{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.1,"endTime":1.18,"body":"- Thank you, it's lovely to be here."},{"startTime":1.18,"endTime":3.763,"body":"Thank you for having me and welcome."},{"startTime":4.7,"endTime":7.21,"body":"One of my remits for"},{"startTime":4.7,"endTime":7.21,"body":"tonight is to introduce you"},{"startTime":7.21,"endTime":9.4,"body":"to the vibrancy of Christianity in Africa."},{"startTime":9.4,"endTime":13.0,"body":"So let me begin with three"},{"startTime":9.4,"endTime":13.0,"body":"stories that are quite typical"},{"startTime":13.0,"endTime":15.3,"body":"for what you would"},{"startTime":13.0,"endTime":15.3,"body":"encounter in the continent."},{"startTime":16.32,"endTime":19.443,"body":"South Africa, 14th of November 2020,"},{"startTime":20.315,"endTime":24.36,"body":"a news report emerges that"},{"startTime":20.315,"endTime":24.36,"body":"the controversial prophet,"},{"startTime":24.36,"endTime":26.51,"body":"Shepherd Bushiri and his wife, Mary,"},{"startTime":26.51,"endTime":29.8,"body":"fled the country to their"},{"startTime":26.51,"endTime":29.8,"body":"native home of Malawi"},{"startTime":29.8,"endTime":33.03,"body":"absconding bail conditions set"},{"startTime":29.8,"endTime":33.03,"body":"for an upcoming fraud trial"},{"startTime":33.03,"endTime":34.48,"body":"against them in South Africa."},{"startTime":35.44,"endTime":37.13,"body":"The Bushiris and their church,"},{"startTime":37.13,"endTime":38.88,"body":"Enlightened Christian Gathering,"},{"startTime":38.88,"endTime":40.54,"body":"have risen to notorious fame"},{"startTime":40.54,"endTime":43.35,"body":"through a series of"},{"startTime":40.54,"endTime":43.35,"body":"controversial prophecy,"},{"startTime":43.35,"endTime":46.04,"body":"outlandish miracle, and healing claims,"},{"startTime":46.04,"endTime":47.883,"body":"witchcraft accusations, and so on."},{"startTime":49.04,"endTime":52.3,"body":"With an estimated fortune of $150 million,"},{"startTime":52.3,"endTime":54.38,"body":"Bushiri is one of the richest"},{"startTime":54.38,"endTime":56.54,"body":"Pentecostal prophets on planet"},{"startTime":56.54,"endTime":59.74,"body":"and he's well-known for his"},{"startTime":56.54,"endTime":59.74,"body":"ostentatious display of wealth,"},{"startTime":59.74,"endTime":63.17,"body":"including private jets,"},{"startTime":59.74,"endTime":63.17,"body":"luxury cars, watches,"},{"startTime":63.17,"endTime":64.573,"body":"and other paraphernalia."},{"startTime":65.48,"endTime":68.22,"body":"This wasn't all raised through"},{"startTime":65.48,"endTime":68.22,"body":"donations at the church,"},{"startTime":68.22,"endTime":69.35,"body":"rather Bushiri is involved"},{"startTime":69.35,"endTime":71.62,"body":"in a number of businesses"},{"startTime":69.35,"endTime":71.62,"body":"networks and deals"},{"startTime":71.62,"endTime":73.41,"body":"which stood at the"},{"startTime":71.62,"endTime":73.41,"body":"heart of the accusations"},{"startTime":73.41,"endTime":76.72,"body":"of fraud and money laundering"},{"startTime":76.72,"endTime":80.5,"body":"that are part of the"},{"startTime":76.72,"endTime":80.5,"body":"upcoming trial against him."},{"startTime":80.5,"endTime":81.87,"body":"When the charges were first raised"},{"startTime":81.87,"endTime":82.703,"body":"against him in South Africa,"},{"startTime":82.703,"endTime":84.78,"body":"Bushiri he was able to"},{"startTime":82.703,"endTime":84.78,"body":"mobilize his following"},{"startTime":84.78,"endTime":86.3,"body":"to put pressure on the courts"},{"startTime":86.3,"endTime":88.8,"body":"and when he was then given bail conditions"},{"startTime":88.8,"endTime":91.973,"body":"this was celebrated as a victory for God."},{"startTime":92.92,"endTime":94.04,"body":"The extradition procedures"},{"startTime":94.04,"endTime":97.06,"body":"are now slowly making their"},{"startTime":94.04,"endTime":97.06,"body":"ways to the courts in Malawi"},{"startTime":97.06,"endTime":98.28,"body":"and the story continues,"},{"startTime":98.28,"endTime":101.55,"body":"meanwhile, Bushiris build their church."},{"startTime":101.55,"endTime":105.4,"body":"And the question here is,"},{"startTime":101.55,"endTime":105.4,"body":"what makes it possible?"},{"startTime":105.4,"endTime":107.08,"body":"Why do African Christians"},{"startTime":107.08,"endTime":109.75,"body":"flock to prophets like the Bushiris?"},{"startTime":109.75,"endTime":112.083,"body":"What gives them their rise?"},{"startTime":113.47,"endTime":115.07,"body":"Different story."},{"startTime":115.07,"endTime":119.883,"body":"Nigeria, Lagos-Ibadan highway,"},{"startTime":115.07,"endTime":119.883,"body":"just last December, 2021."},{"startTime":120.96,"endTime":122.88,"body":"It's the Annual Holy Ghost Conferences"},{"startTime":122.88,"endTime":125.82,"body":"of the Redeemed Christian Church Of God"},{"startTime":125.82,"endTime":129.27,"body":"and their redemption camp"},{"startTime":125.82,"endTime":129.27,"body":"on the Lagos-Ibadan highway."},{"startTime":129.27,"endTime":131.78,"body":"The main hall in that redemption camp"},{"startTime":131.78,"endTime":135.14,"body":"holds one square kilometer in size"},{"startTime":135.14,"endTime":138.86,"body":"and is filled with an overflow"},{"startTime":135.14,"endTime":138.86,"body":"audience in the small hall,"},{"startTime":138.86,"endTime":142.563,"body":"which is only one kilometer"},{"startTime":138.86,"endTime":142.563,"body":"by 500 meters in size."},{"startTime":143.64,"endTime":145.53,"body":"The church General"},{"startTime":143.64,"endTime":145.53,"body":"Overseer, Enoch Adeboye,"},{"startTime":145.53,"endTime":146.63,"body":"preaches and proclaims"},{"startTime":146.63,"endTime":149.19,"body":"that it was Christian faith and prayers"},{"startTime":149.19,"endTime":150.46,"body":"that led to the pandemic"},{"startTime":150.46,"endTime":153.51,"body":"taking a much lower death toll in Nigeria"},{"startTime":153.51,"endTime":155.633,"body":"than in the secular West."},{"startTime":157.557,"endTime":160.81,"body":"\"They expected us to die like"},{"startTime":157.557,"endTime":160.81,"body":"chickens,\" Adeboye complains."},{"startTime":160.81,"endTime":163.63,"body":"And then continues, \"When"},{"startTime":160.81,"endTime":163.63,"body":"this coronavirus broke,"},{"startTime":163.63,"endTime":167.23,"body":"I cried out to God and daddy answered me."},{"startTime":167.23,"endTime":169.51,"body":"God spoke to me specifically and said,"},{"startTime":169.51,"endTime":171.763,"body":"'Son, I have heard your cry."},{"startTime":173.03,"endTime":176.3,"body":"Only those whose time has come will die.'\""},{"startTime":176.3,"endTime":179.01,"body":"It is important to note,"},{"startTime":176.3,"endTime":179.01,"body":"however, that Adeboye"},{"startTime":179.01,"endTime":180.9,"body":"who holds a PhD in Maths, by the way,"},{"startTime":180.9,"endTime":183.36,"body":"is not against science"},{"startTime":180.9,"endTime":183.36,"body":"or medical progress,"},{"startTime":183.36,"endTime":184.7,"body":"quite the opposite."},{"startTime":184.7,"endTime":188.11,"body":"His church runs a hospital,"},{"startTime":184.7,"endTime":188.11,"body":"several health centers,"},{"startTime":188.11,"endTime":191.0,"body":"and at the campus of Redeemer's University"},{"startTime":191.0,"endTime":193.01,"body":"financed and run by the church,"},{"startTime":193.01,"endTime":194.16,"body":"works Christian Happi,"},{"startTime":194.16,"endTime":196.4,"body":"as here profiled in the Financial Times,"},{"startTime":196.4,"endTime":198.05,"body":"one of the world's leading virologists"},{"startTime":198.05,"endTime":201.78,"body":"and the first one to sequence"},{"startTime":198.05,"endTime":201.78,"body":"coronavirus in Africa."},{"startTime":201.78,"endTime":203.41,"body":"Now this leads me to a different question,"},{"startTime":203.41,"endTime":206.85,"body":"what about these churches and"},{"startTime":203.41,"endTime":206.85,"body":"their promises of miracles"},{"startTime":206.85,"endTime":209.74,"body":"and yet their engagement in social causes,"},{"startTime":209.74,"endTime":212.99,"body":"is that a potential or"},{"startTime":209.74,"endTime":212.99,"body":"a potential hindrance"},{"startTime":212.99,"endTime":214.563,"body":"for development work in Africa?"},{"startTime":216.57,"endTime":221.57,"body":"Third story. Addis"},{"startTime":216.57,"endTime":221.57,"body":"Ababa, 7th of May, 2020."},{"startTime":222.08,"endTime":226.15,"body":"A Christian music video titled"},{"startTime":222.08,"endTime":226.15,"body":"\"Maren, Have Mercy on Us\""},{"startTime":226.15,"endTime":229.62,"body":"is released and quickly makes"},{"startTime":226.15,"endTime":229.62,"body":"the rounds in social media."},{"startTime":229.62,"endTime":232.33,"body":"The lead musician, Zinash Tayachew,"},{"startTime":232.33,"endTime":234.22,"body":"is not only a gifted singer,"},{"startTime":234.22,"endTime":237.583,"body":"she's also the wife of the"},{"startTime":234.22,"endTime":237.583,"body":"Prime Minister, Abiy Ahmed."},{"startTime":238.89,"endTime":241.32,"body":"The song is sorrowful in words and tune"},{"startTime":241.32,"endTime":243.54,"body":"as Zinash invokes God's grace"},{"startTime":244.879,"endTime":248.513,"body":"as the coronavirus pandemic closes in."},{"startTime":249.46,"endTime":251.12,"body":"Halfway through her performance,"},{"startTime":251.12,"endTime":253.05,"body":"she kneels before the cross"},{"startTime":253.05,"endTime":255.63,"body":"continuing to plead for God's mercy"},{"startTime":255.63,"endTime":259.6,"body":"in what looks like an act of"},{"startTime":255.63,"endTime":259.6,"body":"intercession for the nation."},{"startTime":259.6,"endTime":260.6,"body":"The next day,"},{"startTime":260.6,"endTime":263.96,"body":"her husband would announce"},{"startTime":260.6,"endTime":263.96,"body":"a state of emergency"},{"startTime":263.96,"endTime":266.88,"body":"postponing the national elections,"},{"startTime":266.88,"endTime":270.24,"body":"which would set the country"},{"startTime":266.88,"endTime":270.24,"body":"up for a constitutional crisis"},{"startTime":270.24,"endTime":273.703,"body":"and accelerated its slide"},{"startTime":270.24,"endTime":273.703,"body":"into the presence of a war."},{"startTime":274.87,"endTime":277.39,"body":"Abiy Ahmed is already the second"},{"startTime":274.87,"endTime":277.39,"body":"Pentecostal Prime Minister"},{"startTime":277.39,"endTime":279.61,"body":"in this traditionally Orthodox,"},{"startTime":279.61,"endTime":282.6,"body":"Christian Orthodox and Muslim country."},{"startTime":282.6,"endTime":284.7,"body":"But he's the first, in"},{"startTime":282.6,"endTime":284.7,"body":"at least five decades,"},{"startTime":284.7,"endTime":286.93,"body":"to bring religion back to the forefront"},{"startTime":286.93,"endTime":288.903,"body":"of Ethiopian political rhetoric."},{"startTime":289.96,"endTime":291.77,"body":"Apart from fueling his own ambition"},{"startTime":291.77,"endTime":294.09,"body":"and audacious political moves,"},{"startTime":294.09,"endTime":297.55,"body":"Abiy's piety has helped him"},{"startTime":294.09,"endTime":297.55,"body":"build a nationalist platform"},{"startTime":297.55,"endTime":299.223,"body":"of one nation under God."},{"startTime":300.79,"endTime":302.52,"body":"In the eyes of his supporters,"},{"startTime":302.52,"endTime":304.82,"body":"Abiy's invocation of"},{"startTime":302.52,"endTime":304.82,"body":"God's favor over Ethiopia"},{"startTime":304.82,"endTime":307.11,"body":"heralds in a new age of restoration"},{"startTime":307.11,"endTime":309.42,"body":"while his political opponents warned him,"},{"startTime":309.42,"endTime":311.08,"body":"enemies fear the return"},{"startTime":311.08,"endTime":315.22,"body":"of a religiously justified"},{"startTime":311.08,"endTime":315.22,"body":"Abyssinian politics"},{"startTime":315.22,"endTime":317.26,"body":"which would come to bear"},{"startTime":315.22,"endTime":317.26,"body":"on whatever ethnic group"},{"startTime":317.26,"endTime":318.973,"body":"find themselves on the periphery."},{"startTime":320.05,"endTime":322.1,"body":"Has Ethiopia then become"},{"startTime":320.05,"endTime":322.1,"body":"the latest example"},{"startTime":322.1,"endTime":326.983,"body":"of an African country falling"},{"startTime":322.1,"endTime":326.983,"body":"to religious politics?"},{"startTime":328.83,"endTime":332.18,"body":"Flamboyant profits,"},{"startTime":328.83,"endTime":332.18,"body":"influential mega churches,"},{"startTime":332.18,"endTime":333.32,"body":"Pentecostal politicians,"},{"startTime":333.32,"endTime":336.53,"body":"examples like this are"},{"startTime":333.32,"endTime":336.53,"body":"bound in Sub-Saharan Africa."},{"startTime":336.53,"endTime":339.93,"body":"In contrast to Europe, Christianity"},{"startTime":336.53,"endTime":339.93,"body":"remains on the rise here"},{"startTime":339.93,"endTime":342.59,"body":"and permeates all spheres of life."},{"startTime":342.59,"endTime":345.69,"body":"Its form is predominantly Pentecostal,"},{"startTime":345.69,"endTime":348.52,"body":"which is a phenomenon fragmented"},{"startTime":348.52,"endTime":351.72,"body":"and diverse type of Christianity"},{"startTime":348.52,"endTime":351.72,"body":"that has not only formed"},{"startTime":351.72,"endTime":354.9,"body":"countless new, tiny and mega churches"},{"startTime":354.9,"endTime":359.21,"body":"but has also influenced"},{"startTime":354.9,"endTime":359.21,"body":"many mainline denominations"},{"startTime":359.21,"endTime":361.1,"body":"throughout the continent."},{"startTime":361.1,"endTime":363.55,"body":"Pentecostals and charismatics are occupied"},{"startTime":363.55,"endTime":366.38,"body":"with the work of the Holy"},{"startTime":363.55,"endTime":366.38,"body":"Spirit in the here and now"},{"startTime":366.38,"endTime":369.14,"body":"just like it was in the"},{"startTime":366.38,"endTime":369.14,"body":"Acts of the Apostles."},{"startTime":369.14,"endTime":371.72,"body":"It is Christianity fueled"},{"startTime":369.14,"endTime":371.72,"body":"by Biblicist promises"},{"startTime":371.72,"endTime":373.71,"body":"about the power of God's spirit"},{"startTime":373.71,"endTime":377.363,"body":"to alleviate both individual"},{"startTime":373.71,"endTime":377.363,"body":"and societal woes."},{"startTime":379.544,"endTime":382.61,"body":"It wasn't supposed to be like this."},{"startTime":383.74,"endTime":386.09,"body":"At independence in Africa,"},{"startTime":386.09,"endTime":388.92,"body":"Christianity was often cast"},{"startTime":386.09,"endTime":388.92,"body":"as the colonizers religion"},{"startTime":388.92,"endTime":391.13,"body":"and the expectation was that"},{"startTime":388.92,"endTime":391.13,"body":"Africans would gradually"},{"startTime":391.13,"endTime":393.1,"body":"shed the foreignness of Christianity"},{"startTime":393.1,"endTime":395.55,"body":"while discovering their"},{"startTime":393.1,"endTime":395.55,"body":"own religious heritage."},{"startTime":395.55,"endTime":399.18,"body":"Others, even foresaw Africa"},{"startTime":395.55,"endTime":399.18,"body":"following Europe's footsteps"},{"startTime":399.18,"endTime":401.43,"body":"towards increasing secularity"},{"startTime":401.43,"endTime":405.73,"body":"with Christianity fading into"},{"startTime":401.43,"endTime":405.73,"body":"humanitarian values at best."},{"startTime":405.73,"endTime":407.79,"body":"The secularizing sentiment, by the way,"},{"startTime":407.79,"endTime":410.57,"body":"was shared by Christians"},{"startTime":407.79,"endTime":410.57,"body":"and non-Christians alike."},{"startTime":410.57,"endTime":412.89,"body":"Lutherans as well as Anglicans praised"},{"startTime":412.89,"endTime":416.55,"body":"Julius Nyerere in Tanzania"},{"startTime":412.89,"endTime":416.55,"body":"and Kenneth Kaunda in Zambia"},{"startTime":416.55,"endTime":419.42,"body":"as Christian humanists and their socialism"},{"startTime":419.42,"endTime":422.593,"body":"as the coming secular"},{"startTime":419.42,"endTime":422.593,"body":"expression of Christian values."},{"startTime":423.84,"endTime":425.65,"body":"Nyerere himself called"},{"startTime":423.84,"endTime":425.65,"body":"on his own denomination,"},{"startTime":425.65,"endTime":427.2,"body":"the Roman Catholic Church,"},{"startTime":427.2,"endTime":431.78,"body":"to play a leading role in"},{"startTime":427.2,"endTime":431.78,"body":"the global social revolution."},{"startTime":431.78,"endTime":434.75,"body":"And even in Ethiopia,"},{"startTime":431.78,"endTime":434.75,"body":"leading Protestant clerics"},{"startTime":434.75,"endTime":438.55,"body":"initially welcomed the demise"},{"startTime":434.75,"endTime":438.55,"body":"of Haile Selassie in 75"},{"startTime":438.55,"endTime":442.1,"body":"and proclaimed the dawn"},{"startTime":438.55,"endTime":442.1,"body":"of a new socialist era"},{"startTime":442.1,"endTime":444.953,"body":"even offering their developmental"},{"startTime":442.1,"endTime":444.953,"body":"assets to the state."},{"startTime":446.2,"endTime":448.72,"body":"By the late 1980s and 1990s, however,"},{"startTime":448.72,"endTime":452.53,"body":"it became clear that instead"},{"startTime":448.72,"endTime":452.53,"body":"of Afrocentric revivalism"},{"startTime":452.53,"endTime":454.63,"body":"or humanitarian secularism,"},{"startTime":454.63,"endTime":457.16,"body":"a Christian renascence"},{"startTime":454.63,"endTime":457.16,"body":"of sort was underfoot,"},{"startTime":457.16,"endTime":459.48,"body":"in particularly, through"},{"startTime":457.16,"endTime":459.48,"body":"the spread of Pentecostal"},{"startTime":459.48,"endTime":461.88,"body":"and charismatic forms of"},{"startTime":459.48,"endTime":461.88,"body":"Christian spirituality."},{"startTime":462.75,"endTime":465.39,"body":"Socialism had largely"},{"startTime":462.75,"endTime":465.39,"body":"failed in its promises"},{"startTime":465.39,"endTime":467.4,"body":"and birth brutal dictatorships"},{"startTime":467.4,"endTime":470.69,"body":"while structural adjustment"},{"startTime":467.4,"endTime":470.69,"body":"programs wreaked havoc"},{"startTime":470.69,"endTime":473.29,"body":"in countries aligned with the West,"},{"startTime":473.29,"endTime":476.45,"body":"all against the background of"},{"startTime":473.29,"endTime":476.45,"body":"a devastating HIV/AIDS crisis"},{"startTime":476.45,"endTime":480.163,"body":"and political realignments"},{"startTime":476.45,"endTime":480.163,"body":"as cold war politics seized."