious and chaotic."},{"startTime":504.33,"endTime":507.683,"body":"The music is hard to follow"},{"startTime":504.33,"endTime":507.683,"body":"and impossible to memorize."},{"startTime":511.21,"endTime":514.22,"body":"The composer throws"},{"startTime":511.21,"endTime":514.22,"body":"himself into dense thickets"},{"startTime":514.22,"endTime":517.4,"body":"of musical chaos, at times"},{"startTime":514.22,"endTime":517.4,"body":"the purest cacophony."},{"startTime":517.4,"endTime":519.116,"body":"The expressivity needed by the listener"},{"startTime":519.116,"endTime":522.54,"body":"is replaced by rapid rhythms."},{"startTime":522.54,"endTime":525.103,"body":"The expression of passion"},{"startTime":522.54,"endTime":525.103,"body":"is left to musical noise,"},{"startTime":525.103,"endTime":527.233,"body":"and so on like so on."},{"startTime":532.35,"endTime":535.03,"body":"At first, of course, it"},{"startTime":532.35,"endTime":535.03,"body":"was extremely terrifying"},{"startTime":535.03,"endTime":536.9,"body":"for Shostakovich and"},{"startTime":535.03,"endTime":536.9,"body":"nobody could understand"},{"startTime":536.9,"endTime":538.29,"body":"why he was selected like that."},{"startTime":538.29,"endTime":540.23,"body":"That was also completely unprecedented"},{"startTime":540.23,"endTime":541.913,"body":"that \"Pravda\" would"},{"startTime":540.23,"endTime":541.913,"body":"publish something like that"},{"startTime":541.913,"endTime":544.903,"body":"against a particular artist."},{"startTime":545.85,"endTime":548.63,"body":"But very soon, it turned out"},{"startTime":548.63,"endTime":551.01,"body":"that it wasn't just about Shostakovich,"},{"startTime":551.01,"endTime":553.37,"body":"and there was even a"},{"startTime":551.01,"endTime":553.37,"body":"third article in \"Pravda\""},{"startTime":553.37,"endTime":555.63,"body":"which explained this, which said,"},{"startTime":555.63,"endTime":558.35,"body":"actually people in all the"},{"startTime":555.63,"endTime":558.35,"body":"arts should listen to this."},{"startTime":558.35,"endTime":559.64,"body":"This is the new directive."},{"startTime":559.64,"endTime":562.56,"body":"You should all get away from formalism"},{"startTime":562.56,"endTime":564.72,"body":"and towards socialist-realism."},{"startTime":564.72,"endTime":566.24,"body":"It's not just about Shostakovich."},{"startTime":566.24,"endTime":569.51,"body":"Yeah, so it became a huge campaign."},{"startTime":569.51,"endTime":572.32,"body":"And then there was a"},{"startTime":569.51,"endTime":572.32,"body":"spate of further articles,"},{"startTime":572.32,"endTime":574.55,"body":"some of them also unsigned editorials,"},{"startTime":574.55,"endTime":577.457,"body":"some are signed by people,"},{"startTime":574.55,"endTime":577.457,"body":"which had similar titles;"},{"startTime":577.457,"endTime":579.687,"body":"\"Cacophony in Architecture,\""},{"startTime":579.687,"endTime":583.147,"body":"\"On Painters-Daubers,\""},{"startTime":579.687,"endTime":583.147,"body":"\"Cinematic Bunglers,\""},{"startTime":583.147,"endTime":584.6,"body":"\"Hackwork in Film Music,\""},{"startTime":584.6,"endTime":587.89,"body":"and they all have these"},{"startTime":584.6,"endTime":587.89,"body":"derogatory words thrown in,"},{"startTime":587.89,"endTime":592.197,"body":"kind of informality,"},{"startTime":587.89,"endTime":592.197,"body":"casual insults, basically,"},{"startTime":592.197,"endTime":594.27,"body":"to various arts."},{"startTime":594.27,"endTime":598.153,"body":"And once people were told"},{"startTime":594.27,"endTime":598.153,"body":"that they were supposed"},{"startTime":598.153,"endTime":600.463,"body":"to criticize their colleagues,"},{"startTime":602.05,"endTime":604.27,"body":"it started happening just by itself."},{"startTime":604.27,"endTime":608.01,"body":"It didn't need to do much more"},{"startTime":604.27,"endTime":608.01,"body":"because some of the people"},{"startTime":608.01,"endTime":610.81,"body":"were only too happy to"},{"startTime":608.01,"endTime":610.81,"body":"promote their careers"},{"startTime":610.81,"endTime":612.55,"body":"by criticizing their colleagues."},{"startTime":612.55,"endTime":614.81,"body":"But they also had to"},{"startTime":612.55,"endTime":614.81,"body":"criticize themselves, yeah,"},{"startTime":614.81,"endTime":618.753,"body":"so there was this ritual"},{"startTime":614.81,"endTime":618.753,"body":"self-abasement happening."},{"startTime":622.292,"endTime":624.56,"body":"Now what was formalism?"},{"startTime":624.56,"endTime":627.93,"body":"This word was banded"},{"startTime":624.56,"endTime":627.93,"body":"about for a long time,"},{"startTime":627.93,"endTime":631.78,"body":"but I know that everyone always asks me,"},{"startTime":631.78,"endTime":632.73,"body":"what is formalism?"},{"startTime":632.73,"endTime":634.633,"body":"How can I explain what formalism is?"},{"startTime":635.81,"endTime":638.41,"body":"So I try to find out where it came from,"},{"startTime":638.41,"endTime":643.41,"body":"and it seems that as a term"},{"startTime":638.41,"endTime":643.41,"body":"it had been used since 1923,"},{"startTime":643.517,"endTime":648.46,"body":"and it was Trotsky's article"},{"startTime":643.517,"endTime":648.46,"body":"against formalist critics,"},{"startTime":648.46,"endTime":651.46,"body":"it was a formalist school"},{"startTime":648.46,"endTime":651.46,"body":"of literary theorists."},{"startTime":651.46,"endTime":653.4,"body":"You probably might have heard this,"},{"startTime":653.4,"endTime":654.85,"body":"the name of Viktor Shklovsky,"},{"startTime":656.51,"endTime":661.16,"body":"and the belief in the"},{"startTime":656.51,"endTime":661.16,"body":"primacy of form in art."},{"startTime":661.16,"endTime":663.43,"body":"So that form determines content."},{"startTime":663.43,"endTime":667.833,"body":"So Trotsky criticized both"},{"startTime":663.43,"endTime":667.833,"body":"formalism as a critical method,"},{"startTime":668.92,"endTime":673.44,"body":"and the kind of art that"},{"startTime":668.92,"endTime":673.44,"body":"also privileged form,"},{"startTime":673.44,"endTime":675.26,"body":"which he called futurism."},{"startTime":675.26,"endTime":678.233,"body":"Yeah, so he doesn't actually"},{"startTime":675.26,"endTime":678.233,"body":"call the art itself formalism"},{"startTime":678.233,"endTime":681.21,"body":"at this point, but later"},{"startTime":678.233,"endTime":681.21,"body":"the term kind of slipped"},{"startTime":681.21,"endTime":683.46,"body":"and started being applied to everything"},{"startTime":683.46,"endTime":685.7,"body":"that used to be called futurism,"},{"startTime":685.7,"endTime":689.02,"body":"and that today would"},{"startTime":685.7,"endTime":689.02,"body":"probably be called modernism."},{"startTime":689.02,"endTime":694.02,"body":"So all the modernists can avant"},{"startTime":689.02,"endTime":694.02,"body":"garde art, challenging art,"},{"startTime":694.364,"endTime":697.76,"body":"experiment with form was called formalism,"},{"startTime":697.76,"endTime":701.83,"body":"mostly in the visual arts, but"},{"startTime":697.76,"endTime":701.83,"body":"it was also applied to music."},{"startTime":701.83,"endTime":706.32,"body":"And for example, in 1935 it"},{"startTime":701.83,"endTime":706.32,"body":"was applied to a symphony"},{"startTime":706.32,"endTime":711.02,"body":"by Shostakovich's friend,"},{"startTime":706.32,"endTime":711.02,"body":"Gavriil Popov, First Symphony,"},{"startTime":711.02,"endTime":714.02,"body":"and it was actually Shostakovich's friend,"},{"startTime":714.02,"endTime":716.73,"body":"Sollertinsky, whom we're going to mention"},{"startTime":716.73,"endTime":718.65,"body":"more than once in this lecture,"},{"startTime":718.65,"endTime":720.9,"body":"who used this term against Popov."},{"startTime":720.9,"endTime":724.233,"body":"So it was already something"},{"startTime":720.9,"endTime":724.233,"body":"that happened before."},{"startTime":726.99,"endTime":731.99,"body":"Well, in 1936, because I"},{"startTime":726.99,"endTime":731.99,"body":"suppose they wanted to explain"},{"startTime":732.64,"endTime":737.28,"body":"what formalism was, a"},{"startTime":732.64,"endTime":737.28,"body":"philosopher or somebody,"},{"startTime":737.28,"endTime":740.022,"body":"one of the very few people who"},{"startTime":737.28,"endTime":740.022,"body":"can be called a philosopher"},{"startTime":740.022,"endTime":742.83,"body":"(chuckling) in the Soviet"},{"startTime":740.022,"endTime":742.83,"body":"Union, Valentin Asmus,"},{"startTime":742.83,"endTime":745.603,"body":"was commissioned to explain what that was."},{"startTime":746.62,"endTime":750.51,"body":"So I was trying to get"},{"startTime":746.62,"endTime":750.51,"body":"through the thicket of words"},{"startTime":750.51,"endTime":752.58,"body":"because he really tried very hard,"},{"startTime":752.58,"endTime":754.57,"body":"but this is the gist of it."},{"startTime":754.57,"endTime":757.223,"body":"So let's see how he explained it."},{"startTime":758.39,"endTime":761.31,"body":"So there's some unspoken"},{"startTime":758.39,"endTime":761.31,"body":"assumptions there,"},{"startTime":761.31,"endTime":763.55,"body":"and one of them, the main one,"},{"startTime":763.55,"endTime":766.87,"body":"is that art should always"},{"startTime":763.55,"endTime":766.87,"body":"communicate a message."},{"startTime":766.87,"endTime":769.798,"body":"Because that's what it had"},{"startTime":766.87,"endTime":769.798,"body":"to do in the Soviet Union,"},{"startTime":769.798,"endTime":771.76,"body":"art was supposed to be for the people,"},{"startTime":771.76,"endTime":773.553,"body":"it had to communicate the message."},{"startTime":774.52,"endTime":777.1,"body":"And he says that artists"},{"startTime":774.52,"endTime":777.1,"body":"should convey their message"},{"startTime":777.1,"endTime":779.92,"body":"through expressive means that"},{"startTime":777.1,"endTime":779.92,"body":"combine the old with the new."},{"startTime":779.92,"endTime":782.2,"body":"Just like in language, if"},{"startTime":779.92,"endTime":782.2,"body":"you want to say something,"},{"startTime":782.2,"endTime":784.69,"body":"you will not use the"},{"startTime":782.2,"endTime":784.69,"body":"words that you invented,"},{"startTime":784.69,"endTime":787.6,"body":"because nobody is going to"},{"startTime":784.69,"endTime":787.6,"body":"comprehend what you are saying."},{"startTime":787.6,"endTime":792.037,"body":"So you can invent some"},{"startTime":787.6,"endTime":792.037,"body":"words, but not all of them."},{"startTime":792.037,"endTime":795.53,"body":"You have to combine the old with the new."},{"startTime":795.53,"endTime":797.28,"body":"The form of the artwork, he says,"},{"startTime":797.28,"endTime":799.28,"body":"is outcome of the artist's struggle"},{"startTime":799.28,"endTime":802.7,"body":"to express the content"},{"startTime":799.28,"endTime":802.7,"body":"as well as possible."},{"startTime":802.7,"endTime":804.59,"body":"So form is not the leading principle,"},{"startTime":804.59,"endTime":806.89,"body":"it's just the means of"},{"startTime":804.59,"endTime":806.89,"body":"delivering the message."},{"startTime":808.05,"endTime":810.07,"body":"Artists show mastery when the form"},{"startTime":810.07,"endTime":812.43,"body":"is such a perfect"},{"startTime":810.07,"endTime":812.43,"body":"expression of the content"},{"startTime":812.43,"endTime":816.23,"body":"that it's transparent to the"},{"startTime":812.43,"endTime":816.23,"body":"readership or the audience."},{"startTime":816.23,"endTime":819.67,"body":"Attention should not be drawn to the form,"},{"startTime":819.67,"endTime":822.17,"body":"you should just think about the message."},{"startTime":822.17,"endTime":824.3,"body":"It's very typical of socialist-realism"},{"startTime":824.3,"endTime":827.183,"body":"when you think of that, this"},{"startTime":824.3,"endTime":827.183,"body":"kind of transparent form."},{"startTime":828.61,"endTime":832.21,"body":"Innovation may be a byproduct"},{"startTime":828.61,"endTime":832.21,"body":"of the artist's work,"},{"startTime":832.21,"endTime":834.05,"body":"but it cannot be the goal."