{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"Sound Effect","startTime":0.09,"endTime":0.12,"body":"[music]"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1.08,"endTime":3.27,"body":"Welcome to"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1.08,"endTime":3.27,"body":"\"Cultivating Curiosity,\" where"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":3.27,"endTime":6.24,"body":"we get down and dirty with the"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":3.27,"endTime":6.24,"body":"experts on all the ways science"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":6.24,"endTime":9.51,"body":"and agriculture touch our lives,"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":6.24,"endTime":9.51,"body":"from what we eat to how we live."},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":11.28,"endTime":12.57,"body":"I'm Emily Davenport."},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":12.96,"endTime":15.03,"body":"And I'm Jordan"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":12.96,"endTime":15.03,"body":"Powers. And we're from the"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":15.03,"endTime":17.79,"body":"University of Georgia's College"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":15.03,"endTime":17.79,"body":"of Agricultural and"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":17.79,"endTime":19.29,"body":"Environmental Sciences."},{"speaker":"Sound Effect","startTime":19.29,"endTime":19.32,"body":"[chime]"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":21.09,"endTime":24.15,"body":"We're here today"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":21.09,"endTime":24.15,"body":"talking with Dr. Cesar Escalante"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":24.18,"endTime":27.21,"body":"in the agricultural economics"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":24.18,"endTime":27.21,"body":"department at the UGA College of"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":27.21,"endTime":30.33,"body":"Agricultural and Environmental"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":27.21,"endTime":30.33,"body":"Sciences. Dr. Escalante, thanks"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":30.33,"endTime":31.32,"body":"for joining us today."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":31.38,"endTime":32.79,"body":"Well, thank you"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":31.38,"endTime":32.79,"body":"so much, and it's a great"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":32.79,"endTime":34.53,"body":"pleasure to be part of this"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":32.79,"endTime":34.53,"body":"project."},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":34.95,"endTime":36.54,"body":"Wonderful. Well,"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":34.95,"endTime":36.54,"body":"we're gonna dive right in"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":36.54,"endTime":38.73,"body":"because we have a lot to talk"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":36.54,"endTime":38.73,"body":"about. And this this first"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":38.73,"endTime":41.46,"body":"question is a bit of a broad"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":38.73,"endTime":41.46,"body":"one, can you introduce yourself"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":41.49,"endTime":43.71,"body":"and a bit about your background,"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":41.49,"endTime":43.71,"body":"and then how you ended up at"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":43.71,"endTime":44.64,"body":"UGA?"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":44.0,"endTime":44.84,"body":"Alright, I'm"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":44.0,"endTime":44.84,"body":"originally from the Philippines."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":44.84,"endTime":46.16,"body":"It was when I wanted to go to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":44.84,"endTime":46.16,"body":"graduate school and that was"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":46.16,"endTime":52.28,"body":"after working in a commercial"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":46.16,"endTime":52.28,"body":"bank in the Philippines for nine"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":52.43,"endTime":60.14,"body":"years, working on special types"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":52.43,"endTime":60.14,"body":"of loans coming from the World"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":60.14,"endTime":63.65,"body":"Bank, from the Asian Development"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":60.14,"endTime":63.65,"body":"Bank, USAID and other"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":63.65,"endTime":67.94,"body":"multilateral institutions that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":63.65,"endTime":67.94,"body":"were designed to help small and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":67.94,"endTime":71.3,"body":"medium enterprises in the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":67.94,"endTime":71.3,"body":"Philippines. And that was"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":71.3,"endTime":74.0,"body":"actually the motivation that I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":71.3,"endTime":74.0,"body":"had when I went to grad school,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":74.0,"endTime":77.78,"body":"that I wanted to continue that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":74.0,"endTime":77.78,"body":"kind of line of work, that every"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":77.78,"endTime":81.92,"body":"time I conducted research, I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":77.78,"endTime":81.92,"body":"would always insist on issues"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":81.92,"endTime":86.33,"body":"that I experienced while"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":81.92,"endTime":86.33,"body":"performing the job in the bank."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":86.93,"endTime":91.28,"body":"And that's how I was so happy"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":86.93,"endTime":91.28,"body":"that I was led into the field of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":91.28,"endTime":96.65,"body":"agricultural economics, which"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":91.28,"endTime":96.65,"body":"actually had a lot of issues,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":97.04,"endTime":101.51,"body":"and methodologies and approaches"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":97.04,"endTime":101.51,"body":"that were very, very consistent"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":101.54,"endTime":104.6,"body":"or compatible with what I was"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":101.54,"endTime":104.6,"body":"accustomed to when I was working"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":104.6,"endTime":108.14,"body":"in the bank. When I finally had"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":104.6,"endTime":108.14,"body":"the chance to go back to grad"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":108.14,"endTime":111.89,"body":"school, I had my family then, a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":108.14,"endTime":111.89,"body":"very young family, that I had to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":111.89,"endTime":114.71,"body":"bring my wife and my 11 month"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":111.89,"endTime":114.71,"body":"old daughter to Canada for my"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":114.71,"endTime":119.24,"body":"master's studies. And at that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":114.71,"endTime":119.24,"body":"time, the plan was just to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":119.24,"endTime":122.42,"body":"finish studying, and then go"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":119.24,"endTime":122.42,"body":"back to the Philippines to work."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":122.78,"endTime":129.35,"body":"But after each segment of our"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":122.78,"endTime":129.35,"body":"life since then, has always been"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":129.35,"endTime":132.65,"body":"the product of last-minute"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":129.35,"endTime":132.65,"body":"opportunities. So after my"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":132.65,"endTime":135.44,"body":"master's studies, I was"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":132.65,"endTime":135.44,"body":"encouraged to pursue further"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":135.44,"endTime":140.0,"body":"studies, and so I decided to go"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":135.44,"endTime":140.0,"body":"to the U.S. to study, went to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":140.0,"endTime":143.42,"body":"the University of Illinois for"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":140.0,"endTime":143.42,"body":"my PhD. And at the time that I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":143.42,"endTime":147.29,"body":"was about to finish my PhD"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":143.42,"endTime":147.29,"body":"studies, the plan was again to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":147.29,"endTime":150.71,"body":"go back to the Philippines to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":147.29,"endTime":150.71,"body":"work. But then I had, as a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":150.71,"endTime":154.37,"body":"foreign student, the opportunity"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":150.71,"endTime":154.37,"body":"to work in the U.S. for a year,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":154.37,"endTime":157.79,"body":"which was the optional practical"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":154.37,"endTime":157.79,"body":"training benefit of my student"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":157.79,"endTime":162.44,"body":"visa. And then a faculty"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":157.79,"endTime":162.44,"body":"position opening came up at the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":162.44,"endTime":165.89,"body":"University of Georgia. I told"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":162.44,"endTime":165.89,"body":"myself, I'm just gonna give it a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":165.89,"endTime":169.64,"body":"try, I'm not going to expect"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":165.89,"endTime":169.64,"body":"anything. And lo and behold, I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":169.64,"endTime":173.24,"body":"got the job. And so I've been"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":169.64,"endTime":173.24,"body":"here in the University of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":173.24,"endTime":178.55,"body":"Georgia for 21 years now. And my"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":173.24,"endTime":178.55,"body":"family, when they came to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":178.55,"endTime":181.7,"body":"Georgia, having been uprooted"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":178.55,"endTime":181.7,"body":"from the Philippines to North"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":181.7,"endTime":184.94,"body":"America, specifically Canada and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":181.7,"endTime":184.94,"body":"Illinois, when they got to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":184.94,"endTime":187.85,"body":"Georgia, they said, \"We like the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":184.94,"endTime":187.85,"body":"weather here, so we want to stay"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":187.85,"endTime":190.43,"body":"here, make sure you get your"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":187.85,"endTime":190.43,"body":"tenure, make sure we live here"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":190.43,"endTime":191.03,"body":"forever.\""},{"speaker":"Everyone","startTime":191.1,"endTime":191.13,"body":"[laughter]"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":193.26,"endTime":194.58,"body":"And as someone"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":193.26,"endTime":194.58,"body":"who just moved here from the"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":194.7,"endTime":196.98,"body":"Midwest, I'm thinking the"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":194.7,"endTime":196.98,"body":"opposite. I'm going it's too"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":196.98,"endTime":197.31,"body":"hot, it's too hot!"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":197.31,"endTime":199.68,"body":"We're the same,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":197.31,"endTime":199.68,"body":"I'm from Illinois, I came from"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":199.68,"endTime":200.46,"body":"Illinois before."},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":200.52,"endTime":203.34,"body":"And there's where"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":200.52,"endTime":203.34,"body":"I grew up. I'd like to also"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":203.34,"endTime":205.71,"body":"touch on you know, you've"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":203.34,"endTime":205.71,"body":"studied in the Philippines, in"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":205.71,"endTime":209.01,"body":"Canada, in the United States,"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":205.71,"endTime":209.01,"body":"how has your international"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":209.01,"endTime":212.31,"body":"education influenced your work"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":209.01,"endTime":212.31,"body":"and the way that you work?"