},{"startTime":481.22,"endTime":482.44,"body":"This led some observers"},{"startTime":482.44,"endTime":484.75,"body":"to view this rise of"},{"startTime":482.44,"endTime":484.75,"body":"Christianity in Africa"},{"startTime":484.75,"endTime":488.83,"body":"as something of a compensatory"},{"startTime":484.75,"endTime":488.83,"body":"reaction and understandable,"},{"startTime":488.83,"endTime":492.16,"body":"if regrettable, turned to"},{"startTime":488.83,"endTime":492.16,"body":"religion in a time of crisis."},{"startTime":492.16,"endTime":495.1,"body":"Others voiced their alarm"},{"startTime":492.16,"endTime":495.1,"body":"of what they perceived"},{"startTime":495.1,"endTime":498.58,"body":"to be now a westernization,"},{"startTime":495.1,"endTime":498.58,"body":"if not Americanization"},{"startTime":498.58,"endTime":501.26,"body":"of African Christianity"},{"startTime":498.58,"endTime":501.26,"body":"with Pentecostalism,"},{"startTime":501.26,"endTime":503.77,"body":"especially the so-called prosperity gospel"},{"startTime":503.77,"endTime":507.8,"body":"seen as proliferating"},{"startTime":503.77,"endTime":507.8,"body":"individualism, consumer capitalism,"},{"startTime":507.8,"endTime":512.183,"body":"instead of the Ubuntu ideals"},{"startTime":507.8,"endTime":512.183,"body":"and equitable progress."},{"startTime":513.88,"endTime":515.59,"body":"Now, as I wish to show in my lecture,"},{"startTime":515.59,"endTime":517.39,"body":"these are inadequate analyses"},{"startTime":517.39,"endTime":521.41,"body":"rooted in mistaken projections"},{"startTime":517.39,"endTime":521.41,"body":"of the post-independence era."},{"startTime":521.41,"endTime":525.13,"body":"Contemporary African Christianity"},{"startTime":521.41,"endTime":525.13,"body":"deserves a more variegated"},{"startTime":525.13,"endTime":528.12,"body":"and nuanced analysis"},{"startTime":525.13,"endTime":528.12,"body":"that brings into focus"},{"startTime":528.12,"endTime":530.28,"body":"the historical depth"},{"startTime":528.12,"endTime":530.28,"body":"of current developments"},{"startTime":530.28,"endTime":533.17,"body":"as well as the multiple"},{"startTime":530.28,"endTime":533.17,"body":"factors underpinning"},{"startTime":533.17,"endTime":536.583,"body":"the attractiveness of"},{"startTime":533.17,"endTime":536.583,"body":"Pentecostalism in Africa today."},{"startTime":537.8,"endTime":540.96,"body":"Moreover, the plurality"},{"startTime":537.8,"endTime":540.96,"body":"of Pentecostal expression"},{"startTime":540.96,"endTime":542.17,"body":"deserves greater attention"},{"startTime":542.17,"endTime":544.11,"body":"because we're not simply witnessing"},{"startTime":544.11,"endTime":546.35,"body":"the rise of a new Christian denomination"},{"startTime":546.35,"endTime":549.74,"body":"but a continued"},{"startTime":546.35,"endTime":549.74,"body":"fragmentation of Christianity"},{"startTime":549.74,"endTime":553.34,"body":"into a form of religion"},{"startTime":549.74,"endTime":553.34,"body":"that is no longer centered"},{"startTime":553.34,"endTime":554.973,"body":"in Rome, London, or Geneva."},{"startTime":556.32,"endTime":558.9,"body":"I want to make my case by"},{"startTime":556.32,"endTime":558.9,"body":"looking at three main areas."},{"startTime":558.9,"endTime":560.24,"body":"Firstly we will look at,"},{"startTime":560.24,"endTime":562.66,"body":"Christian healing and exorcism in Africa,"},{"startTime":562.66,"endTime":564.5,"body":"mapping out how the longer history"},{"startTime":564.5,"endTime":568.15,"body":"of African engagement with, of"},{"startTime":564.5,"endTime":568.15,"body":"Christian engagement, rather,"},{"startTime":568.15,"endTime":570.15,"body":"with African spiritual beliefs"},{"startTime":570.15,"endTime":572.89,"body":"culminates in the Pentecostal present."},{"startTime":572.89,"endTime":575.2,"body":"Secondly, we'll look at"},{"startTime":572.89,"endTime":575.2,"body":"the strong Christian roots"},{"startTime":575.2,"endTime":576.38,"body":"of international development"},{"startTime":576.38,"endTime":580.13,"body":"and the reasons for its"},{"startTime":576.38,"endTime":580.13,"body":"continued failures to integrate"},{"startTime":580.13,"endTime":582.63,"body":"religious actors,"},{"startTime":580.13,"endTime":582.63,"body":"Christian actors in Africa."},{"startTime":582.63,"endTime":583.58,"body":"And thirdly,"},{"startTime":583.58,"endTime":587.27,"body":"we'll return to the question"},{"startTime":583.58,"endTime":587.27,"body":"of politics and Christianity"},{"startTime":587.27,"endTime":591.11,"body":"aiming for more nuanced"},{"startTime":587.27,"endTime":591.11,"body":"understanding of secularity"},{"startTime":591.11,"endTime":592.84,"body":"than we often find."},{"startTime":592.84,"endTime":594.4,"body":"As you can see, the aim of the lecture"},{"startTime":594.4,"endTime":597.74,"body":"is to put contemporary developments"},{"startTime":594.4,"endTime":597.74,"body":"in a historical context"},{"startTime":597.74,"endTime":601.13,"body":"and therefore give you the depth,"},{"startTime":601.13,"endTime":603.48,"body":"a sense of the depth of"},{"startTime":601.13,"endTime":603.48,"body":"the current developments."},{"startTime":603.48,"endTime":608.48,"body":"So, let me begin with the"},{"startTime":603.48,"endTime":608.48,"body":"investigation of spirit etiologies"},{"startTime":609.87,"endTime":612.92,"body":"and the apparent tendency"},{"startTime":609.87,"endTime":612.92,"body":"of African Christians"},{"startTime":612.92,"endTime":615.52,"body":"to spiritualize illness and misfortune"},{"startTime":615.52,"endTime":619.22,"body":"and flock to healing,"},{"startTime":615.52,"endTime":619.22,"body":"prayers, and exorcisms,"},{"startTime":619.22,"endTime":622.063,"body":"which may leave some"},{"startTime":619.22,"endTime":622.063,"body":"Western observers perplexed."},{"startTime":623.4,"endTime":625.74,"body":"This perplexity is nothing new."},{"startTime":625.74,"endTime":628.34,"body":"Historically, the accusation that Africans"},{"startTime":628.34,"endTime":629.81,"body":"are wrongly enchanting the world"},{"startTime":629.81,"endTime":632.77,"body":"has accompanied the Christian"},{"startTime":629.81,"endTime":632.77,"body":"expansion into Africa"},{"startTime":632.77,"endTime":636.0,"body":"from the first Portuguese"},{"startTime":632.77,"endTime":636.0,"body":"expeditions onward."},{"startTime":636.0,"endTime":638.66,"body":"When the 15th century"},{"startTime":636.0,"endTime":638.66,"body":"Portuguese explorers and slavers"},{"startTime":638.66,"endTime":642.01,"body":"commenced their long line"},{"startTime":638.66,"endTime":642.01,"body":"of coastal discoveries"},{"startTime":642.01,"endTime":643.89,"body":"around Africa and toward India,"},{"startTime":643.89,"endTime":646.36,"body":"this came at the heels of"},{"startTime":643.89,"endTime":646.36,"body":"the Spanish Reconquista"},{"startTime":646.36,"endTime":648.92,"body":"and the subsequent and"},{"startTime":646.36,"endTime":648.92,"body":"often violent imposition"},{"startTime":648.92,"endTime":652.56,"body":"of Christian orthodoxy"},{"startTime":648.92,"endTime":652.56,"body":"on the Iberian Peninsula."},{"startTime":652.56,"endTime":655.39,"body":"This brought with it, a"},{"startTime":652.56,"endTime":655.39,"body":"set of anti-witchcraft laws"},{"startTime":655.39,"endTime":658.61,"body":"outlawing amulets and"},{"startTime":655.39,"endTime":658.61,"body":"other magical objects"},{"startTime":658.61,"endTime":660.893,"body":"which in Portuguese"},{"startTime":658.61,"endTime":660.893,"body":"were called feiticeiros."},{"startTime":662.04,"endTime":664.89,"body":"The Latin root of this"},{"startTime":662.04,"endTime":664.89,"body":"term is (foreign language),"},{"startTime":664.89,"endTime":666.85,"body":"so made, handmade"},{"startTime":666.85,"endTime":669.16,"body":"and that invokes the prescription of idols"},{"startTime":669.16,"endTime":670.707,"body":"in the second commandment,"},{"startTime":670.707,"endTime":674.24,"body":"\"Thou shalt make the no"},{"startTime":670.707,"endTime":674.24,"body":"molten gods\" same word."},{"startTime":674.24,"endTime":676.68,"body":"But crucially for us, feiticeiros is also"},{"startTime":676.68,"endTime":679.27,"body":"where the term fetish"},{"startTime":676.68,"endTime":679.27,"body":"and fetishism comes from."},{"startTime":679.27,"endTime":682.47,"body":"And this is where our history picks up."},{"startTime":682.47,"endTime":684.82,"body":"As Portuguese traders"},{"startTime":682.47,"endTime":684.82,"body":"and Catholic missionaries"},{"startTime":684.82,"endTime":686.64,"body":"encountered certain objects,"},{"startTime":686.64,"endTime":689.68,"body":"they identified them to be functional"},{"startTime":689.68,"endTime":692.47,"body":"and ideological equivalents"},{"startTime":689.68,"endTime":692.47,"body":"to what they understood"},{"startTime":692.47,"endTime":695.313,"body":"as idolatry or fetishes back home."},{"startTime":697.65,"endTime":699.23,"body":"Hence, they demanded their destruction"},{"startTime":699.23,"endTime":701.65,"body":"in exchange for Christian"},{"startTime":699.23,"endTime":701.65,"body":"objects of veneration;"},{"startTime":701.65,"endTime":704.2,"body":"the cross, statue of the"},{"startTime":701.65,"endTime":704.2,"body":"Virgin Mary, and the like."},{"startTime":705.08,"endTime":707.14,"body":"For Africans this didn't make sense"},{"startTime":707.14,"endTime":708.51,"body":"because these alleged fetishists"},{"startTime":708.51,"endTime":710.28,"body":"not only had cultic functions"},{"startTime":710.28,"endTime":711.99,"body":"but stood for political allegiance"},{"startTime":711.99,"endTime":713.89,"body":"and economic trade networks."},{"startTime":713.89,"endTime":716.76,"body":"So taking on the statue of the Virgin Mary"},{"startTime":716.76,"endTime":719.61,"body":"merely expanded this"},{"startTime":716.76,"endTime":719.61,"body":"logic to a new contract"},{"startTime":719.61,"endTime":722.42,"body":"while the so-called fetishes"},{"startTime":719.61,"endTime":722.42,"body":"were often kept in place"},{"startTime":722.42,"endTime":725.53,"body":"much to the chagrin of"},{"startTime":722.42,"endTime":725.53,"body":"iconoclastic missionaries."},{"startTime":725.53,"endTime":729.66,"body":"Now, this incorporation"},{"startTime":725.53,"endTime":729.66,"body":"of African ritual objects"},{"startTime":729.66,"endTime":731.93,"body":"into the European discourse of religion"},{"startTime":731.93,"endTime":734.563,"body":"subsequently took two main forms."},{"startTime":735.42,"endTime":738.31,"body":"Firstly, theories of fetishism emerged."},{"startTime":738.31,"endTime":739.89,"body":"The first one Charles de Brosses,"},{"startTime":739.89,"endTime":742.743,"body":"picture image of his book"},{"startTime":739.89,"endTime":742.743,"body":"imaged here on the slide,"},{"startTime":744.02,"endTime":746.03,"body":"begins to define as a religion"},{"startTime":746.03,"endTime":748.2,"body":"in opposition to Sabeanism,"},{"startTime":746.03,"endTime":748.2,"body":"worship of the stars,"},{"startTime":748.2,"endTime":750.16,"body":"fetishism, worship of the things."},{"startTime":750.16,"endTime":752.84,"body":"But, now, a whole set of"},{"startTime":750.16,"endTime":752.84,"body":"theories revolves around this,"},{"startTime":752.84,"endTime":757.28,"body":"what this means and how a"},{"startTime":752.84,"endTime":757.28,"body":"European enlightened religion"},{"startTime":757.28,"endTime":758.833,"body":"would hold up against this."},{"startTime":759.88,"endTime":762.31,"body":"So, what happens now is Europe projects"},{"startTime":762.31,"endTime":764.68,"body":"its ostensibly enlightened"},{"startTime":762.31,"endTime":764.68,"body":"and civilized religion"},{"startTime":764.68,"endTime":768.06,"body":"against a contrast of"},{"startTime":764.68,"endTime":768.06,"body":"dark and benighted Africa,"},{"startTime":768.06,"endTime":770.78,"body":"and these theories then took various forms"},{"startTime":770.78,"endTime":772.52,"body":"as colonialism progressed."},{"startTime":772.52,"endTime":773.68,"body":"In the enlightenment,"},{"startTime":773.68,"endTime":776.65,"body":"Africa tended to be written"},{"startTime":773.68,"endTime":776.65,"body":"out of the history all together"},{"startTime":776.65,"endTime":778.493,"body":"as you can see in Hegel's writings."},{"startTime":779.43,"endTime":781.1,"body":"Around the scramble for Africa,"},{"startTime":781.1,"endTime":783.61,"body":"evolutionary theories are very popular"},{"startTime":783.61,"endTime":787.27,"body":"and now African religion"},{"startTime":783.61,"endTime":787.27,"body":"is seen as being sort of a,"},{"startTime":787.27,"endTime":790.87,"body":"an early step of the progress"},{"startTime":787.27,"endTime":790.87,"body":"toward enlightened religion."},{"startTime":790.87,"endTime":794.24,"body":"And then later in the time"},{"startTime":790.87,"endTime":794.24,"body":"of colonial dominance,"},{"startTime":794.24,"endTime":797.72,"body":"people were interested in"},{"startTime":794.24,"endTime":797.72,"body":"the functional expressions"},{"startTime":797.72,"endTime":798.94,"body":"and why people did certain things"},{"startTime":798.94,"endTime":801.04,"body":"and what that told you about a society."},{"startTime":801.04,"endTime":803.79,"body":"So these theories are"},{"startTime":801.04,"endTime":803.79,"body":"always there to inform you"},{"startTime":803.79,"endTime":806.23,"body":"about how African religion differs"},{"startTime":806.23,"endTime":808.603,"body":"from European enlightened religion."},{"startTime":809.6,"endTime":813.1,"body":"The second form that this comparison took"},{"startTime":813.1,"endTime":814.333,"body":"was the missionary one."},{"startTime":815.29,"endTime":817.35,"body":"And this is slightly different"},{"startTime":817.35,"endTime":819.1,"body":"because missionaries were"},{"startTime":817.35,"endTime":819.1,"body":"involved in a project"},{"startTime":819.1,"endTime":821.19,"body":"that Birgit Meyer in her work"},{"startTime":821.19,"endTime":822.93,"body":"called, \"Translating the Devil\"."},{"startTime":822.93,"endTime":827.33,"body":"Christian missions is ultimately"},{"startTime":822.93,"endTime":827.33,"body":"a project of translation."},{"startTime":827.33,"endTime":829.64,"body":"And in Africa you would then also"},{"startTime":829.64,"endTime":831.37,"body":"not just translate the gospel"},{"startTime":831.37,"endTime":834.66,"body":"into divine entities; God, angels"},{"startTime":834.66,"endTime":835.93,"body":"find equivalents for those words"},{"startTime":835.93,"endTime":838.97,"body":"but also the sort of sinister beings"},{"startTime":838.97,"endTime":841.48,"body":"of the Greco-Roman"},{"startTime":838.97,"endTime":841.48,"body":"underworld; devils, demons."},{"startTime":841.48,"endTime":843.9,"body":"What is that in this culture?"},{"startTime":843.9,"endTime":848.69,"body":"And how would we then frame"},{"startTime":843.9,"endTime":848.69,"body":"Christian evil in this culture?"},{"startTime":848.69,"endTime":849.9,"body":"Now, both these forms"},{"startTime":849.9,"endTime":853.18,"body":"are framing African"},{"startTime":849.9,"endTime":853.18,"body":"philosophy in ritual practice"},{"startTime":853.18,"endTime":855.28,"body":"that has discourses about"},{"startTime":853.18,"endTime":855.28,"body":"enlightened religion"},{"startTime":855.28,"endTime":856.56,"body":"in contrast to Africa"},{"startTime":856.56,"endTime":858.88,"body":"and the missionary translation into evil"},{"startTime":859.94,"endTime":862.09,"body":"are somewhat incommensurate"},{"startTime":859.94,"endTime":862.09,"body":"with each other."},{"startTime":862.09,"endTime":863.64,"body":"And that tension was often visible"},{"startTime":863.64,"endTime":865.38,"body":"in the missionary enterprise."},{"startTime":865.38,"endTime":867.61,"body":"What was one to do with"},{"startTime":865.38,"endTime":867.61,"body":"elements of African culture"},{"startTime":867.61,"endTime":871.39,"body":"that wouldn't be integrated"},{"startTime":867.61,"endTime":871.39,"body":"as preparation of the gospel"},{"startTime":871.39,"endTime":872.71,"body":"that the New Testament promised,"},{"startTime":872.71,"endTime":876.103,"body":"that dim light anticipating"},{"startTime":872.71,"endTime":876.103,"body":"the news of Jesus coming."},{"startTime":877.01,"endTime":879.13,"body":"In the discourse of enlightened religion"},{"startTime":879.13,"endTime":882.37,"body":"these were framed as"},{"startTime":879.13,"endTime":882.37,"body":"primitive superstitions,"},{"startTime":882.37,"endTime":885.19,"body":"benighted but ultimately"},{"startTime":882.37,"endTime":885.19,"body":"harmless beliefs to be replaced"},{"startTime":885.19,"endTime":887.86,"body":"by rational religion and"},{"startTime":885.19,"endTime":887.86,"body":"scientific education."},{"startTime":887.86,"endTime":889.97,"body":"As translations of the devil, however,"},{"startTime":889.97,"endTime":893.05,"body":"they represented dark"},{"startTime":889.97,"endTime":893.05,"body":"powerful forces to be overcome"},{"startTime":893.05,"endTime":895.01,"body":"by a spiritual victory of the gospel."},{"startTime":895.01,"endTime":896.173,"body":"So you see the tension."},{"startTime":898.07,"endTime":900.54,"body":"And this tension between"},{"startTime":898.07,"endTime":900.54,"body":"progressive rationalization"},{"startTime":900.54,"endTime":903.38,"body":"and a spiritual battle of"},{"startTime":900.54,"endTime":903.38,"body":"sorts was never resolved"},{"startTime":903.38,"endTime":905.25,"body":"and led to different"},{"startTime":903.38,"endTime":905.25,"body":"expressions of missions"},{"startTime":905.25,"endTime":906.81,"body":"along a broad Christian spectrum"},{"startTime":906.81,"endTime":909.01,"body":"from liberals to evangelicals"},{"startTime":909.01,"endTime":912.41,"body":"with different results in"},{"startTime":909.01,"endTime":912.41,"body":"various colonial phases."