},{"startTime":834.05,"endTime":836.79,"body":"The appreciate of form is not separable"},{"startTime":836.79,"endTime":838.653,"body":"from the appreciation of content."},{"startTime":839.78,"endTime":841.86,"body":"Formalist artists and theories, he says,"},{"startTime":841.86,"endTime":844.68,"body":"wrongly believe that the"},{"startTime":841.86,"endTime":844.68,"body":"struggle between tradition"},{"startTime":844.68,"endTime":849.24,"body":"and invention plays out in"},{"startTime":844.68,"endTime":849.24,"body":"the autonomous art world."},{"startTime":849.24,"endTime":851.77,"body":"But correctly understood,"},{"startTime":849.24,"endTime":851.77,"body":"this struggle is only"},{"startTime":851.77,"endTime":854.84,"body":"part of the broader social"},{"startTime":851.77,"endTime":854.84,"body":"and political struggle."},{"startTime":854.84,"endTime":858.01,"body":"Artists will participate in"},{"startTime":854.84,"endTime":858.01,"body":"history and the class struggle"},{"startTime":858.01,"endTime":859.7,"body":"to a greater or lesser degree,"},{"startTime":859.7,"endTime":862.51,"body":"and this will determine"},{"startTime":859.7,"endTime":862.51,"body":"the conviction and passion"},{"startTime":862.51,"endTime":864.41,"body":"of the artistic work."},{"startTime":864.41,"endTime":866.043,"body":"And here's a quote from him,"},{"startTime":867.67,"endTime":870.78,"body":"when he says that when the"},{"startTime":867.67,"endTime":870.78,"body":"artist's walk is unsteady,"},{"startTime":870.78,"endTime":873.85,"body":"his vision blurred, he is"},{"startTime":870.78,"endTime":873.85,"body":"indifferent to the outcome"},{"startTime":873.85,"endTime":877.08,"body":"of our great struggle for"},{"startTime":873.85,"endTime":877.08,"body":"a new socialist world,"},{"startTime":877.08,"endTime":879.23,"body":"and it is here in this class position"},{"startTime":879.23,"endTime":882.02,"body":"that formalist gimmickry emerges,"},{"startTime":882.02,"endTime":883.78,"body":"and that's where the formalist delusions"},{"startTime":883.78,"endTime":885.82,"body":"of theorists are born."},{"startTime":885.82,"endTime":889.915,"body":"So you can see that when"},{"startTime":885.82,"endTime":889.915,"body":"translating it into normal language"},{"startTime":889.915,"endTime":894.2,"body":"(chuckling) it means that when"},{"startTime":889.915,"endTime":894.2,"body":"you write a modernist piece,"},{"startTime":894.2,"endTime":895.74,"body":"a challenging modernist piece,"},{"startTime":895.74,"endTime":900.35,"body":"it means that you're not"},{"startTime":895.74,"endTime":900.35,"body":"believing in socialism enough."},{"startTime":900.35,"endTime":904.094,"body":"You're not the right builder of socialism."},{"startTime":904.094,"endTime":908.7,"body":"So this is basically the implication"},{"startTime":908.7,"endTime":910.82,"body":"of all the Shostakovich criticism,"},{"startTime":910.82,"endTime":914.55,"body":"both in 1936 and as late as 1948,"},{"startTime":914.55,"endTime":916.42,"body":"that's always the implication,"},{"startTime":916.42,"endTime":919.4,"body":"that if you're doing something like this,"},{"startTime":919.4,"endTime":923.38,"body":"that means you are not"},{"startTime":919.4,"endTime":923.38,"body":"exactly the Soviet artist."},{"startTime":923.38,"endTime":925.27,"body":"You are somehow lacking."},{"startTime":925.27,"endTime":928.283,"body":"So it's a dangerous accusation, formalism."},{"startTime":930.59,"endTime":933.81,"body":"So, what happens next?"},{"startTime":933.81,"endTime":937.89,"body":"Well, obviously Shostakovich at that point"},{"startTime":939.96,"endTime":941.36,"body":"is absolutely distraught."},{"startTime":941.36,"endTime":944.02,"body":"He's trying to seek an"},{"startTime":941.36,"endTime":944.02,"body":"audience with Stalin,"},{"startTime":944.02,"endTime":945.483,"body":"but he's never given one."},{"startTime":946.61,"endTime":950.11,"body":"Instead he's given an audience"},{"startTime":946.61,"endTime":950.11,"body":"with Platon Kerzhentsev,"},{"startTime":950.11,"endTime":952.82,"body":"who was basically the equivalent"},{"startTime":950.11,"endTime":952.82,"body":"of a Minister of Culture,"},{"startTime":952.82,"endTime":954.39,"body":"he was called Chairman"},{"startTime":954.39,"endTime":958.41,"body":"of the Committee for Artistic Affairs."},{"startTime":958.41,"endTime":961.65,"body":"And he knew Kerzhentsev from"},{"startTime":958.41,"endTime":961.65,"body":"the '20s, they knew each other,"},{"startTime":961.65,"endTime":964.36,"body":"so it wasn't somebody that he didn't know."},{"startTime":964.36,"endTime":966.64,"body":"But Kerzhentsev is now"},{"startTime":964.36,"endTime":966.64,"body":"a very powerful man,"},{"startTime":966.64,"endTime":969.047,"body":"and it tells him, Shostakovich says,"},{"startTime":969.047,"endTime":970.3,"body":"\"What do I need to do?"},{"startTime":970.3,"endTime":972.01,"body":"Do I need to write a letter?"},{"startTime":972.01,"endTime":973.32,"body":"Do I need to apologize?\""},{"startTime":973.32,"endTime":977.34,"body":"And interestingly, he says,"},{"startTime":973.32,"endTime":977.34,"body":"\"No, you don't need to.\""},{"startTime":977.34,"endTime":979.71,"body":"So actually Shostakovich"},{"startTime":977.34,"endTime":979.71,"body":"never participated"},{"startTime":979.71,"endTime":981.04,"body":"in all these discussions,"},{"startTime":981.04,"endTime":983.34,"body":"he'd never had to apologize for this,"},{"startTime":983.34,"endTime":986.57,"body":"he never had to deliver"},{"startTime":983.34,"endTime":986.57,"body":"a speech of contrition."},{"startTime":986.57,"endTime":988.86,"body":"He says, \"You have to write music."},{"startTime":988.86,"endTime":992.85,"body":"The response to this criticism"},{"startTime":988.86,"endTime":992.85,"body":"will be in your music.\""},{"startTime":992.85,"endTime":996.65,"body":"And he also advised him to go"},{"startTime":992.85,"endTime":996.65,"body":"an collect some folk songs,"},{"startTime":996.65,"endTime":999.18,"body":"because yeah, remember, I"},{"startTime":996.65,"endTime":999.18,"body":"was telling you last time,"},{"startTime":999.18,"endTime":1000.91,"body":"that folk songs were always"},{"startTime":1000.91,"endTime":1004.66,"body":"a very secure path to socialist-realism."},{"startTime":1004.66,"endTime":1007.84,"body":"So yeah, \"Why don't you"},{"startTime":1004.66,"endTime":1007.84,"body":"go around the country,"},{"startTime":1007.84,"endTime":1009.01,"body":"collect some folk songs,"},{"startTime":1009.01,"endTime":1011.247,"body":"and change your style in that direction.\""},{"startTime":1012.34,"endTime":1014.949,"body":"The problem was, that"},{"startTime":1012.34,"endTime":1014.949,"body":"Shostakovich had already written"},{"startTime":1014.949,"endTime":1017.37,"body":"two movements of a new symphony,"},{"startTime":1017.37,"endTime":1020.17,"body":"a huge symphony, Symphony No. 4."},{"startTime":1020.17,"endTime":1022.67,"body":"I am using here some art, as usual,"},{"startTime":1022.67,"endTime":1025.993,"body":"and this is the painting that was produced"},{"startTime":1029.11,"endTime":1030.921,"body":"as the symphony was being played."},{"startTime":1030.921,"endTime":1035.29,"body":"A live painting, that"},{"startTime":1030.921,"endTime":1035.29,"body":"expresses a particular part,"},{"startTime":1035.29,"endTime":1039.1,"body":"the coda of the allegro of Symphony No. 4,"},{"startTime":1039.1,"endTime":1044.063,"body":"and you can see how intense it"},{"startTime":1039.1,"endTime":1044.063,"body":"is, how expressionist it is."},{"startTime":1045.77,"endTime":1048.51,"body":"So then, the third movement,"},{"startTime":1048.51,"endTime":1051.1,"body":"which is the final movement of the Fourth,"},{"startTime":1051.1,"endTime":1054.62,"body":"he wrote during the most"},{"startTime":1051.1,"endTime":1054.62,"body":"acute phase of this crisis."},{"startTime":1054.62,"endTime":1056.74,"body":"When people weren't talking to him,"},{"startTime":1056.74,"endTime":1059.67,"body":"when he was getting very little support,"},{"startTime":1059.67,"endTime":1061.86,"body":"and people who were giving him support,"},{"startTime":1061.86,"endTime":1064.09,"body":"such as Meyerhold for example,"},{"startTime":1064.09,"endTime":1067.718,"body":"had to at the same time"},{"startTime":1064.09,"endTime":1067.718,"body":"criticize themselves."},{"startTime":1067.718,"endTime":1071.089,"body":"Meyerhold made a paper which is called,"},{"startTime":1071.089,"endTime":1073.68,"body":"\"Meyerhold Against Meyerholdism,\""},{"startTime":1073.68,"endTime":1075.88,"body":"because Meyerholdism"},{"startTime":1073.68,"endTime":1075.88,"body":"essentially is formalism."},{"startTime":1075.88,"endTime":1080.67,"body":"So they had to jump"},{"startTime":1075.88,"endTime":1080.67,"body":"through all these hoops"},{"startTime":1080.67,"endTime":1084.13,"body":"to somehow deliver a message of support."},{"startTime":1084.13,"endTime":1085.81,"body":"And some of them just stayed silent."},{"startTime":1085.81,"endTime":1088.16,"body":"But even if you stayed"},{"startTime":1085.81,"endTime":1088.16,"body":"silent and didn't participate"},{"startTime":1088.16,"endTime":1090.02,"body":"in the discussion, your"},{"startTime":1088.16,"endTime":1090.02,"body":"name would be in the paper,"},{"startTime":1090.02,"endTime":1092.64,"body":"saying this person hasn't said anything."},{"startTime":1092.64,"endTime":1094.983,"body":"So you couldn't even stay silent."},{"startTime":1096.61,"endTime":1100.603,"body":"So, he completed the symphony,"},{"startTime":1101.45,"endTime":1104.6,"body":"and if you imagine that the"},{"startTime":1101.45,"endTime":1104.6,"body":"symphony would be performed"},{"startTime":1104.6,"endTime":1108.75,"body":"at that point, it would be taken"},{"startTime":1104.6,"endTime":1108.75,"body":"as a response to criticism."},{"startTime":1108.75,"endTime":1111.81,"body":"And his friend Sollertinsky,"},{"startTime":1108.75,"endTime":1111.81,"body":"that I already mentioned,"},{"startTime":1111.81,"endTime":1115.213,"body":"acting as spokesman in February of 1936,"},{"startTime":1116.15,"endTime":1118.82,"body":"he said that the composer would deliver"},{"startTime":1118.82,"endTime":1122.13,"body":"a Soviet musical tragedy,"},{"startTime":1118.82,"endTime":1122.13,"body":"a Soviet heroic symphony,"},{"startTime":1122.13,"endTime":1124.35,"body":"and of course he knew"},{"startTime":1122.13,"endTime":1124.35,"body":"already this symphony."},{"startTime":1124.35,"endTime":1126.063,"body":"He's talking about the Fourth."},{"startTime":1130.27,"endTime":1133.33,"body":"Well, the symphony is"},{"startTime":1130.27,"endTime":1133.33,"body":"extremely challenging."},{"startTime":1133.33,"endTime":1135.46,"body":"It's an amazing piece of music,"},{"startTime":1135.46,"endTime":1137.39,"body":"but it lasts for more than an hour."},{"startTime":1137.39,"endTime":1139.8,"body":"It's also extremely loud."},{"startTime":1139.8,"endTime":1143.34,"body":"It has a very confused sense of narrative,"},{"startTime":1143.34,"endTime":1146.82,"body":"it's very difficult to describe"},{"startTime":1143.34,"endTime":1146.82,"body":"of what actually happens."},{"startTime":1146.82,"endTime":1148.34,"body":"For example, in the first movement,"},{"startTime":1148.34,"endTime":1151.2,"body":"there are seven or eight"},{"startTime":1148.34,"endTime":1151.2,"body":"or nine huge climaxes,"},{"startTime":1151.2,"endTime":1152.9,"body":"I'm going to play you one of them."},{"startTime":1153.97,"endTime":1157.02,"body":"And then a huge contrast after that,"},{"startTime":1157.02,"endTime":1161.09,"body":"with something that seems to"},{"startTime":1157.02,"endTime":1161.09,"body":"be ridiculous and overblown,"},{"startTime":1161.09,"endTime":1164.919,"body":"and possibly can be taken"},{"startTime":1161.09,"endTime":1164.919,"body":"again, as offensive."