Play Therapy with Adolescents: Why Teen Symptoms Are Easy to Misread

What do you do when a 16-year-old walks into your office, shrugs, and says, “I don’t care”?

Low motivation. Failing grades. Emotional shutdown. Estrangement from a parent after divorce. On the surface, it can look like depression, defiance, or typical teen apathy.

But what if those symptoms are telling a much more layered story?

In this free livestream episode, I’m walking you through a real-world adolescent case study to demonstrate why case conceptualization is the backbone of effective play therapy with teens. 

Without a clear framework, it’s easy to chase symptoms, try random expressive arts interventions, or second-guess every clinical decision. 

With a solid case conceptualization, your play therapy sessions become intentional, focused, and grounded in theory.

Before you pull out your best expressive arts activities – like art or the sand tray – you need to get clear on what’s at the root of the problem and that’s your case conceptualization (aka - working hypothesis)

We’ll explore:

• Why symptom-based thinking keeps play therapists stuck
• How your theoretical lens shapes the way you interpret adolescent behaviors
• Practical tips for formulating a culturally relevant case conceptualization
• Key questions to ask before choosing expressive arts or play therapy interventions

If you’ve ever left a session with a teen wondering, “What just happened—and what do I do next?” this conversation is for you.

Case conceptualization isn’t paperwork. It’s your clinical GPS.

Learn how to move from reacting to symptoms… to leading with clarity and confidence in your adolescent play therapy work.

Join my free Facebook Community Play and Expressive Arts Therapy Playground.

Check out my free resources for mental health professionals working with children, adolescents, and families who want to integrate play therapy and expressive arts into their clinical work.

I work with individuals and agencies to develop successful strategies and meet the treatment needs of your child and adolescent clients and their families using play therapy & expressive arts.

Contact me to schedule a free 30-minute video call if you're ready to level up your skills