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":212.36,"endTime":215.42,"body":"It was both"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":212.36,"endTime":215.42,"body":"influential and very helpful. It"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":215.42,"endTime":219.38,"body":"was helpful in the sense that,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":215.42,"endTime":219.38,"body":"when I went to grad school and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":219.38,"endTime":223.19,"body":"eventually embarked on my career"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":219.38,"endTime":223.19,"body":"as a faculty member, I brought"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":223.19,"endTime":225.92,"body":"along a wealth of experiences"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":223.19,"endTime":225.92,"body":"coming from a different"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":225.92,"endTime":230.0,"body":"perspective, from the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":225.92,"endTime":230.0,"body":"perspective of a person who was"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":230.0,"endTime":232.49,"body":"exposed to a different"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":230.0,"endTime":232.49,"body":"environment in a developing"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":232.49,"endTime":236.36,"body":"country. So I told you that I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":232.49,"endTime":236.36,"body":"worked in a bank for nine years"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":236.36,"endTime":240.86,"body":"in the Philippines. And so that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":236.36,"endTime":240.86,"body":"was really very, very helpful"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":241.1,"endTime":243.59,"body":"when I went to grad school. And"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":241.1,"endTime":243.59,"body":"now when I'm working as a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":243.59,"endTime":248.48,"body":"faculty member of the University"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":243.59,"endTime":248.48,"body":"of Georgia, then I was also"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":248.66,"endTime":254.21,"body":"fortunate enough to benefit from"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":248.66,"endTime":254.21,"body":"supplementary and complementary"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":254.3,"endTime":258.14,"body":"perspectives, from my mentors,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":254.3,"endTime":258.14,"body":"and from my collaborators. We"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":258.14,"endTime":261.38,"body":"work on the same problem, but we"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":258.14,"endTime":261.38,"body":"have different perspectives of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":261.38,"endTime":266.69,"body":"looking at it. So it's been very"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":261.38,"endTime":266.69,"body":"helpful, influential, in a sense"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":266.69,"endTime":270.71,"body":"that since I come from a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":266.69,"endTime":270.71,"body":"developing country, I always"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":270.74,"endTime":275.27,"body":"insist on looking at things in a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":270.74,"endTime":275.27,"body":"more sophisticated way, in the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":275.27,"endTime":280.28,"body":"sense that I always inject or"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":275.27,"endTime":280.28,"body":"add additional issues that I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":280.28,"endTime":283.52,"body":"thought were important because I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":280.28,"endTime":283.52,"body":"am coming from a different"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":283.52,"endTime":284.06,"body":"perspective."},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":284.84,"endTime":287.06,"body":"Absolutely. It's"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":284.84,"endTime":287.06,"body":"important to have all those"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":287.06,"endTime":289.82,"body":"voices at the table. And I feel"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":287.06,"endTime":289.82,"body":"like a lot of times we know it's"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":289.82,"endTime":293.24,"body":"important, but it becomes a"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":289.82,"endTime":293.24,"body":"bigger challenge to actually act"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":293.24,"endTime":296.09,"body":"on that than we think it is. So"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":293.24,"endTime":296.09,"body":"it's wonderful to know that"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":296.09,"endTime":297.77,"body":"you've been able to do that"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":296.09,"endTime":297.77,"body":"throughout your work."},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":298.19,"endTime":300.02,"body":"Could you tell"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":298.19,"endTime":300.02,"body":"us a little bit about what"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":300.14,"endTime":302.12,"body":"agricultural economics is?"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":302.27,"endTime":305.565,"body":"Alright. So the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":302.27,"endTime":305.565,"body":"whole idea of economics is just"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":305.635,"endTime":309.562,"body":"the reality that, when you talk"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":305.635,"endTime":309.562,"body":"about a farm business, a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":309.632,"endTime":314.119,"body":"business would usually have very"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":309.632,"endTime":314.119,"body":"limited available resources. So"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":314.189,"endTime":318.186,"body":"the business owner would have to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":314.189,"endTime":318.186,"body":"make decisions on how to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":318.256,"endTime":322.043,"body":"allocate those resources,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":318.256,"endTime":322.043,"body":"utilize those resources. And"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":322.113,"endTime":326.39,"body":"that's where economics comes in."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":322.113,"endTime":326.39,"body":"And usually, these decisions"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":326.46,"endTime":330.176,"body":"would have as an end goal, two"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":326.46,"endTime":330.176,"body":"types of goals. One is"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":330.246,"endTime":333.822,"body":"quantitative. The other one is"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":330.246,"endTime":333.822,"body":"qualitative. And the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":333.892,"endTime":337.959,"body":"quantitative set of goals would"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":333.892,"endTime":337.959,"body":"be – do you want to make a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":338.029,"endTime":341.956,"body":"return, you want your business"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":338.029,"endTime":341.956,"body":"to be profitable? And the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":342.026,"endTime":346.163,"body":"qualitative side of it – are"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":342.026,"endTime":346.163,"body":"your decisions, improving your"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":346.233,"endTime":349.739,"body":"quality of life, is it"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":346.233,"endTime":349.739,"body":"increasing your welfare? So"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":349.809,"endTime":353.946,"body":"economics is like a tool for"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":349.809,"endTime":353.946,"body":"making the farm business owner"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":354.016,"endTime":358.223,"body":"make those decisions in such a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":354.016,"endTime":358.223,"body":"way that the quantitative and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":358.293,"endTime":362.781,"body":"qualitative goals are realized."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":358.293,"endTime":362.781,"body":"And I am so fortunate that I was"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":362.851,"endTime":366.848,"body":"able to really be in the field"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":362.851,"endTime":366.848,"body":"of agricultural economics,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":366.918,"endTime":371.265,"body":"because actually, my background,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":366.918,"endTime":371.265,"body":"and I was in my undergraduate"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":371.335,"endTime":375.192,"body":"studies, I was actually an"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":371.335,"endTime":375.192,"body":"economics major. And then, I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":375.262,"endTime":379.329,"body":"talked about going to grad"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":375.262,"endTime":379.329,"body":"school. And that was when I got"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":379.399,"endTime":383.536,"body":"a fellowship that required me to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":379.399,"endTime":383.536,"body":"study something related to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":383.606,"endTime":387.883,"body":"agriculture. And for a while, I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":383.606,"endTime":387.883,"body":"was not too excited about it."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":387.953,"endTime":392.16,"body":"But when I got into it, I was"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":387.953,"endTime":392.16,"body":"really thankful that I was led"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":392.23,"endTime":396.367,"body":"into agricultural economics."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":392.23,"endTime":396.367,"body":"Because agricultural economics"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":396.437,"endTime":400.785,"body":"is a very applied discipline. We"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":396.437,"endTime":400.785,"body":"do a lot of applied research."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":400.855,"endTime":404.992,"body":"And since then, I started to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":400.855,"endTime":404.992,"body":"really appreciate the value of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":405.062,"endTime":409.199,"body":"applied research. I am not"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":405.062,"endTime":409.199,"body":"saying that theoretical research"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":409.269,"endTime":412.494,"body":"is not important. But,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":409.269,"endTime":412.494,"body":"conducting research for"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":412.564,"endTime":416.561,"body":"knowledges sake, for me, that's"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":412.564,"endTime":416.561,"body":"not very meaningful. With"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":416.631,"endTime":420.067,"body":"agricultural economics, I was"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":416.631,"endTime":420.067,"body":"exposed to a lot of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":420.137,"endTime":423.993,"body":"opportunities to be able to see"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":420.137,"endTime":423.993,"body":"how what I'm doing as a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":424.064,"endTime":427.64,"body":"researcher actually becomes"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":424.064,"endTime":427.64,"body":"useful to other people."},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":428.53,"endTime":430.63,"body":"Can you talk a"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":428.53,"endTime":430.63,"body":"little bit more about your"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":430.66,"endTime":435.4,"body":"applied research versus the,"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":430.66,"endTime":435.4,"body":"like you said, you're not doing"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":435.4,"endTime":438.13,"body":"theoretical research, but more"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":435.4,"endTime":438.13,"body":"applied, can you give us some"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":438.13,"endTime":439.81,"body":"examples of what that looks"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":438.13,"endTime":439.81,"body":"like?"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":439.87,"endTime":443.14,"body":"Yes, I will. I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":439.87,"endTime":443.14,"body":"told you that I came here in"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":443.14,"endTime":447.22,"body":"2001, and was primarily an"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":443.14,"endTime":447.22,"body":"Extension specialist, Extension"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":447.22,"endTime":450.82,"body":"faculty. My interactions with my"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":447.22,"endTime":450.82,"body":"Extension clientele, which would"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":450.82,"endTime":455.92,"body":"include farmers and lenders,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":450.82,"endTime":455.92,"body":"actually opened me up to a rich"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":455.95,"endTime":460.18,"body":"set of issues happening in the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":455.95,"endTime":460.18,"body":"real world. When farmers and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":460.18,"endTime":463.84,"body":"lenders come to me to interact"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":460.18,"endTime":463.84,"body":"with me and tell me their"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":463.84,"endTime":467.41,"body":"stories, when I go back to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":463.84,"endTime":467.41,"body":"Athens, for my fieldwork, I make"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":467.41,"endTime":471.67,"body":"sure that I develop my research"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":467.41,"endTime":471.67,"body":"agendas that will address those"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":471.67,"endTime":475.48,"body":"issues that I just collected"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":471.67,"endTime":475.48,"body":"from my clientele. And so, when"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":475.48,"endTime":477.46,"body":"you look at the land grant model"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":475.48,"endTime":477.46,"body":"--"},{"speaker":"Sound Effect","startTime":477.46,"endTime":477.49,"body":"[chime]"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":478.39,"endTime":480.37,"body":"We've mentioned"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":478.39,"endTime":480.37,"body":"land-grant institutions in"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":480.37,"endTime":483.55,"body":"previous episodes. But, as a"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":480.37,"endTime":483.55,"body":"reminder, a land-grant"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":483.58,"endTime":487.12,"body":"university is an institution in"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":483.58,"endTime":487.12,"body":"the United States that provides"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":487.15,"endTime":490.57,"body":"research-based programs and"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":487.15,"endTime":490.57,"body":"resources for residents within"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":490.57,"endTime":494.59,"body":"the state. There is at least one"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":490.57,"endTime":494.59,"body":"land-grant institution in every"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":494.59,"endTime":497.56,"body":"state and territory of the"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":494.59,"endTime":497.56,"body":"United States, as well as the"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":497.56,"endTime":501.31,"body":"District of Columbia. Each"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":497.56,"endTime":501.31,"body":"institution receives federal"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":501.31,"endTime":506.92,"body":"benefits as set forth by the"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":501.31,"endTime":506.92,"body":"Morrill Acts of 1862, 1890 and"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":506.92,"endTime":508.06,"body":"1994."