S4E9: Q&A with the Forage Team! (Part 2)

Recorded: 11/17/25 

In this episode, our forage team educators and specialists sit down to answer commonly asked questions about forage production. In part 2, they discuss making your last fall cutting, and early spring fertility and management. 

Hosts: Ryan Spelman, Justin Brackenrich, and Dwane Miller

Links:
Hay and Pasture Renovation Decisions
Soil Fertility Management for Forage Crops: Pre-establishment

Photo credit: Ryan Spelman, Penn State Extension

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Transcript

Ryan Spelman (00:18)
Welcome to another episode of the Agronomy Highlights podcast. This week's episode is actually a continuation of last week's episode, Q &A with the Forage team. So if you didn't listen to that episode, please listen to that one first and then continue to this episode. But basically on that first episode, our Forage team sat down and talked about some commonly asked questions they got and discussed some of the answers that they would give to those questions. Last week,

our educators focused on questions surrounding forward stand reestablishment decisions, in season or late fall, fertility applications and soil testing. So definitely check that out if you're interested in that part of the show. Now this week, our educators are gonna kind of move into the later part of the season. So one of the things we're gonna discuss is how late

Can you make your last cutting of a forage and at what height should you leave that remaining forage? They're going to talk a little bit about early spring fertility decisions, managing that crop at green up. We had to cut this episode kind of mid roll. So At this point, we just transitioned from a conversation of

⁓ fertility management and we're going to jump into a question from Dwayne on deciding when to make that last harvest after a dry season that we had. So we'll jump into Dwayne's thoughts and go from there. Enjoy.

Dwane Miller (01:44)
got the whole sub team in front of us today and this is a real treat so we'll go around the table have everybody introduce themselves start over here on my right

Dr. Guojie Wang (01:52)
Hello, my name is Guojie Wang, the 4-Rig extension specialist in State College, University Park Region.

Stephen Cambell (01:59)
My name is Steven Campbell. I am the Agronomy Educator covering Butler, Beaver, Armstrong in Indiana counties in western Pennsylvania.

Andrew Frankenfield (02:08)
I'm Andrew Frankenfield, Agronomy Educator based in Southeast Pennsylvania in Montgomery County.

Ron Hoover (02:13)
And

Ron Hoover, I work at University Park, I teach a few classes, I get involved in all three phases of what we do at Atlanta Grant University, Extension Research and Teaching, and a little bit of part-time farming.

Zack Curtis (02:26)
I'm Zach Curtis. an agronomy educator in Wayne County working in portions of northeastern Pennsylvania.

Leanna Duppstadt (02:32)
I am an agronomy educator as well based out of South Central Pennsylvania and we do some farming on the side as well.

Andrew Frankenfield (02:39)
you

Host(s) (02:40)
This year was one that was very, very tough for some forage producers. And to your point, in our area, was a significant amount of after first cutting, there was no fertility put out because folks were saying, well, like it just got too dry. Now we get into this time of year and we've got some regrowth.

Ron Hoover (03:00)
Thank

Host(s) (03:01)
And what do we do? We always get the question, should we take this stuff off the field now? Do we wait till next spring? What's the best answer? And everybody's gonna say, it depends.

Ron Hoover (03:12)
We need like the staples button revamped here.

Host(s) (03:14)
It

depends

Andrew Frankenfield (03:16)
I

think we have two schools of thought sitting around the table here. Ron's sitting to my right and he just made some late forage the other week, right? And I cleaned up my hay equipment the end of September, early October and said, I'm done, I'm parking it away, I'm not gonna do anymore.

Ron Hoover (03:33)
We did the same thing.

Host(s) (03:34)
You

Andrew Frankenfield (03:35)
It does depend. know if you've got a foot of growth out there and it's thick and lush, that's what your situation was and he said well don't want to have that dead material in my hay next year and I didn't have that much growth on my field so I'm like you know what hopefully that just nestles down and it's fine come springtime but I don't want to go over with the rotary mower because I've never had a bush hog that spreads that residue evenly. Right it always windrows it and it can smother some grass you can pick it up with the

the next year. So I'd rather have it dispersed over the entire field than in sort of clumps. And then the cost of doing that, right? So I think I can mow hay cheaper than I can rotary mow because I don't have a large rotary mower. And then I certainly don't want to leave it laying on the surface unprocessed. So I leave it there. knowing the cost of bush hogging. Now in your case, Ron, maybe you want to talk to your example. But if you cut it, tat it, bale it, you know, you've already have the

Ron Hoover (04:28)
It was, it's going to be at least in mind because I don't have animals. If I had beef cows to where I could feed this, what I could have done is, is, you know, mowed five or six acres, you know, every couple of days, brought it in, fed it fresh. If I would have had a, you know, again, cattle, a bell wrapper, going ahead and making belly java some of this. Actually, one of my neighbors did take the one five, four, four and a half, five acre field that I just didn't want to mess with. It was actually pretty close to him.