},{"startTime":912.41,"endTime":914.83,"body":"This always included European debates"},{"startTime":914.83,"endTime":917.1,"body":"about the proper expression"},{"startTime":914.83,"endTime":917.1,"body":"of Christianity as well,"},{"startTime":917.1,"endTime":918.56,"body":"what is a modern Christian to believe?"},{"startTime":918.56,"endTime":923.56,"body":"Think of debates between modern"},{"startTime":918.56,"endTime":923.56,"body":"exegesis and fundamentalists"},{"startTime":923.56,"endTime":925.7,"body":"running at the same time."},{"startTime":925.7,"endTime":928.77,"body":"Pentecostalism itself"},{"startTime":925.7,"endTime":928.77,"body":"was born in this climate"},{"startTime":928.77,"endTime":931.58,"body":"as an amalgamate between"},{"startTime":928.77,"endTime":931.58,"body":"different revival movements,"},{"startTime":931.58,"endTime":935.96,"body":"holiness movements, healing"},{"startTime":931.58,"endTime":935.96,"body":"movement, and faith missions"},{"startTime":935.96,"endTime":939.81,"body":"and catalyzed in the"},{"startTime":935.96,"endTime":939.81,"body":"African-American spiritual expression"},{"startTime":939.81,"endTime":943.27,"body":"of the 1906 Azusa Street"},{"startTime":939.81,"endTime":943.27,"body":"Revival in Los Angeles,"},{"startTime":943.27,"endTime":946.69,"body":"that roughly 50 years before"},{"startTime":943.27,"endTime":946.69,"body":"the civil rights movement"},{"startTime":946.69,"endTime":950.2,"body":"embodied racial reconciliation"},{"startTime":946.69,"endTime":950.2,"body":"for a few short years"},{"startTime":950.2,"endTime":953.64,"body":"before it segregated and spread"},{"startTime":950.2,"endTime":953.64,"body":"along established revivalist"},{"startTime":953.64,"endTime":954.953,"body":"and missionary networks."},{"startTime":956.5,"endTime":957.84,"body":"In Africa at independence,"},{"startTime":957.84,"endTime":960.24,"body":"Pentecostal churches were"},{"startTime":957.84,"endTime":960.24,"body":"small and on the fringes,"},{"startTime":960.24,"endTime":961.55,"body":"whereas in the mainline churches"},{"startTime":961.55,"endTime":964.09,"body":"the rationalists seem to prevail."},{"startTime":964.09,"endTime":966.863,"body":"The watch word of the"},{"startTime":964.09,"endTime":966.863,"body":"day was indigenization."},{"startTime":967.75,"endTime":971.27,"body":"Missionaries adapted to"},{"startTime":967.75,"endTime":971.27,"body":"surging African nationalism."},{"startTime":971.27,"endTime":973.54,"body":"The ideas and rituals"},{"startTime":973.54,"endTime":975.3,"body":"that missionaries had previously vilified,"},{"startTime":975.3,"endTime":977.81,"body":"were now framed as cultural resources"},{"startTime":977.81,"endTime":979.09,"body":"that needed to be integrated"},{"startTime":979.09,"endTime":982.24,"body":"into distinct African"},{"startTime":979.09,"endTime":982.24,"body":"theologies and liturgies"},{"startTime":983.11,"endTime":986.8,"body":"Liberal Protestantism, the"},{"startTime":983.11,"endTime":986.8,"body":"Second Vatican Council,"},{"startTime":986.8,"endTime":989.7,"body":"missiologist, and African politicians"},{"startTime":989.7,"endTime":993.11,"body":"all aligned in this reappropriation"},{"startTime":989.7,"endTime":993.11,"body":"of African traditions"},{"startTime":993.11,"endTime":995.44,"body":"as cultural heritage."},{"startTime":995.44,"endTime":998.13,"body":"Even African churches that"},{"startTime":995.44,"endTime":998.13,"body":"had broken with their missions"},{"startTime":998.13,"endTime":999.97,"body":"and European orthodoxy"},{"startTime":999.97,"endTime":1002.94,"body":"were largely read as"},{"startTime":999.97,"endTime":1002.94,"body":"instances of instantiation"},{"startTime":1002.94,"endTime":1004.69,"body":"rather than for what they were,"},{"startTime":1004.69,"endTime":1007.05,"body":"a spiritualizing thrust of"},{"startTime":1004.69,"endTime":1007.05,"body":"bringing the New Testament"},{"startTime":1007.05,"endTime":1010.163,"body":"and the Old Testament to"},{"startTime":1007.05,"endTime":1010.163,"body":"life again in the present."},{"startTime":1011.67,"endTime":1013.07,"body":"Now, the problem,"},{"startTime":1013.07,"endTime":1014.52,"body":"and this is important for understanding"},{"startTime":1014.52,"endTime":1015.78,"body":"of the rise of Pentecostalism,"},{"startTime":1015.78,"endTime":1018.36,"body":"the problem with such"},{"startTime":1015.78,"endTime":1018.36,"body":"culturalist interpretations"},{"startTime":1018.36,"endTime":1020.81,"body":"was that their folkloristic embrace"},{"startTime":1020.81,"endTime":1025.793,"body":"rendered mute or inefficacious"},{"startTime":1020.81,"endTime":1025.793,"body":"African spiritual forces."},{"startTime":1026.68,"endTime":1028.68,"body":"This may have dovetailed"},{"startTime":1026.68,"endTime":1028.68,"body":"with rationalizing"},{"startTime":1028.68,"endTime":1030.09,"body":"and secularizing ambitions,"},{"startTime":1030.09,"endTime":1032.55,"body":"but it clashed with how"},{"startTime":1030.09,"endTime":1032.55,"body":"these forces were experienced"},{"startTime":1032.55,"endTime":1033.773,"body":"in vernacular reckoning."},{"startTime":1034.8,"endTime":1038.4,"body":"Ancestors, spirits,"},{"startTime":1034.8,"endTime":1038.4,"body":"witchcraft, occult rituals,"},{"startTime":1038.4,"endTime":1041.73,"body":"remained efficacious"},{"startTime":1038.4,"endTime":1041.73,"body":"and socially productive"},{"startTime":1041.73,"endTime":1045.18,"body":"in explaining and solving"},{"startTime":1041.73,"endTime":1045.18,"body":"illness and personal misfortune"},{"startTime":1045.18,"endTime":1047.96,"body":"rather than just serving"},{"startTime":1045.18,"endTime":1047.96,"body":"as cultural symbols"},{"startTime":1047.96,"endTime":1051.41,"body":"in a different theological"},{"startTime":1047.96,"endTime":1051.41,"body":"and political project."},{"startTime":1051.41,"endTime":1055.29,"body":"This is the open flank"},{"startTime":1051.41,"endTime":1055.29,"body":"into which Pentecostalism"},{"startTime":1055.29,"endTime":1057.85,"body":"thrust a double prompt attack."},{"startTime":1057.85,"endTime":1060.45,"body":"As areas of the pietistic translation"},{"startTime":1060.45,"endTime":1063.72,"body":"of African spirits into demonic forces,"},{"startTime":1063.72,"endTime":1064.9,"body":"Pentecostals on the one hand"},{"startTime":1064.9,"endTime":1068.26,"body":"affirmed African vernaculars"},{"startTime":1064.9,"endTime":1068.26,"body":"of spiritual power."},{"startTime":1068.26,"endTime":1069.38,"body":"Yes, they're real."},{"startTime":1069.38,"endTime":1070.213,"body":"They're important."},{"startTime":1070.213,"endTime":1071.67,"body":"They're not just cultural heritage."},{"startTime":1071.67,"endTime":1073.21,"body":"And on the other hand,"},{"startTime":1073.21,"endTime":1076.21,"body":"they proclaimed that Christian"},{"startTime":1073.21,"endTime":1076.21,"body":"exorcism and faith healing"},{"startTime":1076.21,"endTime":1078.95,"body":"would get rid of the"},{"startTime":1076.21,"endTime":1078.95,"body":"spirits once and for all."},{"startTime":1078.95,"endTime":1081.64,"body":"In essence, this amounted"},{"startTime":1078.95,"endTime":1081.64,"body":"to an affirmation"},{"startTime":1081.64,"endTime":1083.89,"body":"of African spiritual beliefs"},{"startTime":1083.89,"endTime":1085.86,"body":"while upholding the modernist promise"},{"startTime":1085.86,"endTime":1088.563,"body":"of a life free from these backward forces."},{"startTime":1089.76,"endTime":1091.36,"body":"This is a highly effective recipe"},{"startTime":1091.36,"endTime":1092.72,"body":"of Christian contextualization"},{"startTime":1092.72,"endTime":1095.48,"body":"as it takes more serious"},{"startTime":1092.72,"endTime":1095.48,"body":"the local cosmology"},{"startTime":1095.48,"endTime":1097.59,"body":"while offering a Christian"},{"startTime":1095.48,"endTime":1097.59,"body":"re-interpretation"},{"startTime":1097.59,"endTime":1098.833,"body":"with global appeal."},{"startTime":1099.69,"endTime":1103.1,"body":"Now, we should never confuse"},{"startTime":1099.69,"endTime":1103.1,"body":"doctrine with practice."},{"startTime":1103.1,"endTime":1105.85,"body":"So, there are important"},{"startTime":1103.1,"endTime":1105.85,"body":"qualifications to be made here."},{"startTime":1107.02,"endTime":1108.93,"body":"Firstly, far from overcoming"},{"startTime":1108.93,"endTime":1111.06,"body":"and supplanting spiritual beliefs,"},{"startTime":1111.06,"endTime":1113.71,"body":"Pentecostalism has created"},{"startTime":1111.06,"endTime":1113.71,"body":"something of a feedback loop"},{"startTime":1113.71,"endTime":1116.24,"body":"with local witchcraft"},{"startTime":1113.71,"endTime":1116.24,"body":"and spirit discourses"},{"startTime":1116.24,"endTime":1117.99,"body":"in many African countries."},{"startTime":1117.99,"endTime":1120.16,"body":"Supernatural etiologies are on the rise"},{"startTime":1120.16,"endTime":1122.96,"body":"within and outside Christianity."},{"startTime":1122.96,"endTime":1123.793,"body":"In large part,"},{"startTime":1123.793,"endTime":1126.94,"body":"fueled by Pentecostal diagnoses"},{"startTime":1123.793,"endTime":1126.94,"body":"of spiritual causation"},{"startTime":1126.94,"endTime":1129.37,"body":"and assertions of miracle healing."},{"startTime":1129.37,"endTime":1130.67,"body":"A vivid example of this"},{"startTime":1130.67,"endTime":1133.87,"body":"is the Nigerian film industry or Nollywood"},{"startTime":1133.87,"endTime":1136.75,"body":"with a number of well-known"},{"startTime":1133.87,"endTime":1136.75,"body":"companies and film troops,"},{"startTime":1136.75,"endTime":1139.22,"body":"is the third largest film"},{"startTime":1136.75,"endTime":1139.22,"body":"industry on the planet by the way,"},{"startTime":1139.22,"endTime":1143.36,"body":"with a number of well-known"},{"startTime":1139.22,"endTime":1143.36,"body":"troops and media companies"},{"startTime":1143.36,"endTime":1145.13,"body":"offering Christian melodramas"},{"startTime":1145.13,"endTime":1148.15,"body":"centered on witchcraft"},{"startTime":1145.13,"endTime":1148.15,"body":"and spiritual warfare"},{"startTime":1148.15,"endTime":1150.93,"body":"often in a vivid mirage"},{"startTime":1148.15,"endTime":1150.93,"body":"of Western horror tropes,"},{"startTime":1150.93,"endTime":1154.05,"body":"Africa cliches, local tabloid rumors,"},{"startTime":1154.05,"endTime":1155.82,"body":"and typical street scenes."},{"startTime":1155.82,"endTime":1157.16,"body":"Over long but entertainment"},{"startTime":1157.16,"endTime":1159.193,"body":"and always fun to analyze with students."},{"startTime":1160.94,"endTime":1163.03,"body":"Secondly, spiritual warfare"},{"startTime":1163.03,"endTime":1165.61,"body":"is not a norm of Pentecostal orthodoxy"},{"startTime":1165.61,"endTime":1167.623,"body":"but one of experimentation."},{"startTime":1171.12,"endTime":1174.21,"body":"Pentecostals will often combine"},{"startTime":1174.21,"endTime":1176.39,"body":"going to a Pentecostal"},{"startTime":1174.21,"endTime":1176.39,"body":"healer with other approaches,"},{"startTime":1176.39,"endTime":1179.26,"body":"including biomedicine"},{"startTime":1176.39,"endTime":1179.26,"body":"and traditional healers."},{"startTime":1179.26,"endTime":1181.09,"body":"Even within Pentecostalism,"},{"startTime":1181.09,"endTime":1182.73,"body":"a range of etiologies are on offer,"},{"startTime":1182.73,"endTime":1183.62,"body":"it's very different."},{"startTime":1183.62,"endTime":1185.36,"body":"If you go to a faith church it tells you,"},{"startTime":1185.36,"endTime":1187.58,"body":"your illnesses is because you're"},{"startTime":1185.36,"endTime":1187.58,"body":"not having yet enough faith"},{"startTime":1187.58,"endTime":1189.0,"body":"to be healed by God."},{"startTime":1189.0,"endTime":1190.29,"body":"Or church that tells you,"},{"startTime":1190.29,"endTime":1192.07,"body":"this could be a demon that causes this."},{"startTime":1192.07,"endTime":1192.903,"body":"You need to look."},{"startTime":1192.903,"endTime":1193.736,"body":"Did you do anything?"},{"startTime":1193.736,"endTime":1194.93,"body":"Is there any inheritance?"},{"startTime":1194.93,"endTime":1198.3,"body":"So it's a broad menu of"},{"startTime":1194.93,"endTime":1198.3,"body":"options that are available"},{"startTime":1198.3,"endTime":1199.94,"body":"that you can experiment with."},{"startTime":1199.94,"endTime":1204.744,"body":"Thirdly, in this problematic"},{"startTime":1199.94,"endTime":1204.744,"body":"landscape of discernment,"},{"startTime":1204.744,"endTime":1207.29,"body":"this dangerous landscape of discernment,"},{"startTime":1207.29,"endTime":1211.34,"body":"authenticity is a highly debated currency."},{"startTime":1211.34,"endTime":1214.53,"body":"Suspicion is rife, pastors are"},{"startTime":1211.34,"endTime":1214.53,"body":"known to enrich themselves,"},{"startTime":1214.53,"endTime":1215.72,"body":"and many Pentecostals"},{"startTime":1215.72,"endTime":1218.7,"body":"believe that the devil can"},{"startTime":1215.72,"endTime":1218.7,"body":"fake healing and success"},{"startTime":1218.7,"endTime":1220.53,"body":"with detrimental long-term effects."},{"startTime":1220.53,"endTime":1221.99,"body":"So you got to watch out."},{"startTime":1221.99,"endTime":1224.06,"body":"As Pentecostal healers"},{"startTime":1221.99,"endTime":1224.06,"body":"are locked in competition"},{"startTime":1224.06,"endTime":1225.44,"body":"mutual accusations of fraud,"},{"startTime":1225.44,"endTime":1227.36,"body":"infidelity, and witchcraft abound"},{"startTime":1227.36,"endTime":1231.25,"body":"even Nollywood films"},{"startTime":1227.36,"endTime":1231.25,"body":"will sometimes deliver"},{"startTime":1231.25,"endTime":1234.61,"body":"tongue in cheek remarks"},{"startTime":1231.25,"endTime":1234.61,"body":"about certain pastors."},{"startTime":1234.61,"endTime":1237.34,"body":"In this precarious world"},{"startTime":1234.61,"endTime":1237.34,"body":"of spiritual discernment,"},{"startTime":1237.34,"endTime":1239.69,"body":"loyalty can take the form of collusion"},{"startTime":1239.69,"endTime":1241.27,"body":"and it's usually temporary"},{"startTime":1241.27,"endTime":1243.78,"body":"as people move in and out of churches"},{"startTime":1243.78,"endTime":1247.02,"body":"in an increasingly"},{"startTime":1243.78,"endTime":1247.02,"body":"fragmenting church landscape."},{"startTime":1247.02,"endTime":1249.56,"body":"It can be a nightmare if you're"},{"startTime":1247.02,"endTime":1249.56,"body":"trying to count Pentecostals"},{"startTime":1249.56,"endTime":1252.963,"body":"often leading to vivid"},{"startTime":1249.56,"endTime":1252.963,"body":"exaggerations of actual numbers."},{"startTime":1254.15,"endTime":1256.71,"body":"But the point is, there's a huge vibrancy"},{"startTime":1256.71,"endTime":1259.69,"body":"and experimental field"},{"startTime":1256.71,"endTime":1259.69,"body":"that people are traveling"},{"startTime":1259.69,"endTime":1260.71,"body":"and this is not a place"},{"startTime":1260.71,"endTime":1262.71,"body":"where everybody believes the same thing."},{"startTime":1263.96,"endTime":1266.82,"body":"We must be careful not to"},{"startTime":1263.96,"endTime":1266.82,"body":"turn up the contrast too much."},{"startTime":1266.82,"endTime":1269.82,"body":"However, it's the"},{"startTime":1266.82,"endTime":1269.82,"body":"flamboyant and outlandish"},{"startTime":1269.82,"endTime":1271.98,"body":"which often grabs attention in local media"},{"startTime":1271.98,"endTime":1273.45,"body":"and international research"},{"startTime":1273.45,"endTime":1275.97,"body":"rather than the middle of"},{"startTime":1273.45,"endTime":1275.97,"body":"the road Pentecostal pastor"},{"startTime":1275.97,"endTime":1280.97,"body":"who will pray for healing but"},{"startTime":1275.97,"endTime":1280.97,"body":"promise and demand nothing."},{"startTime":1282.36,"endTime":1284.97,"body":"Still what remains constant"},{"startTime":1282.36,"endTime":1284.97,"body":"even in the more muted"},{"startTime":1284.97,"endTime":1287.8,"body":"forms of African Pentecostal"},{"startTime":1284.97,"endTime":1287.8,"body":"Christianity is that"},{"startTime":1287.8,"endTime":1291.14,"body":"daily affairs tend to be defined"},{"startTime":1287.8,"endTime":1291.14,"body":"by Christian spirituality"},{"startTime":1291.14,"endTime":1295.66,"body":"from health, to careers,"},{"startTime":1291.14,"endTime":1295.66,"body":"finances, and relationship issues."},{"startTime":1295.66,"endTime":1297.393,"body":"There is no purely secular realm."},{"startTime":1298.37,"endTime":1299.67,"body":"In doing so, however,"},{"startTime":1299.67,"endTime":1303.09,"body":"Pentecostal etiologies don't"},{"startTime":1299.67,"endTime":1303.09,"body":"simply re-enchant the world,"},{"startTime":1303.09,"endTime":1304.28,"body":"that's not the point."},{"startTime":1304.28,"endTime":1307.54,"body":"They also offer a robust"},{"startTime":1304.28,"endTime":1307.54,"body":"discourse for addressing"},{"startTime":1307.54,"endTime":1311.22,"body":"larger social, political,"},{"startTime":1307.54,"endTime":1311.22,"body":"and historical forces"},{"startTime":1311.22,"endTime":1313.563,"body":"that shape individual trajectories."},{"startTime":1314.84,"endTime":1316.3,"body":"Their spiritual vernacular"},{"startTime":1316.3,"endTime":1318.53,"body":"might be unsettling for some observers,"},{"startTime":1318.53,"endTime":1321.29,"body":"but arguably it allows for more realistic"},{"startTime":1321.29,"endTime":1324.09,"body":"philosophy of the entangled self"},{"startTime":1324.09,"endTime":1326.01,"body":"than Western hyperindividualism"},{"startTime":1326.01,"endTime":1327.943,"body":"and its notion of the free subject."},{"startTime":1329.04,"endTime":1332.13,"body":"Things are not always what they look like."