},{"startTime":1164.919,"endTime":1168.586,"body":"(dramatic orchestral music)"},{"startTime":1239.1,"endTime":1242.26,"body":"So when you give a"},{"startTime":1239.1,"endTime":1242.26,"body":"lyrical tune to the tubas,"},{"startTime":1242.26,"endTime":1244.19,"body":"you must be somehow mocking it,"},{"startTime":1244.19,"endTime":1246.95,"body":"although it sounds"},{"startTime":1244.19,"endTime":1246.95,"body":"terrifying at the same time."},{"startTime":1246.95,"endTime":1249.82,"body":"But this is the kind of that is happening."},{"startTime":1249.82,"endTime":1250.97,"body":"But there was something else,"},{"startTime":1250.97,"endTime":1253.39,"body":"which was probably even more important,"},{"startTime":1253.39,"endTime":1256.963,"body":"and that's the finale of"},{"startTime":1253.39,"endTime":1256.963,"body":"how the symphony ends."},{"startTime":1257.99,"endTime":1259.857,"body":"We're talking that in socialist-realism,"},{"startTime":1259.857,"endTime":1263.09,"body":"you always strive for a happy ending."},{"startTime":1263.09,"endTime":1265.7,"body":"So it seems that's what"},{"startTime":1263.09,"endTime":1265.7,"body":"Shostakovich is doing,"},{"startTime":1265.7,"endTime":1267.6,"body":"he's striving towards this happy ending,"},{"startTime":1267.6,"endTime":1269.11,"body":"and it almost happens."},{"startTime":1269.11,"endTime":1271.91,"body":"We're getting to this huge climax,"},{"startTime":1271.91,"endTime":1276.91,"body":"and you will see the timpanists"},{"startTime":1271.91,"endTime":1276.91,"body":"are going in this rhythm"},{"startTime":1277.79,"endTime":1281.03,"body":"and it's all very exciting,"},{"startTime":1277.79,"endTime":1281.03,"body":"it's in the major key,"},{"startTime":1281.03,"endTime":1286.03,"body":"and then something happens"},{"startTime":1281.03,"endTime":1286.03,"body":"at the crest of that climax."},{"startTime":1286.34,"endTime":1288.61,"body":"And a funeral march which was there"},{"startTime":1288.61,"endTime":1291.41,"body":"from the beginning of the"},{"startTime":1288.61,"endTime":1291.41,"body":"finale, it starts to take over."},{"startTime":1291.41,"endTime":1295.45,"body":"So it sours the mood,"},{"startTime":1291.41,"endTime":1295.45,"body":"and you get the opposite"},{"startTime":1295.45,"endTime":1297.68,"body":"with what you expected."},{"startTime":1297.68,"endTime":1301.84,"body":"Not the wonderful, happy"},{"startTime":1297.68,"endTime":1301.84,"body":"ending, triumphant ending,"},{"startTime":1301.84,"endTime":1306.84,"body":"but a very slow and gradual fading away."},{"startTime":1308.82,"endTime":1312.695,"body":"So I'll just play you the how"},{"startTime":1308.82,"endTime":1312.695,"body":"we're coming up to this climax"},{"startTime":1312.695,"endTime":1314.043,"body":"and getting out of it."},{"startTime":1314.99,"endTime":1318.49,"body":"(somber orchestral music)"},{"startTime":1332.67,"endTime":1334.443,"body":"Major key, C major."},{"startTime":1347.714,"endTime":1350.714,"body":"(timpanis pounding)"},{"startTime":1357.57,"endTime":1361.237,"body":"(dramatic orchestral music)"},{"startTime":1367.967,"endTime":1371.384,"body":"(music turns triumphant)"},{"startTime":1427.387,"endTime":1430.487,"body":"(music turns somber)"},{"startTime":1430.487,"endTime":1434.343,"body":"Yeah, and so it goes on"},{"startTime":1430.487,"endTime":1434.343,"body":"for a long, long time."},{"startTime":1435.53,"endTime":1438.713,"body":"So imagine this in the climate of 1936."},{"startTime":1439.61,"endTime":1441.51,"body":"So what happened in 1936?"},{"startTime":1441.51,"endTime":1444.87,"body":"Well first of all, other"},{"startTime":1441.51,"endTime":1444.87,"body":"very prominent figures"},{"startTime":1444.87,"endTime":1447.93,"body":"also experienced the fate"},{"startTime":1444.87,"endTime":1447.93,"body":"similar to Shostakovich."},{"startTime":1447.93,"endTime":1450.81,"body":"For example, the writer Mikhail Bulgakov,"},{"startTime":1450.81,"endTime":1454.153,"body":"whose plays were taken off the stage."},{"startTime":1456.06,"endTime":1461.06,"body":"And other theater directors"},{"startTime":1456.06,"endTime":1461.06,"body":"such as Meyerhold himself,"},{"startTime":1461.06,"endTime":1465.07,"body":"and Tairov were criticized"},{"startTime":1461.06,"endTime":1465.07,"body":"almost every day in the papers."},{"startTime":1465.07,"endTime":1467.15,"body":"Their theaters were worried they might be"},{"startTime":1467.15,"endTime":1469.963,"body":"closed down at any moment."},{"startTime":1471.45,"endTime":1473.22,"body":"But then it became much more sinister,"},{"startTime":1473.22,"endTime":1475.61,"body":"because in August of 1936,"},{"startTime":1475.61,"endTime":1479.55,"body":"the first major show trial"},{"startTime":1475.61,"endTime":1479.55,"body":"took place in Moscow,"},{"startTime":1479.55,"endTime":1481.17,"body":"where former revolutionaries,"},{"startTime":1481.17,"endTime":1486.15,"body":"the very famous Bolsheviks,"},{"startTime":1481.17,"endTime":1486.15,"body":"became enemies of the people."},{"startTime":1486.15,"endTime":1489.58,"body":"And that really was an"},{"startTime":1486.15,"endTime":1489.58,"body":"all-consuming story,"},{"startTime":1489.58,"endTime":1492.42,"body":"everyone was discussing"},{"startTime":1489.58,"endTime":1492.42,"body":"it or not discussing it,"},{"startTime":1492.42,"endTime":1495.06,"body":"they were reading about"},{"startTime":1492.42,"endTime":1495.06,"body":"it in the newspapers"},{"startTime":1495.06,"endTime":1497.463,"body":"and could not understand"},{"startTime":1495.06,"endTime":1497.463,"body":"what was happening."},{"startTime":1498.85,"endTime":1501.49,"body":"I have read a lot of"},{"startTime":1498.85,"endTime":1501.49,"body":"diaries from that time,"},{"startTime":1501.49,"endTime":1504.86,"body":"and it seems that most"},{"startTime":1501.49,"endTime":1504.86,"body":"people, the absolute majority,"},{"startTime":1504.86,"endTime":1506.45,"body":"believed what was happening."},{"startTime":1506.45,"endTime":1510.613,"body":"They didn't think that"},{"startTime":1506.45,"endTime":1510.613,"body":"these accusations were fake."},{"startTime":1511.64,"endTime":1514.52,"body":"But they still couldn't"},{"startTime":1511.64,"endTime":1514.52,"body":"understand the behavior"},{"startTime":1514.52,"endTime":1516.13,"body":"of those accused,"},{"startTime":1516.13,"endTime":1521.13,"body":"of why they basically"},{"startTime":1516.13,"endTime":1521.13,"body":"were prepared to tell"},{"startTime":1521.6,"endTime":1524.713,"body":"these most ridiculous"},{"startTime":1521.6,"endTime":1524.713,"body":"stories of what they did."},{"startTime":1525.817,"endTime":1529.21,"body":"So there was something very"},{"startTime":1525.817,"endTime":1529.21,"body":"strange psychologically,"},{"startTime":1529.21,"endTime":1530.793,"body":"very disturbing."},{"startTime":1531.88,"endTime":1535.15,"body":"And so the country was"},{"startTime":1531.88,"endTime":1535.15,"body":"dripped by this show trial,"},{"startTime":1535.15,"endTime":1537.23,"body":"and then after that, in the wake of that,"},{"startTime":1537.23,"endTime":1540.22,"body":"people were executed"},{"startTime":1537.23,"endTime":1540.22,"body":"basically the same day,"},{"startTime":1540.22,"endTime":1543.2,"body":"or the next day after the sentence."},{"startTime":1543.2,"endTime":1547.21,"body":"And after they were executed"},{"startTime":1543.2,"endTime":1547.21,"body":"there was a wave of arrests"},{"startTime":1547.21,"endTime":1549.92,"body":"and expulsions from the Communist Party,"},{"startTime":1549.92,"endTime":1553.97,"body":"and denunciations of people"},{"startTime":1549.92,"endTime":1553.97,"body":"who knew the accused."},{"startTime":1553.97,"endTime":1558.373,"body":"So the wave started spreading"},{"startTime":1553.97,"endTime":1558.373,"body":"further and further."},{"startTime":1559.93,"endTime":1564.2,"body":"And one of the people"},{"startTime":1559.93,"endTime":1564.2,"body":"arrested at that time,"},{"startTime":1564.2,"endTime":1568.97,"body":"in the autumn of 1936 was"},{"startTime":1564.2,"endTime":1568.97,"body":"Shostakovich's brother-in-law,"},{"startTime":1568.97,"endTime":1571.34,"body":"the husband of his sister."},{"startTime":1571.34,"endTime":1575.42,"body":"So it came as close to"},{"startTime":1571.34,"endTime":1575.42,"body":"actually members of his family."},{"startTime":1575.42,"endTime":1578.92,"body":"And there is a very interesting letter"},{"startTime":1578.92,"endTime":1582.44,"body":"from Shostakovich's professor,"},{"startTime":1578.92,"endTime":1582.44,"body":"Maximillian Steinberg,"},{"startTime":1582.44,"endTime":1584.603,"body":"former professor from the conservatoire."},{"startTime":1586.06,"endTime":1588.433,"body":"Sorry, it's not a letter,"},{"startTime":1586.06,"endTime":1588.433,"body":"it's a diary entry."},{"startTime":1589.51,"endTime":1592.82,"body":"Shostakovich visits him"},{"startTime":1589.51,"endTime":1592.82,"body":"on the 30th of November,"},{"startTime":1592.82,"endTime":1596.26,"body":"and he says that from"},{"startTime":1592.82,"endTime":1596.26,"body":"Shostakovich he finds out"},{"startTime":1596.26,"endTime":1598.854,"body":"that two people whom they knew,"},{"startTime":1598.854,"endTime":1602.616,"body":"they were basically"},{"startTime":1598.854,"endTime":1602.616,"body":"accountants in one of these"},{"startTime":1602.616,"endTime":1605.76,"body":"creative organizations,"},{"startTime":1602.616,"endTime":1605.76,"body":"composers organizations"},{"startTime":1605.76,"endTime":1606.963,"body":"that they belonged to,"},{"startTime":1608.08,"endTime":1610.92,"body":"got a death sentence for"},{"startTime":1608.08,"endTime":1610.92,"body":"some financial crimes,"},{"startTime":1610.92,"endTime":1613.433,"body":"which, of course, were"},{"startTime":1610.92,"endTime":1613.433,"body":"completely immeasurable"},{"startTime":1613.433,"endTime":1616.65,"body":"with the crime itself."},{"startTime":1616.65,"endTime":1618.69,"body":"And he says, well it is so strange,"},{"startTime":1618.69,"endTime":1621.0,"body":"you've dealt with these"},{"startTime":1618.69,"endTime":1621.0,"body":"people so many times"},{"startTime":1621.0,"endTime":1623.25,"body":"without ever suspecting"},{"startTime":1621.0,"endTime":1623.25,"body":"anything like this."},{"startTime":1623.25,"endTime":1625.62,"body":"He doesn't tell you whether"},{"startTime":1623.25,"endTime":1625.62,"body":"he believes that or not,"},{"startTime":1625.62,"endTime":1629.5,"body":"and in the same sentence, in"},{"startTime":1625.62,"endTime":1629.5,"body":"the same paragraph, basically,"},{"startTime":1629.5,"endTime":1633.01,"body":"he says that Mitya, Shostakovich,"},{"startTime":1633.01,"endTime":1636.15,"body":"is in great doubt about the"},{"startTime":1633.01,"endTime":1636.15,"body":"forthcoming performances"},{"startTime":1636.15,"endTime":1637.93,"body":"of the Fourth Symphony."},{"startTime":1637.93,"endTime":1641.09,"body":"So it's basically part"},{"startTime":1637.93,"endTime":1641.09,"body":"of this whole narrative,"},{"startTime":1641.09,"endTime":1644.603,"body":"the context is terrifying."},{"startTime":1646.75,"endTime":1649.76,"body":"So, nevertheless, he went"},{"startTime":1646.75,"endTime":1649.76,"body":"ahead with the rehearsals,"},{"startTime":1649.76,"endTime":1651.96,"body":"and as the rehearsals progressed."},{"startTime":1651.96,"endTime":1654.323,"body":"You know, can you imagine"},{"startTime":1651.96,"endTime":1654.323,"body":"rehearsing this symphony?"},{"startTime":1654.323,"endTime":1658.307,"body":"It's very difficult, and"},{"startTime":1654.323,"endTime":1658.307,"body":"musicians started complaining,"},{"startTime":1658.307,"endTime":1661.91,"body":"\"Why should we play this"},{"startTime":1658.307,"endTime":1661.91,"body":"formalism?\" (chuckling)"},{"startTime":1661.91,"endTime":1666.72,"body":"And then the chairman of the"},{"startTime":1661.91,"endTime":1666.72,"body":"Leningrad Union of Composers"},{"startTime":1666.72,"endTime":1669.72,"body":"and another party official"},{"startTime":1666.72,"endTime":1669.72,"body":"and head of the philharmonia"},{"startTime":1669.72,"endTime":1671.57,"body":"all came to Shostakovich and suggested"},{"startTime":1671.57,"endTime":1672.87,"body":"that he might withdraw it."