I mowed it for him. He was able to get it off last, ⁓ end of last week. he was able to make some feed out of it. In my case, I, I, I'd literally small squared bail it off because I don't have a round baler and got it to, again, to some, neighbors as well as to some family that have dairy cows and they're feeding it out. But, ⁓ yeah, I'm making hay off of a little over 60 acres. And until I finished mowing last weekend, I ended up having done 35 acres of that just because it was, it was just.

too big. I just didn't want to have all that dead material there, you know, come May, early June at the time, you know, I'm trying to make first cutting next year. Maybe to have four or five hundred pounds of that, to expect to have four or five hundred pounds of that brought up over the winter into the early spring is, you know, that's a real, an expectation that could have been met, I think, by nature. But to have, you know, eight hundred, a thousand pounds of dry hay out there, which is about what it ended up being, was going to be a little too much.

Am I making any money on the product I'm getting off? No. But am I going to be satisfied with the conditions of the hay fields come May, whenever I'm getting ready to mow first cutting orchard grass next year? Yes. And I'll have customers that are going to be very pleased and not seeing all that brown, if not black, 2025.

Host(s) (06:12)
We got

caught one year at home where we did not take that forage off and first cutting orchard grass the next year was ugly. There was so much dead material in there. It just didn't make the hay look nice at all.

Ron Hoover (06:26)
We just broke out a 2,000 foot roll of the one inch wide ribbon fence and set up some stakes and we had about 30 acres that was easily accessed to our pasture and every day we got a new strip and ⁓ 40 cattle harvested that forage a lot cheaper than we ever could with any machinery. And you spread your fur like a free rib. ⁓

Andrew Frankenfield (06:48)
I don't

have six cattle. They're not enough. But Dr. G, question for you, is it that orchard grass tall fescue at three and a half, four inches here in November, is that hurting our stand in the future for next year, or is that not detrimental?

Ron Hoover (06:53)
That's not enough.

And the cut

Dr. Guojie Wang (07:09)
If we more, those species are this late, like ⁓ middle or late part of November, because the lower temperatures and the shorter food period, the regress potential is very limited or minimal. So it's not very detrimental. The residual effect, however, the stubble ⁓ height there, left behind, will have some benefits, know, catch the snow, nutrient return, and everything else. But several species should be more if we have more than high

to three quarters of ton per acre in the fall. The first species of perennial ryegrass, I understand perennial ryegrass is not very popular in Pennsylvania, but in case you have that species in your hay field, if the material is very dense for perennial ryegrass, the smother effect, the ZZZ effect, will thin the perennial ryegrass very significantly. You may come back next spring without any new regrowth. So that is

very sensitive species. Next one is orchid grass because the basil leaves, if we do not move with a lot of materials left behind, it will have a lot of leaf rusts or disease problems. Next spray.

Host(s) (08:21)
So I always in the backgrounds of these podcasts, like I'm frantically doing math, right? People are saying things and I'm like Googling things and trying my darndest to get my math done. And so just for kind of a more concrete answer to this.

If you think about your forages, an inch of forage material over an acre is roughly, I've seen numbers anywhere between 125 pounds and 200 pounds per inch, depending on the quality of what your swath is. so what, excuse me, your swart is. And so the answer Dr. G said, a half to three quarters of a ton is when it's beneficial to know. So what we're talking about using these numbers, somewhere between 12 and seven inches.

is a really good kind of point to see this that if you're using these numbers looking for that hundred and fifty or excuse me fifteen hundred pounds that's what's going to be advantageous. I would probably maybe encourage you be closer to the 12 inch side than the seven and a half inch side for what Andrew and Ron have discussed but that gives you more concrete starting point to think about this.