},{"startTime":1332.13,"endTime":1334.05,"body":"And this assumption arguably rings true"},{"startTime":1334.05,"endTime":1336.82,"body":"when one is on the underside"},{"startTime":1334.05,"endTime":1336.82,"body":"of an extractive global economy"},{"startTime":1336.82,"endTime":1338.0,"body":"or must learn to navigate"},{"startTime":1338.0,"endTime":1340.573,"body":"unstable and corrupt bureaucracies."},{"startTime":1341.95,"endTime":1342.783,"body":"In this world,"},{"startTime":1342.783,"endTime":1344.93,"body":"the Pentecostal promise"},{"startTime":1342.783,"endTime":1344.93,"body":"of health and prosperity"},{"startTime":1344.93,"endTime":1347.01,"body":"harbors and gives expression"},{"startTime":1347.01,"endTime":1349.28,"body":"to the aspirations of millions of Africans"},{"startTime":1349.28,"endTime":1352.56,"body":"to participate in the world"},{"startTime":1349.28,"endTime":1352.56,"body":"that their cell phones betray"},{"startTime":1352.56,"endTime":1353.883,"body":"but never deliver."},{"startTime":1355.28,"endTime":1357.69,"body":"And of course, this dynamic"},{"startTime":1355.28,"endTime":1357.69,"body":"isn't unique to Africa."},{"startTime":1357.69,"endTime":1360.603,"body":"Perhaps it's easier to see for some here."},{"startTime":1364.6,"endTime":1367.67,"body":"Now, this ability of African Christianity"},{"startTime":1367.67,"endTime":1369.47,"body":"to harbor the aspirations of millions,"},{"startTime":1369.47,"endTime":1371.56,"body":"mobilize their hopes and resources"},{"startTime":1371.56,"endTime":1372.94,"body":"brings me to my second point,"},{"startTime":1372.94,"endTime":1375.21,"body":"the question of whether this can be"},{"startTime":1375.21,"endTime":1377.93,"body":"a good partner in development"},{"startTime":1377.93,"endTime":1381.81,"body":"given the current development"},{"startTime":1377.93,"endTime":1381.81,"body":"mantra of sustainability"},{"startTime":1381.81,"endTime":1383.56,"body":"which seeks to root development ideals"},{"startTime":1383.56,"endTime":1385.48,"body":"in local cultures including religion,"},{"startTime":1385.48,"endTime":1388.21,"body":"this seems a particularly"},{"startTime":1385.48,"endTime":1388.21,"body":"important question."},{"startTime":1388.21,"endTime":1390.43,"body":"In recent years, even a small"},{"startTime":1388.21,"endTime":1390.43,"body":"field of study has emerged"},{"startTime":1390.43,"endTime":1392.1,"body":"in the intersection of religious studies"},{"startTime":1392.1,"endTime":1393.51,"body":"and development studies"},{"startTime":1393.51,"endTime":1395.9,"body":"that looks at religion and development"},{"startTime":1397.33,"endTime":1399.31,"body":"and tries to understand what it would take"},{"startTime":1399.31,"endTime":1401.07,"body":"to harness religious actors more"},{"startTime":1401.07,"endTime":1403.5,"body":"in the global development project."},{"startTime":1403.5,"endTime":1406.31,"body":"In this literature,"},{"startTime":1403.5,"endTime":1406.31,"body":"development sometimes is cast"},{"startTime":1406.31,"endTime":1409.56,"body":"as originally secular project"},{"startTime":1410.64,"endTime":1414.03,"body":"which then heightens this"},{"startTime":1410.64,"endTime":1414.03,"body":"rediscovery of religion."},{"startTime":1414.03,"endTime":1416.1,"body":"However, this portrays a fundamental"},{"startTime":1416.1,"endTime":1419.33,"body":"historical misunderstanding"},{"startTime":1416.1,"endTime":1419.33,"body":"that we briefly need to look at"},{"startTime":1419.33,"endTime":1422.197,"body":"before we can see why development efforts"},{"startTime":1422.197,"endTime":1425.953,"body":"are often disconnected from"},{"startTime":1422.197,"endTime":1425.953,"body":"Christian charity on the ground."},{"startTime":1427.1,"endTime":1429.53,"body":"Development of course"},{"startTime":1427.1,"endTime":1429.53,"body":"didn't fall out of the sky"},{"startTime":1429.53,"endTime":1432.99,"body":"with Truman's Point Four speech in 1948."},{"startTime":1432.99,"endTime":1434.6,"body":"But it has an important predecessor"},{"startTime":1434.6,"endTime":1436.46,"body":"in the anti-slavery movements"},{"startTime":1436.46,"endTime":1439.533,"body":"and the European push"},{"startTime":1436.46,"endTime":1439.533,"body":"into the African interior."},{"startTime":1440.62,"endTime":1442.72,"body":"By the late 1830s it had become clear"},{"startTime":1442.72,"endTime":1445.88,"body":"that the abolition of"},{"startTime":1442.72,"endTime":1445.88,"body":"the slave trade from 1807"},{"startTime":1445.88,"endTime":1447.35,"body":"had not led to a reduction"},{"startTime":1447.35,"endTime":1449.06,"body":"of the transatlantic trafficking of people"},{"startTime":1449.06,"endTime":1452.45,"body":"despite different efforts to"},{"startTime":1449.06,"endTime":1452.45,"body":"outlaw the practice elsewhere"},{"startTime":1452.45,"endTime":1455.75,"body":"and British Navy sailing up"},{"startTime":1452.45,"endTime":1455.75,"body":"and down the coast of Africa."},{"startTime":1455.75,"endTime":1457.48,"body":"Now, a second generation of abolitionists"},{"startTime":1457.48,"endTime":1461.49,"body":"led by the MP Thomas Fowell"},{"startTime":1457.48,"endTime":1461.49,"body":"Buxton began drumming up support"},{"startTime":1461.49,"endTime":1463.49,"body":"for a different project altogether"},{"startTime":1463.49,"endTime":1466.89,"body":"which was to eradicate"},{"startTime":1463.49,"endTime":1466.89,"body":"slavery at its root."},{"startTime":1466.89,"endTime":1469.58,"body":"Remarkably, they located this route"},{"startTime":1469.58,"endTime":1473.47,"body":"not on the side of"},{"startTime":1469.58,"endTime":1473.47,"body":"demand for enforced labor"},{"startTime":1473.47,"endTime":1475.46,"body":"but on the side of supply."},{"startTime":1475.46,"endTime":1478.937,"body":"And so, their eyes turned"},{"startTime":1475.46,"endTime":1478.937,"body":"to the interior of Africa."},{"startTime":1478.937,"endTime":1480.227,"body":"\"It was high time,\" they argued,"},{"startTime":1480.227,"endTime":1483.64,"body":"\"to install a different economy"},{"startTime":1480.227,"endTime":1483.64,"body":"on the African continent."},{"startTime":1483.64,"endTime":1485.75,"body":"One centered on legitimate trade"},{"startTime":1485.75,"endTime":1487.41,"body":"instead of trafficking people.\""},{"startTime":1487.41,"endTime":1490.54,"body":"And this was to be achieved"},{"startTime":1487.41,"endTime":1490.54,"body":"by forging political alliances"},{"startTime":1490.54,"endTime":1492.25,"body":"with chiefs of the hinterland,"},{"startTime":1492.25,"endTime":1494.24,"body":"putting in place infrastructure,"},{"startTime":1494.24,"endTime":1496.31,"body":"improving agricultural methods,"},{"startTime":1496.31,"endTime":1497.88,"body":"increasing people's health,"},{"startTime":1497.88,"endTime":1500.3,"body":"raising literacy and education."},{"startTime":1500.3,"endTime":1503.85,"body":"This is the modern development"},{"startTime":1500.3,"endTime":1503.85,"body":"project at its core."},{"startTime":1503.85,"endTime":1505.06,"body":"In the absence of the power"},{"startTime":1505.06,"endTime":1507.66,"body":"to change inequitable global systems,"},{"startTime":1507.66,"endTime":1510.64,"body":"attention turns to those most"},{"startTime":1507.66,"endTime":1510.64,"body":"effected by its injustices"},{"startTime":1510.64,"endTime":1513.59,"body":"in the hopes that by installing"},{"startTime":1510.64,"endTime":1513.59,"body":"a different economy there,"},{"startTime":1513.59,"endTime":1515.913,"body":"global imbalances can be redressed."},{"startTime":1517.58,"endTime":1521.41,"body":"Importantly, Buxton understood"},{"startTime":1517.58,"endTime":1521.41,"body":"this as a pious project"},{"startTime":1521.41,"endTime":1524.047,"body":"and he says this of Christianity,"},{"startTime":1524.047,"endTime":1526.82,"body":"\"This mighty lever when properly applied"},{"startTime":1526.82,"endTime":1529.25,"body":"can alone overturn the iniquitous system"},{"startTime":1529.25,"endTime":1531.4,"body":"which prevails throughout the continent."},{"startTime":1531.4,"endTime":1533.99,"body":"Let missionaries and school masters,"},{"startTime":1533.99,"endTime":1535.81,"body":"the plow and the spade go together"},{"startTime":1535.81,"endTime":1537.45,"body":"and agriculture will flourish,"},{"startTime":1537.45,"endTime":1540.35,"body":"the avenues to legitimate"},{"startTime":1537.45,"endTime":1540.35,"body":"commerce will be opened,"},{"startTime":1540.35,"endTime":1543.21,"body":"confidence between man"},{"startTime":1540.35,"endTime":1543.21,"body":"and man will be inspired,"},{"startTime":1543.21,"endTime":1547.17,"body":"and civilization will"},{"startTime":1543.21,"endTime":1547.17,"body":"advance as a natural effect"},{"startTime":1547.17,"endTime":1550.07,"body":"and Christianity operate"},{"startTime":1547.17,"endTime":1550.07,"body":"as the proximate 'cause"},{"startTime":1550.07,"endTime":1551.647,"body":"of this happy change.\""},{"startTime":1552.6,"endTime":1555.95,"body":"The famous Niger expedition"},{"startTime":1552.6,"endTime":1555.95,"body":"of 1841 thrusting traders,"},{"startTime":1555.95,"endTime":1557.93,"body":"missionary, soldiers,"},{"startTime":1555.95,"endTime":1557.93,"body":"geographers, linguists"},{"startTime":1557.93,"endTime":1561.43,"body":"into the interior of Africa"},{"startTime":1557.93,"endTime":1561.43,"body":"with disastrous results"},{"startTime":1561.43,"endTime":1564.71,"body":"was the first template of"},{"startTime":1561.43,"endTime":1564.71,"body":"many more such incursions"},{"startTime":1564.71,"endTime":1567.43,"body":"and more successful"},{"startTime":1564.71,"endTime":1567.43,"body":"incursions from then on"},{"startTime":1567.43,"endTime":1570.49,"body":"all the way to the scramble"},{"startTime":1567.43,"endTime":1570.49,"body":"of Africa in the 1890s."},{"startTime":1570.49,"endTime":1573.67,"body":"Missionaries remained"},{"startTime":1570.49,"endTime":1573.67,"body":"essential to this endeavor"},{"startTime":1573.67,"endTime":1576.05,"body":"with Livingston's travels"},{"startTime":1573.67,"endTime":1576.05,"body":"and his clarion call"},{"startTime":1576.05,"endTime":1577.81,"body":"for commerce and Christianity"},{"startTime":1577.81,"endTime":1580.52,"body":"serving as the most prominent example."},{"startTime":1580.52,"endTime":1583.02,"body":"And even in the heyday of colonial rule,"},{"startTime":1583.02,"endTime":1585.42,"body":"the missionary input was decisive."},{"startTime":1585.42,"endTime":1587.38,"body":"Though they didn't always align"},{"startTime":1587.38,"endTime":1590.44,"body":"with the 'causes of the expanding empires,"},{"startTime":1590.44,"endTime":1592.01,"body":"the colonial endeavor would have been"},{"startTime":1592.01,"endTime":1594.83,"body":"completely unsustainable without"},{"startTime":1592.01,"endTime":1594.83,"body":"the missionary investment"},{"startTime":1594.83,"endTime":1597.56,"body":"in schools, hospitals, linguistics,"},{"startTime":1597.56,"endTime":1599.56,"body":"and the mobilization of European publics"},{"startTime":1599.56,"endTime":1601.203,"body":"behind the colonial endeavor."},{"startTime":1602.56,"endTime":1606.26,"body":"So when Truman ushered in the"},{"startTime":1602.56,"endTime":1606.26,"body":"era of post-war development,"},{"startTime":1606.26,"endTime":1607.94,"body":"he drew on this legacy"},{"startTime":1607.94,"endTime":1610.86,"body":"despite his high modernist pronunciations"},{"startTime":1610.86,"endTime":1613.56,"body":"about scientific and"},{"startTime":1610.86,"endTime":1613.56,"body":"technological progress."},{"startTime":1613.56,"endTime":1614.64,"body":"When you study the speech,"},{"startTime":1614.64,"endTime":1616.72,"body":"it is framed by the Sermon on the Mount"},{"startTime":1616.72,"endTime":1619.93,"body":"and leads to an invocation"},{"startTime":1616.72,"endTime":1619.93,"body":"of the Almighty God"},{"startTime":1619.93,"endTime":1622.763,"body":"as motivator for this American"},{"startTime":1619.93,"endTime":1622.763,"body":"investment in the world."},{"startTime":1623.72,"endTime":1625.56,"body":"And even beneath the increasing secular"},{"startTime":1625.56,"endTime":1627.33,"body":"high modernist expression of development"},{"startTime":1627.33,"endTime":1628.47,"body":"in the following decades,"},{"startTime":1628.47,"endTime":1631.62,"body":"one easily finds that"},{"startTime":1628.47,"endTime":1631.62,"body":"in the ethical framing"},{"startTime":1631.62,"endTime":1634.67,"body":"people will often come"},{"startTime":1631.62,"endTime":1634.67,"body":"back to Christian values"},{"startTime":1634.67,"endTime":1636.56,"body":"especially when asked to contrast"},{"startTime":1636.56,"endTime":1639.31,"body":"the Western development"},{"startTime":1636.56,"endTime":1639.31,"body":"project with that of communism."},{"startTime":1640.3,"endTime":1643.57,"body":"By the early 2000s then there"},{"startTime":1640.3,"endTime":1643.57,"body":"was a sudden rediscovery"},{"startTime":1643.57,"endTime":1645.73,"body":"of religious actress in development policy"},{"startTime":1645.73,"endTime":1648.54,"body":"long before the academics saw the trend."},{"startTime":1648.54,"endTime":1650.96,"body":"And this too was rooted in Western,"},{"startTime":1650.96,"endTime":1653.99,"body":"this time American debates"},{"startTime":1650.96,"endTime":1653.99,"body":"about Christianity."},{"startTime":1653.99,"endTime":1657.11,"body":"The American Welfare Reform Act of 1996"},{"startTime":1657.11,"endTime":1660.63,"body":"had introduced a"},{"startTime":1657.11,"endTime":1660.63,"body":"charitable choice provision"},{"startTime":1660.63,"endTime":1663.16,"body":"which allowed government"},{"startTime":1660.63,"endTime":1663.16,"body":"entities for the first time"},{"startTime":1663.16,"endTime":1665.14,"body":"to work through religious communities"},{"startTime":1665.14,"endTime":1666.433,"body":"in distributing welfare."},{"startTime":1667.27,"endTime":1670.34,"body":"This was inserted by the"},{"startTime":1667.27,"endTime":1670.34,"body":"Pentecostal Senator, John Ashcroft,"},{"startTime":1670.34,"endTime":1672.59,"body":"he later became famous"},{"startTime":1670.34,"endTime":1672.59,"body":"for the torture memos,"},{"startTime":1673.44,"endTime":1676.09,"body":"as part of a neoliberal"},{"startTime":1673.44,"endTime":1676.09,"body":"push to shrink government"},{"startTime":1676.09,"endTime":1679.4,"body":"and erode the wall of separation"},{"startTime":1676.09,"endTime":1679.4,"body":"between church and state."},{"startTime":1679.4,"endTime":1682.74,"body":"This is where idea of faith-based"},{"startTime":1679.4,"endTime":1682.74,"body":"organizations comes from"},{"startTime":1682.74,"endTime":1685.11,"body":"which under George W."},{"startTime":1682.74,"endTime":1685.11,"body":"Bush was then introduced"},{"startTime":1685.11,"endTime":1686.27,"body":"into the world of development"},{"startTime":1686.27,"endTime":1688.733,"body":"and then was picked up by"},{"startTime":1686.27,"endTime":1688.733,"body":"academics subsequently."},{"startTime":1689.65,"endTime":1692.0,"body":"So the point is this,"},{"startTime":1689.65,"endTime":1692.0,"body":"throughout this history"},{"startTime":1692.0,"endTime":1694.07,"body":"the various turns in"},{"startTime":1692.0,"endTime":1694.07,"body":"the Western discussion"},{"startTime":1694.07,"endTime":1697.6,"body":"of the role of Christianity in"},{"startTime":1694.07,"endTime":1697.6,"body":"developing the world overseas"},{"startTime":1697.6,"endTime":1700.59,"body":"were rather disconnected and"},{"startTime":1697.6,"endTime":1700.59,"body":"remained rather disconnected"},{"startTime":1700.59,"endTime":1701.84,"body":"from the realities in Africa,"},{"startTime":1701.84,"endTime":1704.57,"body":"both ideologically and institutionally."},{"startTime":1704.57,"endTime":1706.26,"body":"While donor nations went through a phase"},{"startTime":1706.26,"endTime":1708.44,"body":"of secularizing development"},{"startTime":1706.26,"endTime":1708.44,"body":"and channeling aid"},{"startTime":1708.44,"endTime":1710.38,"body":"primarily through state actors,"},{"startTime":1710.38,"endTime":1712.57,"body":"in many African countries"},{"startTime":1710.38,"endTime":1712.57,"body":"Christian missions"},{"startTime":1712.57,"endTime":1714.47,"body":"and their successor organizations"},{"startTime":1714.47,"endTime":1718.39,"body":"remain crucial to bringing aid."},{"startTime":1718.39,"endTime":1720.09,"body":"Depending on the demands of the day"},{"startTime":1720.09,"endTime":1723.93,"body":"they would mute or re-emphasize"},{"startTime":1720.09,"endTime":1723.93,"body":"their religious profile,"},{"startTime":1723.93,"endTime":1725.96,"body":"but this changed little"},{"startTime":1723.93,"endTime":1725.96,"body":"in that practical work"},{"startTime":1725.96,"endTime":1728.87,"body":"or the kinds of constituents"},{"startTime":1725.96,"endTime":1728.87,"body":"they were working with."},{"startTime":1728.87,"endTime":1730.49,"body":"So this disconnect between development aid"},{"startTime":1730.49,"endTime":1731.61,"body":"and the charity sector"},{"startTime":1731.61,"endTime":1732.97,"body":"was then further amplified"},{"startTime":1732.97,"endTime":1736.22,"body":"by the rise of"},{"startTime":1732.97,"endTime":1736.22,"body":"non-governmental organizations."},{"startTime":1736.22,"endTime":1739.2,"body":"In this environment,"},{"startTime":1736.22,"endTime":1739.2,"body":"African Pentecostal schools,"},{"startTime":1739.2,"endTime":1741.52,"body":"hospitals, universities, or food programs"},{"startTime":1741.52,"endTime":1743.99,"body":"do not present a whole new problem"},{"startTime":1743.99,"endTime":1745.63,"body":"of religion and development"},{"startTime":1745.63,"endTime":1748.24,"body":"but they are rather the"},{"startTime":1745.63,"endTime":1748.24,"body":"latest instantiation"},{"startTime":1748.24,"endTime":1751.56,"body":"of Christian charity and"},{"startTime":1748.24,"endTime":1751.56,"body":"compliance and tension"},{"startTime":1751.56,"endTime":1754.76,"body":"with global political and economic orders."