},{"speaker":"Sound Effect","startTime":508.06,"endTime":508.09,"body":"[chime]"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":508.09,"endTime":512.17,"body":"-- extension,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":508.09,"endTime":512.17,"body":"research and teaching, they"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":512.2,"endTime":515.8,"body":"actually complemented each"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":512.2,"endTime":515.8,"body":"other. Extension is the feeder"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":515.8,"endTime":519.58,"body":"of issues, my interactions with"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":515.8,"endTime":519.58,"body":"the clientele would introduce me"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":519.58,"endTime":524.38,"body":"to some very important issues."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":519.58,"endTime":524.38,"body":"Research is the investigative"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":524.41,"endTime":530.98,"body":"arm. You expound, you examine,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":524.41,"endTime":530.98,"body":"you pursue these issues with an"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":530.98,"endTime":534.4,"body":"academic standpoint, or academic"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":530.98,"endTime":534.4,"body":"approach, using a lot of the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":534.4,"endTime":537.85,"body":"tools that you learned in"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":534.4,"endTime":537.85,"body":"school. And then teaching would"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":537.85,"endTime":541.93,"body":"be the dissemination tool. You"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":537.85,"endTime":541.93,"body":"disseminate what you found in"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":541.93,"endTime":545.26,"body":"your extension work, and in your"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":541.93,"endTime":545.26,"body":"research your findings from your"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":545.26,"endTime":548.2,"body":"research, and you go to teaching"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":545.26,"endTime":548.2,"body":"and you disseminate that with"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":548.2,"endTime":551.17,"body":"the hope that the people that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":548.2,"endTime":551.17,"body":"you're teaching them to, will"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":551.17,"endTime":554.26,"body":"continue to work. And I have a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":551.17,"endTime":554.26,"body":"lot of wonderful stories about"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":554.26,"endTime":558.01,"body":"that. And I call it actually a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":554.26,"endTime":558.01,"body":"multiplier effect. Like I start"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":558.01,"endTime":561.64,"body":"something that I got from"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":558.01,"endTime":561.64,"body":"extension, I do research when I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":561.67,"endTime":565.78,"body":"go and teach my students. And"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":561.67,"endTime":565.78,"body":"when I even interest my students"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":565.78,"endTime":569.14,"body":"in doing the same thing that I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":565.78,"endTime":569.14,"body":"was interested in, I found that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":569.14,"endTime":573.01,"body":"the students just are able to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":569.14,"endTime":573.01,"body":"like acquire the same passion"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":573.01,"endTime":577.15,"body":"that I had. They embrace the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":573.01,"endTime":577.15,"body":"issues. They liked the issues"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":577.15,"endTime":580.0,"body":"because some of them, especially"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":577.15,"endTime":580.0,"body":"minority students, are able to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":580.0,"endTime":583.24,"body":"identify with the issues. So"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":580.0,"endTime":583.24,"body":"they become very interested and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":583.24,"endTime":586.42,"body":"passionate about it. And I've"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":583.24,"endTime":586.42,"body":"been here for more than 20 years"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":586.42,"endTime":589.36,"body":"already, so I've seen how it"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":586.42,"endTime":589.36,"body":"worked. And what happened was"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":589.36,"endTime":593.32,"body":"that long after they have left"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":589.36,"endTime":593.32,"body":"the university, long after they"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":593.32,"endTime":597.31,"body":"have graduated, they actually"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":593.32,"endTime":597.31,"body":"continued to work. I can give"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":597.31,"endTime":601.27,"body":"you several examples of how this"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":597.31,"endTime":601.27,"body":"multiplier effect that I am"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":601.27,"endTime":605.77,"body":"talking about has worked through"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":601.27,"endTime":605.77,"body":"the years, I had a student who"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":605.77,"endTime":608.47,"body":"after graduation went to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":605.77,"endTime":608.47,"body":"Cameroon as a Peace Corps"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":608.47,"endTime":613.9,"body":"volunteer, I had a student who"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":608.47,"endTime":613.9,"body":"joined an NGO in the Northwest"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":613.93,"endTime":618.13,"body":"and has been traveling to Africa"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":613.93,"endTime":618.13,"body":"to help women there assert their"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":618.13,"endTime":622.33,"body":"rights in terms of land"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":618.13,"endTime":622.33,"body":"ownership. I have a number of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":622.33,"endTime":625.18,"body":"students who are now county"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":622.33,"endTime":625.18,"body":"agents of the Cooperative"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":625.18,"endTime":629.74,"body":"Extension Service. I have"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":625.18,"endTime":629.74,"body":"students, former students who"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":629.74,"endTime":633.52,"body":"are now lending officers, and my"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":629.74,"endTime":633.52,"body":"hope is that everything that we"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":633.52,"endTime":636.13,"body":"talked about, because we talked"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":633.52,"endTime":636.13,"body":"and I know we're going to talk"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":636.13,"endTime":639.43,"body":"about these issues later, about"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":636.13,"endTime":639.43,"body":"the lending issues. And I'm my"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":639.43,"endTime":642.16,"body":"hope is that everything that we"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":639.43,"endTime":642.16,"body":"worked on, everything that we"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":642.16,"endTime":645.37,"body":"discussed, everything that we"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":642.16,"endTime":645.37,"body":"realized, they're also"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":645.4,"endTime":649.69,"body":"implementing them in their new"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":645.4,"endTime":649.69,"body":"careers. And many other"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":649.69,"endTime":653.02,"body":"examples. I'm so excited about"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":649.69,"endTime":653.02,"body":"this multiplier effect, you"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":653.02,"endTime":655.87,"body":"always think that as an"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":653.02,"endTime":655.87,"body":"individual, you are very, very"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":655.87,"endTime":658.78,"body":"inadequate, you're by yourself,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":655.87,"endTime":658.78,"body":"and you cannot make a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":658.78,"endTime":662.35,"body":"difference. But it is through"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":658.78,"endTime":662.35,"body":"the students that you work with,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":662.38,"endTime":666.73,"body":"that you influence somehow, and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":662.38,"endTime":666.73,"body":"that you entice to acquire the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":666.73,"endTime":669.97,"body":"passion, that they're able to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":666.73,"endTime":669.97,"body":"continue the job and this really"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":670.0,"endTime":671.89,"body":"the multiplier effect in play"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":670.0,"endTime":671.89,"body":"there."},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":673.09,"endTime":675.19,"body":"Absolutely and"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":673.09,"endTime":675.19,"body":"hearing you talk about this"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":675.19,"endTime":677.98,"body":"multiplier effect, it almost"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":675.19,"endTime":677.98,"body":"seems for you that there's"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":677.98,"endTime":680.74,"body":"almost a fourth pillar that kind"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":677.98,"endTime":680.74,"body":"of comes after teaching and in"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":680.74,"endTime":684.13,"body":"that mentorship of students. Can"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":680.74,"endTime":684.13,"body":"you tell us a little bit about"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":684.16,"endTime":686.98,"body":"what mentorship has meant to you"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":684.16,"endTime":686.98,"body":"throughout your career at UGA?"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":687.76,"endTime":689.56,"body":"It's meant so"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":687.76,"endTime":689.56,"body":"much to me, I mentioned to you"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":689.56,"endTime":692.29,"body":"that I was once a foreign"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":689.56,"endTime":692.29,"body":"student. And I mentioned to you"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":692.29,"endTime":695.47,"body":"also that I brought along a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":692.29,"endTime":695.47,"body":"young family with me when I was"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":695.47,"endTime":698.47,"body":"going to school. There was so"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":695.47,"endTime":698.47,"body":"much hardship when I was going"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":698.47,"endTime":702.97,"body":"to school, trying to maintain my"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":698.47,"endTime":702.97,"body":"family, at the same time also"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":702.97,"endTime":706.0,"body":"making sure that I was doing"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":702.97,"endTime":706.0,"body":"well in my studies. The"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":706.0,"endTime":709.57,"body":"hardships came from various"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":706.0,"endTime":709.57,"body":"sources. Cultural, social, and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":709.57,"endTime":712.69,"body":"especially financial. Subsisting"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":709.57,"endTime":712.69,"body":"on a graduate student"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":712.72,"endTime":716.29,"body":"assistantship to raise a family."