Transcript

Cathi Spooner: 0:02

Welcome to Next Level Play Therapy. A weekly podcast dedicated to supporting the next generation of child and adolescent therapists to provide exceptional play therapy services. We'll explore all things play therapy. To elevate your work with children and adolescents using the therapeutic powers of play. I'll discuss practical tips and ideas so you can provide a transformative experience for your young clients and make a real difference in their lives. So get ready to take your play therapy skills to the next level and make a lasting impact in the lives of children, adolescents, and families. Hey there. Good morning. Welcome to this week's episode of Next Level Play Therapy, where we talk about all things play therapy. I'm Cathi Spooner. I'm a licensed clinical social worker and a registered play therapist supervisor and today I wanna do something a little bit different than we usually do. I thought it would be helpful to kind of do a case study with our therapist Jane, who is working with an adolescent client who's a little bit shut down. And as play therapists what, what can we do to help this client? And the first step, what we're gonna focus on today, excuse me. Today's episode is more focused on making sure we're reading the cues accurately from our client, meaning, how are we making sense of those symptoms? Because in order to figure out what to do, which is the treatment part, the intervention part, we first need to figure out what is going on and formulate our working hypothesis, also known as our case conceptualization, so that we know we know where to start and we know what to target. One of the reasons I thought this would be helpful is because a lot of times what I find is especially in when we're doing case presentations or I'm doing consultations, so I have two online memberships, the uh, Play Therapy Academy is more of the deep dive. We're getting down into the learning those core competencies of play therapy, learning a play therapy model, using it through each stage of the play therapy process. And as we do that, one of the things that we're doing when we're doing case presentations is case formulation. How do you think critically and analytically about what's going on with your clients so that when you are using your play therapy model, you're actually kind of targeting the roots of what the actual problem is? So that's what we're gonna do today. We are gonna kind of look at why, if you're only focusing on the symptoms, you are probably missing the deeper level issues. And how is your play therapy, how is your theoretical model going to influence, how are you making sense of those symptoms. We'll also talk a little bit about the role of culture when you're formulating your case conceptualization, and then some key questions you need to be thinking about. And we are gonna do that with our case study today. So I'm gonna go a little bit into trainer, kind of presenter, teacher mode, 'cause I'll do this in play Therapy Academy and Elevation Circle too. I kind of a natural teacher at heart and I like doing teaching. I like to break things down and kind of look at them a little more in depth. So, um, if you're joining us live today, I would love to know who's here. Post your name in the comments. What population are you working with? Where are you working? Are you using play therapy? What play therapy model do you tend to use? And feel free to post in the comments as I'm going through the case study, share your thoughts. If you're watching on the replay I would also love to know all of those things as well. So post in the comments, your name, where you're from, all the things. Add, add, join the conversation for those of you listening to the podcast episode feel free to follow me on Instagram at renewing Hearts Training. Message me. Um, send me an email pop over to my website. I'll talk a little bit more at the end today about Play Therapy Academy for those of you who are interested, I'll also talk a little bit about Elevation Circle. Enrollment for Elevation Circle is currently closed unless you're attending any of my trainings 'cause it's part of my trainings that I have next month in April two day sand tray training. And then in June I have a, um, trauma training using play therapy. And so Elevation Circle, when you do that, you get access to Elevation Circle to kind of help continue getting that support. All right, so let's get started for today. So today our topic is why, uh, play therapy with adolescents, why teen symptoms are easy to misread. So the first thing that we're gonna focus on today, well, the main thing we're gonna focus on today is really looking at case conceptualization. So case conceptualization is a really fancy word for how do you make sense of what is going on at the root of the problem, we're not focused on symptoms. We're gonna go deeper. And that's where case conceptualization comes in. We are looking at all of the symptoms, the how, the who, the what, the where, the when. Um, we are also looking at, um, your theoretical model because that's gonna influence how you're making sense of what is going on in the play therapy process. So, Michelle, welcome Michelle. Michelle says, I'm from Boise, Idaho and I'm applying for my LPC next month. Very exciting, non-traditional student and have utilized therapeutic play techniques in a coaching business supporting Oh, that's so cool, supporting foster and adoptive and bio parents. That is awesome. I worked at a residential treatment program. Um, for a little while when we moved to the West coast, 'cause I'm now in Nevada, Michelle, we're practically neighbors. Um, and it was all, all of it was the residential treatment program. We only worked with adopted youth and so there was a, that there was a lot of kind of coaching about how you do things a little bit differently. And we also have, I hope I said your name right? Um, integrative child psychotherapist, working with children and young people. Oh, at the Tavistock? Yes. That's so cool. Um, I. Uh, they're doing cool things there, um, and I use play therapy. Well, welcome, welcome, welcome. So, so Case, um, case