{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":0.54,"endTime":3.57,"body":"You're listening"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":0.54,"endTime":3.57,"body":"to Veterinary Vertex, a podcast"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":3.57,"endTime":6.84,"body":"to the AVMA journals. In this"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":3.57,"endTime":6.84,"body":"episode, we chat about"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":6.87,"endTime":11.04,"body":"antibiograms as one health tools"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":6.87,"endTime":11.04,"body":"for antimicrobial stewardship"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":11.22,"endTime":14.46,"body":"with our guests Heather Fritz"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":11.22,"endTime":14.46,"body":"and Catherine Lorenz."},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":20.34,"endTime":22.32,"body":"Welcome to"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":20.34,"endTime":22.32,"body":"Veterinary Vertex, I'm"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":22.32,"endTime":25.11,"body":"Editor-in-Chief Lisa Fortier,"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":22.32,"endTime":25.11,"body":"and I'm joined by Associate"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":25.11,"endTime":28.41,"body":"Editor Sarah Wright. Today we"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":25.11,"endTime":28.41,"body":"have Heather and Catherine"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":28.41,"endTime":31.38,"body":"joining us, Heather and"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":28.41,"endTime":31.38,"body":"Catherine, thank you so much for"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":31.38,"endTime":34.32,"body":"taking time out of your busy day"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":31.38,"endTime":34.32,"body":"in your work in your profession"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":34.32,"endTime":36.42,"body":"and your personal lives to be"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":34.32,"endTime":36.42,"body":"with us here today."},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":37.68,"endTime":39.99,"body":"Great to be here."},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":37.68,"endTime":39.99,"body":"Thank you. Thank you for having"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":39.99,"endTime":40.41,"body":"us."},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":42.24,"endTime":45.184,"body":"Your Currents in"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":42.24,"endTime":45.184,"body":"One Health manuscripts in JAVMA"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":45.246,"endTime":48.926,"body":"discusses antibiograms as one"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":45.246,"endTime":48.926,"body":"health tools for antimicrobial"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":48.988,"endTime":53.16,"body":"stewardship. Can you explain to"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":48.988,"endTime":53.16,"body":"our listeners what antibiograms are?"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":53.16,"endTime":56.73,"body":"Sure. an"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":53.16,"endTime":56.73,"body":"antibiogram represents a"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":56.73,"endTime":60.6,"body":"cumulative summary of results of"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":56.73,"endTime":60.6,"body":"antimicrobial susceptibility"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":60.6,"endTime":63.96,"body":"tests. Those are over a defined"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":60.6,"endTime":63.96,"body":"period of time and that is"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":63.96,"endTime":67.68,"body":"usually a year. They are"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":63.96,"endTime":67.68,"body":"specific to a bacterial"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":67.68,"endTime":73.26,"body":"organism, a host species and"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":67.68,"endTime":73.26,"body":"also a disease condition and or"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":73.26,"endTime":77.7,"body":"body sight. As an example, we"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":73.26,"endTime":77.7,"body":"have generated clinical"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":77.73,"endTime":82.17,"body":"antibiograms for bovine"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":77.73,"endTime":82.17,"body":"respiratory disease organisms,"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":82.92,"endTime":87.9,"body":"and antibiograms for Mannheimia"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":82.92,"endTime":87.9,"body":"haemolytica that would show the"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":87.9,"endTime":92.01,"body":"percentage of mannheimia"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":87.9,"endTime":92.01,"body":"haemolytica isolates tested over"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":92.01,"endTime":95.79,"body":"a one year timeframe that were"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":92.01,"endTime":95.79,"body":"susceptible to each of the drugs"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":95.82,"endTime":99.57,"body":"tested in the panel. Those"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":95.82,"endTime":99.57,"body":"isolates would have come from"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":99.57,"endTime":103.38,"body":"respiratory sites from cattle"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":99.57,"endTime":103.38,"body":"with respiratory disease"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":104.1,"endTime":108.18,"body":"optimally, and the antibiogram"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":104.1,"endTime":108.18,"body":"would have at least 30 different"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":108.18,"endTime":112.38,"body":"isolates over that one year"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":108.18,"endTime":112.38,"body":"timeframe and it would be"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":112.38,"endTime":114.69,"body":"comprised of isolates that were"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":112.38,"endTime":114.69,"body":"recovered from a