Ron Hoover (09:20)
it's much shorter than that, won't have to worry about bailing up there. Yeah, you gotta lose it through the rake anyhow. Right. The mower will even mow it.

Host(s) (09:29)
But I think

that is a good point for the economics of it, for the visual part of it, for the rotting part of it. It's always nice, we said depends a lot. So it's nice to give people some concrete number that they can kind of work off of. I can see everybody going out now with their words.

Leanna Duppstadt (09:42)
You

Ron Hoover (09:43)
But I do, think that's a number that will take. That's a little bit more relatable to be able to go out and be like, okay, what is the height of my forage? Not necessarily, okay, is this going to get me three quarters of a ton?

Host(s) (09:46)
Yeah.

Andrew Frankenfield (09:54)
Remember, that's above the cutting height. Not from the serial surface. So if you're going at four inches, a inch tall forge is only giving you eight inches of cut.

Ron Hoover (09:57)
So it's.

Host(s) (10:00)
Good point.

So

now we're 16 to 10 to 16 inches is what that height should be. Great point. Yeah, so I you know should have done my math a little slower. But that's a great part to add to this and so you're gonna have to get a little bit bigger than your foot measuring stick. You might have to get your yardstick out to get 16 inches but I think that's a cool number to leave you with on that that topic.

Andrew Frankenfield (10:11)
That's not over here.

Host(s) (10:25)
So we're kind of looking at spring, right? And we're thinking about this as how we start to transition. We've thrown around this term, green up, on numerous occasions over the course of what we've talked about here. And what I'd like to start with is what is green up and when do we actually see that occurring and how is the best way to get fertilizer on forages at green up? So who wants to start?

Andrew Frankenfield (10:50)
It's the persithea bush.

Host(s) (10:52)
We're

talking perennial cool season for you. And landscaping.

Andrew Frankenfield (10:54)
We're fly.

Ron Hoover (10:56)
That's talking to me, that's crabgrass control there.

Andrew Frankenfield (11:00)
That is what I'm doing. I'm UAN down. I'm putting satellite with it. this year was March 15th in my area. There was some dormancy breaking on the grass. Prasithias were blooming and the soil conditions were good. And I was applying, 15th.

Host(s) (11:16)
March 15th.

Ron Hoover (11:18)
So you're saying that that date can vary. How much? How much do you find?

Andrew Frankenfield (11:21)
from your experience. Absolutely.

Dr. Guojie Wang (11:24)
you

Andrew Frankenfield (11:25)
few weeks, you know, it might be the first of April one year and this was earlier this year, you middle of March, but it felt early. I'll be honest with you. I mean, the field had a brown appearance to it, but if you looked in the crown, there was green there. And I checked with Dr. G. He said, it's time to go. And I said, okay, I'm loading up and I'm going to roll. And I had positive result of that. But I think some people will go later, but you can start.

Ron Hoover (11:43)
you

Andrew Frankenfield (11:50)
And that's when the forsythia was in full blue.

Ron Hoover (11:54)
And

you're you're almost in the farthest southeastern corner of the state But right right here in the central part of the state that wasn't until like yes I remember probably the 10th or 12th of April So we were we were almost a full month behind you here. So and then you go to the northern Yeah, we're the part of the state. Yeah, March 15th. I'm still sleeping with my show snow shovels my dad ⁓

Host(s) (11:59)
But that's it, like...

Andrew Frankenfield (12:13)
Yeah, my

I couldn't.

Dr. Guojie Wang (12:18)
So

this kind of green up is a kind of observation, but the science behind this green up is actively growing time. So we want to apply all the fertilizers correct to the soil fertility right before the actively growing time. So how could we know that? You know, the good soil temperature, you know, around, you know, for the cool season grasses, you know, at least several days together consecutively, you know, around 40 degrees.

You know that is a good gesture based on the weather data also by the experience if you look down the old to the grass timacy You know split the crown area and see those kind of pillars actually formed one to three Actively growing leaves You know the three is a pretty mature that is absolutely the time to apply but before one you see next week

the weather forecast is all about 40 degrees air or 45. That is a good time to apply right before the actively growing springtime.

Leanna Duppstadt (13:28)
.

Host(s) (13:31)
So I want to take a quick sidebar. You did an excellent job describing green up. Another question that comes up a lot and we mentioned kind of off the cuff is killing frost, right? Can you explain to us similarly to green up when does killing frost occur in the fall?