formulas. Now my mouth's not working. Okay, so a little bit of self-disclosure here. Um, here in the us if you're here in the US we ju and maybe over there in the UK, um, we, uh, we just went through a time change, so my brain is a little wonky doodles and I did not get much sleep last night'cause I'm, my sleep is off because of the time change. And my dog, Luna is here in the my office with me. So if you hear some really weird noises in the background right now, she's doing a lot of snoring. Um, Luna and I went to the vet yesterday 'cause she was limping and it turns out Luna's got osteoarthritis. So she's a little sore and kind of sleepy today'cause I gave her some meds. But anyways, so you may hear a lot of snoring. Probably not a lot of digging 'cause she'll usually do a lot of digging. And sometimes if you're watching, especially if you're watching on it's, uh, LinkedIn or on YouTube, sometimes when Luna's moving around the office, you can see in the video background her little tail, like a little flag in the background, which is kind of funny. Whenever I go back and look at, oh no, she's digging. Whenever I look at the video background, I'll see that sometimes Luna. Yeah, she'll be digging today. Alright, so let's get started. We are going to be talking about, um, we're gonna be talk, I'm gonna share my screen a little bit differently today. We're gonna be taught and I'm, I went all fancy and um, made some slides. So if you're watching on linkedIn or YouTube. You can see my slides. If you're watching here on Instagram, you'll not be able to see my slides, but you may wanna go over to my YouTube channel and watch over there. It's, uh, Cathi Spooner Renewing Hearts on my YouTube channel. Just look on the live tab, and for those of you watching on LinkedIn, if you ever wanna watch the replays or all my other past episodes, probably easier to watch 'em on, um, on YouTube, or you can listen to my podcast. All right, let's get started. So we have the case of of Ethan. I'm gonna go through a little bit of a case presentation First. We're gonna meet Jane. Jane is the therapist. She works with children and teens. She's been providing counseling services for about seven years. Um, so it feels comfortable for her using play therapy and expressive arts to help her clients engage. She's been working with Ethan, our fictitious client for about five sessions, so he is fairly new to Jane, and Jane has been struggling to figure out the best way to help him since he doesn't engage much in the sessions. She's feeling a little bit stuck like we all do. Even now I've been doing this, coming up on, I have totally rounded the corner to 35 years almost. I get stuck sometimes. Um, so she's feeling a little bit stuck and not sure how to best help him, but she knows he is having a hard time, so she really, really wants to help him. So meet Ethan. Ethan is a 16-year-old male. He was referred to therapy with Jane because he's having academic problems and he's increasingly becoming emotionally withdrawn. Over the past school semester, he failed two classes and he is at risk of losing eligibility for extracurricular activities. Teachers describe him as disengaged minimally, minimally participatory, and frequently staring off during class. Assignments are incomplete or missing. Okay, so if this, was the only information you had, and maybe this is what parents are reporting, and you did that psychosocial assessment. And Ethan was there and he was pretty much shut down and you weren't getting much outta him, and you got some information from parents and this was the information. What kind of clinical picture, AKA diagnosis would you be leaning towards at this point in time? Right. He is, um, failing classes. He is staring off in class. He is not completing assignments. He's kind of minimally participating, kind of disengaged. You might start wondering about possible A DHD. You might also start thinking, maybe you might, thinking about depression. Post in the comments, what you think would be some diagnoses that you would consider at this point. Also, what questions are you still needing to know about like what questions do you still need to ask? What information is missing that's going to not going to give you the full picture. This is where our case conceptualization really makes a difference when we are doing Play Therapy Academy meetings, and also Elevation Circle, which is my other online membership when we're doing our Play Therapy Academy consultations and Elevation Circle. One of the things we're doing is going through the case conceptualization, figuring out what on earth do these symptoms mean? Because before we can figure out what to do, we really need to understand why Ethan is struggling. So if we, if we go on and we get a little bit more information. So, so now we're finding out a little bit of what's going at home. Parents report at home that Ethan spends most of his time isolated in his bedroom. Ethan reports, he doesn't have very much motivation. He's not, he's having a hard time concentrating. He's not sleeping very well, um, and he is just frequently tired. You're noticing his affect in the sessions is kind of flat. His eye contact is limited. He denies any active pseudo suicidal ideation, but he does. He does endorse feeling a little bit numb. Um, and it says he's kind of over it, like, whatever. So if you have, many of us had to have Ethan's in our sessions. If we're walk working with teens, we have probably had clients like Ethan. So this gives you a little bit more information. He's got low motivation, he has a hard time sleeping, he has a hard time concentrating, and he just constantly feels tired. He's kind of numb and withdrawn and he's out of it. So this information we're getting, um, more information. So how does that information influence your thinking about what's at the root of this? So now we're starting to formulate our diagnosis and, um, I'm not one to say, you know, there's a couple of schools of thought on diagnoses. Either you, you may be in the camp of diagnoses are a waste of time. Clients aren't symptoms, they're people. It's just for medical billing or pleasing the