},{"startTime":1673.8,"endTime":1677.38,"body":"And indeed, it would have"},{"startTime":1673.8,"endTime":1677.38,"body":"been absolutely crazy not to."},{"startTime":1677.38,"endTime":1679.91,"body":"So that was actually"},{"startTime":1677.38,"endTime":1679.91,"body":"salvation, I think, for him."},{"startTime":1679.91,"endTime":1683.42,"body":"That was actually a good"},{"startTime":1679.91,"endTime":1683.42,"body":"move, it was the right move."},{"startTime":1687.28,"endTime":1690.5,"body":"This is a very interesting"},{"startTime":1687.28,"endTime":1690.5,"body":"little deviation."},{"startTime":1690.5,"endTime":1693.687,"body":"A little meme, just to explain that this"},{"startTime":1695.77,"endTime":1698.757,"body":"story of a reformed composer"},{"startTime":1695.77,"endTime":1698.757,"body":"who abandons one symphony"},{"startTime":1698.757,"endTime":1702.053,"body":"and writes a new on"},{"startTime":1698.757,"endTime":1702.053,"body":"already existed in fiction."},{"startTime":1703.59,"endTime":1707.94,"body":"A playwright called Alexei"},{"startTime":1703.59,"endTime":1707.94,"body":"Faiko created a play,"},{"startTime":1707.94,"endTime":1710.38,"body":"and put it on in March of 1936,"},{"startTime":1710.38,"endTime":1712.56,"body":"so well before anything was known"},{"startTime":1712.56,"endTime":1714.93,"body":"about Shostakovich's Fourth Symphony,"},{"startTime":1714.93,"endTime":1718.93,"body":"about a composer who writes"},{"startTime":1714.93,"endTime":1718.93,"body":"this formalist symphony,"},{"startTime":1718.93,"endTime":1721.81,"body":"and then eventually he"},{"startTime":1718.93,"endTime":1721.81,"body":"decides not to conduct it."},{"startTime":1721.81,"endTime":1723.51,"body":"He was about to go on stage,"},{"startTime":1723.51,"endTime":1724.83,"body":"the play is called, \"The Concert,\""},{"startTime":1724.83,"endTime":1726.61,"body":"and then he cancels it."},{"startTime":1726.61,"endTime":1730.62,"body":"And then with the help"},{"startTime":1726.61,"endTime":1730.62,"body":"of his younger pupil,"},{"startTime":1730.62,"endTime":1732.76,"body":"he writes a new symphony."},{"startTime":1732.76,"endTime":1734.92,"body":"So he becomes a reformed composer."},{"startTime":1734.92,"endTime":1738.51,"body":"Now look at these composer,"},{"startTime":1734.92,"endTime":1738.51,"body":"yeah, he's on the right."},{"startTime":1738.51,"endTime":1742.063,"body":"I think he looks remarkably"},{"startTime":1738.51,"endTime":1742.063,"body":"like Shostakovich."},{"startTime":1742.98,"endTime":1745.18,"body":"So even though the play"},{"startTime":1742.98,"endTime":1745.18,"body":"was actually written"},{"startTime":1745.18,"endTime":1747.57,"body":"before any of that took place,"},{"startTime":1747.57,"endTime":1749.801,"body":"but when it arrived on the stage"},{"startTime":1749.801,"endTime":1753.53,"body":"they certainly wanted to make,"},{"startTime":1749.801,"endTime":1753.53,"body":"to put Shostakovich on stage."},{"startTime":1753.53,"endTime":1756.16,"body":"So even before Shostakovich"},{"startTime":1753.53,"endTime":1756.16,"body":"withdrew is Fourth Symphony,"},{"startTime":1756.16,"endTime":1758.56,"body":"he did it on stage first (chuckling)"},{"startTime":1758.56,"endTime":1759.95,"body":"and then in real life."},{"startTime":1759.95,"endTime":1761.44,"body":"I think it's quite amazing."},{"startTime":1761.44,"endTime":1763.74,"body":"Another interesting detail about it,"},{"startTime":1763.74,"endTime":1766.14,"body":"is that the music for this play"},{"startTime":1766.14,"endTime":1769.873,"body":"was written by Shostakovich's"},{"startTime":1766.14,"endTime":1769.873,"body":"close friend, Shebalin."},{"startTime":1769.873,"endTime":1771.79,"body":"Well, Shebalin was his friend,"},{"startTime":1771.79,"endTime":1774.947,"body":"and his greatest student,"},{"startTime":1771.79,"endTime":1774.947,"body":"Khrennikov, who you might know of,"},{"startTime":1774.947,"endTime":1778.69,"body":"later became Head of"},{"startTime":1774.947,"endTime":1778.69,"body":"the Union of Composers."},{"startTime":1778.69,"endTime":1781.99,"body":"And I don't know, I still"},{"startTime":1778.69,"endTime":1781.99,"body":"need to do more research,"},{"startTime":1781.99,"endTime":1784.62,"body":"but it seems that Shebalin"},{"startTime":1781.99,"endTime":1784.62,"body":"wrote the formalist music,"},{"startTime":1784.62,"endTime":1787.68,"body":"and Khrennikov wrote the reformed music,"},{"startTime":1787.68,"endTime":1789.453,"body":"so it was a kind of double act."},{"startTime":1791.13,"endTime":1796.13,"body":"I also wanted to point out"},{"startTime":1791.13,"endTime":1796.13,"body":"that basically almost everyone"},{"startTime":1797.13,"endTime":1798.97,"body":"at that period had to change that style."},{"startTime":1798.97,"endTime":1801.03,"body":"Every artist in some way."},{"startTime":1801.03,"endTime":1804.65,"body":"Those who didn't,"},{"startTime":1801.03,"endTime":1804.65,"body":"basically just had to stop"},{"startTime":1804.65,"endTime":1806.58,"body":"being published or performed,"},{"startTime":1806.58,"endTime":1809.1,"body":"and I don't know, become"},{"startTime":1806.58,"endTime":1809.1,"body":"janitors or something like that."},{"startTime":1809.1,"endTime":1811.88,"body":"So completely fall out"},{"startTime":1809.1,"endTime":1811.88,"body":"of the artistic world."},{"startTime":1811.88,"endTime":1815.21,"body":"So another prominent example"},{"startTime":1811.88,"endTime":1815.21,"body":"is the film director,"},{"startTime":1815.21,"endTime":1816.613,"body":"Sergei Eisenstein,"},{"startTime":1817.56,"endTime":1822.417,"body":"who actually, he's known"},{"startTime":1817.56,"endTime":1822.417,"body":"as having said this phrase,"},{"startTime":1822.417,"endTime":1825.39,"body":"\"They are not going to make"},{"startTime":1822.417,"endTime":1825.39,"body":"a Shostakovich out of me!\""},{"startTime":1825.39,"endTime":1828.09,"body":"When the campaign starts against him,"},{"startTime":1828.09,"endTime":1829.68,"body":"and somebody wrote it in a diary,"},{"startTime":1829.68,"endTime":1830.78,"body":"so that's how we know."},{"startTime":1832.0,"endTime":1837.0,"body":"And indeed, his film"},{"startTime":1832.0,"endTime":1837.0,"body":"about collectivization,"},{"startTime":1837.937,"endTime":1841.36,"body":"and the \"Bezhin Meadow\" was withdrawn"},{"startTime":1841.36,"endTime":1843.83,"body":"11 days before it was due to be finished."},{"startTime":1843.83,"endTime":1846.82,"body":"It was withdraw, and everyone"},{"startTime":1843.83,"endTime":1846.82,"body":"thought it was destroyed,"},{"startTime":1846.82,"endTime":1849.4,"body":"and later it was found, but nevertheless."},{"startTime":1849.4,"endTime":1851.9,"body":"He had to completely change the style,"},{"startTime":1851.9,"endTime":1854.367,"body":"and he did this big, patriotic thing,"},{"startTime":1854.367,"endTime":1856.67,"body":"\"Alexander Nevsky\" next year."},{"startTime":1856.67,"endTime":1859.74,"body":"So yeah, that's exactly a"},{"startTime":1856.67,"endTime":1859.74,"body":"parallel story to Shostakovich."},{"startTime":1859.74,"endTime":1863.73,"body":"This is just to prove to you"},{"startTime":1859.74,"endTime":1863.73,"body":"that almost everyone else"},{"startTime":1863.73,"endTime":1865.783,"body":"had to do something like that."},{"startTime":1867.41,"endTime":1869.902,"body":"So, we come to Symphony No. 5,"},{"startTime":1869.902,"endTime":1873.36,"body":"and I've chosen, that's another"},{"startTime":1869.902,"endTime":1873.36,"body":"painting about the symphony."},{"startTime":1873.36,"endTime":1875.14,"body":"It's \"Venezuelan Allegory,\""},{"startTime":1875.14,"endTime":1877.06,"body":"but you can see from the painting"},{"startTime":1877.06,"endTime":1879.3,"body":"that it's much, much more organized."},{"startTime":1879.3,"endTime":1882.38,"body":"It's much more classical, like symphony."},{"startTime":1882.38,"endTime":1886.61,"body":"It has this forward progression,"},{"startTime":1886.61,"endTime":1888.73,"body":"and it has some kind of classical balance."},{"startTime":1888.73,"endTime":1892.32,"body":"And indeed, the Fifth Symphony"},{"startTime":1888.73,"endTime":1892.32,"body":"is different in style,"},{"startTime":1892.32,"endTime":1895.17,"body":"even though you can still hear"},{"startTime":1892.32,"endTime":1895.17,"body":"that this is Shostakovich."},{"startTime":1896.2,"endTime":1899.61,"body":"There are different models"},{"startTime":1896.2,"endTime":1899.61,"body":"that Shostakovich follows."},{"startTime":1899.61,"endTime":1902.72,"body":"It's not necessarily so much milder,"},{"startTime":1902.72,"endTime":1904.5,"body":"although a little bit of milder."},{"startTime":1904.5,"endTime":1907.1,"body":"But there are also references to Beethoven"},{"startTime":1907.1,"endTime":1912.03,"body":"and Tchaikovsky who"},{"startTime":1907.1,"endTime":1912.03,"body":"obviously they're inspirerers"},{"startTime":1912.03,"endTime":1914.89,"body":"of socialist-realism at that time."},{"startTime":1914.89,"endTime":1918.05,"body":"So instead of eight or nine"},{"startTime":1914.89,"endTime":1918.05,"body":"climaxes in one movement,"},{"startTime":1918.05,"endTime":1920.22,"body":"you will just have a single one."},{"startTime":1920.22,"endTime":1923.02,"body":"And if you just have one peak,"},{"startTime":1923.02,"endTime":1927.38,"body":"then it becomes narratively"},{"startTime":1923.02,"endTime":1927.38,"body":"much easier to comprehend"},{"startTime":1927.38,"endTime":1929.21,"body":"how the music develops."},{"startTime":1929.21,"endTime":1931.39,"body":"So in many ways, the Fifth Symphony,"},{"startTime":1931.39,"endTime":1933.37,"body":"even the fact that it's"},{"startTime":1931.39,"endTime":1933.37,"body":"not three movements,"},{"startTime":1933.37,"endTime":1936.92,"body":"but the four movements as"},{"startTime":1933.37,"endTime":1936.92,"body":"we're used to, four movements,"},{"startTime":1936.92,"endTime":1941.14,"body":"and it ends in the major key"},{"startTime":1936.92,"endTime":1941.14,"body":"with a triumphant climax."},{"startTime":1941.14,"endTime":1943.0,"body":"Yeah so in all these respects,"},{"startTime":1943.0,"endTime":1946.433,"body":"the Fifth Symphony was"},{"startTime":1943.0,"endTime":1946.433,"body":"much more palatable."},{"startTime":1948.92,"endTime":1953.92,"body":"But the chronology of it"},{"startTime":1948.92,"endTime":1953.92,"body":"is also extremely telling."},{"startTime":1954.1,"endTime":1958.31,"body":"I mean, just want you to"},{"startTime":1954.1,"endTime":1958.31,"body":"imagine what time it was written"},{"startTime":1958.31,"endTime":1962.96,"body":"because the contest of 1937"},{"startTime":1958.31,"endTime":1962.96,"body":"was of course even worse"},{"startTime":1962.96,"endTime":1964.883,"body":"than of 1936."},{"startTime":1966.07,"endTime":1968.33,"body":"So Shostakovich had"},{"startTime":1966.07,"endTime":1968.33,"body":"already procrastinated,"},{"startTime":1968.33,"endTime":1971.1,"body":"because with the Fourth Symphony,"},{"startTime":1971.1,"endTime":1973.78,"body":"and hadn't come up with any"},{"startTime":1971.1,"endTime":1973.78,"body":"response to the criticism."},{"startTime":1973.78,"endTime":1978.06,"body":"So by March Kerzhentsev"},{"startTime":1973.78,"endTime":1978.06,"body":"started getting worried,"},{"startTime":1978.06,"endTime":1981.647,"body":"and actually said, calling"},{"startTime":1978.06,"endTime":1981.647,"body":"colleagues of Shostakovich,"},{"startTime":1981.647,"endTime":1983.9,"body":"\"You have to help him,"},{"startTime":1981.647,"endTime":1983.9,"body":"you're just ignoring him,"},{"startTime":1983.9,"endTime":1986.43,"body":"but you have to help him reform.\""},{"startTime":1986.43,"endTime":1988.66,"body":"And right after that it seems Shostakovich"},{"startTime":1988.66,"endTime":1991.253,"body":"starts writing his Fifth Symphony."