},{"startTime":1754.76,"endTime":1756.83,"body":"It remains imperative, therefore,"},{"startTime":1756.83,"endTime":1760.65,"body":"to find suitable avenues"},{"startTime":1756.83,"endTime":1760.65,"body":"of bilateral collaboration"},{"startTime":1760.65,"endTime":1762.09,"body":"with Pentecostal Christian actors"},{"startTime":1762.09,"endTime":1763.85,"body":"rather than seeking to discipline them"},{"startTime":1763.85,"endTime":1767.43,"body":"into whatever the latest turn"},{"startTime":1763.85,"endTime":1767.43,"body":"of development might require."},{"startTime":1767.43,"endTime":1770.363,"body":"Now, there are a number of"},{"startTime":1767.43,"endTime":1770.363,"body":"things to consider here, however."},{"startTime":1771.33,"endTime":1774.18,"body":"Government development"},{"startTime":1771.33,"endTime":1774.18,"body":"planning and reporting"},{"startTime":1774.18,"endTime":1778.01,"body":"remains woefully disconnected"},{"startTime":1774.18,"endTime":1778.01,"body":"from the religious sector."},{"startTime":1778.01,"endTime":1781.31,"body":"The latest UN process of the"},{"startTime":1778.01,"endTime":1781.31,"body":"Sustainable Development Goals"},{"startTime":1781.31,"endTime":1782.64,"body":"or SDGs for short"},{"startTime":1782.64,"endTime":1786.44,"body":"has changed little in this"},{"startTime":1782.64,"endTime":1786.44,"body":"regard despite all the extensive"},{"startTime":1786.44,"endTime":1789.573,"body":"emphasis on grassroots"},{"startTime":1786.44,"endTime":1789.573,"body":"approaches and sustainability."},{"startTime":1790.58,"endTime":1793.31,"body":"As Emma Tomberlin and I"},{"startTime":1790.58,"endTime":1793.31,"body":"have shown in a recent study"},{"startTime":1793.31,"endTime":1797.49,"body":"of the SDG implementation"},{"startTime":1793.31,"endTime":1797.49,"body":"in Ethiopia, India, and UK,"},{"startTime":1797.49,"endTime":1800.84,"body":"there has been minimal participation"},{"startTime":1797.49,"endTime":1800.84,"body":"by religious charities,"},{"startTime":1800.84,"endTime":1802.73,"body":"Christian or otherwise."},{"startTime":1802.73,"endTime":1804.82,"body":"Many of our interlocutors have"},{"startTime":1802.73,"endTime":1804.82,"body":"not even heard of the SDGs"},{"startTime":1804.82,"endTime":1806.95,"body":"and queried the usefulness"},{"startTime":1806.95,"endTime":1809.42,"body":"of yet another multi-lateral framework"},{"startTime":1809.42,"endTime":1811.443,"body":"to define what they were doing anyway."},{"startTime":1812.61,"endTime":1816.11,"body":"Others did see some potential"},{"startTime":1812.61,"endTime":1816.11,"body":"in the SDG commitments"},{"startTime":1816.11,"endTime":1818.92,"body":"for holding their own"},{"startTime":1816.11,"endTime":1818.92,"body":"governments to account."},{"startTime":1818.92,"endTime":1821.25,"body":"However, the process isn't"},{"startTime":1818.92,"endTime":1821.25,"body":"set up to deliver this"},{"startTime":1821.25,"endTime":1822.83,"body":"because it relies on government actors"},{"startTime":1822.83,"endTime":1824.96,"body":"for reporting and implementation"},{"startTime":1824.96,"endTime":1827.903,"body":"cutting out the grassroots"},{"startTime":1824.96,"endTime":1827.903,"body":"in the way it's run."},{"startTime":1830.55,"endTime":1832.53,"body":"So, in the absence of a"},{"startTime":1830.55,"endTime":1832.53,"body":"true grassroots approach"},{"startTime":1832.53,"endTime":1834.8,"body":"the institutional disconnect"},{"startTime":1832.53,"endTime":1834.8,"body":"is likely to continue."},{"startTime":1834.8,"endTime":1836.723,"body":"And here's an example on the slide"},{"startTime":1836.723,"endTime":1838.84,"body":"that I find especially instructive."},{"startTime":1838.84,"endTime":1841.57,"body":"Again, this is from the"},{"startTime":1838.84,"endTime":1841.57,"body":"Redeemed Christian Church Of God"},{"startTime":1841.57,"endTime":1846.08,"body":"which, as I said, runs hospitals,"},{"startTime":1841.57,"endTime":1846.08,"body":"schools, food programs,"},{"startTime":1846.08,"endTime":1848.67,"body":"HIV/AIDS programs, et cetera, et cetera."},{"startTime":1848.67,"endTime":1851.07,"body":"And recently they launched an initiative"},{"startTime":1851.07,"endTime":1853.55,"body":"called the Christian Social"},{"startTime":1851.07,"endTime":1853.55,"body":"Responsibility Initiative"},{"startTime":1853.55,"endTime":1856.17,"body":"in which they sought to"},{"startTime":1853.55,"endTime":1856.17,"body":"rebrand and streamline"},{"startTime":1856.17,"endTime":1859.14,"body":"all these efforts under"},{"startTime":1856.17,"endTime":1859.14,"body":"one common buckets,"},{"startTime":1859.14,"endTime":1862.75,"body":"neatly divided into eight key targets."},{"startTime":1862.75,"endTime":1865.96,"body":"As you can see, the approach"},{"startTime":1862.75,"endTime":1865.96,"body":"and the optics of this effort"},{"startTime":1865.96,"endTime":1867.58,"body":"are extremely reminiscent"},{"startTime":1867.58,"endTime":1869.37,"body":"of the sustainable development goals,"},{"startTime":1869.37,"endTime":1872.67,"body":"but there's absolutely no"},{"startTime":1869.37,"endTime":1872.67,"body":"connection between the two"},{"startTime":1872.67,"endTime":1875.863,"body":"as a PhD student of mine"},{"startTime":1872.67,"endTime":1875.863,"body":"has recently found out."},{"startTime":1878.17,"endTime":1880.49,"body":"Second point to consider in here"},{"startTime":1880.49,"endTime":1883.02,"body":"in working with Pentecostal"},{"startTime":1880.49,"endTime":1883.02,"body":"actors and development"},{"startTime":1883.02,"endTime":1886.02,"body":"is that the self-interest"},{"startTime":1883.02,"endTime":1886.02,"body":"of Christian charities"},{"startTime":1886.02,"endTime":1888.23,"body":"does need to be taken into account."},{"startTime":1888.23,"endTime":1890.41,"body":"Pentecostal mega churches like the RCCG"},{"startTime":1890.41,"endTime":1893.01,"body":"operate from a position"},{"startTime":1890.41,"endTime":1893.01,"body":"of relative strength"},{"startTime":1893.01,"endTime":1894.54,"body":"and will tailor their initiatives"},{"startTime":1894.54,"endTime":1896.9,"body":"according to the needs"},{"startTime":1894.54,"endTime":1896.9,"body":"of their constituents"},{"startTime":1896.9,"endTime":1899.48,"body":"and to the benefit of their image."},{"startTime":1899.48,"endTime":1900.87,"body":"Their charities are assets"},{"startTime":1900.87,"endTime":1903.36,"body":"in a competitive religious market"},{"startTime":1903.36,"endTime":1906.31,"body":"underscoring the success of"},{"startTime":1903.36,"endTime":1906.31,"body":"that particular gospel brand"},{"startTime":1906.31,"endTime":1908.66,"body":"and signaling that they"},{"startTime":1906.31,"endTime":1908.66,"body":"take care of their own."},{"startTime":1909.52,"endTime":1912.35,"body":"In its social engagement,"},{"startTime":1909.52,"endTime":1912.35,"body":"Pentecostal Christianity in Africa"},{"startTime":1912.35,"endTime":1914.14,"body":"has long since ceased to be other worldly"},{"startTime":1914.14,"endTime":1916.43,"body":"and arguably that's what"},{"startTime":1914.14,"endTime":1916.43,"body":"makes it attractive."},{"startTime":1916.43,"endTime":1918.02,"body":"Joining a Pentecostal church"},{"startTime":1918.02,"endTime":1920.28,"body":"doesn't just offer you"},{"startTime":1918.02,"endTime":1920.28,"body":"a new spiritual identity"},{"startTime":1920.28,"endTime":1923.41,"body":"but also affords new career opportunities,"},{"startTime":1923.41,"endTime":1926.893,"body":"welfare provisions, business"},{"startTime":1923.41,"endTime":1926.893,"body":"contacts, marriage partners."},{"startTime":1928.58,"endTime":1931.02,"body":"Moreover, Pentecostal support networks"},{"startTime":1931.02,"endTime":1933.86,"body":"extend around the globe"},{"startTime":1931.02,"endTime":1933.86,"body":"through diaspora churches"},{"startTime":1933.86,"endTime":1934.93,"body":"which help migrants"},{"startTime":1934.93,"endTime":1937.07,"body":"and send substantial"},{"startTime":1934.93,"endTime":1937.07,"body":"remittances back home."},{"startTime":1937.07,"endTime":1938.21,"body":"And we know that remittances"},{"startTime":1938.21,"endTime":1940.593,"body":"are now larger than"},{"startTime":1938.21,"endTime":1940.593,"body":"development aid actually."},{"startTime":1942.38,"endTime":1945.64,"body":"Of course, these enclosed"},{"startTime":1942.38,"endTime":1945.64,"body":"self-catering communities"},{"startTime":1945.64,"endTime":1948.87,"body":"are far cry from the"},{"startTime":1945.64,"endTime":1948.87,"body":"systemic and equitable change"},{"startTime":1948.87,"endTime":1951.74,"body":"that state led programs envision,"},{"startTime":1951.74,"endTime":1954.29,"body":"but they remain more"},{"startTime":1951.74,"endTime":1954.29,"body":"accessible to many people"},{"startTime":1954.29,"endTime":1956.19,"body":"after decades of state failure."},{"startTime":1956.19,"endTime":1957.86,"body":"They form community-based structures"},{"startTime":1957.86,"endTime":1959.65,"body":"of governance and accountability,"},{"startTime":1959.65,"endTime":1962.09,"body":"with democratic deficits I hasten to add,"},{"startTime":1962.09,"endTime":1964.27,"body":"they mobilize resources more efficiently"},{"startTime":1964.27,"endTime":1965.88,"body":"because their promises and provisions"},{"startTime":1965.88,"endTime":1968.753,"body":"are more immediate and achievable."},{"startTime":1970.08,"endTime":1972.56,"body":"Even the wealth of the"},{"startTime":1970.08,"endTime":1972.56,"body":"most extractive pastors"},{"startTime":1972.56,"endTime":1973.9,"body":"will often be celebrated"},{"startTime":1973.9,"endTime":1976.81,"body":"as a communal achievement"},{"startTime":1973.9,"endTime":1976.81,"body":"by their followers"},{"startTime":1976.81,"endTime":1980.147,"body":"as long as their glamor reflects"},{"startTime":1976.81,"endTime":1980.147,"body":"back onto church members."},{"startTime":1980.147,"endTime":1982.967,"body":"\"Look at me, my pastor has three jets.\""},{"startTime":1984.33,"endTime":1985.98,"body":"This is important to appreciate"},{"startTime":1985.98,"endTime":1989.09,"body":"as a dimension of the often"},{"startTime":1985.98,"endTime":1989.09,"body":"midline prosperity gospel"},{"startTime":1989.09,"endTime":1991.5,"body":"because in many cases to"},{"startTime":1989.09,"endTime":1991.5,"body":"Christians involved in it"},{"startTime":1991.5,"endTime":1993.51,"body":"it's more than a fraudulent enterprise,"},{"startTime":1993.51,"endTime":1995.92,"body":"it's a harbor of their"},{"startTime":1993.51,"endTime":1995.92,"body":"aspiration to be seen,"},{"startTime":1995.92,"endTime":2000.053,"body":"to be noticed, to bask in"},{"startTime":1995.92,"endTime":2000.053,"body":"the glamor of consumption."},{"startTime":2001.07,"endTime":2005.98,"body":"Thirdly, of course, alongside"},{"startTime":2001.07,"endTime":2005.98,"body":"all these celebrated successes"},{"startTime":2005.98,"endTime":2007.87,"body":"fraud, abuse..."},{"startTime":2007.87,"endTime":2010.26,"body":"Sorry, alongside all these"},{"startTime":2007.87,"endTime":2010.26,"body":"celebrating successes"},{"startTime":2010.26,"endTime":2013.82,"body":"fraud, abuse, and corruption do exist."},{"startTime":2013.82,"endTime":2016.72,"body":"Weak accountable accountability"},{"startTime":2013.82,"endTime":2016.72,"body":"structures can make"},{"startTime":2016.72,"endTime":2019.67,"body":"these churches very unattractive"},{"startTime":2016.72,"endTime":2019.67,"body":"partners in development"},{"startTime":2019.67,"endTime":2021.87,"body":"alongside some of their"},{"startTime":2019.67,"endTime":2021.87,"body":"theological positions"},{"startTime":2021.87,"endTime":2024.733,"body":"in particular with"},{"startTime":2021.87,"endTime":2024.733,"body":"regard to sexual ethics."},{"startTime":2025.6,"endTime":2027.38,"body":"But this is where the factitious"},{"startTime":2027.38,"endTime":2029.96,"body":"and extremely plural"},{"startTime":2027.38,"endTime":2029.96,"body":"nature of Pentecostalism"},{"startTime":2029.96,"endTime":2032.24,"body":"provides some sort of corrective."},{"startTime":2032.24,"endTime":2033.91,"body":"Anyone seeking to work with these churches"},{"startTime":2033.91,"endTime":2034.743,"body":"in development efforts"},{"startTime":2034.743,"endTime":2037.05,"body":"is well advised to gain basic literacy"},{"startTime":2037.05,"endTime":2040.82,"body":"in the plethora of institutions"},{"startTime":2037.05,"endTime":2040.82,"body":"and theological arguments"},{"startTime":2040.82,"endTime":2041.81,"body":"because chances are that"},{"startTime":2041.81,"endTime":2045.73,"body":"if one runs into an unresolvable"},{"startTime":2041.81,"endTime":2045.73,"body":"dispute with one church"},{"startTime":2045.73,"endTime":2047.04,"body":"there's another one up the road"},{"startTime":2047.04,"endTime":2048.74,"body":"that couldn't agree with one more."},{"startTime":2050.61,"endTime":2052.22,"body":"There are even some unexpected outliers"},{"startTime":2052.22,"endTime":2054.29,"body":"like Pentecostal homosexual activists"},{"startTime":2054.29,"endTime":2057.67,"body":"that Adriaan van Klinken"},{"startTime":2054.29,"endTime":2057.67,"body":"and Leeds has been studying."},{"startTime":2057.67,"endTime":2060.61,"body":"At the end of the day,"},{"startTime":2057.67,"endTime":2060.61,"body":"Pentecostals tend to be pragmatists"},{"startTime":2060.61,"endTime":2063.17,"body":"and they may subscribe to a"},{"startTime":2060.61,"endTime":2063.17,"body":"plethora of views and opinions"},{"startTime":2063.17,"endTime":2065.9,"body":"during their own spiritual"},{"startTime":2063.17,"endTime":2065.9,"body":"journey, as long as they draw on"},{"startTime":2065.9,"endTime":2069.24,"body":"recognizable biblical"},{"startTime":2065.9,"endTime":2069.24,"body":"and spiritual tropes."},{"startTime":2069.24,"endTime":2072.06,"body":"So with the right partners"},{"startTime":2069.24,"endTime":2072.06,"body":"and a vernacular approach"},{"startTime":2072.06,"endTime":2074.51,"body":"collaboration is often possible."},{"startTime":2074.51,"endTime":2077.14,"body":"One is also well-advised"},{"startTime":2074.51,"endTime":2077.14,"body":"not to simply juxtapose,"},{"startTime":2077.14,"endTime":2079.22,"body":"buy a medicine with spiritual healing"},{"startTime":2079.22,"endTime":2082.48,"body":"when in the Pentecostal universe"},{"startTime":2079.22,"endTime":2082.48,"body":"they're folded into one."},{"startTime":2082.48,"endTime":2084.02,"body":"Successful medical procedures"},{"startTime":2084.02,"endTime":2087.43,"body":"are simultaneously acknowledged"},{"startTime":2084.02,"endTime":2087.43,"body":"as a scientific achievement"},{"startTime":2087.43,"endTime":2091.0,"body":"and as divine intervention"},{"startTime":2087.43,"endTime":2091.0,"body":"into individual life."},{"startTime":2091.0,"endTime":2094.0,"body":"Pentecostal exorcist may refer"},{"startTime":2094.0,"endTime":2096.25,"body":"a client to a mental health clinic"},{"startTime":2096.25,"endTime":2099.253,"body":"if a suspected demon fails to manifest."},{"startTime":2100.37,"endTime":2101.93,"body":"Ideological differences, therefore,"},{"startTime":2101.93,"endTime":2103.06,"body":"don't need to be a hindrance"},{"startTime":2103.06,"endTime":2104.41,"body":"to work with Pentecostals Africa"},{"startTime":2104.41,"endTime":2107.33,"body":"as long as one can find the"},{"startTime":2104.41,"endTime":2107.33,"body":"right partners or facilitators"},{"startTime":2107.33,"endTime":2108.333,"body":"to work with them."},{"startTime":2110.32,"endTime":2115.32,"body":"Now, all these leads me to"},{"startTime":2110.32,"endTime":2115.32,"body":"my third and final question"},{"startTime":2115.88,"endTime":2118.03,"body":"of whether the rise of the self contained"},{"startTime":2118.03,"endTime":2120.61,"body":"Pentecostal communities are good"},{"startTime":2120.61,"endTime":2122.55,"body":"for the larger political process"},{"startTime":2122.55,"endTime":2125.25,"body":"in particular, when politicians"},{"startTime":2122.55,"endTime":2125.25,"body":"begin to mobilize them"},{"startTime":2125.25,"endTime":2126.853,"body":"for a particular purpose."},{"startTime":2127.7,"endTime":2131.31,"body":"Are we not seeing the emergence"},{"startTime":2127.7,"endTime":2131.31,"body":"of a theocratic thread"},{"startTime":2131.31,"endTime":2133.233,"body":"to secular politics in Africa,"},{"startTime":2134.12,"endTime":2136.71,"body":"or are these Pentecostal"},{"startTime":2134.12,"endTime":2136.71,"body":"politics perhaps even a reminder"},{"startTime":2136.71,"endTime":2139.1,"body":"that statehood is fundamentally"},{"startTime":2136.71,"endTime":2139.1,"body":"different in Africa,"},{"startTime":2139.1,"endTime":2141.373,"body":"there's never a secular continent."},{"startTime":2142.64,"endTime":2145.78,"body":"I think the both ways of framing"},{"startTime":2142.64,"endTime":2145.78,"body":"these questions are wrong"},{"startTime":2145.78,"endTime":2147.75,"body":"because the rely on a narrow"},{"startTime":2147.75,"endTime":2149.98,"body":"and somewhat distorted"},{"startTime":2147.75,"endTime":2149.98,"body":"concept of secularity"},{"startTime":2149.98,"endTime":2151.833,"body":"as merely the absence of religion."},{"startTime":2152.92,"endTime":2154.43,"body":"Secularization is then understood"},{"startTime":2154.43,"endTime":2156.32,"body":"as a progressive withdrawal of religion"},{"startTime":2156.32,"endTime":2158.46,"body":"from the realm of"},{"startTime":2156.32,"endTime":2158.46,"body":"politics and public order"},{"startTime":2158.46,"endTime":2161.64,"body":"into the private sphere"},{"startTime":2158.46,"endTime":2161.64,"body":"or best into oblivion"},{"startTime":2161.64,"endTime":2164.23,"body":"with diehard classical"},{"startTime":2161.64,"endTime":2164.23,"body":"secularization theories"},{"startTime":2164.23,"endTime":2167.03,"body":"envisioning this as a universal process"},{"startTime":2167.03,"endTime":2169.063,"body":"of progressively dawning modernity."