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":712.72,"endTime":716.29,"body":"And, you know, eventually in"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":716.29,"endTime":719.29,"body":"Illinois, we had our second"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":716.29,"endTime":719.29,"body":"child, so the family was"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":719.29,"endTime":722.26,"body":"growing, was becoming larger,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":719.29,"endTime":722.26,"body":"was very, very, very"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":722.26,"endTime":725.05,"body":"challenging. Now, the reason why"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":722.26,"endTime":725.05,"body":"I brought that up is because"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":725.23,"endTime":729.22,"body":"when I became a faculty member,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":725.23,"endTime":729.22,"body":"myself, I promised myself that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":729.22,"endTime":734.38,"body":"every time I am able to identify"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":729.22,"endTime":734.38,"body":"specific student situations that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":734.56,"endTime":738.01,"body":"mirror the same situations that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":734.56,"endTime":738.01,"body":"I went through that I would help"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":738.01,"endTime":741.67,"body":"that student. Now, there's also"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":738.01,"endTime":741.67,"body":"like a precondition to that. If"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":741.7,"endTime":745.66,"body":"I identify potential in the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":741.7,"endTime":745.66,"body":"student, and I identify, or I'm"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":745.66,"endTime":748.96,"body":"able to validate, that this"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":745.66,"endTime":748.96,"body":"student has the willingness to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":748.96,"endTime":753.13,"body":"really work hard, but there were"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":748.96,"endTime":753.13,"body":"just like obstacles or"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":753.16,"endTime":756.22,"body":"impediments surrounding that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":753.16,"endTime":756.22,"body":"student, which were like the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":756.22,"endTime":759.46,"body":"same impediments that I had,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":756.22,"endTime":759.46,"body":"then I'm going to step in and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":759.46,"endTime":762.04,"body":"say, I'm going to help you,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":759.46,"endTime":762.04,"body":"there is no way that you will"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":762.04,"endTime":764.2,"body":"not succeed, because you have"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":762.04,"endTime":764.2,"body":"the potential, you have the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":764.2,"endTime":767.86,"body":"willingness to work hard."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":764.2,"endTime":767.86,"body":"There's no way that you will not"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":767.86,"endTime":770.53,"body":"succeed, so let's help each"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":767.86,"endTime":770.53,"body":"other transcend all those"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":770.53,"endTime":774.49,"body":"limitations. So one of the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":770.53,"endTime":774.49,"body":"popular limitations would always"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":774.49,"endTime":778.42,"body":"be social adjustment. Talking"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":774.49,"endTime":778.42,"body":"about minority students, they"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":778.42,"endTime":782.47,"body":"come here, they think that they"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":778.42,"endTime":782.47,"body":"do not belong. But then, as I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":782.47,"endTime":785.56,"body":"said, I'm able to validate that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":782.47,"endTime":785.56,"body":"they actually had like the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":785.95,"endTime":789.58,"body":"potential and the willingness to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":785.95,"endTime":789.58,"body":"work. So I tell them, we're"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":789.58,"endTime":792.25,"body":"going to help you adjust"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":789.58,"endTime":792.25,"body":"socially, I went through that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":792.25,"endTime":796.96,"body":"myself, as well. So that has"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":792.25,"endTime":796.96,"body":"always been the motivation. The"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":796.96,"endTime":800.74,"body":"other thing about mentorship is"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":796.96,"endTime":800.74,"body":"that, since I derived my"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":800.74,"endTime":804.73,"body":"research from my extension work,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":800.74,"endTime":804.73,"body":"they usually come out as very"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":804.73,"endTime":808.39,"body":"socially relevant research"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":804.73,"endTime":808.39,"body":"projects. And they serve as"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":808.45,"endTime":812.89,"body":"recruitment and retention tools"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":808.45,"endTime":812.89,"body":"for the students. When they see"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":812.89,"endTime":816.04,"body":"the research that I'm doing,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":812.89,"endTime":816.04,"body":"they're actually lured into the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":816.04,"endTime":818.59,"body":"things that I'm doing, because"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":816.04,"endTime":818.59,"body":"they're interested in it, they"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":818.59,"endTime":823.36,"body":"identify with the issues that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":818.59,"endTime":823.36,"body":"I'm working on. And so, usually,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":823.39,"endTime":827.44,"body":"we are able to collaborate"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":823.39,"endTime":827.44,"body":"really well and turn in really"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":827.44,"endTime":831.61,"body":"meaningful outputs from our"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":827.44,"endTime":831.61,"body":"collaborations. And then the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":831.61,"endTime":833.95,"body":"other third one, of course, I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":831.61,"endTime":833.95,"body":"already talked about, which is"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":833.95,"endTime":836.38,"body":"the multiplier effect, that,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":833.95,"endTime":836.38,"body":"that's the one that excites. So"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":836.38,"endTime":839.14,"body":"all these three things about"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":836.38,"endTime":839.14,"body":"being able to identify with"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":839.14,"endTime":843.64,"body":"students, the recruitment and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":839.14,"endTime":843.64,"body":"retention tool in my socially"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":843.64,"endTime":846.52,"body":"relevant research and multiplier"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":843.64,"endTime":846.52,"body":"effect. These are the major"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":846.52,"endTime":849.94,"body":"motivations of why I always like"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":846.52,"endTime":849.94,"body":"to mentor students."},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":851.29,"endTime":853.6,"body":"That's really"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":851.29,"endTime":853.6,"body":"great to have that experience"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":853.6,"endTime":856.84,"body":"that you can provide with your"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":853.6,"endTime":856.84,"body":"students to have those"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":856.84,"endTime":860.5,"body":"experiences inform both your"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":856.84,"endTime":860.5,"body":"research and your experiences"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":860.5,"endTime":863.17,"body":"with your students. I think"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":860.5,"endTime":863.17,"body":"that's really cool. Could you"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":863.17,"endTime":867.13,"body":"talk a bit about your research"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":863.17,"endTime":867.13,"body":"focus in maybe specifically"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":867.13,"endTime":870.76,"body":"about gender and racial bias in"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":867.13,"endTime":870.76,"body":"agricultural lending?"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":870.96,"endTime":875.85,"body":"Yes. When I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":870.96,"endTime":875.85,"body":"came in, in 2001, at that time,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":875.91,"endTime":879.3,"body":"the conversations I had with"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":875.91,"endTime":879.3,"body":"farmers especially revolved"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":879.33,"endTime":884.97,"body":"around bias because, a few years"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":879.33,"endTime":884.97,"body":"before that, in the late 1990s,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":885.0,"endTime":888.72,"body":"the African American farmers"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":885.0,"endTime":888.72,"body":"succeeded in getting a lot of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":888.72,"endTime":892.62,"body":"their lawsuits to be"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":888.72,"endTime":892.62,"body":"collectively regarded as a class"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":892.65,"endTime":896.37,"body":"action lawsuit, which was a big"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":892.65,"endTime":896.37,"body":"victory for them. And at that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":896.37,"endTime":901.56,"body":"time, the discussions on bias"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":896.37,"endTime":901.56,"body":"discrimination in lending"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":901.56,"endTime":905.37,"body":"decisions by the Farm Service"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":901.56,"endTime":905.37,"body":"Agency, which is the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":905.37,"endTime":908.73,"body":"government's lending arm to the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":905.37,"endTime":908.73,"body":"farm sector and which is under"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":908.73,"endTime":911.67,"body":"the U.S. Department of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":908.73,"endTime":911.67,"body":"Agriculture, there were a lot of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":911.67,"endTime":914.31,"body":"lawsuits lodged against them"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":911.67,"endTime":914.31,"body":"because of claims of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":914.31,"endTime":918.72,"body":"discrimination or biased lending"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":914.31,"endTime":918.72,"body":"decisions. The African American"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":918.72,"endTime":922.17,"body":"farmers were the most prominent"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":918.72,"endTime":922.17,"body":"group, in, in that lawsuit"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":922.62,"endTime":925.47,"body":"issue. But then came the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":922.62,"endTime":925.47,"body":"Hispanic farmers, came the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":925.47,"endTime":928.5,"body":"Native American farmers, and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":925.47,"endTime":928.5,"body":"also came the women farmers,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":928.5,"endTime":932.22,"body":"they also followed the example"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":928.5,"endTime":932.22,"body":"of the African American farmers."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":932.37,"endTime":935.43,"body":"So when I came in, in 2001, and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":932.37,"endTime":935.43,"body":"I was doing a lot of extension"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":935.43,"endTime":940.23,"body":"work from 2001, till like around"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":935.43,"endTime":940.23,"body":"2010, most of the discussions"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":940.23,"endTime":944.58,"body":"were about this complaint that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":940.23,"endTime":944.58,"body":"they had. They told me a lot of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":944.58,"endTime":948.39,"body":"stories about their experiences."