Dr. Guojie Wang (13:48)
⁓ so by the definition in the textbook, the Keeling frost is a low temperature coupled with the duration of the low temperature. So the lower temperature we mentioned several times is 25F for at least four hours. That's the Keeling frost. But if we look back to the weather pattern for the last couple of years, we will not have the Keeling frost until December. So, you know, that is the temperature for the Keeling frost.

Maybe we consider other factors like the photo period. If the day is shorter and shorter, a temperature around 28 degrees for two hours could be a killing frost, just to stop the perennials to grow or regrow, even if meet some kind of better conditions later on.

Host(s) (14:39)
So just like Andrew said,

Andrew Frankenfield (14:39)
Thanks.

Host(s) (14:42)
he times his applications with the forsythia and that can change your location in Pennsylvania or the country or anywhere really has a pretty wide range of when you can hit green up in the spring or killing frost in the fall. so if Ryan can cut all this and add it where it needs to go, but if we're back to this talking about seeding or strengthening a stand, how do you use the term killing frost to make decisions of when it's too late to mow or too late to start

to put these stands to make them thicker.

Dr. Guojie Wang (15:12)
We have the recommendation very straightforward, four to six weeks before the killing frost. But the decision we need to make is before that killing frost. We don't know when it comes, right? So we use another word, add to the killing frost, called average killing frost date. For example, central Pennsylvania, normally around middle October. So if you backtrack six weeks, that means around Labor Day, that's the last time.

or the latest date to seed perennials or harvest perennials especially for legumes. For grasses, could be a little bit leafy room, flexible, you can seed a little bit late or you can harvest a little bit late.

Host(s) (15:57)
So I tell all of the producers I work with where I'm at in kind of the Southwest that Labor Day is there, they're cut off because when they go two weeks later, now it's mid September and that pushes us into late October, early November, right? And in a perfect world, they'd be getting it done at Labor Day, but I know how that works. And so I embellish my dates because I know of tendencies.

Ron Hoover (16:19)
I think that's my favorite

question though because I have to ask, because my counties are spread out in such a weird geographic area, I have to ask where they are. Because it can be a two to four week difference between where my house is sitting going downhill or going uphill. So that's always a fun conversation.

Andrew Frankenfield (16:37)
I use the

same time in Labor Day because

I've seen it in October I'll admit but it's not because you want to usually there's a maybe we've had some dry falls here in the past couple of seasons and You know like you're not always the best to plant You know to plant in the dust or not. That's the biggest question Will that next rain germinated enough to get it started and survive or will it just dry out? So it is stressful when you're trying to decide when is the best

Host(s) (17:04)
We had some locales here this year where that very thing happened. We folks made forage seedings, could see the seedbed there and we got just a little bit of rain. It activated and it germinated in some spots and then we sat again for how long with dryness. there was some, I'd anticipate some calls coming in maybe with some failed forage seedings next spring again.

So we did, and how we get to these points, right? But that's the point of this is we wander a little and we answer all these questions as we come to them. We've established green up, right, as our reference points and how we get to there. Andrew's talking about using UAN as his spring fertilizer. What makes that liquid, UAN, more valuable or your go-to in fertilizer compared to something we've talked a lot about, ammonium sulfate or urea? Why do you choose that point?

Andrew Frankenfield (17:56)
I mentioned I'm satellite or Prowl H2O herbicide with it. That's my annual grass control first application. So I put that on twice throughout the year at Greenup and after first cutting. UAN can burn grass in between cuttings, but early on in the season, if you're going in at early Greenup, it's not going to cause really much delay or burn. So I use it because I'm already going to, I do want to go across with the herbicide. So I use liquid UAN as my nitrogen source there.

the first pass. I'll use dry after that and after first and second cutting. But it's basically I'm doing the trip across the field of the sprayer so I'm going to use that. We're set up to we can get a tractor trailer load a UAN so I've already got you know that on hand in storage and can pump it out and you don't have to coordinate a buggy you don't have to carry bags just start the pump load the sprayer and go. So if

Ron Hoover (18:46)
And it's so much more uniform than our dry spreaders. Even a spreader that I've owned now for over 10 years and I think I've got it figured out and I look over my shoulder two weeks after a top dress with dry and I see little skips or places where I've overlapped a little too much. As long as you've got markers at end of your boobs and can tell where you've sprayed.