defined"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":114.69,"endTime":119.31,"body":"population. And that may be a"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":114.69,"endTime":119.31,"body":"hospital practice, it could be a"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":119.31,"endTime":122.91,"body":"specific region. And when we're"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":119.31,"endTime":122.91,"body":"thinking of livestock species"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":122.91,"endTime":127.68,"body":"that might be a production type,"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":122.91,"endTime":127.68,"body":"like dairy or beef cattle in a"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":127.68,"endTime":132.3,"body":"particular region. Antibiograms"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":127.68,"endTime":132.3,"body":"are widely used in human"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":132.3,"endTime":136.05,"body":"hospital settings, both to guide"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":132.3,"endTime":136.05,"body":"empiric treatment decisions, but"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":136.05,"endTime":140.76,"body":"also to monitor trends and"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":136.05,"endTime":140.76,"body":"susceptibility or resistance in"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":140.76,"endTime":145.44,"body":"that population. So antibiograms"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":140.76,"endTime":145.44,"body":"can be useful as a tool for"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":145.44,"endTime":148.92,"body":"antimicrobial stewardship"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":145.44,"endTime":148.92,"body":"programs. But we always"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":148.92,"endTime":152.67,"body":"emphasize that it should not"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":148.92,"endTime":152.67,"body":"replace a routine culture and"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":152.7,"endTime":155.19,"body":"testing on individual animals"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":152.7,"endTime":155.19,"body":"for susceptibility."},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":157.14,"endTime":158.97,"body":"Thank you for that"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":157.14,"endTime":158.97,"body":"nice disclaimer, it's good for"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":158.97,"endTime":162.54,"body":"our clinicians listening to"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":158.97,"endTime":162.54,"body":"know. What are some of the"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":162.54,"endTime":164.19,"body":"important findings from this"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":162.54,"endTime":164.19,"body":"study?"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":165.36,"endTime":169.38,"body":"Well, we started"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":165.36,"endTime":169.38,"body":"this study really wanting to for"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":169.38,"endTime":173.73,"body":"ourselves to establish a"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":169.38,"endTime":173.73,"body":"framework and procedure for"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":173.73,"endTime":177.54,"body":"generating veterinary"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":173.73,"endTime":177.54,"body":"antibiograms. And we wrote this"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":177.54,"endTime":181.5,"body":"manuscript to share our approach"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":177.54,"endTime":181.5,"body":"with the veterinary community to"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":181.5,"endTime":184.59,"body":"promote antibograms as a One"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":181.5,"endTime":184.59,"body":"Health tool for stewardship"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":184.59,"endTime":189.06,"body":"programs. To do that, we"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":184.59,"endTime":189.06,"body":"utilized antimicrobial"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":189.06,"endTime":192.12,"body":"susceptibility tests data from"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":189.06,"endTime":192.12,"body":"clinical samples that we"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":192.12,"endTime":195.15,"body":"received here at my lab at the"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":192.12,"endTime":195.15,"body":"California animal health and"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":195.15,"endTime":200.34,"body":"food safety lab in Davis and we"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":195.15,"endTime":200.34,"body":"follow the guidelines that were"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":200.34,"endTime":203.61,"body":"established by the Clinical and"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":200.34,"endTime":203.61,"body":"Laboratory Standards Institute,"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":203.85,"endTime":206.64,"body":"to the best of our ability to"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":203.85,"endTime":206.64,"body":"produce these clinical entity"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":206.64,"endTime":211.68,"body":"diagrams. We also consulted with"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":206.64,"endTime":211.68,"body":"a panel of experts, those"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":211.71,"endTime":216.0,"body":"included veterinary clinicians,"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":211.71,"endTime":216.0,"body":"microbiologists, and research"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":216.0,"endTime":220.98,"body":"faculty, to determine what the"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":216.0,"endTime":220.98,"body":"format in the content of"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":221.01,"endTime":225.33,"body":"antibiograms would look like to"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":221.01,"endTime":225.33,"body":"be most useful for them. And"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":225.33,"endTime":228.15,"body":"this actually led to the"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":225.33,"endTime":228.15,"body":"development of three different"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":228.33,"endTime":232.44,"body":"types of antibiograms. So"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":228.33,"endTime":232.44,"body":"ultimately, we paired one that"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":232.44,"endTime":235.8,"body":"we refer to as the simple"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":232.44,"endTime":235.8,"body":"antibiogram. That reports only"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":235.8,"endTime":239.34,"body":"the percentage of isolates that"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":235.8,"endTime":239.34,"body":"were susceptible to each drug."