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":944.58,"endTime":948.39,"body":"And their concern was always"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":948.39,"endTime":951.18,"body":"that they experienced a high"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":948.39,"endTime":951.18,"body":"rejection rate, these minority"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":951.18,"endTime":954.72,"body":"farmers and disagreement"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":951.18,"endTime":954.72,"body":"farmers. Their assertion or"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":954.72,"endTime":957.3,"body":"their allegation was that they"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":954.72,"endTime":957.3,"body":"were discriminated because of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":957.3,"endTime":962.73,"body":"their race, and or gender. So"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":957.3,"endTime":962.73,"body":"that was how I came to do a lot"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":962.73,"endTime":966.9,"body":"of work on bias in lending. But"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":962.73,"endTime":966.9,"body":"I also do not forget the fact"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":966.93,"endTime":970.53,"body":"that I am a university faculty"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":966.93,"endTime":970.53,"body":"and I need to be impartial. So"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":970.53,"endTime":974.61,"body":"here is my extension work. I'm"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":970.53,"endTime":974.61,"body":"gathering a lot of evidence from"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":974.61,"endTime":977.7,"body":"farmers. But I also need to hear"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":974.61,"endTime":977.7,"body":"the side of the government, I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":977.7,"endTime":981.54,"body":"also need to hear the side of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":977.7,"endTime":981.54,"body":"the lender. So when I conducted"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":981.54,"endTime":985.74,"body":"research, I always made sure"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":981.54,"endTime":985.74,"body":"that I was impartial. And the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":985.74,"endTime":988.74,"body":"results of my research were"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":985.74,"endTime":988.74,"body":"really very, very interesting,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":988.77,"endTime":992.97,"body":"because I started with an"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":988.77,"endTime":992.97,"body":"investigation on the credit"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":993.0,"endTime":998.55,"body":"access problem, with that bias"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":993.0,"endTime":998.55,"body":"there or discrimination. And"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":998.55,"endTime":1003.11,"body":"then when I tied that up with"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":998.55,"endTime":1003.11,"body":"how lenders make decisions, and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1003.11,"endTime":1007.55,"body":"also considering that over the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1003.11,"endTime":1007.55,"body":"years, the USDA has actually"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1007.58,"endTime":1011.93,"body":"implemented reforms to minimize"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1007.58,"endTime":1011.93,"body":"bias. So, putting all those into"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1011.93,"endTime":1016.52,"body":"consideration led me to an"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1011.93,"endTime":1016.52,"body":"important realization that even"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1016.55,"endTime":1022.25,"body":"if USDA through FSA has"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1016.55,"endTime":1022.25,"body":"implemented reforms to increase"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1022.28,"endTime":1025.79,"body":"the objectivity of the loan"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1022.28,"endTime":1025.79,"body":"decision process, so that bias"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1025.79,"endTime":1029.12,"body":"will be out of the picture, even"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1025.79,"endTime":1029.12,"body":"if that resolves the credit"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1029.12,"endTime":1032.78,"body":"access problem, that's still not"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1029.12,"endTime":1032.78,"body":"the end of the story. Because"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1032.81,"endTime":1036.02,"body":"when you look at minority"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1032.81,"endTime":1036.02,"body":"farmers, women farmers, they"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1036.05,"endTime":1040.04,"body":"operate farm businesses that are"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1036.05,"endTime":1040.04,"body":"actually financially inferior"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1040.04,"endTime":1044.63,"body":"compared to the majority."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1040.04,"endTime":1044.63,"body":"Minority farms, or ones operated"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1044.63,"endTime":1047.99,"body":"by women farmers, they're"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1044.63,"endTime":1047.99,"body":"usually small, they're usually"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1047.99,"endTime":1051.29,"body":"not as profitable as the larger"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1047.99,"endTime":1051.29,"body":"businesses operated by the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1051.29,"endTime":1054.92,"body":"majority. They're not as liquid."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1051.29,"endTime":1054.92,"body":"And so they have like some"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1054.95,"endTime":1058.52,"body":"operating issues that they need"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1054.95,"endTime":1058.52,"body":"to resolve. So even if you give"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1058.52,"endTime":1062.24,"body":"them the loan that they thought"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1058.52,"endTime":1062.24,"body":"they needed to get, if you take"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1062.27,"endTime":1065.03,"body":"out discrimination from the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1062.27,"endTime":1065.03,"body":"picture, there's still a problem"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1065.03,"endTime":1069.5,"body":"about how to make these farms of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1065.03,"endTime":1069.5,"body":"minority farmers and women"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1069.5,"endTime":1073.76,"body":"farmers competitive or equally"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1069.5,"endTime":1073.76,"body":"viable compared to the farms"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1073.76,"endTime":1078.53,"body":"operated by the majority. So I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1073.76,"endTime":1078.53,"body":"started my investigation with"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1078.53,"endTime":1083.03,"body":"the credit access issue. I even"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1078.53,"endTime":1083.03,"body":"extended that to look at how"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1083.06,"endTime":1087.02,"body":"loan packaging terms or interest"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1083.06,"endTime":1087.02,"body":"rates or loan maturity or loan"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1087.02,"endTime":1090.35,"body":"amounts, those decisions were"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1087.02,"endTime":1090.35,"body":"made. But then, even after"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1090.35,"endTime":1094.43,"body":"addressing those important"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1090.35,"endTime":1094.43,"body":"issues about loans, we realized"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1094.43,"endTime":1098.42,"body":"that more has to be done. If you"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1094.43,"endTime":1098.42,"body":"want farm businesses operated by"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1098.42,"endTime":1102.77,"body":"minority and women farmers to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1098.42,"endTime":1102.77,"body":"succeed, for them to succeed,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1102.77,"endTime":1107.0,"body":"what I mean is that for them to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1102.77,"endTime":1107.0,"body":"become equally viable,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1107.03,"endTime":1111.08,"body":"sustainable, and are able to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1107.03,"endTime":1111.08,"body":"compete with the rest of the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1111.08,"endTime":1115.43,"body":"industry. Going back to my"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1111.08,"endTime":1115.43,"body":"discussion about the credit"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1115.43,"endTime":1119.12,"body":"access problems, and the lenders"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1115.43,"endTime":1119.12,"body":"have started to introduce a lot"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1119.15,"endTime":1122.54,"body":"of objectivity in their loan"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1119.15,"endTime":1122.54,"body":"decision process so that bias"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1122.54,"endTime":1125.3,"body":"will be out of the picture. So"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1122.54,"endTime":1125.3,"body":"they develop models, okay, loan"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1125.3,"endTime":1129.5,"body":"application, or loan evaluation"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1125.3,"endTime":1129.5,"body":"models. But then when you input"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1129.5,"endTime":1132.8,"body":"the numbers coming from the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1129.5,"endTime":1132.8,"body":"minority farms, and the farms"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1132.86,"endTime":1136.43,"body":"operated by women into those"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1132.86,"endTime":1136.43,"body":"models, they will naturally"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1136.43,"endTime":1139.88,"body":"score low in those models,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1136.43,"endTime":1139.88,"body":"because of the very fact that I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1139.88,"endTime":1142.79,"body":"told you about they have smaller"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1139.88,"endTime":1142.79,"body":"businesses, they have less"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1142.79,"endTime":1146.03,"body":"profitable businesses and all"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1142.79,"endTime":1146.03,"body":"those types of issues. So that's"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1146.03,"endTime":1149.63,"body":"why I came to the conclusion"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1146.03,"endTime":1149.63,"body":"that there's more to the credit"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1149.72,"endTime":1153.83,"body":"access problem, which is that if"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1149.72,"endTime":1153.83,"body":"you want to help these farms, it"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1153.83,"endTime":1158.72,"body":"should be a coordinated effort"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1153.83,"endTime":1158.72,"body":"from a lot of institutions"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1158.72,"endTime":1162.05,"body":"surrounding these businesses"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1158.72,"endTime":1162.05,"body":"that will help address"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1162.08,"endTime":1166.28,"body":"deficiencies in all fronts. Like"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1162.08,"endTime":1166.28,"body":"for example, when you try to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1166.28,"endTime":1169.61,"body":"figure out where these farms"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1166.28,"endTime":1169.61,"body":"are, they usually are located in"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1169.64,"endTime":1173.0,"body":"very remote places. So"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1169.64,"endTime":1173.0,"body":"transportation, you need to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1173.0,"endTime":1176.36,"body":"address that, and, for them to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1173.0,"endTime":1176.36,"body":"be able to market their"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1176.36,"endTime":1180.11,"body":"products. When they get to the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1176.36,"endTime":1180.11,"body":"markets. You also have to make"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1180.11,"endTime":1183.74,"body":"sure that there's no bias there."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1180.11,"endTime":1183.74,"body":"I'm not aware of any study done"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1183.74,"endTime":1187.34,"body":"on this one about bias in the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1183.74,"endTime":1187.34,"body":"marketplace. But the hunch of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1187.34,"endTime":1190.31,"body":"these producers, there farmers"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1187.34,"endTime":1190.31,"body":"who talked to me, were that when"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1190.31,"endTime":1192.71,"body":"they start selling their"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1190.31,"endTime":1192.71,"body":"products, they probably are not"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1192.71,"endTime":1196.28,"body":"able to command the most"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1192.71,"endTime":1196.28,"body":"favorable prices because of the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1196.28,"endTime":1199.94,"body":"way they look, of their accents."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1196.28,"endTime":1199.94,"body":"And you know if those"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1199.97,"endTime":1202.85,"body":"allegations are true, then we"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1199.97,"endTime":1202.85,"body":"need also to address that. So a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1202.85,"endTime":1206.57,"body":"lot of other fronts of business"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1202.85,"endTime":1206.57,"body":"operation need to be addressed."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1206.93,"endTime":1210.92,"body":"If we want these farms to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1206.93,"endTime":1210.92,"body":"succeed. Can you imagine if like"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1210.92,"endTime":1214.37,"body":"all those fronts are addressed?"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1210.92,"endTime":1214.37,"body":"If you have a farm operated by a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1214.37,"endTime":1218.72,"body":"minority or women farmer who has"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1214.37,"endTime":1218.72,"body":"been assisted to operate viable"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1218.72,"endTime":1220.88,"body":"businesses, then when they go to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1218.72,"endTime":1220.88,"body":"the lender, they're not going to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1220.88,"endTime":1224.09,"body":"have a credit access issue"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1220.88,"endTime":1224.09,"body":"anymore. You know, especially if"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1224.09,"endTime":1227.57,"body":"the lender has already"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1224.09,"endTime":1227.57,"body":"eliminated bias and subjectivity"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1227.57,"endTime":1231.86,"body":"there. Because for sure that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1227.57,"endTime":1231.86,"body":"their businesses will now really"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1231.86,"endTime":1236.48,"body":"fare well in those models that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1231.86,"endTime":1236.48,"body":"are used to make loan"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1236.48,"endTime":1240.38,"body":"application approval or"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1236.48,"endTime":1240.38,"body":"rejection decisions. And also"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1240.41,"endTime":1243.53,"body":"models that are used to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1240.41,"endTime":1243.53,"body":"determine how much the interest"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1243.53,"endTime":1246.14,"body":"rate should be, or how long is"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1243.53,"endTime":1246.14,"body":"the repayment period."