documentation gods. Or you might be like, diagnosis is everything. It forms your plan about treatment and you're gonna match your, your place, your treatment model with the presenting symptoms. So you might be using more of a prescriptive model where you're matching symptoms and treatment model. So this one, um, you're gonna be thinking about, uh, the symptoms. I, I kind of am, I tend to fall in the middle camp, which means diagnosis isn't, I think diagnosis gives us kind of an a ballpark idea of what might be at the root of what's going on to help us get a clinical picture of what our clients are struggling with. But diagnosis sometimes, a lot of times our clients don't match up symptom for, symptom for what's in the diagnostic manual, the DSM five, now we're at the tr. Um, so then it doesn't always match up perfectly. The DSM has gotten a lot better about identifying symptoms for children and adolescents. When I started back in grad school, we were on the, when I graduated ma, with my master's degree, we were on the DSM three TTR. That's a few decades ago. Um, so the DSM has come, come a long way since then. And I would say it's still hard because a lot of times it's not a perfect match. The way that I look at it though, if when we're looking at our case conceptualization, we're kind of looking at building a clinical picture so we can figure out what's at the root of the problem. And if we're thinking about Ethan's symptoms so far, then we've, we've got some symptoms, but there's a lot of information still missing. So one of the things I think is like may I like to do when we're, especially when I'm kind of in training mode, um, is what? What information do you need to get a better sense of what's going on with Ethan? If you were to think about some of your questions you'd wanna ask, what would those questions be? And feel free to type those if you're watching live or if you're watching on the replay, feel free to post those in the comments or just write those down on a piece of paper. If we kinda workshop this, write'em down on a piece of paper. If you're listening on the podcast, write those down on a piece of paper. Um, just so you're kind of really getting into that, um, analytic mode. So now we find a little bit more about what is going on with Ethan. What we find out is that Ethan's parents divorced about three years ago, um, following a, a long period of conflict with parents, excuse me, conflict in the home. He's currently estranged from his father and he has minimal contact with dad. Communication between parents, excuse me. You know what? I didn't bring water in with me today. So of course that's exactly when I get a tickle in my throat and I am having a hard time talking. All right. I'm gonna take a deep breath. All righty. So communication between Ethan's parents is tense. We could classify this as a high conflict divorce situation 'cause parents are not getting along. And Ethan reports feeling uncomfortable when either of his parents speak negatively about the other, so he avoids talking about it. He, he says he doesn't feel sad. He's fine, right? He's over it, whatever. Um, yet he kind of describes a sense of emptiness and detachment from his peers school, and he's not really thinking about future goals. So how much more does that give you about what is going on with Ethan? Gives you so much more information about what might be contributing to his, um, the struggles that he's having. So the thing that we wanna think about at this point, we have, we, so we've gathered some information and now we're gonna move into, um, our case formulation. One of the things that we haven't talked about in information that's missing is any cultural issues. What, um, what cultural influences are within the family. So let's say you have a family, maybe that's a very, very strong religious affiliation in the family, and divorce is not looked at as a good thing. I, I would say most people would say divorce is very painful and, um, has a lot of grief and loss associated with it. Now add on a layer of culture and let's say that Ethan is from a traditional Middle Eastern culture where that that particular faith denomination that he's from, it d divorce is looked at very negatively in the culture. Um, and so now we're thinking about what are the extended family members thinking about Ethan's parents and the divorce, how much, how many layers does that add? What is the influence of culture on what Ethan is dealing with? And so let's say Ethan lives in a household, a three generational household, because the whole family immigrated here to the U.S.. We're here in the US and so now we have, uh, and they immigrated here at different times. So, how does that influence your decision making or your case conceptualization? Maybe parents immigrated first and then Ethan stayed behind with grandparents, or maybe Ethan and grandparents came over uh, a couple years later with parents or maybe one parent came first and the rest of the family stayed so many different, or maybe they all came together. A lot of different things to consider in terms of factors that might be influencing what's going on with Ethan. And also Jane is African American and maybe she's from a different faith, faith, um, discipline. So maybe um, Ethan's religious culture is different than Jane's religious culture. Also, Jane is African American and Ethan and his whole family are Middle Eastern. So how are we navigating some of those cultural differences? And for Ethan, what layers do the, uh, does his culture, what, what are the layers that that adds to the issues that he's dealing with? This is all missing information, right? This is all the information you're gonna wanna find out about in order to get a better sense of what's going on with Ethan. So then the next thing we wanna do is also think about, um, what is your. What is your, um, theoretical orientation? What's your theoretical framework? What model are you using? So, in play therapy, he's an adolescent. Um, what if you are using Adlerian play therapy? If you're using Adlerian play therapy, you are gonna conceptualize ethan's presenting symptoms through that Adlerian