},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":239.97,"endTime":243.45,"body":"And we made a second one that"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":239.97,"endTime":243.45,"body":"people thought would be handy as"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":243.45,"endTime":248.46,"body":"kind of a quick reference tool"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":243.45,"endTime":248.46,"body":"that is a graphical bar chart"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":248.46,"endTime":251.76,"body":"illustration, again, just"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":248.46,"endTime":251.76,"body":"showing percent susceptibility."},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":252.24,"endTime":255.51,"body":"But then we also developed a"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":252.24,"endTime":255.51,"body":"third that many thought would be"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":255.51,"endTime":259.17,"body":"useful, because it provided"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":255.51,"endTime":259.17,"body":"additional information that we"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":259.2,"endTime":263.67,"body":"refer to as our detailed"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":259.2,"endTime":263.67,"body":"antibiogram. And that has also"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":264.06,"endTime":269.07,"body":"the distribution of MIC values"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":264.06,"endTime":269.07,"body":"for each isolate we tested along"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":269.07,"endTime":272.28,"body":"with the breakpoints for"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":269.07,"endTime":272.28,"body":"classifying an organism as"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":272.28,"endTime":275.73,"body":"susceptible, intermediate or"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":272.28,"endTime":275.73,"body":"resistant. And then we also"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":276.06,"endTime":278.67,"body":"portrayed the percent"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":276.06,"endTime":278.67,"body":"susceptible, intermediate and"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":278.67,"endTime":284.22,"body":"resistant for all of those"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":278.67,"endTime":284.22,"body":"isolates. So in the process, we"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":284.22,"endTime":288.54,"body":"encountered several challenges"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":284.22,"endTime":288.54,"body":"and limitations, I would say to"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":288.54,"endTime":292.14,"body":"developing these livestock"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":288.54,"endTime":292.14,"body":"antibiograms, and one of the"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":292.14,"endTime":296.25,"body":"most significant is that there"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":292.14,"endTime":296.25,"body":"just aren't very many"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":296.28,"endTime":300.39,"body":"breakpoints available for"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":296.28,"endTime":300.39,"body":"veterinary species, in"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":300.39,"endTime":306.27,"body":"particular livestock animals, as"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":300.39,"endTime":306.27,"body":"most breakpoints are established"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":306.3,"endTime":310.47,"body":"using a combination of"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":306.3,"endTime":310.47,"body":"microbiological characteristics,"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":310.83,"endTime":314.52,"body":"pharmacokinetic, and"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":310.83,"endTime":314.52,"body":"pharmacodynamic data for PK PD"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":314.52,"endTime":320.46,"body":"data, and clinical outcome"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":314.52,"endTime":320.46,"body":"studies. So many of the"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":320.46,"endTime":322.89,"body":"interpretations used for"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":320.46,"endTime":322.89,"body":"livestock species because the"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":322.89,"endTime":326.49,"body":"studies are lacking, or actually"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":322.89,"endTime":326.49,"body":"extrapolated either from other"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":326.49,"endTime":331.47,"body":"animals, like dogs where we have"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":326.49,"endTime":331.47,"body":"more data or from human"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":331.47,"endTime":334.86,"body":"breakpoints. So I would say that"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":331.47,"endTime":334.86,"body":"one of the most important"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":334.86,"endTime":339.12,"body":"findings was that there remains"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":334.86,"endTime":339.12,"body":"a really significant need for"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":339.12,"endTime":343.23,"body":"additional studies and data to"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":339.12,"endTime":343.23,"body":"develop breakpoints specific to"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":343.23,"endTime":346.29,"body":"veterinary species. And that"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":343.23,"endTime":346.29,"body":"will