Andrew Frankenfield (19:08)
But it takes longer. know, when I do the dry fertilizer spreading with a buggy, it's 40 feet instead of 45. But boy, you can fly and you can just whip around and it's usually somebody else's buggy. So you don't care as much about that rough field versus your boot. You know, when you have booms out there, they're bouncing around and you got to drive a little slower. But yeah.

So when I do, we've got 80 acres of grass hay, I can usually cover that in an afternoon with a buggy, but with a sprayer it's going to take twice to three times that long.

Ron Hoover (19:36)
What kind of nozzles do you use for that?

Andrew Frankenfield (19:39)
Just the blue T-jet, flat fan, air induction. So they are sort of low drift. I put on 23 gallons, which is like, what's that, 70-ish units. And...

Sometimes I treat it with a nitrogen stabilizer, sometimes I don't, depending on the weather forecast, how soon rain is coming. And when you're in the 40s, know, volatilization isn't quite as extreme as in the 70s or 80s in the summertime.

Ron Hoover (20:02)
But that's, probably also have your P and K pretty well in mind.

Andrew Frankenfield (20:06)
K is going on in the fall and we have high phosphors from years of manure application. The one thing I'd like to consider is a stream nozzle. You know, they're like streamer bars where you can put it on, but you can't put the herbicide with that because it doesn't give you this uniform distribution. But I looked at the price of UAN compared to the price of urea and last year I bought UAN like 20 cents a unit cheaper.

This year I don't know it'll be that much cheaper, but we've got to compare fertilizer materials too. And I could do a lot better using UAN than I could with dry.

Host(s) (20:41)
And maybe it's a full podcast one day. We always like to do these to get ideas Deciding what nitrogen source to use because there are a lot of them in a lot of different ways And maybe it's longer than what we have for this But if I'm a producer and I'm listening to this that it makes a lot of sense to me How do you just do this? Right? If you've got a sprayer like are there steps you have to do other things that need to happen or can I just like Order a tote of you a in and have it brought in and hit the ground

Andrew Frankenfield (21:08)
I'm not quite sure the question, but so I'm ready. I'm pricing your UAN for next year.

Host(s) (21:13)
So let's say, me back up. If I'm traditionally using my buggy for spring application and I've got a sprayer that I'm using for other stuff, like what else is involved with this to get set up to do liquid nitrogen UAN applications in spring?

Andrew Frankenfield (21:26)
having a tank,

some guys will bring a thousand gallon trailer tank to you and you pump it right from there into your sprayer. The specific gravity of UAN is different than water. So you need to calibrate your sprayer so you know when you're applying 30 psi of water you're actually applying a different rate than you would be with UAN. The UAN would be less.

Host(s) (21:46)
good point, right?

Understanding with the material you have, it's going to be different than water. So essentially, 32 % versus 28%, right? So it's storage, it's a couple different nozzles, and it's recalibration.

Andrew Frankenfield (21:59)
Yep, and we're using the same nozzles as we're using for post-spreading soybeans. Okay. So it'll go through there. But storage tanks, know, be cautious of what you put it in, right? You're spending thousands of dollars and you're putting this product in an old poly tank that you may have bought at an auction. You don't want to come out one morning to see that crack in the side of that.

Host(s) (22:02)
Okay.

Andrew Frankenfield (22:21)
You know, we get it by the trailer load, which is a cheaper option. Other companies will deliver less than that. But compare your prices and the offerings that are around there. You know, I use dry after first cutting and my fertilizer supplier is able to get it there usually within a day or two when I want it or even that afternoon. And we can load four ton and five ton in a buggy and cover acres pretty quick that way too.

Host(s) (22:43)
So I would say a good tip would also be maybe if I'm thinking about this is making sure we're cleaning out well. You mentioned what you use for your soybean sprays. If we've done any cleanup on the other stuff, it's always good to make sure we're going through our tank clean out and it's before we start spraying our forages and spraying with whatever was left over from last year in lines.

Andrew Frankenfield (23:02)
And it's nice, usually I top dress a small grain first, so I'm kind of running that through the UAN made by itself. But generally we're putting the sprayer bed clean, We winterize it, we clean it up, and that's usually one of the first things we're spraying in the spring, is the hay.

Host(s) (23:18)
So I think we're moving towards a close. This has been an excellent kind of attempt at what we've looked at here. I think we should, anybody have any kind of final thoughts on ways to manage our forages in the fall or spring? I'll take either one. Zachary?