},{"startTime":1992.28,"endTime":1995.78,"body":"Surrounded by arrests by"},{"startTime":1992.28,"endTime":1995.78,"body":"people he knew professionally,"},{"startTime":1995.78,"endTime":1997.78,"body":"such as Director of the Bolshoi Theater,"},{"startTime":1999.465,"endTime":2001.553,"body":"the mother of his wife,"},{"startTime":2002.722,"endTime":2004.693,"body":"the astronomist Sofya Varzar,"},{"startTime":2006.74,"endTime":2010.33,"body":"you know the trial of his brother-in-law,"},{"startTime":2010.33,"endTime":2012.81,"body":"who is sentenced to 10 years."},{"startTime":2012.81,"endTime":2017.454,"body":"And probably most worrying of all"},{"startTime":2017.454,"endTime":2020.01,"body":"for Shostakovich personally,"},{"startTime":2020.01,"endTime":2023.77,"body":"it was the news of the arrest"},{"startTime":2020.01,"endTime":2023.77,"body":"of his patron in the party,"},{"startTime":2023.77,"endTime":2026.57,"body":"a very high standing patron and friend,"},{"startTime":2026.57,"endTime":2028.043,"body":"Marshal Tukhachevsky."},{"startTime":2028.88,"endTime":2033.88,"body":"So Tukhachevsky is very"},{"startTime":2028.88,"endTime":2033.88,"body":"soon arrested, executed,"},{"startTime":2034.07,"endTime":2037.32,"body":"and we're now basically down to two days"},{"startTime":2037.32,"endTime":2039.88,"body":"when Shostakovich visited another friend"},{"startTime":2039.88,"endTime":2042.3,"body":"that they had in common"},{"startTime":2039.88,"endTime":2042.3,"body":"to play that symphony,"},{"startTime":2042.3,"endTime":2044.65,"body":"the first two movement"},{"startTime":2042.3,"endTime":2044.65,"body":"of the Fifth Symphony."},{"startTime":2044.65,"endTime":2047.39,"body":"And by that stage, they probably both knew"},{"startTime":2047.39,"endTime":2049.683,"body":"that Tukhachevsky was already gone."},{"startTime":2050.7,"endTime":2053.67,"body":"And in fact, that friend,"},{"startTime":2050.7,"endTime":2053.67,"body":"Zhilyaev, Nikolai Zhilyaev,"},{"startTime":2053.67,"endTime":2057.03,"body":"was arrested precisely for"},{"startTime":2053.67,"endTime":2057.03,"body":"his connection to Tukhachevsky"},{"startTime":2057.03,"endTime":2058.45,"body":"a few months later."},{"startTime":2058.45,"endTime":2060.683,"body":"So we can ourselves, you know,"},{"startTime":2062.1,"endTime":2066.283,"body":"was it just pure luck that"},{"startTime":2062.1,"endTime":2066.283,"body":"Shostakovich didn't get arrested?"},{"startTime":2067.17,"endTime":2069.97,"body":"And there is a story that he"},{"startTime":2067.17,"endTime":2069.97,"body":"was called for questioning,"},{"startTime":2069.97,"endTime":2073.87,"body":"but then his interrogator"},{"startTime":2069.97,"endTime":2073.87,"body":"was arrested himself,"},{"startTime":2073.87,"endTime":2076.04,"body":"it came to nothing."},{"startTime":2076.04,"endTime":2079.08,"body":"Or perhaps Shostakovich was,"},{"startTime":2079.08,"endTime":2081.283,"body":"to some extent, already protected."},{"startTime":2082.24,"endTime":2087.24,"body":"And if we investigate"},{"startTime":2082.24,"endTime":2087.24,"body":"that train of thought,"},{"startTime":2087.76,"endTime":2090.01,"body":"the one thing that"},{"startTime":2087.76,"endTime":2090.01,"body":"could have protected him"},{"startTime":2090.01,"endTime":2094.4,"body":"was participation in the"},{"startTime":2090.01,"endTime":2094.4,"body":"writing of a film score"},{"startTime":2094.4,"endTime":2096.997,"body":"for a film which is called"},{"startTime":2094.4,"endTime":2096.997,"body":"\"The Great Citizen.\""},{"startTime":2098.28,"endTime":2102.2,"body":"It was the film that was"},{"startTime":2098.28,"endTime":2102.2,"body":"basically the justification"},{"startTime":2102.2,"endTime":2103.283,"body":"of the purges."},{"startTime":2104.41,"endTime":2107.84,"body":"And it's a paradoxical situation,"},{"startTime":2104.41,"endTime":2107.84,"body":"so on the one hand, yeah,"},{"startTime":2107.84,"endTime":2109.7,"body":"Shostakovich is the victim of the purges,"},{"startTime":2109.7,"endTime":2111.81,"body":"all the people around him are arrested"},{"startTime":2111.81,"endTime":2116.81,"body":"and sentenced to either death"},{"startTime":2111.81,"endTime":2116.81,"body":"or 10 years in the Gulag."},{"startTime":2117.87,"endTime":2120.533,"body":"And at the same time, he's collaborating,"},{"startTime":2122.84,"endTime":2125.04,"body":"and basically promoting the purges"},{"startTime":2125.04,"endTime":2127.493,"body":"by writing a film score for this film."},{"startTime":2128.68,"endTime":2132.04,"body":"And this film was basically"},{"startTime":2128.68,"endTime":2132.04,"body":"co-written by Stalin."},{"startTime":2132.04,"endTime":2133.84,"body":"Stalin interfered in this scenario."},{"startTime":2133.84,"endTime":2136.79,"body":"So the director was Fridrikh Ermler,"},{"startTime":2136.79,"endTime":2139.5,"body":"who was very close to Stalin."},{"startTime":2139.5,"endTime":2143.17,"body":"He was on good terms with the Politburo,"},{"startTime":2143.17,"endTime":2146.13,"body":"probably involved with the Secret Service,"},{"startTime":2146.13,"endTime":2147.31,"body":"and that's the kind of project"},{"startTime":2147.31,"endTime":2148.96,"body":"that Shostakovich is involved in."},{"startTime":2150.53,"endTime":2152.54,"body":"And he writes this film score"},{"startTime":2152.54,"endTime":2154.26,"body":"right after the Fifth Symphony,"},{"startTime":2154.26,"endTime":2159.05,"body":"and he actually uses a"},{"startTime":2154.26,"endTime":2159.05,"body":"very similar musical phrase"},{"startTime":2159.05,"endTime":2162.35,"body":"in the title sequence for"},{"startTime":2159.05,"endTime":2162.35,"body":"the film, so let's hear it."},{"startTime":2162.35,"endTime":2164.23,"body":"So this is the title"},{"startTime":2162.35,"endTime":2164.23,"body":"sequence for the film."},{"startTime":2164.23,"endTime":2167.897,"body":"(dramatic orchestral music)"},{"startTime":2189.156,"endTime":2192.094,"body":"So you just heard that"},{"startTime":2189.156,"endTime":2192.094,"body":"phrase, that fanfare."},{"startTime":2192.094,"endTime":2195.761,"body":"(dramatic orchestral music)"},{"startTime":2206.688,"endTime":2208.83,"body":"So I don't know whether"},{"startTime":2206.688,"endTime":2208.83,"body":"you heard the timpani"},{"startTime":2208.83,"endTime":2211.71,"body":"in the first extract"},{"startTime":2208.83,"endTime":2211.71,"body":"because the sound is so bad,"},{"startTime":2211.71,"endTime":2213.74,"body":"but actually there was"},{"startTime":2211.71,"endTime":2213.74,"body":"a timpani there as well."},{"startTime":2213.74,"endTime":2216.793,"body":"So you have both the fanfare"},{"startTime":2213.74,"endTime":2216.793,"body":"and the timpani strokes,"},{"startTime":2217.75,"endTime":2219.77,"body":"as a quotation from the symphony."},{"startTime":2219.77,"endTime":2223.01,"body":"And perhaps retroactively it might have"},{"startTime":2223.01,"endTime":2224.89,"body":"acted as a kind of insurance policy,"},{"startTime":2224.89,"endTime":2227.73,"body":"because in the film"},{"startTime":2224.89,"endTime":2227.73,"body":"this theme is associated"},{"startTime":2227.73,"endTime":2229.18,"body":"with the victory of the revolution."},{"startTime":2229.18,"endTime":2232.47,"body":"So if that is what that theme means,"},{"startTime":2232.47,"endTime":2235.523,"body":"then that's what the finale"},{"startTime":2232.47,"endTime":2235.523,"body":"of the Fifth means as well."},{"startTime":2240.24,"endTime":2245.24,"body":"So, the symphony was premiered"},{"startTime":2240.24,"endTime":2245.24,"body":"on the 21st of November"},{"startTime":2246.14,"endTime":2250.76,"body":"in Leningrad by the conductor Mravinsky,"},{"startTime":2250.76,"endTime":2253.283,"body":"and it became a huge"},{"startTime":2250.76,"endTime":2253.283,"body":"success with the public."},{"startTime":2254.29,"endTime":2257.23,"body":"It's hard to say whether"},{"startTime":2254.29,"endTime":2257.23,"body":"people gave Shostakovich"},{"startTime":2257.23,"endTime":2260.26,"body":"a standing ovation because"},{"startTime":2257.23,"endTime":2260.26,"body":"they loved the music so much,"},{"startTime":2260.26,"endTime":2263.72,"body":"or because they wanted to"},{"startTime":2260.26,"endTime":2263.72,"body":"express support for him,"},{"startTime":2263.72,"endTime":2266.27,"body":"because that was the only way they could"},{"startTime":2266.27,"endTime":2268.05,"body":"express the support publicly,"},{"startTime":2268.05,"endTime":2270.423,"body":"to stand up and clap for 10 minutes."},{"startTime":2272.73,"endTime":2275.793,"body":"And you know, some of them were crying."},{"startTime":2276.88,"endTime":2279.29,"body":"Generally speaking, the"},{"startTime":2276.88,"endTime":2279.29,"body":"reaction to the symphony"},{"startTime":2279.29,"endTime":2282.79,"body":"was not unanimous."},{"startTime":2282.79,"endTime":2285.63,"body":"People actually mostly write about it,"},{"startTime":2285.63,"endTime":2289.65,"body":"they remember the slow movement,"},{"startTime":2285.63,"endTime":2289.65,"body":"the requiem slow movement,"},{"startTime":2289.65,"endTime":2291.46,"body":"which seemed to have touched their hearts."},{"startTime":2291.46,"endTime":2295.28,"body":"And not so many people"},{"startTime":2291.46,"endTime":2295.28,"body":"actually enjoy the very ending,"},{"startTime":2295.28,"endTime":2296.414,"body":"which I've just played,"},{"startTime":2296.414,"endTime":2299.03,"body":"but some people think"},{"startTime":2296.414,"endTime":2299.03,"body":"that it's a formality,"},{"startTime":2299.03,"endTime":2301.11,"body":"that he basically sold out."},{"startTime":2301.11,"endTime":2304.61,"body":"Other people heard it"},{"startTime":2301.11,"endTime":2304.61,"body":"as not a triumph at all,"},{"startTime":2304.61,"endTime":2309.61,"body":"but something worrying and"},{"startTime":2304.61,"endTime":2309.61,"body":"describing this repetition"},{"startTime":2310.12,"endTime":2314.81,"body":"of the same note as battering"},{"startTime":2310.12,"endTime":2314.81,"body":"in, or hammering in."},{"startTime":2314.81,"endTime":2317.15,"body":"So people were really writing about this"},{"startTime":2317.15,"endTime":2319.453,"body":"in their diaries and letters at the time."},{"startTime":2321.36,"endTime":2326.36,"body":"And eventually the critics"},{"startTime":2321.36,"endTime":2326.36,"body":"were won out to the cause,"},{"startTime":2326.62,"endTime":2331.62,"body":"but there was a description"},{"startTime":2326.62,"endTime":2331.62,"body":"even by one of the listeners"},{"startTime":2333.48,"endTime":2336.08,"body":"who says, well"},{"startTime":2333.48,"endTime":2336.08,"body":"Shostakovichism, he's studying,"},{"startTime":2336.08,"endTime":2338.95,"body":"and engrossed in his abstractions,"},{"startTime":2338.95,"endTime":2341.08,"body":"and this is the banging on the door,"},{"startTime":2341.08,"endTime":2343.69,"body":"you know the objective"},{"startTime":2341.08,"endTime":2343.69,"body":"world is trying to get in,"},{"startTime":2343.69,"endTime":2346.96,"body":"and telling him to get engaged"},{"startTime":2346.96,"endTime":2348.97,"body":"into the building of socialism."},{"startTime":2348.97,"endTime":2352.626,"body":"So you can see how this ending also became"},{"startTime":2352.626,"endTime":2355.937,"body":"an autobiographical narrative,"},{"startTime":2355.937,"endTime":2358.38,"body":"and it's people who"},{"startTime":2355.937,"endTime":2358.38,"body":"were actually seeing it"},{"startTime":2358.38,"endTime":2362.229,"body":"as the reform itself, as the"},{"startTime":2358.38,"endTime":2362.229,"body":"criticism of Lady Macbeth,"},{"startTime":2362.229,"endTime":2365.927,"body":"and now the reform itself in the symphony."},{"startTime":2365.927,"endTime":2370.173,"body":"So they perceived as an"},{"startTime":2365.927,"endTime":2370.173,"body":"autobiographical work."