lens. And we might hypothesize that Ethan feels like he doesn't count. Um, and maybe he lacks a little courage to speak up for himself, to let his parents know like, you guys need to get along 'cause you're making my life really stressful. And I'm tired of it, and I feel like I have to watch what I say because one of you is gonna get mad and I'm tired of you getting mad at me, and I don't wanna have to relay messages between you. And Dad, why have you disappeared? Right? Like, what is going on with that? And so, um, we also don't know why Ethan was estranged from his dad. What happened? We know there was, there was years of conflict prior to the divorce, but what, what extent was there domestic violence? Was there child abuse? Was there verbal abuse? We don't know any of those. Was there another kind of abuse? We don't know any of that information and all of that's gonna influence our thinking. So what if you are looking at this through a CBT lens? You are kind of looking at the presenting symptoms through CBT and that's gonna influence how you're making sense of what is going on with Ethan. I'm a big fan of using a neuroscience and attachment lens. I, I, I believe you can, you can add that layer of neuroscience and attachment to any play therapy model and get a, get kind of a, another, uh, flavor, so to speak to that theoretical lens. If we are, if we're just using, uh, an attachment and neuroscience lens, how are we gonna make sense of Ethan and what's going on with him? If I am conceptualizing this and formulating my working hypothesis, then I'm going, my initial working hypothesis or case conceptualization is gonna look at this from a neuroscience and attachment standpoint. From an, from that standpoint, we're looking at, Ethan does not have a secure relationship with his dad for sure we're not sure about his relationship with mom. What we do know is parents are the foundation for their children, and when you're in adolescence and your foundation is cracked to smithereens, then that's gonna influence the mental health of our client, who's an adolescent. There was a, there was an article in the, as the Association for play Therapy Journal, it's, this is from the April, 2013, um, article and it, it's entitled Towards Secure Attachment in Adolescent Relational Development. Advancements from sand play and expressive based interventions, and this was an article written by the late Eric Green, a Ian play therapist, Amy Myrick and David Crenshaw. And they looked at, they used an an attachment lens to as their theoretical form formulation. And, and in this article, they looked at literature, they did a whole literature review. But here's what they found. And I'm gonna read this because I think it, um, kind of, if I'm thinking about my case formulation or my working hypothesis, these are the things that I'm probably gonna be considering and that the research is supporting this, this lens. So this is on page 90. Recently the literature on parent adolescent attachment relationships has been demonstrate, has demonstrated associations between secure positive attachments and a, lower mental health difficulties. B, meaningful relationships and C, increased career success. In contrast, those adolescents who fail to form meaningful attachments with caregivers appear to struggle in these areas as new relationships develop and alter or dis dissipate over time, adolescents may experience variations and fluctuations in their mental wellbeing. So it kind of, um, confirms this idea of adolescents needs secure attachments as well. And without those secure attachments, it's going to influence their mental health. So we have, um, oh. Hi, this is, uh, someone from, uh, Canada. Hello. Can you please link that article or leave the title so I can look it up later? I will. I, yes, we will. I'll have, uh, Brill put that in there, but the title is Toward a Secure, toward cer. When my Mouth works, I'll be able to tell you. Okay. Trying again Towards secure attachment. In adolescent relational development, attachments from sand play and expressive based, expressive play-based intervention. The authors are Green, Mirik and Crenshaw. This is from April, 2013, volume 22, number two, so if you're interested in looking it, it's actually a really good article. I mean, it's kind of old at this point, 13 years old, but it's still relevant information because what we know is, teens need their, uh, secure attachment relationships just as much as parents do. And in fact, Daniel Siegel wrote a book about the adolescent brain using his interpersonal neurobiology lens, uh, the book is called Brainstorm. And one of the things. Seagull highlights in his book Brainstorm is the need for secure attachment relationships with parents in order for, um, teenagers to thrive. So if we look at divorce from an attachment rupture lens, and then you add on those extra layers of conflict and estrangement from dad and we don't know relationship with mom. Then we can, we can conceptualize that Ethan is struggling and doesn't have a secure relationship with either parent, and that's gonna influence his day-to-day experience. And so when you're using that information, you, you're thinking about, you're using this information. Here's the reason that we do our case conceptualization from the beginning, and we adjust as we go along. We do that because. This is what's gonna inform our decision making about what we're doing in sessions when we're doing it. And it's gonna be influenced by our theoretical model that we're going to use as that intervention piece. So, um, skipping over the initial case formulation really I think handicaps us, and I see this a lot, a lot of what we do in Play Therapy Academy is really focusing on the core competencies. One of those core Co or some of those core competencies is understanding child development, understanding your theoretical model, and using that for your case formula formulation. Using that information through each stage of the play therapy process and what does that look like in the different stages? So in Play Therapy Academy, we kind of take a deep dive in this, in Elevation Circle, we meet once a