},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1246.74,"endTime":1249.5,"body":"It goes so much"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1246.74,"endTime":1249.5,"body":"further and beyond the scope of"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1249.5,"endTime":1250.34,"body":"the loan itself."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1250.37,"endTime":1252.32,"body":"Yes. And we"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1250.37,"endTime":1252.32,"body":"thought that it was just the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1252.32,"endTime":1255.95,"body":"issue. But then, as I said,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1252.32,"endTime":1255.95,"body":"because of what I have done, we"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1255.95,"endTime":1259.49,"body":"realize that it's more than"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1255.95,"endTime":1259.49,"body":"that. But it doesn't mean that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1259.49,"endTime":1262.19,"body":"it doesn't need to be addressed,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1259.49,"endTime":1262.19,"body":"you start addressing that issue."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1262.22,"endTime":1265.04,"body":"But then you move on from that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1262.22,"endTime":1265.04,"body":"and continue to like make sure"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1265.04,"endTime":1268.16,"body":"that the other infrastructure"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1265.04,"endTime":1268.16,"body":"surrounding it would be also"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1268.46,"endTime":1268.97,"body":"improved."},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1270.38,"endTime":1273.26,"body":"Can you tell us"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1270.38,"endTime":1273.26,"body":"how immigration ties into this"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1273.26,"endTime":1274.52,"body":"work specifically?"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1275.23,"endTime":1278.38,"body":"Well, the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1275.23,"endTime":1278.38,"body":"immigration issue also came up"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1278.38,"endTime":1282.49,"body":"while I was doing extension"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1278.38,"endTime":1282.49,"body":"work. After 9/11, the country"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1282.52,"endTime":1286.42,"body":"and several states launched"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1282.52,"endTime":1286.42,"body":"aggressive immigration control"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1286.42,"endTime":1290.71,"body":"policies. We had already had"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1286.42,"endTime":1290.71,"body":"amendments to the National"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1290.71,"endTime":1293.65,"body":"Immigration Law. But then"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1290.71,"endTime":1293.65,"body":"several states also came up with"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1293.65,"endTime":1297.34,"body":"their own additional or"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1293.65,"endTime":1297.34,"body":"supplementary immigration"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1297.34,"endTime":1300.43,"body":"policies, which were all"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1297.34,"endTime":1300.43,"body":"designed to enforce more"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1300.43,"endTime":1304.9,"body":"strictly the immigration control"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1300.43,"endTime":1304.9,"body":"activities. I always wanted to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1304.9,"endTime":1308.08,"body":"clarify that I was not"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1304.9,"endTime":1308.08,"body":"conducting research on"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1308.08,"endTime":1311.41,"body":"immigration, because I'm a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1308.08,"endTime":1311.41,"body":"foreigner myself. I ended up"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1311.41,"endTime":1314.32,"body":"doing research on"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1311.41,"endTime":1314.32,"body":"immigration-related issues,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1314.62,"endTime":1318.94,"body":"especially relating to farm"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1314.62,"endTime":1318.94,"body":"labor. Because when I talked to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1318.94,"endTime":1322.57,"body":"farmers, especially small"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1318.94,"endTime":1322.57,"body":"farmers, they actually had"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1322.57,"endTime":1326.32,"body":"problems with labor procurement,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1322.57,"endTime":1326.32,"body":"labor employment when stricter"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1326.32,"endTime":1331.09,"body":"immigration laws were enforced."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1326.32,"endTime":1331.09,"body":"The rationale behind immigration"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1331.09,"endTime":1335.02,"body":"control in the late 2000s, and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1331.09,"endTime":1335.02,"body":"we should recall that at that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1335.02,"endTime":1338.23,"body":"time, we were going through a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1335.02,"endTime":1338.23,"body":"recession, so in a recession,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1338.23,"endTime":1342.04,"body":"what usually happens there is"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1338.23,"endTime":1342.04,"body":"lack of jobs. So they thought,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1342.49,"endTime":1346.21,"body":"\"Oh, this is just the right time"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1342.49,"endTime":1346.21,"body":"to really push for immigration"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1346.24,"endTime":1349.42,"body":"control. We need jobs for our"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1346.24,"endTime":1349.42,"body":"local residents, for domestic"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1349.42,"endTime":1353.5,"body":"residents. So let those"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1349.42,"endTime":1353.5,"body":"unauthorized immigrants leave so"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1353.5,"endTime":1356.86,"body":"they can vacate those jobs, and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1353.5,"endTime":1356.86,"body":"our local people can take over"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1356.86,"endTime":1360.22,"body":"those jobs. And that will solve"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1356.86,"endTime":1360.22,"body":"the employment problem.\" That's"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1360.22,"endTime":1364.48,"body":"very, very logical. That really"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1360.22,"endTime":1364.48,"body":"makes a lot of sense. It worked,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1364.81,"endTime":1367.57,"body":"but not in the farm sector."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1364.81,"endTime":1367.57,"body":"Because in the farm sector,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1367.6,"endTime":1370.72,"body":"local people do not want to take"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1367.6,"endTime":1370.72,"body":"on those jobs, because local"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1370.72,"endTime":1374.89,"body":"people, domestic workers, they"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1370.72,"endTime":1374.89,"body":"find farm work to be very"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1374.89,"endTime":1379.87,"body":"difficult, physically"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1374.89,"endTime":1379.87,"body":"exhausting, low pay and lack of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1379.87,"endTime":1382.96,"body":"protection, lack of fringe"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1379.87,"endTime":1382.96,"body":"benefits, there are health"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1382.96,"endTime":1388.15,"body":"risks, environmental risks, and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1382.96,"endTime":1388.15,"body":"a lot of other issues there. So"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1388.18,"endTime":1392.32,"body":"I did a lot of studies that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1388.18,"endTime":1392.32,"body":"validated this, that showed that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1392.32,"endTime":1395.11,"body":"a lot of our domestic workers"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1392.32,"endTime":1395.11,"body":"are actually biased towards"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1395.14,"endTime":1400.15,"body":"non-farm jobs. They would always"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1395.14,"endTime":1400.15,"body":"be hesitant to work in farms"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1400.18,"endTime":1404.29,"body":"because of reasons that I just"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1400.18,"endTime":1404.29,"body":"mentioned. So when I was doing"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1404.29,"endTime":1407.23,"body":"extension work, I came across"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1404.29,"endTime":1407.23,"body":"farmers who are having these"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1407.23,"endTime":1411.37,"body":"problems. They did not have"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1407.23,"endTime":1411.37,"body":"workers who were willing local"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1411.37,"endTime":1415.39,"body":"workers were willing to work in"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1411.37,"endTime":1415.39,"body":"their farms. Some of them have"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1415.39,"endTime":1419.68,"body":"already exhausted their family"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1415.39,"endTime":1419.68,"body":"labor. I remember several cases"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1419.68,"endTime":1422.56,"body":"where they even asked their"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1419.68,"endTime":1422.56,"body":"children to stop going to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1422.56,"endTime":1425.44,"body":"school, they were already in"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1422.56,"endTime":1425.44,"body":"college, they asked children to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1425.44,"endTime":1428.26,"body":"stop going to school so they can"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1425.44,"endTime":1428.26,"body":"work full-time in the farm. And"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1428.26,"endTime":1431.14,"body":"all these accounts that I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1428.26,"endTime":1431.14,"body":"gathered from individual"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1431.14,"endTime":1435.37,"body":"farmers, they actually were"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1431.14,"endTime":1435.37,"body":"eventually validated by one very"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1435.37,"endTime":1440.47,"body":"controversial news that came out"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1435.37,"endTime":1440.47,"body":"in the spring, I think in 2010."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1441.13,"endTime":1444.34,"body":"When Georgia's governor, I think"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1441.13,"endTime":1444.34,"body":"Governor Perdue at the time, and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1444.34,"endTime":1447.07,"body":"the Georgia Department of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1444.34,"endTime":1447.07,"body":"Agriculture made a controversial"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1447.07,"endTime":1451.96,"body":"statement saying our crop farms"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1447.07,"endTime":1451.96,"body":"are actually losing millions of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1451.96,"endTime":1456.46,"body":"dollars, because a lot of the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1451.96,"endTime":1456.46,"body":"crops that are in the field are"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1456.46,"endTime":1459.67,"body":"just rotting away, they cannot"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1456.46,"endTime":1459.67,"body":"be harvested because we do not"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1459.67,"endTime":1463.99,"body":"have workers. And then we have"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1459.67,"endTime":1463.99,"body":"our Center for Agribusiness and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1463.99,"endTime":1467.77,"body":"Economic Development, which is"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1463.99,"endTime":1467.77,"body":"actually in our college, they"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1467.77,"endTime":1471.19,"body":"were commissioned to do a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1467.77,"endTime":1471.19,"body":"validation survey. And indeed,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1471.22,"endTime":1474.85,"body":"there were 1000s of unfilled"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1471.22,"endTime":1474.85,"body":"positions because local workers"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1474.85,"endTime":1478.93,"body":"do not want to take on those"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1474.85,"endTime":1478.93,"body":"jobs, that led to millions of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1478.93,"endTime":1484.48,"body":"crop losses. So, back to my"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1478.93,"endTime":1484.48,"body":"earlier statement, I did not end"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1484.48,"endTime":1487.66,"body":"up working on a research related"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1484.48,"endTime":1487.66,"body":"to immigration because I'm a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1487.66,"endTime":1491.68,"body":"foreigner myself, but because my"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1487.66,"endTime":1491.68,"body":"clientele the farms that I was"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1491.68,"endTime":1494.47,"body":"working with the small farms,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1491.68,"endTime":1494.47,"body":"they were the ones who had"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1494.47,"endTime":1497.41,"body":"problems. What do you do when"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1494.47,"endTime":1497.41,"body":"you have a labor problem if"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1497.41,"endTime":1501.61,"body":"you're a farm business owner?"