help us to ensure that the"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":346.29,"endTime":351.15,"body":"ASD data that we use is"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":346.29,"endTime":351.15,"body":"optimally applied to the"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":351.15,"endTime":358.29,"body":"animals, and informing the"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":351.15,"endTime":358.29,"body":"process of developing the"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":358.29,"endTime":362.49,"body":"antibody grams. We're looking to"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":358.29,"endTime":362.49,"body":"the clinical history data"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":362.49,"endTime":367.44,"body":"provided, because optimally, we"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":362.49,"endTime":367.44,"body":"would select samples that were"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":367.44,"endTime":371.52,"body":"submitted before and microbial"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":367.44,"endTime":371.52,"body":"use, and more from animals that"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":371.52,"endTime":375.27,"body":"had disease, and not necessarily"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":371.52,"endTime":375.27,"body":"for surveillance purposes. And"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":375.27,"endTime":378.03,"body":"we discovered that many of our"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":375.27,"endTime":378.03,"body":"submission forms are really"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":378.03,"endTime":384.21,"body":"lacking in that level of data."},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":378.03,"endTime":384.21,"body":"So most importantly, the most"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":384.21,"endTime":387.18,"body":"important finding of this study"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":384.21,"endTime":387.18,"body":"was that veterinarians in"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":387.18,"endTime":391.62,"body":"California, were eager to access"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":387.18,"endTime":391.62,"body":"the antiboigrams. I wanted to"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":391.62,"endTime":394.59,"body":"learn more about how to"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":391.62,"endTime":394.59,"body":"interpret antibiograms, and how"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":394.59,"endTime":398.34,"body":"to utilize antimicrobial"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":394.59,"endTime":398.34,"body":"susceptibility data, and"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":398.34,"endTime":402.72,"body":"antibiograms in particular, to"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":398.34,"endTime":402.72,"body":"practice judicious use of"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":402.72,"endTime":406.26,"body":"antimicrobials. And so we will"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":402.72,"endTime":406.26,"body":"continue to update our"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":406.26,"endTime":409.05,"body":"antibiograms and make them"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":406.26,"endTime":409.05,"body":"available to licensed"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":409.05,"endTime":422.04,"body":"veterinarians in California as a"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":409.05,"endTime":422.04,"body":"part of our stewardship program."},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":414.93,"endTime":417.647,"body":"Thank you,"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":414.93,"endTime":417.647,"body":"Heather. Either one of you can"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":417.713,"endTime":421.822,"body":"answer this question. One of the"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":417.713,"endTime":421.822,"body":"criticisms about antibograms,"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":421.889,"endTime":425.865,"body":"and you could even say perhaps,"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":421.889,"endTime":425.865,"body":"wellness approaches, because"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":425.931,"endTime":429.908,"body":"each region each area has a"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":425.931,"endTime":429.908,"body":"different pressure on, you know,"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":429.974,"endTime":433.951,"body":"is equine shortages or emergency"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":429.974,"endTime":433.951,"body":"critical care, that sort of"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":434.017,"endTime":437.795,"body":"thing. What do you say to the"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":434.017,"endTime":437.795,"body":"critics that say, well, you"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":437.861,"endTime":441.705,"body":"pointed out Heather, some take"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":437.861,"endTime":441.705,"body":"home messages, we need more"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":441.771,"endTime":445.483,"body":"information, we need better"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":441.771,"endTime":445.483,"body":"histories. But what can I in"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":445.549,"endTime":449.592,"body":"Ithaca, New York learn from your"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":445.549,"endTime":449.592,"body":"UC Davis regional California"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":449.658,"endTime":453.834,"body":"antibiogram? And you could say"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":449.658,"endTime":453.834,"body":"what you said earlier? Well, you"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":453.9,"endTime":457.943,"body":"need one for a region, it could"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":453.9,"endTime":457.943,"body":"be a private practice. And we"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":458.009,"endTime":462.118,"body":"commonly get from reviewers that"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":458.009,"endTime":462.118,"body":"it doesn't have any practical"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":462.185,"endTime":466.227,"body":"application, because it's too"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":462.185,"endTime":466.227,"body":"regional. What would either one"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":466.294,"endTime":468.15,"body":"of you say to those critics?"