month, so it's um, and, elevation Circle is more because having a place to get support as a play therapist, we do a book club in there. We do case consultation. I'm gonna be adding some new features. We're doing some mini trainings, like this month in Elevation Circle, we're gonna be, we have a mini training about identifying play themes. So Elevation Circle is really kind of giving support. So we don't have to do play therapy alone. Play Therapy Academy does that, and we do a deep dive into developing those core competencies. So, so the, these, these are really important skills that we wanna focus on to help us, um, make a difference with our clients. So that is it for today. I'm going to do a quick little recap for today. Um, today we talked about our working hypothesis and why that's important, why you need your case formulation and you, you're looking at the symptoms, but you don't wanna get stuck on the symptoms. You wanna go deeper. Go to the deeper roots to get a better sense of what's going on, because otherwise what happens, what I see this all the time is you're gonna get stuck at some point. I get stuck, and I've been doing this a long time. I still get stuck. When I get stuck though, I know I need to go back to my initial case conceptualization and kind of see where we are in the treatment process, what we've accomplished, and where we are and how, and kind of take a step back. And get reoriented with my case formalization and understanding my play therapy model and what to do and when to do it. And what we, we learned from this case study about our fictitious ca, our fictitious character or, uh, client and fictitious therapist, Jane, is that Jane is really working on identifying these, these, um, symptoms. She's looking at family issues, and then she's using that neuroscience and attachment lens to to formulate that working hypothesis and figure out why Ethan is struggling, because that's gonna help inform Jane's treatment planning. You can't figure out what to do until you first understand what's going on and what's at the root. Don't stop at the symptoms. And here's the other thing, working in, uh, in the play therapy field, where the child and adolescent field is, usually you're doing this work alone. I can't tell you how many times I meet with people when they are scheduling their 30 minute video calls with me to see if Play Therapy academy's a good fit. One of the things that I hear over and over and over is they're the only play therapist and they're, um, kind of having to do it alone and figure things out alone. And so. Um, doing that alone can be hard, and it doesn't even matter. We, we, even if you're seasoned, doing it alone is hard. We hold, we hold these hard stories in our nervous system all day long, session after session, after session, after session. And so it can be nice to have a place to take that, to let go of some of it and get support so that you don't feel like you're doing it alone and you're not feeling like you're getting burned out because you do have that support. So that is it for today. If you're interested in Play Therapy Academy. I do have some openings right now. Um, I only have openings as people leave or, or graduate. Um, so if you're interested in Play Therapy Academy and you want to do a deeper dive, learning those core competencies, developing a lot more confidence, knowing what you're doing and why you're doing it, and then being able to explain that to parents in a way that makes sense and sounds like you know what you're doing, and you can finally kick imposter syndrome to the curb, then schedule a 30 minute video call with me. We'll see if Play therapy's a good fit for you. If it's not a good fit, maybe Elevation Circle is a better fit for you and um, you can go on the wait list. If you're interested in finding out more about Play Therapy Academy or elevation Circle, then pop over to my website at rh play therapy training.com. That's RH play therapy training.com. For Play Therapy Academy, you wanna click on the consultation page and that'll give you some information about which one might be a better fit Elevation Circle, or Play Therapy Academy. It really depends on what your needs are at this time. Elevation Circle is more like community focused and based and supportive. We do different things to support, play therapists. Play Therapy elevation Circle. We get tons of support in there. And I would say one of the things that most play Therapy Academy members say is their favorite is the group support that, that they get in there to take those deep dives. I also have a Sand Tray training coming up. If you're interested, this one's just a, uh, this one's a two day in-person. It's in-person only. Um, you can check out the training page on my website for that one. And I also have another training coming up, healing trauma through play therapy, using a neuroscience and attachment approach. So if you're interested in any of those trainings, pop over to my website at rh play therapy training.com. That's Renewing Hearts Play Therapy training. Um, or if you're interested in Play Therapy Academy, pop over there as well. And I will see you next week. Bye for now. Thank you for joining me on this episode of Next Level Play Therapy. I hope you found the discussion valuable and gained new insights and ideas to support your work helping children, adolescents, and families feel. If you enjoyed this episode, be sure to subscribe to the podcast and leave a review. Your feedback helps to improve and reach more people who can benefit from this information. Remember. Play therapy is a powerful tool for healing and growth. Whether you're a new play therapist or experienced, I encourage you to continue your learning journey to unlock the potential of play in your own work in relationships. If you have any questions or topics, suggestions for future. I'd love to hear from you. Connect with me on social media and visit my website at Renewing Hearts Play Therapy Training to stay updated on upcoming episodes, trainings, and resources. Thank you once again for listening to Next Level Play Therapy. Until next time, keep playing, learning and growing.