},{"startTime":2171.21,"endTime":2173.48,"body":"Pentecostal politicians can only appear"},{"startTime":2173.48,"endTime":2175.52,"body":"as a disturbance in this epistemic frame"},{"startTime":2175.52,"endTime":2178.38,"body":"because they seem to erase hard won gains"},{"startTime":2178.38,"endTime":2179.86,"body":"in modernizing Africa"},{"startTime":2179.86,"endTime":2183.29,"body":"or they are an indication"},{"startTime":2179.86,"endTime":2183.29,"body":"that Africa just isn't ready"},{"startTime":2183.29,"endTime":2184.71,"body":"for proper secular governance."},{"startTime":2184.71,"endTime":2187.81,"body":"You can see the problem"},{"startTime":2184.71,"endTime":2187.81,"body":"of these kinds of views."},{"startTime":2187.81,"endTime":2191.71,"body":"And the mistake here, I think,"},{"startTime":2187.81,"endTime":2191.71,"body":"is to take a particular form"},{"startTime":2191.71,"endTime":2194.94,"body":"of the European secular as a normative"},{"startTime":2194.94,"endTime":2197.53,"body":"and then write Africa out of its history."},{"startTime":2197.53,"endTime":2200.75,"body":"When in reality, Africa"},{"startTime":2197.53,"endTime":2200.75,"body":"has been part and parcel"},{"startTime":2200.75,"endTime":2203.33,"body":"of the secular history all along."},{"startTime":2203.33,"endTime":2205.12,"body":"I could give you numerous examples here"},{"startTime":2205.12,"endTime":2208.43,"body":"from the first secular"},{"startTime":2205.12,"endTime":2208.43,"body":"school of the German Empire"},{"startTime":2208.43,"endTime":2211.78,"body":"not being in Berlin but"},{"startTime":2208.43,"endTime":2211.78,"body":"in German East Africa,"},{"startTime":2211.78,"endTime":2214.68,"body":"to various versions of the"},{"startTime":2211.78,"endTime":2214.68,"body":"Ethiopian constitutions,"},{"startTime":2214.68,"endTime":2219.043,"body":"or to the different instantiations"},{"startTime":2214.68,"endTime":2219.043,"body":"of socialism in Africa."},{"startTime":2220.56,"endTime":2222.63,"body":"The point is that secular demands"},{"startTime":2222.63,"endTime":2225.41,"body":"are not somehow new or"},{"startTime":2222.63,"endTime":2225.41,"body":"secondary in Africa,"},{"startTime":2225.41,"endTime":2228.02,"body":"rather one must look at"},{"startTime":2225.41,"endTime":2228.02,"body":"the multifaceted ways"},{"startTime":2228.02,"endTime":2230.89,"body":"in which religious institutions"},{"startTime":2228.02,"endTime":2230.89,"body":"have reacted to them"},{"startTime":2230.89,"endTime":2234.79,"body":"or conformed with them in"},{"startTime":2230.89,"endTime":2234.79,"body":"both Europe and Africa."},{"startTime":2234.79,"endTime":2237.69,"body":"In this vein, the influential"},{"startTime":2234.79,"endTime":2237.69,"body":"anthropologist, Talal Asad"},{"startTime":2237.69,"endTime":2239.72,"body":"has argued that the secular"},{"startTime":2237.69,"endTime":2239.72,"body":"should not be understood"},{"startTime":2239.72,"endTime":2242.16,"body":"in terms of presence"},{"startTime":2239.72,"endTime":2242.16,"body":"or absence of religion"},{"startTime":2242.16,"endTime":2244.68,"body":"but as a particular regime of practices"},{"startTime":2244.68,"endTime":2249.44,"body":"regulating religious affairs"},{"startTime":2244.68,"endTime":2249.44,"body":"regardless of their prevalence."},{"startTime":2249.44,"endTime":2251.14,"body":"In his book, \"Formations of the Secular\""},{"startTime":2251.14,"endTime":2252.677,"body":"he wrote and I quote,"},{"startTime":2252.677,"endTime":2255.0,"body":"\"A secondary state is"},{"startTime":2252.677,"endTime":2255.0,"body":"not one characterized"},{"startTime":2255.0,"endTime":2258.08,"body":"by religious indifference"},{"startTime":2255.0,"endTime":2258.08,"body":"or rational ethics"},{"startTime":2258.08,"endTime":2259.7,"body":"or political toleration."},{"startTime":2259.7,"endTime":2263.03,"body":"It is a complex arrangement"},{"startTime":2259.7,"endTime":2263.03,"body":"of legal reasoning,"},{"startTime":2263.03,"endTime":2266.03,"body":"moral practice, and political authority."},{"startTime":2266.03,"endTime":2269.86,"body":"This arrangement is not simply"},{"startTime":2266.03,"endTime":2269.86,"body":"the outcome of the struggle,"},{"startTime":2269.86,"endTime":2272.24,"body":"is not the simple outcome of"},{"startTime":2269.86,"endTime":2272.24,"body":"struggle of secular reason"},{"startTime":2272.24,"endTime":2274.857,"body":"against the despotism"},{"startTime":2272.24,"endTime":2274.857,"body":"of religious authority.\""},{"startTime":2276.76,"endTime":2280.03,"body":"Assad's point is that a"},{"startTime":2276.76,"endTime":2280.03,"body":"secular state persists"},{"startTime":2280.03,"endTime":2281.74,"body":"wherever political regime"},{"startTime":2281.74,"endTime":2284.12,"body":"seek to discipline religious institutions"},{"startTime":2284.12,"endTime":2286.02,"body":"into a form that is compatible"},{"startTime":2286.02,"endTime":2289.76,"body":"with a religiously plural public realm,"},{"startTime":2289.76,"endTime":2292.02,"body":"a sovereign state authority,"},{"startTime":2292.02,"endTime":2295.053,"body":"and a legal relegation of"},{"startTime":2292.02,"endTime":2295.053,"body":"religion to the private sphere."},{"startTime":2297.28,"endTime":2299.64,"body":"This is regardless of whether"},{"startTime":2297.28,"endTime":2299.64,"body":"these political regimes"},{"startTime":2299.64,"endTime":2302.49,"body":"reject or co-opt religious"},{"startTime":2299.64,"endTime":2302.49,"body":"reasoning for their purposes,"},{"startTime":2302.49,"endTime":2305.49,"body":"thus moving the analysis"},{"startTime":2302.49,"endTime":2305.49,"body":"away from a binary judgment"},{"startTime":2305.49,"endTime":2307.63,"body":"about the presence or absence"},{"startTime":2305.49,"endTime":2307.63,"body":"of religion and toward"},{"startTime":2307.63,"endTime":2310.66,"body":"a more complex understanding"},{"startTime":2307.63,"endTime":2310.66,"body":"of secular formations"},{"startTime":2310.66,"endTime":2313.85,"body":"allows us to see more clearly"},{"startTime":2310.66,"endTime":2313.85,"body":"the intricate relationship"},{"startTime":2313.85,"endTime":2317.98,"body":"religion and politics forms"},{"startTime":2313.85,"endTime":2317.98,"body":"with different contexts."},{"startTime":2317.98,"endTime":2320.6,"body":"Now, let me return to"},{"startTime":2317.98,"endTime":2320.6,"body":"Pentecostals in Ethiopia"},{"startTime":2320.6,"endTime":2323.1,"body":"to illustrate this point."},{"startTime":2323.1,"endTime":2326.52,"body":"Almost as soon an Independent"},{"startTime":2323.1,"endTime":2326.52,"body":"Pentecostal Movement, Ethiopia"},{"startTime":2326.52,"endTime":2328.08,"body":"had emerged in the 1960s,"},{"startTime":2328.08,"endTime":2330.14,"body":"it endured political repression."},{"startTime":2330.14,"endTime":2332.05,"body":"First under Haile Selassie's government,"},{"startTime":2332.05,"endTime":2333.333,"body":"then under the Derg."},{"startTime":2334.66,"endTime":2337.52,"body":"Different political forms"},{"startTime":2334.66,"endTime":2337.52,"body":"of mobilizing were tested."},{"startTime":2337.52,"endTime":2339.27,"body":"These were the first, these were students,"},{"startTime":2339.27,"endTime":2344.27,"body":"they were the first ones to"},{"startTime":2339.27,"endTime":2344.27,"body":"actually invoke the new laws"},{"startTime":2344.32,"endTime":2345.85,"body":"allowing the registration of religions"},{"startTime":2345.85,"endTime":2346.99,"body":"but they weren't granted this."},{"startTime":2346.99,"endTime":2349.15,"body":"So they then went to the courts."},{"startTime":2349.15,"endTime":2351.32,"body":"Then they approached"},{"startTime":2349.15,"endTime":2351.32,"body":"the international press,"},{"startTime":2351.32,"endTime":2352.86,"body":"as you can see on the newspaper article,"},{"startTime":2352.86,"endTime":2355.66,"body":"this is from Newsweek of 1973."},{"startTime":2355.66,"endTime":2358.15,"body":"They even called up the"},{"startTime":2355.66,"endTime":2358.15,"body":"World Council of Churches"},{"startTime":2358.15,"endTime":2359.27,"body":"to see if they could get help."},{"startTime":2359.27,"endTime":2360.78,"body":"All of this led to nothing."},{"startTime":2360.78,"endTime":2362.36,"body":"And what these youth learned is that"},{"startTime":2362.36,"endTime":2364.47,"body":"an underground defiant of the state,"},{"startTime":2364.47,"endTime":2366.21,"body":"a spiritualized underground defiant,"},{"startTime":2366.21,"endTime":2369.98,"body":"meeting in secret meetings"},{"startTime":2366.21,"endTime":2369.98,"body":"is what grew their church"},{"startTime":2369.98,"endTime":2373.723,"body":"both under Haile Selassie and"},{"startTime":2369.98,"endTime":2373.723,"body":"even more so under the Derg."},{"startTime":2374.56,"endTime":2378.97,"body":"So when robust system of"},{"startTime":2374.56,"endTime":2378.97,"body":"religious freedom arrived in 1991,"},{"startTime":2378.97,"endTime":2381.27,"body":"Pentecostals continued to draw"},{"startTime":2381.27,"endTime":2383.55,"body":"on this experience of persecution"},{"startTime":2383.55,"endTime":2386.49,"body":"and refrained from organized politics."},{"startTime":2386.49,"endTime":2389.3,"body":"Even as they then grew"},{"startTime":2386.49,"endTime":2389.3,"body":"from a marginal sect"},{"startTime":2389.3,"endTime":2390.58,"body":"into a religious community"},{"startTime":2390.58,"endTime":2392.99,"body":"encompassing over a quarter"},{"startTime":2390.58,"endTime":2392.99,"body":"of the Ethiopian population"},{"startTime":2392.99,"endTime":2394.643,"body":"within the last 30 years."},{"startTime":2396.32,"endTime":2399.0,"body":"If anything, the"},{"startTime":2396.32,"endTime":2399.0,"body":"Pentecostal mission remained"},{"startTime":2399.0,"endTime":2401.84,"body":"to bring about a spiritual"},{"startTime":2399.0,"endTime":2401.84,"body":"transformation of the country"},{"startTime":2401.84,"endTime":2405.75,"body":"through conversions which"},{"startTime":2401.84,"endTime":2405.75,"body":"indirectly would lead"},{"startTime":2405.75,"endTime":2408.593,"body":"to better politics through"},{"startTime":2405.75,"endTime":2408.593,"body":"born again politicians."},{"startTime":2409.93,"endTime":2411.72,"body":"Now this political ideology, however,"},{"startTime":2411.72,"endTime":2413.48,"body":"left Pentecost somewhat vulnerable"},{"startTime":2413.48,"endTime":2416.65,"body":"to the idea of a Pentecostal"},{"startTime":2413.48,"endTime":2416.65,"body":"political savior,"},{"startTime":2416.65,"endTime":2419.1,"body":"but that person would also"},{"startTime":2416.65,"endTime":2419.1,"body":"have to look the part."},{"startTime":2420.06,"endTime":2423.33,"body":"Hailemariam Desalegn, the first"},{"startTime":2420.06,"endTime":2423.33,"body":"Pentecostal PM in Ethiopia"},{"startTime":2423.33,"endTime":2425.56,"body":"came to power in 2012, did not."},{"startTime":2425.56,"endTime":2427.79,"body":"He had risen through the party ranks."},{"startTime":2427.79,"endTime":2429.64,"body":"He drew a sharp distinction"},{"startTime":2429.64,"endTime":2433.11,"body":"between his intense private"},{"startTime":2429.64,"endTime":2433.11,"body":"faith and official politics."},{"startTime":2433.11,"endTime":2435.36,"body":"And it also didn't help that he belonged"},{"startTime":2435.36,"endTime":2437.63,"body":"to a widely ostracized Pentecostal sect"},{"startTime":2437.63,"endTime":2440.32,"body":"that denies the teaching of the Trinity"},{"startTime":2440.32,"endTime":2443.07,"body":"and demands of rebaptism"},{"startTime":2440.32,"endTime":2443.07,"body":"in Jesus' name only."},{"startTime":2443.07,"endTime":2444.37,"body":"Pentecostals welcomed him"},{"startTime":2444.37,"endTime":2446.423,"body":"but only with the lukewarm embrace."},{"startTime":2447.75,"endTime":2450.56,"body":"With Abiy Ahmed, when he"},{"startTime":2447.75,"endTime":2450.56,"body":"rose to power in 2018,"},{"startTime":2450.56,"endTime":2452.86,"body":"this was different from the start."},{"startTime":2452.86,"endTime":2454.52,"body":"He was a Trinitarian Pentecostal"},{"startTime":2454.52,"endTime":2457.16,"body":"and stood for a younger"},{"startTime":2454.52,"endTime":2457.16,"body":"generation of Pentecostals"},{"startTime":2457.16,"endTime":2460.5,"body":"who no longer recalled"},{"startTime":2457.16,"endTime":2460.5,"body":"the days of persecution"},{"startTime":2460.5,"endTime":2463.14,"body":"but wanted some political influence."},{"startTime":2463.14,"endTime":2467.04,"body":"Moreover, Abiy's rise to power"},{"startTime":2463.14,"endTime":2467.04,"body":"came swiftly and unexpected"},{"startTime":2467.04,"endTime":2469.05,"body":"carrying the hallmarks"},{"startTime":2467.04,"endTime":2469.05,"body":"of a political miracle."},{"startTime":2469.05,"endTime":2471.98,"body":"Nobody saw him coming"},{"startTime":2469.05,"endTime":2471.98,"body":"especially as he then embarked"},{"startTime":2471.98,"endTime":2473.81,"body":"on an audacious democratic reform"},{"startTime":2473.81,"endTime":2477.4,"body":"that initially impressed"},{"startTime":2473.81,"endTime":2477.4,"body":"most political observers"},{"startTime":2477.4,"endTime":2480.203,"body":"and culminated as Nobel"},{"startTime":2477.4,"endTime":2480.203,"body":"Peace Prize in 2019."},{"startTime":2481.56,"endTime":2484.91,"body":"But there's another much"},{"startTime":2481.56,"endTime":2484.91,"body":"deeper, a non-Pentecostal reason"},{"startTime":2484.91,"endTime":2486.28,"body":"for why religious rhetoric"},{"startTime":2486.28,"endTime":2488.57,"body":"became essential to"},{"startTime":2486.28,"endTime":2488.57,"body":"Abiy's political project"},{"startTime":2488.57,"endTime":2490.37,"body":"and helped him to build and sustain"},{"startTime":2490.37,"endTime":2495.32,"body":"a platform, political platform,"},{"startTime":2490.37,"endTime":2495.32,"body":"through out this war even."},{"startTime":2495.32,"endTime":2497.73,"body":"Abiy had inherited a political system"},{"startTime":2497.73,"endTime":2499.75,"body":"that was called ethnic federalism"},{"startTime":2499.75,"endTime":2501.42,"body":"in which Ethiopia was defined"},{"startTime":2501.42,"endTime":2504.18,"body":"as a state of multiple"},{"startTime":2501.42,"endTime":2504.18,"body":"nations and nationalities"},{"startTime":2504.18,"endTime":2507.383,"body":"ruled by a coalition of"},{"startTime":2504.18,"endTime":2507.383,"body":"ethnically defined parties."},{"startTime":2508.88,"endTime":2512.46,"body":"This was a robust constitutional"},{"startTime":2508.88,"endTime":2512.46,"body":"idea but in practice,"},{"startTime":2512.46,"endTime":2514.64,"body":"Ethiopia was governed"},{"startTime":2512.46,"endTime":2514.64,"body":"by a small ethnic group"},{"startTime":2514.64,"endTime":2516.27,"body":"that monopolized political power"},{"startTime":2516.27,"endTime":2519.73,"body":"and economic assets since 1991."},{"startTime":2519.73,"endTime":2522.14,"body":"By 2018, the system had run its course"},{"startTime":2522.14,"endTime":2524.05,"body":"brought to its knees by years of protest"},{"startTime":2524.05,"endTime":2527.073,"body":"from the largest ethnic"},{"startTime":2524.05,"endTime":2527.073,"body":"group, Abiy's own Oromo."},{"startTime":2528.0,"endTime":2531.28,"body":"As Abiy swiftly moved to"},{"startTime":2528.0,"endTime":2531.28,"body":"dislodge the old power elites,"},{"startTime":2531.28,"endTime":2534.52,"body":"he opted for radical change"},{"startTime":2531.28,"endTime":2534.52,"body":"in political philosophy"},{"startTime":2534.52,"endTime":2538.423,"body":"now emphasizing Ethiopian"},{"startTime":2534.52,"endTime":2538.423,"body":"unity over ethnic diversity."},{"startTime":2539.42,"endTime":2541.18,"body":"Now, there was a template for this"},{"startTime":2541.18,"endTime":2544.77,"body":"and that was the Ethiopian"},{"startTime":2541.18,"endTime":2544.77,"body":"emperors of the 19th century"},{"startTime":2544.77,"endTime":2545.803,"body":"did the same thing."},{"startTime":2546.64,"endTime":2550.0,"body":"And they relied on an old"},{"startTime":2546.64,"endTime":2550.0,"body":"Ethiopian Orthodox myth"},{"startTime":2550.0,"endTime":2552.503,"body":"of Ethiopian emperors"},{"startTime":2550.0,"endTime":2552.503,"body":"running from a long line,"},{"startTime":2553.514,"endTime":2555.67,"body":"of emperors run all the"},{"startTime":2553.514,"endTime":2555.67,"body":"way back to King Solomon"},{"startTime":2555.67,"endTime":2559.32,"body":"and Ethiopian a select"},{"startTime":2555.67,"endTime":2559.32,"body":"country blessed by God,"},{"startTime":2559.32,"endTime":2562.02,"body":"even holding the original tablets"},{"startTime":2562.02,"endTime":2563.433,"body":"of the Ark of the Covenant."},{"startTime":2564.6,"endTime":2567.67,"body":"It's little wonder then that"},{"startTime":2564.6,"endTime":2567.67,"body":"frequent references to God"},{"startTime":2567.67,"endTime":2569.3,"body":"God's special favor and Ethiopia"},{"startTime":2569.3,"endTime":2573.51,"body":"became essential for Abiy's"},{"startTime":2569.3,"endTime":2573.51,"body":"radical nation building project."},{"startTime":2573.51,"endTime":2575.92,"body":"This doesn't discount the possibility"},{"startTime":2575.92,"endTime":2578.13,"body":"and actually likelihood"},{"startTime":2575.92,"endTime":2578.13,"body":"that Abiy's politics"},{"startTime":2578.13,"endTime":2580.62,"body":"are indeed driven by his"},{"startTime":2578.13,"endTime":2580.62,"body":"strong Pentecostal faith"},{"startTime":2580.62,"endTime":2583.51,"body":"or his own sense of calling,"},{"startTime":2583.51,"endTime":2585.3,"body":"but the main question for understanding"},{"startTime":2585.3,"endTime":2586.73,"body":"the contemporary dynamics in Ethiopian"},{"startTime":2586.73,"endTime":2590.5,"body":"must be why this religious"},{"startTime":2586.73,"endTime":2590.5,"body":"rhetoric could gather steam"},{"startTime":2590.5,"endTime":2593.483,"body":"beyond Abiy's own"},{"startTime":2590.5,"endTime":2593.483,"body":"Pentecostal constituents."