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":468.0,"endTime":472.77,"body":"I think one of"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":468.0,"endTime":472.77,"body":"the really valuable aspects to"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":473.37,"endTime":476.76,"body":"publishing regional antibiograms"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":473.37,"endTime":476.76,"body":"and making those available even"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":476.76,"endTime":482.1,"body":"though they may not apply to"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":476.76,"endTime":482.1,"body":"patients or animals outside of"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":482.1,"endTime":485.79,"body":"that region. So it's also very"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":482.1,"endTime":485.79,"body":"useful information to compare"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":485.94,"endTime":489.9,"body":"patterns in susceptibility or"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":485.94,"endTime":489.9,"body":"resistance across regions. And"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":489.9,"endTime":493.2,"body":"that may inform treatment"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":489.9,"endTime":493.2,"body":"decisions or management"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":493.53,"endTime":497.55,"body":"decisions. Even antimicrobial"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":493.53,"endTime":497.55,"body":"usage patterns."},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":498.69,"endTime":501.3,"body":"Yeah, cultural"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":498.69,"endTime":501.3,"body":"sensitivity, like on the broad"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":501.3,"endTime":504.87,"body":"scale to write what's going on"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":501.3,"endTime":504.87,"body":"in our whole profession. So"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":504.87,"endTime":509.07,"body":"thank you for addressing that."},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":504.87,"endTime":509.07,"body":"As editors at JAVMA and AJVR,"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":509.34,"endTime":511.08,"body":"when we get those sorts of"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":509.34,"endTime":511.08,"body":"comments, we're like, well,"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":511.08,"endTime":513.0,"body":"isn't that true about"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":511.08,"endTime":513.0,"body":"everything, whether it's a"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":513.0,"endTime":517.38,"body":"bladder stone or hoff abscesses,"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":513.0,"endTime":517.38,"body":"or whatever it is, all these"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":517.38,"endTime":523.08,"body":"things have breed specificity us"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":517.38,"endTime":523.08,"body":"regional. So thank you for"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":523.5,"endTime":528.69,"body":"adding that into the"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":523.5,"endTime":528.69,"body":"antibiogram. Catherine, what"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":528.69,"endTime":531.54,"body":"sparked your interest your"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":528.69,"endTime":531.54,"body":"research interest in antibody"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":531.54,"endTime":532.26,"body":"diagrams?"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":533.59,"endTime":536.11,"body":"And this is a"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":533.59,"endTime":536.11,"body":"great question and I'll give a"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":536.11,"endTime":539.44,"body":"little bit of background first."},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":536.11,"endTime":539.44,"body":"So the Antimicrobial Use and"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":539.44,"endTime":542.08,"body":"Stewardship Program, which is"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":539.44,"endTime":542.08,"body":"part of the California"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":542.08,"endTime":545.29,"body":"Department of Food and"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":542.08,"endTime":545.29,"body":"Agriculture serves to monitor"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":545.29,"endTime":548.65,"body":"antimicrobial resistance in"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":545.29,"endTime":548.65,"body":"livestock species and provide"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":548.77,"endTime":552.1,"body":"stewardship guidance for"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":548.77,"endTime":552.1,"body":"veterinarians and producers. And"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":552.1,"endTime":556.18,"body":"the ultimate goal is to preserve"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":552.1,"endTime":556.18,"body":"drug efficacy and protect animal"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":556.18,"endTime":560.59,"body":"and public health. So while we"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":556.18,"endTime":560.59,"body":"were looking for ways to support"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":560.59,"endTime":563.41,"body":"veterinary antimicrobial"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":560.59,"endTime":563.41,"body":"stewardship, we found that"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":563.71,"endTime":567.82,"body":"antibiograms are regularly used"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":563.71,"endTime":567.82,"body":"in the human medical field, but"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":567.82,"endTime":570.7,"body":"they're much less common in"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":567.82,"endTime":570.7,"body":"veterinary medicine. And so"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":570.7,"endTime":573.58,"body":"taking a One Health