},{"startTime":2372.13,"endTime":2376.02,"body":"But very interesting things"},{"startTime":2372.13,"endTime":2376.02,"body":"happened quite recently"},{"startTime":2376.02,"endTime":2380.01,"body":"when scholars discovered"},{"startTime":2376.02,"endTime":2380.01,"body":"something else in the symphony,"},{"startTime":2380.01,"endTime":2382.85,"body":"and indeed, there is an"},{"startTime":2380.01,"endTime":2382.85,"body":"autobiographical dimension,"},{"startTime":2382.85,"endTime":2387.23,"body":"but which takes us in"},{"startTime":2382.85,"endTime":2387.23,"body":"very different direction."},{"startTime":2387.23,"endTime":2390.84,"body":"It all started with people"},{"startTime":2387.23,"endTime":2390.84,"body":"noticing a quotation"},{"startTime":2390.84,"endTime":2394.97,"body":"almost a direct quotation"},{"startTime":2390.84,"endTime":2394.97,"body":"from the opera, \"Carmen.\""},{"startTime":2394.97,"endTime":2397.83,"body":"And I'm going to play you"},{"startTime":2394.97,"endTime":2397.83,"body":"the famous \"Habanera,\""},{"startTime":2397.83,"endTime":2400.64,"body":"and then the symphony, and I promise you,"},{"startTime":2400.64,"endTime":2403.549,"body":"you will not be able to"},{"startTime":2400.64,"endTime":2403.549,"body":"to unhear it. (chuckling)"},{"startTime":2403.549,"endTime":2406.716,"body":"(\"Habanera\" by Bizet)"},{"startTime":2422.359,"endTime":2426.429,"body":"Yeah, so l'amour, that's"},{"startTime":2422.359,"endTime":2426.429,"body":"what I'm talking about."},{"startTime":2426.429,"endTime":2430.012,"body":"(melodic orchestral music)"},{"startTime":2452.727,"endTime":2455.97,"body":"(chuckling) Can you hear this? Yeah?"},{"startTime":2455.97,"endTime":2459.073,"body":"And then, you know,"},{"startTime":2455.97,"endTime":2459.073,"body":"once we've noticed that,"},{"startTime":2460.302,"endTime":2463.2,"body":"we start looking, I mean not we,"},{"startTime":2463.2,"endTime":2467.12,"body":"but there was a musicologist"},{"startTime":2463.2,"endTime":2467.12,"body":"from the Ukraine"},{"startTime":2468.16,"endTime":2469.71,"body":"who is called Alexander Benditskii,"},{"startTime":2469.71,"endTime":2473.803,"body":"who discovered this"},{"startTime":2469.71,"endTime":2473.803,"body":"connection with a woman,"},{"startTime":2474.83,"endTime":2479.47,"body":"Elena Konstantinovskaya, you"},{"startTime":2474.83,"endTime":2479.47,"body":"can see her picture here,"},{"startTime":2479.47,"endTime":2483.527,"body":"whom Shostakovich was madly"},{"startTime":2479.47,"endTime":2483.527,"body":"in love with around 1934, '35,"},{"startTime":2484.89,"endTime":2488.26,"body":"to the point that he"},{"startTime":2484.89,"endTime":2488.26,"body":"actually divorced his wife,"},{"startTime":2488.26,"endTime":2491.0,"body":"but then we found out"},{"startTime":2488.26,"endTime":2491.0,"body":"his wife was pregnant,"},{"startTime":2491.0,"endTime":2492.97,"body":"so he remarried her again."},{"startTime":2492.97,"endTime":2495.91,"body":"But so it was a serious"},{"startTime":2492.97,"endTime":2495.91,"body":"relationship after that,"},{"startTime":2495.91,"endTime":2500.01,"body":"with Lala, Elena"},{"startTime":2495.91,"endTime":2500.01,"body":"Konstantinovskaya was arrested,"},{"startTime":2500.01,"endTime":2501.69,"body":"and he kept in touch with her."},{"startTime":2501.69,"endTime":2504.87,"body":"Then she was sent to Spain,"},{"startTime":2501.69,"endTime":2504.87,"body":"the connection with \"Carmen,\""},{"startTime":2504.87,"endTime":2508.017,"body":"she was sent to Spain"},{"startTime":2504.87,"endTime":2508.017,"body":"during the the revolution"},{"startTime":2508.017,"endTime":2513.017,"body":"as an interpreter, and there"},{"startTime":2508.017,"endTime":2513.017,"body":"she met this dashing fellow,"},{"startTime":2513.45,"endTime":2515.55,"body":"who's called Roman Karmen."},{"startTime":2515.55,"endTime":2516.383,"body":"Karmen."},{"startTime":2518.588,"endTime":2522.44,"body":"Whether they were really"},{"startTime":2518.588,"endTime":2522.44,"body":"married, I don't know,"},{"startTime":2522.44,"endTime":2525.293,"body":"but she became known as Lala Karmen."},{"startTime":2526.585,"endTime":2531.585,"body":"So if we start looking through"},{"startTime":2526.585,"endTime":2531.585,"body":"the score of the Fifth,"},{"startTime":2531.86,"endTime":2534.62,"body":"more and more of these"},{"startTime":2531.86,"endTime":2534.62,"body":"quotations and connections"},{"startTime":2534.62,"endTime":2538.063,"body":"with \"Carmen\" can be found."},{"startTime":2540.13,"endTime":2545.13,"body":"For example, now let's hear"},{"startTime":2540.13,"endTime":2545.13,"body":"the continuation of that."},{"startTime":2547.35,"endTime":2550.517,"body":"(\"Habanera\" by Bizet)"},{"startTime":2564.314,"endTime":2566.576,"body":"Yeah, this little motif."},{"startTime":2566.576,"endTime":2570.243,"body":"(dramatic orchestral music)"},{"startTime":2576.08,"endTime":2579.14,"body":"Yeah, so the same motif slowed down"},{"startTime":2579.14,"endTime":2582.13,"body":"becomes the fanfare that"},{"startTime":2579.14,"endTime":2582.13,"body":"we already connected"},{"startTime":2582.13,"endTime":2585.333,"body":"to the Communist Party and"},{"startTime":2582.13,"endTime":2585.333,"body":"the victory of the revolution."},{"startTime":2586.34,"endTime":2588.86,"body":"It seems to be coming from the \"Habanera,\""},{"startTime":2588.86,"endTime":2592.51,"body":"and it's in the same key, that's"},{"startTime":2588.86,"endTime":2592.51,"body":"what so beautiful about it."},{"startTime":2592.51,"endTime":2594.15,"body":"You can actually hear this connection."},{"startTime":2594.15,"endTime":2596.53,"body":"So once you get under this wheel,"},{"startTime":2596.53,"endTime":2598.08,"body":"you can explain this whole symphony"},{"startTime":2598.08,"endTime":2603.08,"body":"as basically as love symphony,"},{"startTime":2598.08,"endTime":2603.08,"body":"a love poem for Lala Karmen."},{"startTime":2603.13,"endTime":2606.59,"body":"Including this very famous"},{"startTime":2606.59,"endTime":2609.56,"body":"hammering in 250 times"},{"startTime":2609.56,"endTime":2613.583,"body":"the same note la, this note A is repeated."},{"startTime":2614.75,"endTime":2617.253,"body":"La, in Russian, Lala."},{"startTime":2618.19,"endTime":2619.023,"body":"Lala."},{"startTime":2621.38,"endTime":2622.58,"body":"Now you're not believing me,"},{"startTime":2622.58,"endTime":2624.37,"body":"but I'm absolutely convinced,"},{"startTime":2622.58,"endTime":2624.37,"body":"(audience members chuckling)"},{"startTime":2624.37,"endTime":2626.103,"body":"this is exactly the kind of thing"},{"startTime":2626.103,"endTime":2627.65,"body":"that Shostakovich would do,"},{"startTime":2627.65,"endTime":2632.38,"body":"and I'm going to prove"},{"startTime":2627.65,"endTime":2632.38,"body":"it to you a bit further."},{"startTime":2632.38,"endTime":2633.83,"body":"I mean, how wonderful to think,"},{"startTime":2633.83,"endTime":2636.73,"body":"I mean of course, it's a"},{"startTime":2633.83,"endTime":2636.73,"body":"challenge for all of us"},{"startTime":2636.73,"endTime":2638.74,"body":"to see this as a love symphony,"},{"startTime":2638.74,"endTime":2643.74,"body":"because we already sort of"},{"startTime":2638.74,"endTime":2643.74,"body":"accepting this narrative"},{"startTime":2643.92,"endTime":2645.263,"body":"as a civic narrative."},{"startTime":2646.41,"endTime":2648.02,"body":"But I think it's wonderful as well,"},{"startTime":2648.02,"endTime":2650.97,"body":"because if you read the"},{"startTime":2648.02,"endTime":2650.97,"body":"diaries again of people"},{"startTime":2650.97,"endTime":2652.668,"body":"at that time, Shostakovich"},{"startTime":2650.97,"endTime":2652.668,"body":"didn't write a diary,"},{"startTime":2652.668,"endTime":2656.09,"body":"but other people sort of spoke for him."},{"startTime":2656.09,"endTime":2658.81,"body":"And surrounded by these horrible things"},{"startTime":2658.81,"endTime":2661.06,"body":"when they couldn't really"},{"startTime":2658.81,"endTime":2661.06,"body":"talk to each other,"},{"startTime":2661.06,"endTime":2663.163,"body":"where the social fabric was torn,"},{"startTime":2665.33,"endTime":2667.77,"body":"the only escapes, there were two escapes,"},{"startTime":2667.77,"endTime":2670.863,"body":"and one was in work."},{"startTime":2671.858,"endTime":2674.62,"body":"In a bounce of intense creative work"},{"startTime":2674.62,"endTime":2676.87,"body":"when you could forget what was going on,"},{"startTime":2676.87,"endTime":2678.347,"body":"this is exactly what Shostakovich is doing"},{"startTime":2678.347,"endTime":2680.39,"body":"with his Fifth Symphony."},{"startTime":2680.39,"endTime":2682.203,"body":"And another thing was love."},{"startTime":2683.483,"endTime":2687.26,"body":"I mean, I was reading the"},{"startTime":2683.483,"endTime":2687.26,"body":"diary Mikhail Prishvin,"},{"startTime":2687.26,"endTime":2690.56,"body":"one of the writers who"},{"startTime":2687.26,"endTime":2690.56,"body":"was absolutely obsessed"},{"startTime":2690.56,"endTime":2692.568,"body":"with the trials and"},{"startTime":2690.56,"endTime":2692.568,"body":"reading the newspapers,"},{"startTime":2692.568,"endTime":2693.92,"body":"and then he falls in love"},{"startTime":2693.92,"endTime":2696.65,"body":"and stops commenting on that altogether."},{"startTime":2696.65,"endTime":2701.65,"body":"The only thing he talks"},{"startTime":2696.65,"endTime":2701.65,"body":"about is what he managed"},{"startTime":2701.79,"endTime":2705.34,"body":"to kiss or touch, completely"},{"startTime":2701.79,"endTime":2705.34,"body":"obsessed with something else."},{"startTime":2705.34,"endTime":2707.85,"body":"So that is something"},{"startTime":2705.34,"endTime":2707.85,"body":"that can supplant in even"},{"startTime":2707.85,"endTime":2710.81,"body":"the most horrible things"},{"startTime":2707.85,"endTime":2710.81,"body":"that were going around him,"},{"startTime":2710.81,"endTime":2713.86,"body":"and I think it's wonderful"},{"startTime":2710.81,"endTime":2713.86,"body":"that Shostakovich"},{"startTime":2713.86,"endTime":2718.86,"body":"creates this symphony out of"},{"startTime":2713.86,"endTime":2718.86,"body":"his personal true impulse,"},{"startTime":2719.79,"endTime":2722.54,"body":"because it makes it authentic,"},{"startTime":2719.79,"endTime":2722.54,"body":"and I think that is why"},{"startTime":2722.54,"endTime":2725.0,"body":"it's not just a socialist-realist work"},{"startTime":2725.0,"endTime":2727.7,"body":"that is imposed on him, it's"},{"startTime":2725.0,"endTime":2727.7,"body":"not just a change of style,"},{"startTime":2727.7,"endTime":2729.61,"body":"but it's also an authentic piece of music,"},{"startTime":2729.61,"endTime":2734.61,"body":"and this is why it had such"},{"startTime":2729.61,"endTime":2734.61,"body":"success with the audience."},{"startTime":2737.77,"endTime":2739.527,"body":"This is another meme, so,"},{"startTime":2739.527,"endTime":2742.01,"body":"\"Shostakovich Kills Stalin a Second Time.\""},{"startTime":2742.01,"endTime":2744.17,"body":"As you can see, the rails here,"},{"startTime":2744.17,"endTime":2748.67,"body":"it's a lovely print"},{"startTime":2744.17,"endTime":2748.67,"body":"produced by a conductor"},{"startTime":2748.67,"endTime":2753.06,"body":"who put the code of the"},{"startTime":2748.67,"endTime":2753.06,"body":"Fifth Symphony on the rails,"},{"startTime":2753.06,"endTime":2756.66,"body":"and Shostakovich is driving a Metra train"},{"startTime":2756.66,"endTime":2759.493,"body":"over Stalin's body, which"},{"startTime":2756.66,"endTime":2759.493,"body":"I think is rather nice."},{"startTime":2761.93,"endTime":2766.93,"body":"Finally, now I'm going to"},{"startTime":2761.93,"endTime":2766.93,"body":"advertise our musical treat."},{"startTime":2767.012,"endTime":2769.08,"body":"Of course, we can't"},{"startTime":2767.012,"endTime":2769.08,"body":"play the Fifth Symphony,"},{"startTime":2769.08,"endTime":2770.6,"body":"or the Fourth Symphony,"},{"startTime":2770.6,"endTime":2773.513,"body":"but we're going to"},{"startTime":2770.6,"endTime":2773.513,"body":"something equally exciting."