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1497.41,"endTime":1501.61,"body":"You mechanize. You replace labor"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1501.61,"endTime":1505.3,"body":"with machines. But when you're"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1501.61,"endTime":1505.3,"body":"talking about small farms, they"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1505.3,"endTime":1508.24,"body":"cannot afford to mechanize"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1505.3,"endTime":1508.24,"body":"because mechanization is very,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1508.24,"endTime":1513.31,"body":"very expensive. So they have to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1508.24,"endTime":1513.31,"body":"rely on labor. If they have"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1513.31,"endTime":1516.01,"body":"already exhausted all their"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1513.31,"endTime":1516.01,"body":"family members working in the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1516.01,"endTime":1519.37,"body":"farms, where else can they turn"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1516.01,"endTime":1519.37,"body":"to. So that's when they came to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1519.37,"endTime":1523.45,"body":"me and they discussed the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1519.37,"endTime":1523.45,"body":"problems. And so I did a lot of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1523.45,"endTime":1527.62,"body":"research. And I actually ended"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1523.45,"endTime":1527.62,"body":"up going into another area,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1527.62,"endTime":1532.33,"body":"which is like looking at the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1527.62,"endTime":1532.33,"body":"government's H2A guest farm"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1532.33,"endTime":1536.74,"body":"worker visa program as a way to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1532.33,"endTime":1536.74,"body":"help these farms source their"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1536.77,"endTime":1540.67,"body":"workers, foreign workers on a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1536.77,"endTime":1540.67,"body":"contractual basis. But then"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1540.67,"endTime":1544.51,"body":"again, it's a continuing work,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1540.67,"endTime":1544.51,"body":"because that program is not a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1544.51,"endTime":1547.54,"body":"perfect program. In fact, some"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1544.51,"endTime":1547.54,"body":"farms also have issues with that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1547.54,"endTime":1550.87,"body":"program. So we continue to do"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1547.54,"endTime":1550.87,"body":"research in this area for the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1550.87,"endTime":1555.64,"body":"sake of like opening eyes to the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1550.87,"endTime":1555.64,"body":"need for reforms, for changes,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1555.67,"endTime":1558.88,"body":"so that the very people, the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1555.67,"endTime":1558.88,"body":"very businesses that need to use"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1558.88,"endTime":1562.21,"body":"this program will be able to use"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1558.88,"endTime":1562.21,"body":"them. And so the labor problem"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1562.21,"endTime":1562.93,"body":"will be resolved."},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1564.58,"endTime":1567.01,"body":"Wow, a lot to"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1564.58,"endTime":1567.01,"body":"think about. You mentioned the"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1567.01,"endTime":1571.21,"body":"recession in the early 2000s."},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1567.01,"endTime":1571.21,"body":"And right now our economy is"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1571.24,"endTime":1574.9,"body":"changing again, can you talk a"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1571.24,"endTime":1574.9,"body":"bit about how agriculture is"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1574.9,"endTime":1576.85,"body":"impacted by a changing economy?"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1578.83,"endTime":1581.29,"body":"Everything that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1578.83,"endTime":1581.29,"body":"happens in our economy, they're"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1581.29,"endTime":1585.88,"body":"actually interrelated. So any"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1581.29,"endTime":1585.88,"body":"decision that's made by a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1585.88,"endTime":1590.71,"body":"particular member of the economy"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1585.88,"endTime":1590.71,"body":"will always have a direct and or"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1590.71,"endTime":1596.32,"body":"indirect impact on the farm. We"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1590.71,"endTime":1596.32,"body":"have policymakers who formulate"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1596.32,"endTime":1601.66,"body":"laws. And so those laws, they"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1596.32,"endTime":1601.66,"body":"will have always repercussions"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1601.75,"endTime":1604.12,"body":"on different sectors on the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1601.75,"endTime":1604.12,"body":"farm, their effects would"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1604.12,"endTime":1608.38,"body":"actually be varied. Some will"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1604.12,"endTime":1608.38,"body":"benefit, some will not. People"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1608.38,"endTime":1612.07,"body":"like us, individual consumers,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1608.38,"endTime":1612.07,"body":"the decisions that we make based"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1612.07,"endTime":1615.73,"body":"on our personal behavior, they"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1612.07,"endTime":1615.73,"body":"will affect the individual"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1615.73,"endTime":1619.42,"body":"farms. We actually can dictate"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1615.73,"endTime":1619.42,"body":"to them what they need to do"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1619.48,"endTime":1622.9,"body":"through our choices through our"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1619.48,"endTime":1622.9,"body":"tastes through our preferences."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1623.5,"endTime":1627.73,"body":"So, the pandemic, because I know"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1623.5,"endTime":1627.73,"body":"you're referring to the changes"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1627.73,"endTime":1631.81,"body":"in the times, has actually led"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1627.73,"endTime":1631.81,"body":"to a lot of solutions or"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1631.84,"endTime":1635.8,"body":"policies that the government has"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1631.84,"endTime":1635.8,"body":"tried to implement with a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1635.8,"endTime":1640.57,"body":"particular goal in mind. That"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1635.8,"endTime":1640.57,"body":"goal would sometimes address a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1640.57,"endTime":1643.21,"body":"particular sector of the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1640.57,"endTime":1643.21,"body":"society, but that doesn't mean"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1643.21,"endTime":1646.3,"body":"that just because it's a policy"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1643.21,"endTime":1646.3,"body":"that's addressed towards health"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1646.3,"endTime":1649.99,"body":"care, it's not going to affect"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1646.3,"endTime":1649.99,"body":"the farm. My point in saying is"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1649.99,"endTime":1654.49,"body":"that any decision made in our"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1649.99,"endTime":1654.49,"body":"society, in our economy, would"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1654.49,"endTime":1657.85,"body":"always have the direct and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1654.49,"endTime":1657.85,"body":"indirect effect on the farm. And"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1657.85,"endTime":1663.67,"body":"the pandemic has definitely"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1657.85,"endTime":1663.67,"body":"modified a lot of the decisions"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1663.7,"endTime":1669.43,"body":"and how, how businesses would"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1663.7,"endTime":1669.43,"body":"operate their farms. Conditions"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1669.46,"endTime":1674.35,"body":"that are modified from time to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1669.46,"endTime":1674.35,"body":"time, they actually induce farm"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1674.35,"endTime":1677.89,"body":"business owners to adapt and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1674.35,"endTime":1677.89,"body":"make adjustments. And in the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1677.89,"endTime":1681.55,"body":"process, they're able to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1677.89,"endTime":1681.55,"body":"assimilate a different way of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1681.55,"endTime":1685.24,"body":"doing things. That's probably a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1681.55,"endTime":1685.24,"body":"little bit too abstract, but"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1685.24,"endTime":1689.5,"body":"what I can just say is that the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1685.24,"endTime":1689.5,"body":"farm sector has always been an"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1689.5,"endTime":1693.88,"body":"important supplier of basic"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1689.5,"endTime":1693.88,"body":"commodities, regardless of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1693.88,"endTime":1698.68,"body":"whether it's a recession or not."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1693.88,"endTime":1698.68,"body":"So during the recession, the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1698.68,"endTime":1702.28,"body":"farm sector was only able to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1698.68,"endTime":1702.28,"body":"realize how important the sector"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1702.28,"endTime":1705.73,"body":"was because, whether you are"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1702.28,"endTime":1705.73,"body":"under a recession or not, people"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1705.73,"endTime":1710.11,"body":"still need to eat. So we just"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1705.73,"endTime":1710.11,"body":"adapt to the needs of the times."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1710.14,"endTime":1712.87,"body":"And also realizing that there"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1710.14,"endTime":1712.87,"body":"are additional constraints in"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1712.87,"endTime":1715.18,"body":"the way we operate our"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1712.87,"endTime":1715.18,"body":"businesses, because of the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1715.18,"endTime":1719.68,"body":"changing times, will make us"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1715.18,"endTime":1719.68,"body":"modify our business strategies."},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1720.85,"endTime":1723.31,"body":"There's a lot to"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1720.85,"endTime":1723.31,"body":"unpack there, I feel like we"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1723.31,"endTime":1727.63,"body":"could have a whole next episode"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1723.31,"endTime":1727.63,"body":"just on those topics. But I want"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1727.63,"endTime":1729.85,"body":"to turn the conversation to a"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1727.63,"endTime":1729.85,"body":"little bit more of a celebratory"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1729.85,"endTime":1733.0,"body":"tone. You recently received the"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1729.85,"endTime":1733.0,"body":"Ketchum Prize from the FINRA"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1733.0,"endTime":1737.17,"body":"Foundation. Congratulations on"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1733.0,"endTime":1737.17,"body":"this huge honor! Can you tell us"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1737.2,"endTime":1739.87,"body":"what receiving the Ketchum Prize"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1737.2,"endTime":1739.87,"body":"means to you and your work?"