approach, we"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":570.7,"endTime":573.58,"body":"wanted to explore how"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":573.58,"endTime":576.97,"body":"antibiogram is might be"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":573.58,"endTime":576.97,"body":"implemented in a veterinary"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":576.97,"endTime":580.09,"body":"setting. And there's a lot of"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":576.97,"endTime":580.09,"body":"attention and regulations"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":580.09,"endTime":583.9,"body":"surrounding antimicrobial use,"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":580.09,"endTime":583.9,"body":"especially in livestock. And so"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":583.9,"endTime":587.65,"body":"having a statewide antibiogram"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":583.9,"endTime":587.65,"body":"is one way to look at overall"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":587.65,"endTime":591.13,"body":"resistance trends and possibly"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":587.65,"endTime":591.13,"body":"highlight areas that should be"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":591.13,"endTime":594.43,"body":"addressed by stewardship"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":591.13,"endTime":594.43,"body":"programs. And then additionally,"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":594.46,"endTime":598.12,"body":"antibiograms can be really"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":594.46,"endTime":598.12,"body":"useful to veterinarians, if they"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":598.12,"endTime":600.76,"body":"are waiting for culture and"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":598.12,"endTime":600.76,"body":"susceptibility results to come"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":600.76,"endTime":603.91,"body":"back for a patient because they"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":600.76,"endTime":603.91,"body":"can inform empiric therapy"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":603.91,"endTime":608.02,"body":"decisions. And so after diving"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":603.91,"endTime":608.02,"body":"into the literature on"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":608.05,"endTime":611.38,"body":"antibiograms, I remember"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":608.05,"endTime":611.38,"body":"thinking, I wish I had had"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":611.38,"endTime":615.13,"body":"access to an antibiogram when I"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":611.38,"endTime":615.13,"body":"was in practice. And here I was"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":615.13,"endTime":620.47,"body":"with a group of people with the"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":615.13,"endTime":620.47,"body":"expertise and the data to really"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":620.47,"endTime":624.22,"body":"create these antibiograms for"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":620.47,"endTime":624.22,"body":"livestock species. And so it was"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":624.22,"endTime":626.62,"body":"really just a matter of"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":624.22,"endTime":626.62,"body":"convening the right group of"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":626.62,"endTime":630.16,"body":"experts and working through some"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":626.62,"endTime":630.16,"body":"of the obstacles to create and"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":630.16,"endTime":633.22,"body":"distribute antibiograms to"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":630.16,"endTime":633.22,"body":"practicing veterinarians and"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":633.22,"endTime":636.97,"body":"then also to provide guidance to"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":633.22,"endTime":636.97,"body":"those vets on how to optimally"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":636.97,"endTime":638.68,"body":"use the antibiograms."},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":640.9,"endTime":643.99,"body":"There's so much"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":640.9,"endTime":643.99,"body":"helpful, useful information in"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":643.99,"endTime":647.02,"body":"there, especially the guidance"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":643.99,"endTime":647.02,"body":"part that Heather was alluding"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":647.02,"endTime":650.86,"body":"to earlier, like every state,"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":647.02,"endTime":650.86,"body":"every diagnostic lab can really"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":651.22,"endTime":655.12,"body":"jump on. And as Sarah said, in"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":651.22,"endTime":655.12,"body":"the opening, we have other"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":655.12,"endTime":660.37,"body":"antibiogram manuscripts as well."},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":655.12,"endTime":660.37,"body":"So kudos to all of you for"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":660.37,"endTime":662.47,"body":"bringing this to the forefront"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":660.37,"endTime":662.47,"body":"in veterinary medicine."},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":664.09,"endTime":666.82,"body":"Catherine, what inspired you?"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":664.09,"endTime":666.82,"body":"You said like, I wish I had this"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":666.82,"endTime":669.07,"body":"available. And that's, that's"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":666.82,"endTime":669.07,"body":"fine. But it's everybody needs"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":669.07,"endTime":672.85,"body":"to get to the next level. Like"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":669.07,"endTime":672.85,"body":"what inspired you to really dig"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":672.85,"endTime":675.22,"body":"in and get this data and write"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":672.85,"endTime":675.22,"body":"this manuscript?"