},{"startTime":2594.65,"endTime":2597.86,"body":"Indeed, Abiy's spent"},{"startTime":2594.65,"endTime":2597.86,"body":"many of his first months"},{"startTime":2597.86,"endTime":2600.46,"body":"courting Orthodox believers and Muslims"},{"startTime":2600.46,"endTime":2604.44,"body":"with notable success"},{"startTime":2600.46,"endTime":2604.44,"body":"through his pious rhetoric."},{"startTime":2604.44,"endTime":2607.27,"body":"Also using vocabulary like"},{"startTime":2604.44,"endTime":2607.27,"body":"creator, rather than a God"},{"startTime":2607.27,"endTime":2608.95,"body":"which is actually a"},{"startTime":2607.27,"endTime":2608.95,"body":"charged term in Ethiopia,"},{"startTime":2608.95,"endTime":2610.75,"body":"a Christian charged terminate Ethiopia."},{"startTime":2610.75,"endTime":2612.92,"body":"And thus, built a political project"},{"startTime":2612.92,"endTime":2615.923,"body":"on a broad multi-religious"},{"startTime":2612.92,"endTime":2615.923,"body":"project platform."},{"startTime":2617.25,"endTime":2619.21,"body":"As a result his religious tone"},{"startTime":2619.21,"endTime":2622.48,"body":"was not perceived as a"},{"startTime":2619.21,"endTime":2622.48,"body":"Pentecostal idiosyncrasy"},{"startTime":2622.48,"endTime":2625.77,"body":"and the Ethiopian political"},{"startTime":2622.48,"endTime":2625.77,"body":"conflict now runs through"},{"startTime":2625.77,"endTime":2628.513,"body":"all religious communities"},{"startTime":2625.77,"endTime":2628.513,"body":"rather than between them."},{"startTime":2629.81,"endTime":2632.33,"body":"This is just one of many"},{"startTime":2629.81,"endTime":2632.33,"body":"cases I could have brought"},{"startTime":2632.33,"endTime":2634.96,"body":"to show that the so-called"},{"startTime":2632.33,"endTime":2634.96,"body":"Pentecostal politics"},{"startTime":2634.96,"endTime":2638.32,"body":"are rarely fully understood if"},{"startTime":2634.96,"endTime":2638.32,"body":"they are framed so narrowly."},{"startTime":2638.32,"endTime":2641.7,"body":"Rather one must always"},{"startTime":2638.32,"endTime":2641.7,"body":"consider the historical depth"},{"startTime":2641.7,"endTime":2645.02,"body":"and multifaceted role of"},{"startTime":2641.7,"endTime":2645.02,"body":"religious significations"},{"startTime":2645.02,"endTime":2646.88,"body":"within a particular context"},{"startTime":2646.88,"endTime":2650.48,"body":"in order to understand what"},{"startTime":2646.88,"endTime":2650.48,"body":"gives weight and currency"},{"startTime":2650.48,"endTime":2653.353,"body":"to Pentecostal or any other articulation."},{"startTime":2654.64,"endTime":2656.92,"body":"Good political analysis and policy making"},{"startTime":2656.92,"endTime":2659.38,"body":"requires more than a denunciation"},{"startTime":2659.38,"endTime":2662.13,"body":"of perceived theocratic aspirations"},{"startTime":2662.13,"endTime":2665.51,"body":"but a deep dive into"},{"startTime":2662.13,"endTime":2665.51,"body":"historical, socio-economic,"},{"startTime":2665.51,"endTime":2668.63,"body":"political, and theological"},{"startTime":2665.51,"endTime":2668.63,"body":"factors that intersect"},{"startTime":2668.63,"endTime":2671.283,"body":"in the invocation of a religious polity."},{"startTime":2673.29,"endTime":2676.14,"body":"Such a deep dive is what this lecture"},{"startTime":2676.14,"endTime":2678.4,"body":"has attempted to invite you into."},{"startTime":2678.4,"endTime":2680.053,"body":"Hopefully, with some success."},{"startTime":2681.11,"endTime":2684.06,"body":"In introducing this vibrant"},{"startTime":2681.11,"endTime":2684.06,"body":"form of Christianity,"},{"startTime":2684.06,"endTime":2686.79,"body":"it has been my proposition"},{"startTime":2684.06,"endTime":2686.79,"body":"that European observers"},{"startTime":2686.79,"endTime":2689.203,"body":"need to move beyond the exoticization"},{"startTime":2689.203,"endTime":2692.86,"body":"and spectacularization"},{"startTime":2689.203,"endTime":2692.86,"body":"of African Pentecostals"},{"startTime":2692.86,"endTime":2695.52,"body":"that is all too easily"},{"startTime":2692.86,"endTime":2695.52,"body":"found in media reports,"},{"startTime":2695.52,"endTime":2699.62,"body":"ad hoc commentary, and expressions"},{"startTime":2695.52,"endTime":2699.62,"body":"of ideological and ease."},{"startTime":2699.62,"endTime":2703.79,"body":"Such reactions and tacit"},{"startTime":2699.62,"endTime":2703.79,"body":"assumptions of European superiority"},{"startTime":2703.79,"endTime":2706.87,"body":"that they also seem to convey"},{"startTime":2703.79,"endTime":2706.87,"body":"are themselves the product"},{"startTime":2706.87,"endTime":2710.7,"body":"of a long shared history"},{"startTime":2706.87,"endTime":2710.7,"body":"between Africa and Europe"},{"startTime":2710.7,"endTime":2712.633,"body":"in the globalization of Christianity."},{"startTime":2713.57,"endTime":2716.4,"body":"A proper understanding of African"},{"startTime":2713.57,"endTime":2716.4,"body":"Pentecostalism by contrast"},{"startTime":2716.4,"endTime":2718.61,"body":"requires to appreciate the depths"},{"startTime":2718.61,"endTime":2721.36,"body":"of this shared Christian history,"},{"startTime":2721.36,"endTime":2723.52,"body":"an attentive eye to how Christianity"},{"startTime":2723.52,"endTime":2726.41,"body":"has come to embody the fragmentations"},{"startTime":2726.41,"endTime":2729.69,"body":"of our contemporary world"},{"startTime":2726.41,"endTime":2729.69,"body":"in its spiritual vernacular,"},{"startTime":2729.69,"endTime":2732.353,"body":"its charitable work, and"},{"startTime":2729.69,"endTime":2732.353,"body":"its political rhetoric."},{"startTime":2733.24,"endTime":2735.32,"body":"It is important to map out properly"},{"startTime":2735.32,"endTime":2738.09,"body":"the manifold causes and"},{"startTime":2735.32,"endTime":2738.09,"body":"motivations behind this movement"},{"startTime":2738.09,"endTime":2740.263,"body":"and the plurality of its expressions."},{"startTime":2742.36,"endTime":2746.08,"body":"Let me end this lecture on"},{"startTime":2742.36,"endTime":2746.08,"body":"African Pentecostal Christianity"},{"startTime":2746.08,"endTime":2749.38,"body":"with another vignette closer to home."},{"startTime":2749.38,"endTime":2753.41,"body":"London, 20th of April, 2012."},{"startTime":2753.41,"endTime":2757.55,"body":"It is the Redeemed"},{"startTime":2753.41,"endTime":2757.55,"body":"Christian Church of God's"},{"startTime":2757.55,"endTime":2759.27,"body":"Annual Festival of Life."},{"startTime":2759.27,"endTime":2763.25,"body":"And as usual they have"},{"startTime":2759.27,"endTime":2763.25,"body":"packed out the ExCeL Center."},{"startTime":2763.25,"endTime":2765.69,"body":"The hall is full of"},{"startTime":2763.25,"endTime":2765.69,"body":"mostly Nigerian Christians"},{"startTime":2765.69,"endTime":2768.58,"body":"from the UK, Europe, and overseas."},{"startTime":2768.58,"endTime":2770.7,"body":"The church General"},{"startTime":2768.58,"endTime":2770.7,"body":"Overseer, Enoch Adeboye,"},{"startTime":2770.7,"endTime":2774.42,"body":"has flown in himself to grace"},{"startTime":2770.7,"endTime":2774.42,"body":"festival with his presence."},{"startTime":2774.42,"endTime":2778.35,"body":"A special guest is announced"},{"startTime":2774.42,"endTime":2778.35,"body":"and in walks, to much cheer,"},{"startTime":2778.35,"endTime":2780.283,"body":"the London mayor, Boris Johnson."},{"startTime":2782.1,"endTime":2786.27,"body":"In a brief stump speech about"},{"startTime":2782.1,"endTime":2786.27,"body":"upcoming Olympics in London"},{"startTime":2786.27,"endTime":2788.85,"body":"and beautiful venues rising into the sky,"},{"startTime":2788.85,"endTime":2791.6,"body":"Johnson is beginning to lose the audience."},{"startTime":2791.6,"endTime":2793.283,"body":"But then, he shifts gears."},{"startTime":2794.15,"endTime":2798.0,"body":"He tells the crowd that the"},{"startTime":2794.15,"endTime":2798.0,"body":"Olympic visitors will also see,"},{"startTime":2798.0,"endTime":2801.24,"body":"and I quote, \"The communities"},{"startTime":2798.0,"endTime":2801.24,"body":"of the greatest city on earth"},{"startTime":2801.24,"endTime":2803.48,"body":"going through spiritual regeneration"},{"startTime":2803.48,"endTime":2805.427,"body":"and a spiritual rebirth.\""},{"startTime":2807.2,"endTime":2809.03,"body":"The hall erupts with cheers"},{"startTime":2809.03,"endTime":2812.4,"body":"as Johnson goes on to"},{"startTime":2809.03,"endTime":2812.4,"body":"thank the RCCG for its work"},{"startTime":2812.4,"endTime":2815.63,"body":"and predicts that in front"},{"startTime":2812.4,"endTime":2815.63,"body":"of him are future counselors,"},{"startTime":2815.63,"endTime":2818.1,"body":"members of parliament, high judges,"},{"startTime":2818.1,"endTime":2820.12,"body":"heads of the FTSE 100 companies,"},{"startTime":2820.12,"endTime":2823.33,"body":"and yes, quite possibly"},{"startTime":2820.12,"endTime":2823.33,"body":"even his own successor"},{"startTime":2823.33,"endTime":2824.363,"body":"as mayor of London."},{"startTime":2825.95,"endTime":2828.95,"body":"He now has captured the"},{"startTime":2825.95,"endTime":2828.95,"body":"aspirations of the crowd."},{"startTime":2828.95,"endTime":2830.583,"body":"It's a political success."},{"startTime":2832.36,"endTime":2835.15,"body":"Yet after he finishes, the"},{"startTime":2832.36,"endTime":2835.15,"body":"tables are turned on him"},{"startTime":2835.15,"endTime":2837.29,"body":"and now he becomes a projection screen"},{"startTime":2837.29,"endTime":2838.97,"body":"for African Pentecostal ideas"},{"startTime":2838.97,"endTime":2841.31,"body":"about spiritual and worldly success."},{"startTime":2841.31,"endTime":2843.18,"body":"He's invited to remain standing"},{"startTime":2843.18,"endTime":2846.353,"body":"for a prayer by Enoch Adeboye himself."},{"startTime":2847.21,"endTime":2848.55,"body":"The mayor looks a bit uncomfortable"},{"startTime":2848.55,"endTime":2851.9,"body":"as Adeboye holds and by the"},{"startTime":2848.55,"endTime":2851.9,"body":"elbow and prays to loud amens"},{"startTime":2851.9,"endTime":2855.76,"body":"that God may bless Johnson,"},{"startTime":2851.9,"endTime":2855.76,"body":"give him wisdom, and abilities,"},{"startTime":2855.76,"endTime":2858.053,"body":"and grant him the desires of his heart."},{"startTime":2859.78,"endTime":2862.532,"body":"10 years on, we know that"},{"startTime":2859.78,"endTime":2862.532,"body":"Johnson's jovial predictions"},{"startTime":2862.532,"endTime":2865.7,"body":"about revival and his"},{"startTime":2862.532,"endTime":2865.7,"body":"successor did not come to pass."},{"startTime":2865.7,"endTime":2870.7,"body":"But after he had become PM the"},{"startTime":2865.7,"endTime":2870.7,"body":"RCCG re-released this video"},{"startTime":2871.12,"endTime":2872.83,"body":"with a sly comment that this shows"},{"startTime":2872.83,"endTime":2874.26,"body":"what powerful things can happen"},{"startTime":2874.26,"endTime":2877.065,"body":"when the General Overseer prays for you."},{"startTime":2877.065,"endTime":2878.34,"body":"(audience laughing)"},{"startTime":2878.34,"endTime":2880.89,"body":"So you see this isn't really"},{"startTime":2878.34,"endTime":2880.89,"body":"a story about Johnson,"},{"startTime":2882.16,"endTime":2883.58,"body":"it isn't even a story about politics"},{"startTime":2883.58,"endTime":2884.93,"body":"'cause many other politicians;"},{"startTime":2884.93,"endTime":2888.0,"body":"Cameron, Theresa May"},{"startTime":2884.93,"endTime":2888.0,"body":"and even Jeremy Corbyn"},{"startTime":2888.0,"endTime":2890.56,"body":"have visited Nigerian"},{"startTime":2888.0,"endTime":2890.56,"body":"Pentecostal megachurches."},{"startTime":2890.56,"endTime":2894.08,"body":"No, in fact, this is a"},{"startTime":2890.56,"endTime":2894.08,"body":"story about the historical"},{"startTime":2894.08,"endTime":2896.79,"body":"and contemporary entanglement"},{"startTime":2894.08,"endTime":2896.79,"body":"of Africa and Europe"},{"startTime":2896.79,"endTime":2899.74,"body":"in the ongoing globalization"},{"startTime":2896.79,"endTime":2899.74,"body":"of Christianity."},{"startTime":2899.74,"endTime":2901.523,"body":"Thank you for your attention."},{"startTime":2901.523,"endTime":2904.523,"body":"(audience clapping)"},{"startTime":2906.56,"endTime":2907.777,"body":"- This question is,"},{"startTime":2907.777,"endTime":2911.91,"body":"\"Is the rise of Pentecostalism"},{"startTime":2907.777,"endTime":2911.91,"body":"always and everywhere"},{"startTime":2911.91,"endTime":2915.84,"body":"to the detriment of traditional"},{"startTime":2911.91,"endTime":2915.84,"body":"Christian affiliations,"},{"startTime":2915.84,"endTime":2919.62,"body":"are these on decline"},{"startTime":2915.84,"endTime":2919.62,"body":"as they are in Europe?\""},{"startTime":2919.62,"endTime":2920.71,"body":"- That's an excellent question."},{"startTime":2920.71,"endTime":2924.043,"body":"I don't think one can"},{"startTime":2920.71,"endTime":2924.043,"body":"universalize that at all."},{"startTime":2925.64,"endTime":2929.34,"body":"In a number of countries"},{"startTime":2925.64,"endTime":2929.34,"body":"that seems to be the case."},{"startTime":2929.34,"endTime":2930.61,"body":"In other countries, you could see actually"},{"startTime":2930.61,"endTime":2933.999,"body":"the rise of what we would"},{"startTime":2930.61,"endTime":2933.999,"body":"call mainline churches"},{"startTime":2933.999,"endTime":2936.45,"body":"is due to the rise of Pentecostalism"},{"startTime":2936.45,"endTime":2939.21,"body":"when they began to infuse and"},{"startTime":2936.45,"endTime":2939.21,"body":"actually help these churches"},{"startTime":2939.21,"endTime":2940.923,"body":"compete in the religious market."},{"startTime":2942.48,"endTime":2944.72,"body":"Again, I draw back into my"},{"startTime":2942.48,"endTime":2944.72,"body":"own research in Ethiopia,"},{"startTime":2944.72,"endTime":2945.87,"body":"the Lutheran Church there"},{"startTime":2945.87,"endTime":2948.81,"body":"wouldn't be recognizable to"},{"startTime":2945.87,"endTime":2948.81,"body":"their own German missionaries,"},{"startTime":2948.81,"endTime":2952.37,"body":"but it's grown substantially"},{"startTime":2948.81,"endTime":2952.37,"body":"through charismatic forums."},{"startTime":2952.37,"endTime":2955.05,"body":"The Orthodox Church in"},{"startTime":2952.37,"endTime":2955.05,"body":"Ethiopia has also grown"},{"startTime":2955.05,"endTime":2958.52,"body":"by actually alienating charismatic"},{"startTime":2955.05,"endTime":2958.52,"body":"forms from their midst."},{"startTime":2958.52,"endTime":2960.19,"body":"And there's been a new Orthodox movement"},{"startTime":2960.19,"endTime":2962.09,"body":"launched in reaction to this."},{"startTime":2962.09,"endTime":2964.98,"body":"So, with Pentecostalism is a simple mantra"},{"startTime":2964.98,"endTime":2966.0,"body":"that I always tell my students,"},{"startTime":2966.0,"endTime":2969.2,"body":"there's no one story,"},{"startTime":2966.0,"endTime":2969.2,"body":"there's always multiple."},{"startTime":2969.2,"endTime":2970.93,"body":"And the local really matters"},{"startTime":2970.93,"endTime":2972.84,"body":"because this is a network of ideas,"},{"startTime":2972.84,"endTime":2976.52,"body":"not a Roman Catholic Church"},{"startTime":2972.84,"endTime":2976.52,"body":"institution as it were"},{"startTime":2976.52,"endTime":2978.89,"body":"that sort of is homogenous."},{"startTime":2978.89,"endTime":2980.77,"body":"So you'll always have"},{"startTime":2978.89,"endTime":2980.77,"body":"to look at the local."},{"startTime":2980.77,"endTime":2982.63,"body":"- Well, thank you very"},{"startTime":2980.77,"endTime":2982.63,"body":"much for a fascinating"},{"startTime":2982.63,"endTime":2985.33,"body":"and nicely presented talk."},{"startTime":2985.33,"endTime":2988.21,"body":"My question is partly"},{"startTime":2985.33,"endTime":2988.21,"body":"related to the question"},{"startTime":2988.21,"endTime":2991.89,"body":"that Dr. Thurley actually"},{"startTime":2988.21,"endTime":2991.89,"body":"here posed to you."},{"startTime":2991.89,"endTime":2993.963,"body":"I worked in Germany for a time."},{"startTime":2994.93,"endTime":2997.77,"body":"Well, in fact, I'd met in"},{"startTime":2994.93,"endTime":2997.77,"body":"England, just so happened."},{"startTime":2997.77,"endTime":3001.45,"body":"I got acquainted with somebody"},{"startTime":2997.77,"endTime":3001.45,"body":"who did actually belong"},{"startTime":3001.45,"endTime":3004.55,"body":"to one of the Pentecostal movements."},{"startTime":3004.55,"endTime":3007.46,"body":"And in the end, she started"},{"startTime":3004.55,"endTime":3007.46,"body":"working in the offices"},{"startTime":3008.75,"endTime":3010.933,"body":"and she was shocked by the tax federals."},{"startTime":3012.04,"endTime":3015.09,"body":"The fact that the, was it Rudolf Steiner?"},{"startTime":3015.09,"endTime":3018.04,"body":"I can't remember his"},{"startTime":3015.09,"endTime":3018.04,"body":"name exactly in Germany."},{"startTime":3018.04,"endTime":3020.763,"body":"But his son's education,"},{"startTime":3022.21,"endTime":3025.92,"body":"which was actually at a"},{"startTime":3022.21,"endTime":3025.92,"body":"theological college in America"},{"startTime":3025.92,"endTime":3027.82,"body":"that was paid by the organization"},{"startTime":3027.82,"endTime":3029.9,"body":"and not out of his own pocket."},{"startTime":3029.9,"endTime":3033.82,"body":"And then one heard later, in"},{"startTime":3029.9,"endTime":3033.82,"body":"fact, a criminal activities"},{"startTime":3033.82,"endTime":3037.52,"body":"and of leaders caught (mutters)"},{"startTime":3033.82,"endTime":3037.52,"body":"and all the rest of it."},{"startTime":3037.52,"endTime":3040.52,"body":"And one started to wonder,"},{"startTime":3037.52,"endTime":3040.52,"body":"at least I was wondering,"},{"startTime":3040.52,"endTime":3042.15,"body":"in fact, whether it attracts"},{"startTime":3042.15,"endTime":3047.15,"body":"a sort of psychopathic"},{"startTime":3042.15,"endTime":3047.15,"body":"personality to the organization."