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1740.71,"endTime":1742.57,"body":"Ketchum Prize"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1740.71,"endTime":1742.57,"body":"was something that was"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1742.57,"endTime":1745.66,"body":"unexpected. They said that the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1742.57,"endTime":1745.66,"body":"Ketchum Prize is the highest"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1745.66,"endTime":1748.57,"body":"prize that the Financial"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1745.66,"endTime":1748.57,"body":"Industry Regulatory Authority,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1748.57,"endTime":1754.93,"body":"or FINRA, would actually award"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1748.57,"endTime":1754.93,"body":"each year. And it recognizes"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1754.99,"endTime":1758.83,"body":"outstanding work in service and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1754.99,"endTime":1758.83,"body":"research that would advance"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1758.98,"endTime":1763.27,"body":"financial capability, financial"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1758.98,"endTime":1763.27,"body":"inclusion, and investor"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1763.27,"endTime":1769.18,"body":"protection. I believe that they"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1763.27,"endTime":1769.18,"body":"recognized me not for all those"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1769.18,"endTime":1772.27,"body":"three, but specifically for two"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1769.18,"endTime":1772.27,"body":"of those three, which would be"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1772.9,"endTime":1775.51,"body":"financial capability and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1772.9,"endTime":1775.51,"body":"financial inclusion. And they"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1775.51,"endTime":1779.47,"body":"zeroed in on my work on the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1775.51,"endTime":1779.47,"body":"racial and gender bias in"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1779.47,"endTime":1784.63,"body":"lending. And I cannot express"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1779.47,"endTime":1784.63,"body":"how humbling and how"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1784.63,"endTime":1790.75,"body":"overwhelming this recognition"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1784.63,"endTime":1790.75,"body":"was. Because when I do my job, I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1790.75,"endTime":1795.07,"body":"just do it because I thought"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1790.75,"endTime":1795.07,"body":"that it was necessary. I never"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1795.07,"endTime":1800.68,"body":"realized that I was actually"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1795.07,"endTime":1800.68,"body":"contributing something The award"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1800.68,"endTime":1803.83,"body":"actually made me realize that I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1800.68,"endTime":1803.83,"body":"somehow contributed to the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1803.83,"endTime":1808.63,"body":"commotion or the voice that all"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1803.83,"endTime":1808.63,"body":"this minority farmers, and the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1808.63,"endTime":1814.45,"body":"women farmers were making since"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1808.63,"endTime":1814.45,"body":"the 1990s. I thought that I was"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1814.45,"endTime":1818.77,"body":"just a bystander observing"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1814.45,"endTime":1818.77,"body":"things, and then doing things in"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1818.77,"endTime":1822.85,"body":"my own limited capacity without"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1818.77,"endTime":1822.85,"body":"even realizing that it was"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1822.85,"endTime":1827.2,"body":"making sense. So for the Ketchum"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1822.85,"endTime":1827.2,"body":"Prize, to remind me that I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1827.2,"endTime":1832.39,"body":"somehow was able to help is just"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1827.2,"endTime":1832.39,"body":"too humbling and too flattering."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1832.87,"endTime":1836.77,"body":"And I am glad that they did, not"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1832.87,"endTime":1836.77,"body":"for my sake, but for the fact"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1836.77,"endTime":1840.85,"body":"that such recognition will only"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1836.77,"endTime":1840.85,"body":"develop greater awareness of the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1840.85,"endTime":1845.71,"body":"issue. Because even if I told"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1840.85,"endTime":1845.71,"body":"you that the racial and gender"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1845.74,"endTime":1850.12,"body":"issues were more prevalent in"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1845.74,"endTime":1850.12,"body":"the late 1990s, when there was"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1850.12,"endTime":1854.59,"body":"so much going on in that area,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1850.12,"endTime":1854.59,"body":"and then reforms were already"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1854.59,"endTime":1859.12,"body":"made over the years, the issue"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1854.59,"endTime":1859.12,"body":"of bias and discrimination lives"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1859.12,"endTime":1864.01,"body":"on, I mean, it still prevails in"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1859.12,"endTime":1864.01,"body":"some forms. So to be able to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1864.01,"endTime":1867.97,"body":"generate some attention towards"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1864.01,"endTime":1867.97,"body":"that issue would only remind"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1867.97,"endTime":1872.89,"body":"everybody that nothing beats a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1867.97,"endTime":1872.89,"body":"society that operates in an"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1872.92,"endTime":1878.8,"body":"equitable, fair and just way,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1872.92,"endTime":1878.8,"body":"and that ideal is always"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1878.8,"endTime":1882.1,"body":"something that everyone should"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1878.8,"endTime":1882.1,"body":"try to help to promote."},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1883.81,"endTime":1886.12,"body":"Definitely,"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1883.81,"endTime":1886.12,"body":"always striving towards that"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1886.33,"endTime":1890.35,"body":"ideal, and congratulations again"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1886.33,"endTime":1890.35,"body":"on that incredible achievement."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1890.53,"endTime":1891.43,"body":"Thank you so"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1890.53,"endTime":1891.43,"body":"much."},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1891.49,"endTime":1893.38,"body":"And I know the"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1891.49,"endTime":1893.38,"body":"FINRA Foundation recently"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1893.38,"endTime":1896.38,"body":"interviewed you for a podcast"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1893.38,"endTime":1896.38,"body":"episode that goes further"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1896.38,"endTime":1899.08,"body":"in-depth on this particular"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1896.38,"endTime":1899.08,"body":"aspect of your work, so we'll"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1899.08,"endTime":1901.57,"body":"link that for our listeners in"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1899.08,"endTime":1901.57,"body":"the show notes. Was there"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1901.57,"endTime":1903.97,"body":"anything else that you wanted to"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1901.57,"endTime":1903.97,"body":"share with us today that you"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1903.97,"endTime":1905.08,"body":"feel like we missed?"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1906.7,"endTime":1909.46,"body":"Even though I"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1906.7,"endTime":1909.46,"body":"have been here for 21 years"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1909.46,"endTime":1912.61,"body":"already at the University of"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1909.46,"endTime":1912.61,"body":"Georgia, I always am compelled"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1912.64,"endTime":1917.59,"body":"to always try my very best to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1912.64,"endTime":1917.59,"body":"create an impact. Georgia has"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1917.59,"endTime":1920.38,"body":"been my home for two decades,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1917.59,"endTime":1920.38,"body":"the place where I live the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1920.38,"endTime":1924.64,"body":"longest. And as a home, I feel"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1920.38,"endTime":1924.64,"body":"like acclimated here, I feel"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1924.82,"endTime":1928.84,"body":"really comfortable. And then"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1924.82,"endTime":1928.84,"body":"maybe the reason why I feel this"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1928.84,"endTime":1933.25,"body":"way is because year after year,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1928.84,"endTime":1933.25,"body":"I welcome a new batch of people"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1933.28,"endTime":1936.19,"body":"coming from different places."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1933.28,"endTime":1936.19,"body":"And then that experience will"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1936.19,"endTime":1939.73,"body":"always remind me of my"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1936.19,"endTime":1939.73,"body":"beginnings. And when I'm"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1939.73,"endTime":1942.64,"body":"reminded of my origins as like"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1939.73,"endTime":1942.64,"body":"when I too was a foreign"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1942.64,"endTime":1946.3,"body":"student, and it was trying to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1942.64,"endTime":1946.3,"body":"fit in, the more I'm pressured,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1946.33,"endTime":1950.41,"body":"the more I am compelled to"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1946.33,"endTime":1950.41,"body":"always assert myself in a way"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1950.41,"endTime":1954.97,"body":"that I make sure that I do"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1950.41,"endTime":1954.97,"body":"things that are worthwhile, and"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1954.97,"endTime":1959.68,"body":"that will contribute to the"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1954.97,"endTime":1959.68,"body":"ideals of my employer. So, my"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1959.68,"endTime":1964.03,"body":"point is that I don't know when"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1959.68,"endTime":1964.03,"body":"this experience of fitting in"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1964.03,"endTime":1968.95,"body":"will end. I know that I already"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1964.03,"endTime":1968.95,"body":"fit in I know that I'm already a"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1968.95,"endTime":1976.3,"body":"legitimate or a permanent member"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1968.95,"endTime":1976.3,"body":"of this community. But every now"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1976.3,"endTime":1979.72,"body":"and then I'm just reminded that"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1976.3,"endTime":1979.72,"body":"I need to do more because,"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1979.75,"endTime":1981.16,"body":"because I'm still a minority."},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1982.51,"endTime":1985.06,"body":"Well Dr."},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1982.51,"endTime":1985.06,"body":"Escalante, thank you for joining"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1985.06,"endTime":1990.34,"body":"us today. Your passion is"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1985.06,"endTime":1990.34,"body":"inspirational is contagious. And"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1990.37,"endTime":1992.41,"body":"we're very grateful for your"},{"speaker":"Jordan Powers","startTime":1990.37,"endTime":1992.41,"body":"time."},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1992.66,"endTime":1994.82,"body":"Oh, thank you"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1992.66,"endTime":1994.82,"body":"so much. I feel honored that you"},{"speaker":"Cesar Escalante","startTime":1994.91,"endTime":1996.5,"body":"selected me for this project."},{"speaker":"Sound Effect","startTime":1996.5,"endTime":1996.53,"body":"[music]"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1997.91,"endTime":1999.56,"body":"Thanks for"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1997.91,"endTime":1999.56,"body":"listening to \"Cultivating"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1999.56,"endTime":2003.01,"body":"Curiosity,\" a podcast produced"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":1999.56,"endTime":2003.01,"body":"by the UGA College of"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":2003.01,"endTime":2006.46,"body":"Agricultural and Environmental"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":2003.01,"endTime":2006.46,"body":"Sciences. A special thanks to"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":2006.46,"endTime":2009.85,"body":"Mason McClintock for our music"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":2006.46,"endTime":2009.85,"body":"and sound effects. Find more"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":2009.85,"endTime":2012.16,"body":"episodes wherever you get your"},{"speaker":"Emily Davenport","startTime":2009.85,"endTime":2012.16,"body":"podcasts."}]}