},{"startTime":2774.434,"endTime":2777.617,"body":"The musicians are going to perform for us"},{"startTime":2777.617,"endTime":2780.11,"body":"\"Six Romances on Verses by English Poets,\""},{"startTime":2780.11,"endTime":2783.963,"body":"which Shostakovich wrote in"},{"startTime":2780.11,"endTime":2783.963,"body":"1942, so five years later."},{"startTime":2787.25,"endTime":2789.717,"body":"They are six poems, six songs,"},{"startTime":2789.717,"endTime":2792.27,"body":"and they are going to"},{"startTime":2789.717,"endTime":2792.27,"body":"performed in English,"},{"startTime":2792.27,"endTime":2794.95,"body":"although Shostakovich used"},{"startTime":2792.27,"endTime":2794.95,"body":"the Russian translations"},{"startTime":2794.95,"endTime":2796.35,"body":"to write these songs."},{"startTime":2796.35,"endTime":2800.21,"body":"And each of these songs is"},{"startTime":2796.35,"endTime":2800.21,"body":"dedicated to a particular friend,"},{"startTime":2800.21,"endTime":2802.523,"body":"so there's a lot of"},{"startTime":2800.21,"endTime":2802.523,"body":"personal messages in this."},{"startTime":2803.97,"endTime":2808.931,"body":"The first one, \"Sir Walter"},{"startTime":2803.97,"endTime":2808.931,"body":"Raleigh to his Sonne,\""},{"startTime":2808.931,"endTime":2813.931,"body":"which tells you about the"},{"startTime":2808.931,"endTime":2813.931,"body":"wood, the weed, the wag,"},{"startTime":2814.36,"endTime":2818.23,"body":"this wonderful alterative line,"},{"startTime":2818.23,"endTime":2822.24,"body":"which basically talks about"},{"startTime":2818.23,"endTime":2822.24,"body":"the danger of execution."},{"startTime":2822.24,"endTime":2823.713,"body":"The danger of the gallows."},{"startTime":2824.72,"endTime":2827.283,"body":"And Levon Atovmyan, the"},{"startTime":2824.72,"endTime":2827.283,"body":"friend of Shostakovich"},{"startTime":2827.283,"endTime":2830.86,"body":"that is dedicated to, was"},{"startTime":2827.283,"endTime":2830.86,"body":"a bit of a wag himself,"},{"startTime":2830.86,"endTime":2832.13,"body":"as we know from his memoirs."},{"startTime":2832.13,"endTime":2833.69,"body":"He was proud of being a rouge,"},{"startTime":2833.69,"endTime":2837.47,"body":"so I think there is a personal"},{"startTime":2833.69,"endTime":2837.47,"body":"connection with the poem."},{"startTime":2837.47,"endTime":2841.53,"body":"There's also a personal"},{"startTime":2837.47,"endTime":2841.53,"body":"connection with the key,"},{"startTime":2841.53,"endTime":2846.34,"body":"because A, again the key of"},{"startTime":2841.53,"endTime":2846.34,"body":"A, or la, Levon Atovmyan,"},{"startTime":2846.34,"endTime":2851.34,"body":"you get the same principle"},{"startTime":2846.34,"endTime":2851.34,"body":"as in other works,"},{"startTime":2851.83,"endTime":2853.542,"body":"it's a cipher."},{"startTime":2853.542,"endTime":2857.743,"body":"So the key of the piece"},{"startTime":2853.542,"endTime":2857.743,"body":"refers to Atovmyan."},{"startTime":2858.81,"endTime":2863.24,"body":"The second one, which is by Robert Burns,"},{"startTime":2863.24,"endTime":2867.54,"body":"is a very lovely, tender"},{"startTime":2863.24,"endTime":2867.54,"body":"poem dedicated to his wife,"},{"startTime":2867.54,"endTime":2868.523,"body":"Nina Varzar,"},{"startTime":2870.61,"endTime":2872.86,"body":"which is again, self-explanatory."},{"startTime":2872.86,"endTime":2875.41,"body":"The third one, \"MacPherson's Farewell,\""},{"startTime":2875.41,"endTime":2878.13,"body":"again, another poem about execution."},{"startTime":2878.13,"endTime":2879.243,"body":"Strange, isn't it?"},{"startTime":2880.2,"endTime":2882.35,"body":"That such things worry him at that time."},{"startTime":2882.35,"endTime":2884.76,"body":"So, that's dedicated to Isaak Glikman,"},{"startTime":2884.76,"endTime":2886.993,"body":"another very close friend."},{"startTime":2889.5,"endTime":2892.12,"body":"Sometimes the connection"},{"startTime":2889.5,"endTime":2892.12,"body":"is very difficult to know."},{"startTime":2892.12,"endTime":2897.093,"body":"This rather slightly bawdy poem by Burns,"},{"startTime":2899.3,"endTime":2902.48,"body":"is dedicated to his favorite"},{"startTime":2899.3,"endTime":2902.48,"body":"student at the time,"},{"startTime":2902.48,"endTime":2904.97,"body":"Yury Sviridov, we don't know why."},{"startTime":2904.97,"endTime":2906.98,"body":"I don't know why."},{"startTime":2906.98,"endTime":2909.36,"body":"The fifth one I think is"},{"startTime":2906.98,"endTime":2909.36,"body":"the most important one,"},{"startTime":2909.36,"endTime":2911.383,"body":"because this is dedicated to Sollertinsky,"},{"startTime":2911.383,"endTime":2913.62,"body":"I already mentioned him yet twice today,"},{"startTime":2913.62,"endTime":2915.75,"body":"and I'm going to mention him again,"},{"startTime":2915.75,"endTime":2918.443,"body":"because this is a Shakespeare, Sonnet 66,"},{"startTime":2920.311,"endTime":2921.144,"body":"and"},{"startTime":2923.46,"endTime":2924.9,"body":"he was very, very close friend,"},{"startTime":2924.9,"endTime":2926.49,"body":"probably the closest friend of all,"},{"startTime":2926.49,"endTime":2929.13,"body":"and basically when you read this sonnet,"},{"startTime":2929.13,"endTime":2931.903,"body":"it's like a description of the times,"},{"startTime":2933.867,"endTime":2936.16,"body":"\"and right perfection"},{"startTime":2933.867,"endTime":2936.16,"body":"wrongfully disgrac'd,"},{"startTime":2936.16,"endTime":2938.45,"body":"and strength by limping sway disabled,"},{"startTime":2938.45,"endTime":2941.67,"body":"and art made tongue-tied by authority,"},{"startTime":2941.67,"endTime":2944.46,"body":"and folly, doctor-like, controlling skill,"},{"startTime":2944.46,"endTime":2947.21,"body":"and simple truth miscall'd simplicity,"},{"startTime":2947.21,"endTime":2950.06,"body":"and captive good attending captain ill,\""},{"startTime":2950.06,"endTime":2953.293,"body":"actually can refer to our"},{"startTime":2950.06,"endTime":2953.293,"body":"present situation as well easily."},{"startTime":2954.691,"endTime":2957.21,"body":"\"Tir'd with all these,"},{"startTime":2954.691,"endTime":2957.21,"body":"from these would I be gone,"},{"startTime":2957.21,"endTime":2959.78,"body":"save that, to die, I leave my love alone.\""},{"startTime":2959.78,"endTime":2961.77,"body":"The translation that he used replaces"},{"startTime":2961.77,"endTime":2966.053,"body":"the word \"love\" with \"friend\""},{"startTime":2961.77,"endTime":2966.053,"body":"so to leave my friend alone."},{"startTime":2966.97,"endTime":2969.38,"body":"And this is a very, very strange song,"},{"startTime":2969.38,"endTime":2972.453,"body":"and I think it contains a"},{"startTime":2969.38,"endTime":2972.453,"body":"lot of interesting things."},{"startTime":2973.77,"endTime":2975.77,"body":"The sonnet is number 66,"},{"startTime":2975.77,"endTime":2979.833,"body":"the tempo equals 66 beats per minute."},{"startTime":2981.36,"endTime":2983.97,"body":"The first interval is a six,"},{"startTime":2983.97,"endTime":2987.98,"body":"and then it's kind of another six,"},{"startTime":2987.98,"endTime":2989.24,"body":"ascending and descending,"},{"startTime":2989.24,"endTime":2993.193,"body":"there is a 66 in the first phrase."},{"startTime":2995.34,"endTime":2998.54,"body":"There are other numerical"},{"startTime":2995.34,"endTime":2998.54,"body":"things that you can find,"},{"startTime":2998.54,"endTime":3000.75,"body":"for example, the 14 lines of the sonnet"},{"startTime":3000.75,"endTime":3003.88,"body":"are divided in four plus"},{"startTime":3000.75,"endTime":3003.88,"body":"three, three plus four,"},{"startTime":3003.88,"endTime":3007.2,"body":"and musically there's a lot of"},{"startTime":3003.88,"endTime":3007.2,"body":"mirror symmetry in that song."},{"startTime":3009.984,"endTime":3012.81,"body":"Shostakovich was a"},{"startTime":3009.984,"endTime":3012.81,"body":"polymath and he was someone"},{"startTime":3012.81,"endTime":3015.1,"body":"who was very interested in early music,"},{"startTime":3015.1,"endTime":3018.35,"body":"so there's possibly"},{"startTime":3015.1,"endTime":3018.35,"body":"allusions to maybe Handel,"},{"startTime":3018.35,"endTime":3021.35,"body":"or Lully, some kind of early music,"},{"startTime":3021.35,"endTime":3026.35,"body":"and also music that relies"},{"startTime":3021.35,"endTime":3026.35,"body":"on ciphers and numerology."},{"startTime":3027.98,"endTime":3032.62,"body":"There is also something else,"},{"startTime":3027.98,"endTime":3032.62,"body":"it's in the key of G again,"},{"startTime":3032.62,"endTime":3037.453,"body":"and the Russian word for G is \"sol,\""},{"startTime":3038.386,"endTime":3039.47,"body":"Sollertinsky."},{"startTime":3039.47,"endTime":3042.05,"body":"Of course, he has to be in G major."},{"startTime":3042.05,"endTime":3045.78,"body":"And this sol, this G,"},{"startTime":3042.05,"endTime":3045.78,"body":"is repeated in the bass"},{"startTime":3045.78,"endTime":3047.88,"body":"for most of the song."},{"startTime":3047.88,"endTime":3050.76,"body":"And the other note is C,"},{"startTime":3050.76,"endTime":3053.91,"body":"again, Sollertinsky"},{"startTime":3050.76,"endTime":3053.91,"body":"Ivan, you can imagine it"},{"startTime":3053.91,"endTime":3055.77,"body":"as his initials."},{"startTime":3055.77,"endTime":3059.923,"body":"The note that is missing from"},{"startTime":3055.77,"endTime":3059.923,"body":"the G major triad is a D."},{"startTime":3061.64,"endTime":3063.65,"body":"Actually, I just wanted to mention"},{"startTime":3063.65,"endTime":3065.71,"body":"that Sollertinsky wrote"},{"startTime":3063.65,"endTime":3065.71,"body":"a book on Shakespeare,"},{"startTime":3065.71,"endTime":3068.31,"body":"so Shakespeare is also (laughing)"},{"startTime":3068.31,"endTime":3070.383,"body":"it's important that this is Shakespeare."},{"startTime":3071.84,"endTime":3076.84,"body":"And at the very end, that's"},{"startTime":3071.84,"endTime":3076.84,"body":"before that last line,"},{"startTime":3076.846,"endTime":3078.877,"body":"when Shakespeare says,"},{"startTime":3078.877,"endTime":3083.877,"body":"\"save I were to leave my friend alone.\""},{"startTime":3084.32,"endTime":3087.18,"body":"And this is when we get the D in the bass,"},{"startTime":3087.18,"endTime":3088.963,"body":"and the D is Dmitri!"},{"startTime":3089.93,"endTime":3094.65,"body":"And that moment, the first oval,"},{"startTime":3094.65,"endTime":3099.104,"body":"it has an E flat, which"},{"startTime":3094.65,"endTime":3099.104,"body":"means in German system,"},{"startTime":3099.104,"endTime":3100.583,"body":"we would call it S."},{"startTime":3101.427,"endTime":3103.592,"body":"D and S at the same time,"},{"startTime":3103.592,"endTime":3107.81,"body":"D and S come in there,"},{"startTime":3103.592,"endTime":3107.81,"body":"Shostakovich comes in the song"},{"startTime":3108.76,"endTime":3110.44,"body":"to greet his friend."},{"startTime":3110.44,"endTime":3113.64,"body":"I think it's marvelous, I only"},{"startTime":3110.44,"endTime":3113.64,"body":"discovered it two days ago."},{"startTime":3113.64,"endTime":3116.52,"body":"So I don't know whether"},{"startTime":3113.64,"endTime":3116.52,"body":"anyone has noticed it,"},{"startTime":3116.52,"endTime":3120.763,"body":"again D-S, D-S at the very"},{"startTime":3116.52,"endTime":3120.763,"body":"end, it ends with a D."},{"startTime":3121.64,"endTime":3124.77,"body":"And the final song is"},{"startTime":3121.64,"endTime":3124.77,"body":"dedicated by Shebalin,"},{"startTime":3124.77,"endTime":3129.77,"body":"and it's almost another meme"},{"startTime":3124.77,"endTime":3129.77,"body":"of worldly fame and disgrace."},{"startTime":3132.83,"endTime":3135.15,"body":"The king goes up, the king goes down."},{"startTime":3135.15,"endTime":3137.56,"body":"Also prophetic for Shebalin,"},{"startTime":3135.15,"endTime":3137.56,"body":"who had just become"},{"startTime":3137.56,"endTime":3140.15,"body":"the director of the Moscow Conservatoire,"},{"startTime":3140.15,"endTime":3143.15,"body":"and who six years later will be disgraced"},{"startTime":3143.15,"endTime":3145.85,"body":"and removed from that post."