The US entry into World War II had a potentially devastating effect on music. Blackouts, late-night curfews, and a 20% entertainment tax closed ballrooms, dance halls, and nightclubs all over the US. The rationing of rubber and gasoline drove many bands off the road, a shortage of shellac curtailed the recording of music, and some companies stopped making jukeboxes and musical instruments for a time because they were unnecessary to the war effort. On August 1, 1942, the American Federation of Musicians ordered its members to stop making records- other than the "V" discs intended for servicemen- until record companies agreed to pay them each time their music was played commercially. Capitol and Decca record companies settled, Victor and Columbia records held out, but musicians would not return to the studios for over two years.