Ron?

Ron Hoover (23:33)
don't get too excited about anything special in the fall. again, my situation, I'm not dealing with legumes. know that legume management, you know, as we get closer to that freezing time.

The ability of a stand of either legume or mixed legume grass is going to be more of a challenge than overwintering just the straight grass. That's why my challenge was more, being that it's a straight grass system that I manage, just not wanting to have too much forage in there. I wasn't too concerned about the time at which I was harvesting here in the fall. I was more concerned about just removing material that I didn't want to see dying and decomposing between now.

and spring green up or spring first cutting hay you know first cutting mowing and raking.

Andrew Frankenfield (24:18)
For me, it's kind of like what Stephen said, look, now's the time to look at your budget. We know what we produced this past year, start getting prices potentially for inputs for next year, and look at that cost of production. I'd be happy to provide some budgets for people if they want that, because oftentimes it costs you way more than you think it does to produce a ton of hay. I don't think $150 to $175 a ton is out

when I say that's oftentimes what it costs to produce a ton of hay.

Ron Hoover (24:48)
Farmers have

a tendency not to pay themselves, right? I think for me, it's go and get your soil test done and talking with our Ag Analytical Lab Supervisor, John Spargo, here a few weeks when we did a tour. They see a lot of their soil samples run through the lab here in the spring for some reason, comparatively to other states around Pennsylvania where a lot of people are doing their sampling here in the fall. So help them out and do your soil samples now.

Andrew Frankenfield (24:50)
Yeah.

Ron Hoover (25:17)
when the lab isn't seeing that influx and I think he said it was right around like 30,000 samples they received in the spring which is quite a number of samples the process and go through so stop by your local Extension office and pick up yourself a soil test and see what's in there.

Andrew Frankenfield (25:35)
and it gives you time to plan if you do it now.

Ron Hoover (25:38)
Yeah, with that budget. There you go.

Andrew Frankenfield (25:39)
With your budget.

Dr. Guojie Wang (25:41)
Yeah, so I will use my first cut of hay as an indicator for the health of this management. Because the first cut of hay normally will contain 40 % or even above the whole year's production. Also, if we cut it on the right time with the right conditions, that's the highest quality. So very high yield, high quality. So if I have the yield potential, I will be satisfied.

have the yield potential, I will go back to the last fall. Did I cut on the right time? Did I fertilize right? And it is too soon, could I do something to make it a secret? So I will pay close attention to my first cut of hay, either yield and quality. So that is my focus.

Ron Hoover (26:31)
So we talked a little bit about animal health in terms of whenever we're mechanically applying manure and things like that. But I think what we failed to mention was we were talking about the law of minimums in terms of fertilizer and things like that. But paying attention to what your livestock needs are as well. Because if we start getting low in things like magnesium, but our potassium levels are high, we might have some incidents of grass tetany. So while we're thinking about our macros and then looking down at the micros and things like that, I mean, the end game here is we're feeding these forages, right? So we've got to make sure that

we're going to do justice for the animals that we're feeding them to. Hey Leanna, you reminded me of something.

Dr. Guojie Wang (27:05)
something.

Host(s) (27:06)
Sorry, time's over.

Ron Hoover (27:08)
You know if we're going to get into the fall and hopefully you know fall is when we're going to start feeding these forages it's great time to go and take a forage sample and see what's in those forages and figure out what you need to supplement those animals with. There you go. Full start.

Host(s) (27:23)
So we've plugged soil sampling, forage sampling, observations.

We've identified a lot of key terms that we can use to help us manage on the beginning of the year and the end of the year. We've established some nice bench lines as far as when to mow and when not to mow for tonnage. Dwayne, I feel like this has just been a whirlwind. Man, we covered a lot of ground today. We did. Yes, but I hope that this is useful. I hope that you can take this back and use this in your operation. Maybe it can help answer some questions. But other than that, I think this is a great stopping point.

for our first trial run with our forage sub team. I want to thank everybody for being here. This worked so well. Maybe we can try it again with some of our other groups within Penn State Extension's field and forage crops team. Look forward to doing more. So if you enjoyed this, us an email. Let us know any ideas about common questions you may have. thank you for joining us for another episode of the Agronomy Highlights podcast. And we hope to see you on the next one.