},{"startTime":3047.51,"endTime":3049.36,"body":"Particularly, you know,"},{"startTime":3047.51,"endTime":3049.36,"body":"when you've got some..."},{"startTime":3049.36,"endTime":3051.79,"body":"I could almost imagine Boris Johnson"},{"startTime":3051.79,"endTime":3055.38,"body":"in fact heading some movement. (chuckles)"},{"startTime":3055.38,"endTime":3057.99,"body":"- I couldn't possibly"},{"startTime":3055.38,"endTime":3057.99,"body":"comment on the last..."},{"startTime":3059.188,"endTime":3061.54,"body":"It's a very entrepreneurial world"},{"startTime":3062.479,"endTime":3067.479,"body":"with a number of new churches"},{"startTime":3062.479,"endTime":3067.479,"body":"that don't have any oversights"},{"startTime":3068.33,"endTime":3069.57,"body":"and a number of older churches"},{"startTime":3069.57,"endTime":3071.98,"body":"that have the stringency of oversight"},{"startTime":3071.98,"endTime":3074.02,"body":"that sometimes exceeds"},{"startTime":3071.98,"endTime":3074.02,"body":"your average Baptist"},{"startTime":3074.02,"endTime":3075.09,"body":"or something like that."},{"startTime":3075.09,"endTime":3076.84,"body":"So again, diversity is key."},{"startTime":3076.84,"endTime":3079.62,"body":"And yes, you will find examples of fraud"},{"startTime":3079.62,"endTime":3080.78,"body":"in some newer churches."},{"startTime":3080.78,"endTime":3082.76,"body":"You will find fantastic riches,"},{"startTime":3082.76,"endTime":3085.073,"body":"as I've mentioned at the"},{"startTime":3082.76,"endTime":3085.073,"body":"outset of the lecture."},{"startTime":3086.32,"endTime":3089.04,"body":"But, again, I would warn"},{"startTime":3086.32,"endTime":3089.04,"body":"to set this representative"},{"startTime":3089.04,"endTime":3090.06,"body":"for the movement as a whole."},{"startTime":3090.06,"endTime":3091.44,"body":"Yes, it exists."},{"startTime":3091.44,"endTime":3094.65,"body":"But it is the flamboyant"},{"startTime":3091.44,"endTime":3094.65,"body":"that catches the attention"},{"startTime":3094.65,"endTime":3096.75,"body":"and that's not really the norm."},{"startTime":3096.75,"endTime":3097.87,"body":"So it's critical..."},{"startTime":3097.87,"endTime":3099.62,"body":"It's difficult to sort of scale up"},{"startTime":3099.62,"endTime":3102.083,"body":"from individual cases to this."},{"startTime":3103.04,"endTime":3103.873,"body":"There have been plenty"},{"startTime":3103.873,"endTime":3105.86,"body":"psychological studies on Pentecostals,"},{"startTime":3105.86,"endTime":3108.67,"body":"including their practice of glossolalia."},{"startTime":3108.67,"endTime":3111.41,"body":"And they all come up with"},{"startTime":3108.67,"endTime":3111.41,"body":"pretty boring results."},{"startTime":3111.41,"endTime":3114.26,"body":"You have a broad spectrum"},{"startTime":3111.41,"endTime":3114.26,"body":"of all personality types,"},{"startTime":3114.26,"endTime":3115.97,"body":"there isn't a Pentecostal"},{"startTime":3114.26,"endTime":3115.97,"body":"persona out there."},{"startTime":3115.97,"endTime":3117.98,"body":"It's just a Christian spirituality"},{"startTime":3117.98,"endTime":3121.12,"body":"that draws on a shared Christian past"},{"startTime":3121.12,"endTime":3125.023,"body":"of dealing with spiritual"},{"startTime":3121.12,"endTime":3125.023,"body":"entities in the New Testament"},{"startTime":3125.023,"endTime":3126.88,"body":"that tries to bring these stories to life."},{"startTime":3126.88,"endTime":3129.87,"body":"So I think that's where a lot"},{"startTime":3126.88,"endTime":3129.87,"body":"of this draws from rather than"},{"startTime":3131.81,"endTime":3134.74,"body":"modern phenomenon of religion."},{"startTime":3134.74,"endTime":3136.022,"body":"- [Man 2] Thank you."},{"startTime":3136.022,"endTime":3139.15,"body":"It is an apocryphal story"},{"startTime":3136.022,"endTime":3139.15,"body":"which is always told"},{"startTime":3139.15,"endTime":3141.39,"body":"about Christianity in Africa."},{"startTime":3141.39,"endTime":3142.223,"body":"And that is that,"},{"startTime":3142.223,"endTime":3145.15,"body":"when the Christian"},{"startTime":3142.223,"endTime":3145.15,"body":"missionary arrived in Africa"},{"startTime":3145.15,"endTime":3147.49,"body":"he got together a few Africans"},{"startTime":3147.49,"endTime":3149.82,"body":"and he said, \"Let us pray together.\""},{"startTime":3149.82,"endTime":3152.73,"body":"And then he said, \"Now"},{"startTime":3149.82,"endTime":3152.73,"body":"you should sleep on it.\""},{"startTime":3152.73,"endTime":3154.73,"body":"And when they got up next morning,"},{"startTime":3154.73,"endTime":3158.23,"body":"they found that they became Christians"},{"startTime":3158.23,"endTime":3161.93,"body":"but the missionaries got the land."},{"startTime":3161.93,"endTime":3163.791,"body":"Now, is there some truth in that?"},{"startTime":3163.791,"endTime":3166.624,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"startTime":3168.05,"endTime":3169.31,"body":"- Yeah, I mean,"},{"startTime":3169.31,"endTime":3171.437,"body":"this is not a lecture on the"},{"startTime":3169.31,"endTime":3171.437,"body":"story of Christian missions"},{"startTime":3171.437,"endTime":3174.223,"body":"and of course there's"},{"startTime":3171.437,"endTime":3174.223,"body":"lots one could say here."},{"startTime":3175.37,"endTime":3176.58,"body":"I will say this,"},{"startTime":3176.58,"endTime":3180.13,"body":"I think what has helped"},{"startTime":3176.58,"endTime":3180.13,"body":"Pentecostal Christianity"},{"startTime":3180.13,"endTime":3180.963,"body":"grow like it did,"},{"startTime":3180.963,"endTime":3182.78,"body":"was often a break with missionaries."},{"startTime":3182.78,"endTime":3185.05,"body":"This is the story in"},{"startTime":3182.78,"endTime":3185.05,"body":"Ethiopia and elsewhere."},{"startTime":3185.05,"endTime":3188.04,"body":"And the model that succeeded"},{"startTime":3185.05,"endTime":3188.04,"body":"the missionary enterprise"},{"startTime":3188.04,"endTime":3191.7,"body":"was that of the visiting evangelist."},{"startTime":3191.7,"endTime":3193.85,"body":"The Billy, well, Billy"},{"startTime":3191.7,"endTime":3193.85,"body":"Graham only went once."},{"startTime":3193.85,"endTime":3194.7,"body":"He didn't like Africa."},{"startTime":3194.7,"endTime":3195.89,"body":"There's some really strange stuff"},{"startTime":3195.89,"endTime":3197.5,"body":"that comes up in his memoirs about Africa."},{"startTime":3197.5,"endTime":3199.61,"body":"But his son goes there quite a lot."},{"startTime":3199.61,"endTime":3202.86,"body":"But Pentecostal missionaries"},{"startTime":3202.86,"endTime":3204.68,"body":"copy of this template of the big stadium."},{"startTime":3204.68,"endTime":3207.25,"body":"Reinhard Bonnke, from"},{"startTime":3204.68,"endTime":3207.25,"body":"own country of Germany"},{"startTime":3207.25,"endTime":3210.16,"body":"was one of the most"},{"startTime":3207.25,"endTime":3210.16,"body":"well-known one in Africa."},{"startTime":3210.16,"endTime":3212.47,"body":"Now the attraction to this model is"},{"startTime":3212.47,"endTime":3215.31,"body":"that person comes in,"},{"startTime":3212.47,"endTime":3215.31,"body":"they bring a big show,"},{"startTime":3215.31,"endTime":3217.54,"body":"but they leave you the"},{"startTime":3215.31,"endTime":3217.54,"body":"Christians on the land."},{"startTime":3217.54,"endTime":3220.24,"body":"All they want from you"},{"startTime":3217.54,"endTime":3220.24,"body":"is that stage, that event"},{"startTime":3220.24,"endTime":3221.67,"body":"so they can fundraise at home."},{"startTime":3221.67,"endTime":3224.72,"body":"So it's almost like a"},{"startTime":3221.67,"endTime":3224.72,"body":"power-sharing thing that happens."},{"startTime":3224.72,"endTime":3227.2,"body":"So African churches will then"},{"startTime":3224.72,"endTime":3227.2,"body":"often combine their efforts"},{"startTime":3227.2,"endTime":3228.67,"body":"bring a big evangelist in,"},{"startTime":3228.67,"endTime":3231.36,"body":"fighting among themselves"},{"startTime":3228.67,"endTime":3231.36,"body":"who gets the converts,"},{"startTime":3231.36,"endTime":3233.077,"body":"raise money and then, you know,"},{"startTime":3233.077,"endTime":3235.06,"body":"and some of it has already paid for."},{"startTime":3235.06,"endTime":3236.44,"body":"And that is really something"},{"startTime":3236.44,"endTime":3238.18,"body":"that has helped Pentecostalism grow."},{"startTime":3238.18,"endTime":3239.55,"body":"It's these networking structures"},{"startTime":3239.55,"endTime":3240.76,"body":"that don't demand the same thing"},{"startTime":3240.76,"endTime":3242.69,"body":"because they dwell on attention"},{"startTime":3242.69,"endTime":3244.85,"body":"rather than on the sort of"},{"startTime":3242.69,"endTime":3244.85,"body":"colonial physical presence"},{"startTime":3244.85,"endTime":3246.63,"body":"that missionaries used to have."},{"startTime":3246.63,"endTime":3248.11,"body":"- [Woman] I remember reading somewhere"},{"startTime":3248.11,"endTime":3250.57,"body":"that there is a north-south divide"},{"startTime":3250.57,"endTime":3251.993,"body":"Islamists at the north,"},{"startTime":3253.85,"endTime":3256.08,"body":"Christians whatever in the south."},{"startTime":3256.08,"endTime":3258.243,"body":"How rigid is the divide?"},{"startTime":3259.41,"endTime":3260.26,"body":"- Another interesting question."},{"startTime":3260.26,"endTime":3263.12,"body":"Yes, I mean, the map of"},{"startTime":3260.26,"endTime":3263.12,"body":"Africa if you were to picture"},{"startTime":3263.12,"endTime":3268.12,"body":"is mainly sort of Islamic"},{"startTime":3263.12,"endTime":3268.12,"body":"countries in the north,"},{"startTime":3268.44,"endTime":3270.09,"body":"Christian countries to the south."},{"startTime":3270.09,"endTime":3272.41,"body":"And the line runs through"},{"startTime":3270.09,"endTime":3272.41,"body":"countries that you hear about"},{"startTime":3272.41,"endTime":3274.18,"body":"in Christian-Muslim conflict;"},{"startTime":3274.18,"endTime":3276.84,"body":"Sudan, well now, South Sudan, Sudan"},{"startTime":3276.84,"endTime":3279.023,"body":"Nigeria, Ethiopia."},{"startTime":3281.761,"endTime":3284.963,"body":"So that's the picture."},{"startTime":3286.7,"endTime":3290.23,"body":"Christianity doesn't tend to"},{"startTime":3286.7,"endTime":3290.23,"body":"grow at the expense of Islam"},{"startTime":3290.23,"endTime":3291.23,"body":"anywhere in Africa."},{"startTime":3291.23,"endTime":3292.41,"body":"There's some interesting movements,"},{"startTime":3292.41,"endTime":3293.98,"body":"there's some interesting"},{"startTime":3292.41,"endTime":3293.98,"body":"borrowing as well."},{"startTime":3293.98,"endTime":3295.51,"body":"In Nigeria there are some Muslims"},{"startTime":3295.51,"endTime":3297.51,"body":"who borrowing Pentecostal forms."},{"startTime":3297.51,"endTime":3298.61,"body":"There's some Christians who are trying"},{"startTime":3298.61,"endTime":3300.9,"body":"to contextualize Christianity into Islam."},{"startTime":3300.9,"endTime":3303.04,"body":"So there's some, a little"},{"startTime":3300.9,"endTime":3303.04,"body":"bit of that going on."},{"startTime":3303.04,"endTime":3305.05,"body":"But what has generally been the story"},{"startTime":3305.05,"endTime":3310.05,"body":"that the kind of spread of"},{"startTime":3305.05,"endTime":3310.05,"body":"Islam with colonial networks"},{"startTime":3310.69,"endTime":3313.08,"body":"in East Africa, for example,"},{"startTime":3313.08,"endTime":3316.3,"body":"set the boundaries that"},{"startTime":3313.08,"endTime":3316.3,"body":"are still there today."},{"startTime":3316.3,"endTime":3318.49,"body":"And what Christianity did replace"},{"startTime":3318.49,"endTime":3320.23,"body":"is affiliation with traditional religions."},{"startTime":3320.23,"endTime":3322.6,"body":"If you measure people's affiliation"},{"startTime":3322.6,"endTime":3324.64,"body":"in Sub-Saharan Africa if"},{"startTime":3322.6,"endTime":3324.64,"body":"they become Christian,"},{"startTime":3324.64,"endTime":3327.63,"body":"you can see the decline"},{"startTime":3324.64,"endTime":3327.63,"body":"of traditional religion."},{"startTime":3327.63,"endTime":3330.21,"body":"Which doesn't mean the"},{"startTime":3327.63,"endTime":3330.21,"body":"ideas no longer exist"},{"startTime":3330.21,"endTime":3332.21,"body":"but they're now articulated"},{"startTime":3330.21,"endTime":3332.21,"body":"in a different vernacular"},{"startTime":3332.21,"endTime":3333.81,"body":"and people identify differently."},{"startTime":3334.77,"endTime":3337.007,"body":"- One final question now, online,"},{"startTime":3337.007,"endTime":3338.947,"body":"which I think sounds very interesting"},{"startTime":3338.947,"endTime":3343.947,"body":"\"Is Christian development"},{"startTime":3338.947,"endTime":3343.947,"body":"more likely to prove popular"},{"startTime":3344.0,"endTime":3345.86,"body":"and fruitful with Africans"},{"startTime":3345.86,"endTime":3349.23,"body":"than the Chinese investment"},{"startTime":3345.86,"endTime":3349.23,"body":"in infrastructure programs?\""},{"startTime":3349.23,"endTime":3351.98,"body":"Which presumably the questioner"},{"startTime":3351.98,"endTime":3353.507,"body":"is characterizing as secular."},{"startTime":3353.507,"endTime":3355.54,"body":"- Right, right, right, right."},{"startTime":3355.54,"endTime":3357.647,"body":"I mean, Chinese development"},{"startTime":3355.54,"endTime":3357.647,"body":"is everywhere in Africa"},{"startTime":3357.647,"endTime":3360.08,"body":"and it's actually quite loved"},{"startTime":3357.647,"endTime":3360.08,"body":"because the understandings"},{"startTime":3360.08,"endTime":3361.98,"body":"is that comes with no strings attached"},{"startTime":3361.98,"endTime":3363.36,"body":"and it's Chinese workers working there."},{"startTime":3363.36,"endTime":3364.5,"body":"I mean the economic model behind that"},{"startTime":3364.5,"endTime":3366.34,"body":"is not necessarily good for Africa,"},{"startTime":3366.34,"endTime":3369.733,"body":"but it is on the rise and people like it."},{"startTime":3370.57,"endTime":3371.403,"body":"I remember seeing Addis Ababa,"},{"startTime":3371.403,"endTime":3373.31,"body":"the biggest banking tower going up there"},{"startTime":3373.31,"endTime":3375.51,"body":"has signs in Amharic"},{"startTime":3373.31,"endTime":3375.51,"body":"and Chinese, no English."},{"startTime":3375.51,"endTime":3377.063,"body":"So that's a coming world."},{"startTime":3378.17,"endTime":3380.06,"body":"I don't think there's a"},{"startTime":3378.17,"endTime":3380.06,"body":"one size fits all model"},{"startTime":3380.06,"endTime":3381.27,"body":"for development for anything."},{"startTime":3381.27,"endTime":3383.16,"body":"And I think development itself"},{"startTime":3383.16,"endTime":3384.9,"body":"when it operates in"},{"startTime":3383.16,"endTime":3384.9,"body":"these larger narrative,"},{"startTime":3384.9,"endTime":3386.18,"body":"this is good, this has worked over here"},{"startTime":3386.18,"endTime":3388.27,"body":"let's try it over there"},{"startTime":3386.18,"endTime":3388.27,"body":"because it's the answer,"},{"startTime":3388.27,"endTime":3389.4,"body":"it goes astray."},{"startTime":3389.4,"endTime":3392.54,"body":"You need to find the partners"},{"startTime":3389.4,"endTime":3392.54,"body":"you need to cooperate with."},{"startTime":3392.54,"endTime":3394.32,"body":"And here, I think, there's"},{"startTime":3392.54,"endTime":3394.32,"body":"more work to be done"},{"startTime":3394.32,"endTime":3396.84,"body":"to work with Pentecostal churches."},{"startTime":3396.84,"endTime":3398.4,"body":"Recognize bilateral pathways."},{"startTime":3398.4,"endTime":3400.19,"body":"Recognize their own interest."},{"startTime":3400.19,"endTime":3401.84,"body":"And understanding their own ideas"},{"startTime":3401.84,"endTime":3403.83,"body":"about what it's like to build a country"},{"startTime":3403.83,"endTime":3407.1,"body":"especially when you then"},{"startTime":3403.83,"endTime":3407.1,"body":"look at how they build it"},{"startTime":3407.1,"endTime":3409.03,"body":"almost in the image of a city."},{"startTime":3409.03,"endTime":3412.97,"body":"Redemption Camp that I've"},{"startTime":3409.03,"endTime":3412.97,"body":"mentioned with the RCCG"},{"startTime":3412.97,"endTime":3414.21,"body":"is a mega city."},{"startTime":3414.21,"endTime":3416.64,"body":"There's playgrounds, there's"},{"startTime":3414.21,"endTime":3416.64,"body":"ATM's, there's hospitals,"},{"startTime":3416.64,"endTime":3417.473,"body":"there's everything."},{"startTime":3417.473,"endTime":3419.01,"body":"It's like a self contained city."},{"startTime":3419.01,"endTime":3421.95,"body":"And that affords a kind"},{"startTime":3419.01,"endTime":3421.95,"body":"of state within the state"},{"startTime":3421.95,"endTime":3423.79,"body":"that seems realistic and attainable."},{"startTime":3423.79,"endTime":3425.31,"body":"And that's what makes it attractive."},{"startTime":3425.31,"endTime":3428.45,"body":"So you have to work with local activists"},{"startTime":3428.45,"endTime":3430.16,"body":"but not only Christians,"},{"startTime":3430.16,"endTime":3432.83,"body":"secular activists, Muslim activists."},{"startTime":3432.83,"endTime":3434.99,"body":"And I think the more of"},{"startTime":3432.83,"endTime":3434.99,"body":"that, that can be done"},{"startTime":3434.99,"endTime":3435.88,"body":"the better it will be."},{"startTime":3435.88,"endTime":3437.91,"body":"But it's not that I would advocate"},{"startTime":3437.91,"endTime":3440.88,"body":"that Pentecostal charities are the answer"},{"startTime":3440.88,"endTime":3442.34,"body":"because I don't think they are."},{"startTime":3442.34,"endTime":3444.14,"body":"I think they are part of the answer."},{"startTime":3445.17,"endTime":3446.44,"body":"- Dr. Haustein, thank you very much"},{"startTime":3446.44,"endTime":3447.41,"body":"for an excellent evening."},{"startTime":3447.41,"endTime":3448.319,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3448.319,"endTime":3451.319,"body":"(audience clapping)"}]}