},{"startTime":3145.85,"endTime":3148.74,"body":"But of course, also a"},{"startTime":3145.85,"endTime":3148.74,"body":"story of Shostakovich,"},{"startTime":3148.74,"endTime":3153.74,"body":"who was extremely famous"},{"startTime":3148.74,"endTime":3153.74,"body":"composer number one,"},{"startTime":3154.7,"endTime":3157.35,"body":"and who survived this moment of disgrace,"},{"startTime":3157.35,"endTime":3162.323,"body":"and then went up again only"},{"startTime":3157.35,"endTime":3162.323,"body":"to go down again in 1948,"},{"startTime":3162.323,"endTime":3166.64,"body":"and we will get to that a"},{"startTime":3162.323,"endTime":3166.64,"body":"couple of lectures later."},{"startTime":3166.64,"endTime":3170.133,"body":"So finally, now to our"},{"startTime":3166.64,"endTime":3170.133,"body":"wonderful musical treat."},{"startTime":3171.24,"endTime":3174.11,"body":"If you have your transcripts,"},{"startTime":3174.11,"endTime":3176.16,"body":"I don't know whether you were given them."},{"startTime":3177.56,"endTime":3181.03,"body":"I put the poems on the sheets,"},{"startTime":3181.03,"endTime":3184.127,"body":"we're going to have Edward"},{"startTime":3181.03,"endTime":3184.127,"body":"Hawkins and Ceri Owen"},{"startTime":3184.127,"endTime":3186.796,"body":"performing them for you,"},{"startTime":3186.796,"endTime":3189.283,"body":"and I'm going to invite them now."},{"startTime":3189.283,"endTime":3192.45,"body":"(audience applauding)"},{"startTime":3205.715,"endTime":3208.798,"body":"(somber piano music)"},{"startTime":3237.377,"endTime":3240.587,"body":"Three things there be"},{"startTime":3240.587,"endTime":3244.476,"body":"That prosper up a pace"},{"startTime":3244.476,"endTime":3249.476,"body":"And flourish while"},{"startTime":3244.476,"endTime":3249.476,"body":"they grow asunder far"},{"startTime":3251.427,"endTime":3256.427,"body":"But on a day they meet all in a place"},{"startTime":3259.128,"endTime":3264.045,"body":"And when they meet,"},{"startTime":3259.128,"endTime":3264.045,"body":"they one another mar"},{"startTime":3270.99,"endTime":3274.639,"body":"And they be these"},{"startTime":3274.639,"endTime":3279.639,"body":"The wood, the weed"},{"startTime":3280.123,"endTime":3283.425,"body":"The wag"},{"startTime":3283.425,"endTime":3288.425,"body":"The wood is that"},{"startTime":3290.093,"endTime":3295.093,"body":"Which makes the gallow's tree"},{"startTime":3296.092,"endTime":3301.092,"body":"The weed is that which"},{"startTime":3296.092,"endTime":3301.092,"body":"strings the hangman's bag"},{"startTime":3304.528,"endTime":3309.528,"body":"The wag, my pretty"},{"startTime":3304.528,"endTime":3309.528,"body":"knave, betokeneth thee"},{"startTime":3316.048,"endTime":3319.798,"body":"(piano music turns dramatic)"},{"startTime":3331.338,"endTime":3334.972,"body":"Now mark, dear boy"},{"startTime":3334.972,"endTime":3339.972,"body":"While these assemble not"},{"startTime":3341.78,"endTime":3346.78,"body":"Green springs the tree, hemp grows"},{"startTime":3348.015,"endTime":3350.848,"body":"The wag is wild"},{"startTime":3354.204,"endTime":3357.791,"body":"(piano music turns thoughtful)"},{"startTime":3357.791,"endTime":3361.374,"body":"But when they meet"},{"startTime":3361.374,"endTime":3366.374,"body":"It makes the timber rot"},{"startTime":3366.533,"endTime":3371.533,"body":"It frets the halter"},{"startTime":3371.716,"endTime":3375.216,"body":"And it chokes the child"},{"startTime":3393.722,"endTime":3398.722,"body":"Then bless thee and beware"},{"startTime":3398.798,"endTime":3402.351,"body":"And let us pray"},{"startTime":3402.351,"endTime":3406.829,"body":"We part not"},{"startTime":3406.829,"endTime":3410.829,"body":"With thee at this meeting day"},{"startTime":3417.709,"endTime":3421.126,"body":"(thoughtful piano music)"},{"startTime":3462.735,"endTime":3466.152,"body":"(thoughtful piano music)"},{"startTime":3477.503,"endTime":3481.887,"body":"Or wert thou in the cauld blast"},{"startTime":3481.887,"endTime":3486.887,"body":"On yonder lea, on yonder lea"},{"startTime":3487.338,"endTime":3491.844,"body":"My plaidie to the angry airt"},{"startTime":3491.844,"endTime":3496.261,"body":"I'd shelter thee, I'd shelter thee"},{"startTime":3505.439,"endTime":3509.942,"body":"Or did Misfortune's bitter storms"},{"startTime":3509.942,"endTime":3514.942,"body":"Around thee blow, around thee blow"},{"startTime":3514.967,"endTime":3518.761,"body":"They bield should be my bossom"},{"startTime":3518.761,"endTime":3523.011,"body":"To share it all, to share it all"},{"startTime":3530.763,"endTime":3535.192,"body":"Or were I in the wildest waste"},{"startTime":3535.192,"endTime":3540.192,"body":"Sae black and bare, sae black and bare"},{"startTime":3541.051,"endTime":3545.241,"body":"The desert were a Paradise"},{"startTime":3545.241,"endTime":3549.991,"body":"If thou wert there, if thou wert there"},{"startTime":3558.246,"endTime":3562.608,"body":"Or were I monarch o' the globe"},{"startTime":3562.608,"endTime":3567.608,"body":"With thee to reign, with thee to reign"},{"startTime":3568.487,"endTime":3573.487,"body":"The brightest jewel in my crown"},{"startTime":3574.952,"endTime":3579.952,"body":"Would be my queen"},{"startTime":3580.498,"endTime":3583.498,"body":"Would be my queen"},{"startTime":3589.857,"endTime":3593.274,"body":"(thoughtful piano music)"},{"startTime":3622.441,"endTime":3625.524,"body":"(lively piano music)"},{"startTime":3632.689,"endTime":3634.905,"body":"Sae rantingly, sae wantonly"},{"startTime":3634.905,"endTime":3637.157,"body":"Sai dauntingly gaed he"},{"startTime":3637.157,"endTime":3639.354,"body":"He played a spring"},{"startTime":3637.157,"endTime":3639.354,"body":"and danced it 'round"},{"startTime":3639.354,"endTime":3644.354,"body":"Below the gallows tree"},{"startTime":3645.757,"endTime":3649.019,"body":"Farewell, ye dungeons dark and strong"},{"startTime":3649.019,"endTime":3652.247,"body":"The wretch's destiny"},{"startTime":3652.247,"endTime":3655.668,"body":"Macpherson's time will not be long"},{"startTime":3655.668,"endTime":3657.942,"body":"On yonder gallows tree"},{"startTime":3657.942,"endTime":3660.165,"body":"Oh what is death but parting breath"},{"startTime":3660.165,"endTime":3663.128,"body":"On many a bloody plain"},{"startTime":3663.128,"endTime":3665.697,"body":"I've dared his face, and in this place"},{"startTime":3665.697,"endTime":3670.454,"body":"I scorn him yet again"},{"startTime":3670.454,"endTime":3673.214,"body":"Untie these bands form off my hands"},{"startTime":3673.214,"endTime":3676.796,"body":"And bring me to my sword"},{"startTime":3676.796,"endTime":3679.33,"body":"And there's no a man in all Scotland"},{"startTime":3679.33,"endTime":3682.174,"body":"But I'll brave him at a word"},{"startTime":3682.174,"endTime":3684.656,"body":"I've lived a life of sturt and strife"},{"startTime":3684.656,"endTime":3688.229,"body":"I die by treachery"},{"startTime":3688.229,"endTime":3692.641,"body":"It burns my heart I must depart"},{"startTime":3692.641,"endTime":3697.641,"body":"And not avenged be"},{"startTime":3698.52,"endTime":3701.702,"body":"I've lived a life of sturt and strife"},{"startTime":3701.702,"endTime":3705.452,"body":"I die by treachery"},{"startTime":3705.452,"endTime":3707.835,"body":"It burns my heart, I must depart"},{"startTime":3707.835,"endTime":3711.536,"body":"And not avenged be"},{"startTime":3711.536,"endTime":3714.949,"body":"Now farewell light,"},{"startTime":3711.536,"endTime":3714.949,"body":"thou sunshine bright"},{"startTime":3714.949,"endTime":3719.257,"body":"And all beneath the sky"},{"startTime":3719.257,"endTime":3721.488,"body":"May coward shame disdain his name"},{"startTime":3721.488,"endTime":3725.488,"body":"The wretch that dares not die"},{"startTime":3733.316,"endTime":3735.542,"body":"Sae rantingly, sae wantonly"},{"startTime":3735.542,"endTime":3738.103,"body":"Sae dauntingly gaed he"},{"startTime":3738.103,"endTime":3740.078,"body":"He played a spring"},{"startTime":3738.103,"endTime":3740.078,"body":"and danced it 'round"},{"startTime":3740.078,"endTime":3742.639,"body":"Below the gallows tree"},{"startTime":3742.639,"endTime":3745.722,"body":"(lively piano music)"},{"startTime":3760.043,"endTime":3763.293,"body":"(cheerful piano music)"},{"startTime":3778.007,"endTime":3781.081,"body":"Coming through the rye her body"},{"startTime":3781.081,"endTime":3783.859,"body":"Coming through the rye"},{"startTime":3783.859,"endTime":3787.472,"body":"She draigl't at her petticoatie"},{"startTime":3787.472,"endTime":3792.472,"body":"Coming through the rye"},{"startTime":3793.394,"endTime":3796.366,"body":"Jenny's a weet, poor body"},{"startTime":3796.366,"endTime":3799.1,"body":"Jenny's seldom dry"},{"startTime":3799.1,"endTime":3802.763,"body":"She draigl't at her petticoatie"},{"startTime":3802.763,"endTime":3807.763,"body":"Coming through the rye"},{"startTime":3808.855,"endTime":3813.855,"body":"Can a body meet a body"},{"startTime":3808.855,"endTime":3813.855,"body":"coming through the rye"},{"startTime":3815.162,"endTime":3820.162,"body":"Can a body kiss a"},{"startTime":3815.162,"endTime":3820.162,"body":"body, need a body cry"},{"startTime":3822.651,"endTime":3825.862,"body":"Can a body meet a body"},{"startTime":3825.862,"endTime":3829.12,"body":"Coming through the glen"},{"startTime":3829.12,"endTime":3832.691,"body":"Can a body kiss a body"},{"startTime":3832.691,"endTime":3835.774,"body":"Need the world ken"},{"startTime":3842.565,"endTime":3845.815,"body":"(cheerful piano music)"},{"startTime":3872.22,"endTime":3875.303,"body":"(somber piano music)"},{"startTime":3876.907,"endTime":3881.074,"body":"Tired with all these"},{"startTime":3881.074,"endTime":3886.074,"body":"For restful death I cry"},{"startTime":3887.262,"endTime":3892.262,"body":"As to behold"},{"startTime":3892.504,"endTime":3897.504,"body":"Desert a beggar born"},{"startTime":3898.918,"endTime":3903.297,"body":"And needy nothing"},{"startTime":3903.297,"endTime":3908.297,"body":"Trimm'd in jollity"},{"startTime":3909.286,"endTime":3913.786,"body":"And purest faith unhappily forsworn"},{"startTime":3922.62,"endTime":3927.62,"body":"And guilded honor"},{"startTime":3928.637,"endTime":3933.637,"body":"Shamefully misplaced"},{"startTime":3933.813,"endTime":3938.813,"body":"And maiden virtue"},{"startTime":3940.025,"endTime":3945.025,"body":"Rudely strumpeted"},{"startTime":3946.002,"endTime":3951.002,"body":"And right perfection"},{"startTime":3946.002,"endTime":3951.002,"body":"wrongfully disgraced"},{"startTime":3961.689,"endTime":3966.356,"body":"And strength by limping sway disabled"},{"startTime":3972.354,"endTime":3977.021,"body":"And art made tongue-tied by authority"},{"startTime":3989.707,"endTime":3994.54,"body":"And folly doctor-like"},{"startTime":3989.707,"endTime":3994.54,"body":"controlling skill"},{"startTime":4000.711,"endTime":4005.378,"body":"And simple truth miscall'd simplicity"},{"startTime":4011.54,"endTime":4016.29,"body":"And captive good attending captain ill"},{"startTime":4031.847,"endTime":4035.969,"body":"Tired with all these"},{"startTime":4035.969,"endTime":4039.719,"body":"From these would I be gone"},{"startTime":4057.872,"endTime":4062.021,"body":"Save that, to die"},{"startTime":4062.021,"endTime":4067.021,"body":"I leave"},{"startTime":4067.706,"endTime":4070.373,"body":"My love alone"},{"startTime":4081.188,"endTime":4084.271,"body":"(somber piano music)"},{"startTime":4110.143,"endTime":4113.56,"body":"(purposeful piano music)"},{"startTime":4120.294,"endTime":4122.757,"body":"The King of France went up the hill"},{"startTime":4122.757,"endTime":4125.59,"body":"With 20,000 men"},{"startTime":4126.996,"endTime":4130.746,"body":"(piano music turns dramatic)"},{"startTime":4139.079,"endTime":4142.29,"body":"The King of France came down the hill"},{"startTime":4142.29,"endTime":4145.79,"body":"And never went up again"},{"startTime":4157.406,"endTime":4160.573,"body":"(audience applauding)"}]}