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":676.29,"endTime":679.65,"body":"So we realized"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":676.29,"endTime":679.65,"body":"that it was not common to have"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":679.68,"endTime":682.56,"body":"an organization create and"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":679.68,"endTime":682.56,"body":"disseminate veterinary"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":682.59,"endTime":685.77,"body":"antibiograms for clinical use,"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":682.59,"endTime":685.77,"body":"and especially for livestock"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":685.77,"endTime":689.34,"body":"species. So we had a few"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":685.77,"endTime":689.34,"body":"motivations to create this"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":689.34,"endTime":693.18,"body":"manuscript. One was to raise"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":689.34,"endTime":693.18,"body":"awareness of antibiograms as"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":693.18,"endTime":696.3,"body":"tools for veterinarians to"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":693.18,"endTime":696.3,"body":"improve their antimicrobial"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":696.3,"endTime":700.47,"body":"stewardship practices. Another"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":696.3,"endTime":700.47,"body":"was to highlight some of the"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":700.47,"endTime":703.2,"body":"things that veterinarians should"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":700.47,"endTime":703.2,"body":"understand and pay attention to"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":703.2,"endTime":706.53,"body":"when using an antibiogram. And"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":703.2,"endTime":706.53,"body":"then the third was to spread the"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":706.53,"endTime":710.25,"body":"word that we had already done"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":706.53,"endTime":710.25,"body":"some troubleshooting already and"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":710.25,"endTime":713.52,"body":"we wanted to share our process,"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":710.25,"endTime":713.52,"body":"and also some of the limitations"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":713.52,"endTime":716.67,"body":"that we encountered with other"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":713.52,"endTime":716.67,"body":"organizations that might be"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":716.67,"endTime":719.64,"body":"interested in creating similar"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":716.67,"endTime":719.64,"body":"antibiograms."},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":720.6,"endTime":722.25,"body":"Yeah, well,"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":720.6,"endTime":722.25,"body":"certainly you and your co"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":722.25,"endTime":725.1,"body":"authors, congratulations, you"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":722.25,"endTime":725.1,"body":"achieved all of those goals. And"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":725.1,"endTime":729.0,"body":"thank you so much for sharing it"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":725.1,"endTime":729.0,"body":"with us at JAVMA. What is really"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":729.0,"endTime":732.42,"body":"important for our readers? What"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":729.0,"endTime":732.42,"body":"when you're looking at your"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":732.42,"endTime":736.14,"body":"manuscript, maybe not what is"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":732.42,"endTime":736.14,"body":"the most clinically important"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":736.14,"endTime":739.56,"body":"part raising awareness, but what"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":736.14,"endTime":739.56,"body":"was the most surprising thing to"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":739.56,"endTime":741.54,"body":"you when you were writing your"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":739.56,"endTime":741.54,"body":"manuscript?"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":743.28,"endTime":746.52,"body":"Okay, I'll jump"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":743.28,"endTime":746.52,"body":"in. As we were writing the"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":746.52,"endTime":751.02,"body":"manuscript, as you know, this"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":746.52,"endTime":751.02,"body":"manuscript is written together"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":751.02,"endTime":755.79,"body":"with the publication in AJVR."},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":751.02,"endTime":755.79,"body":"And so we had a lot of"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":755.79,"endTime":760.47,"body":"interactions with experts in the"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":755.79,"endTime":760.47,"body":"field across the United States."},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":760.95,"endTime":769.83,"body":"And I was surprised and also"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":760.95,"endTime":769.83,"body":"relieved, I would say, to be"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":769.83,"endTime":774.21,"body":"faced with all the different"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":769.83,"endTime":774.21,"body":"perspectives on how this data"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":774.57,"endTime":779.82,"body":"should be used can be used what"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":774.57,"endTime":779.82,"body":"we can do to advance usage of"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":780.09,"endTime":782.76,"body":"antibiogram development, but"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":780.09,"endTime":782.76,"body":"also antimicrobial"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":782.76,"endTime":787.62,"body":"susceptibility testing going"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":782.76,"endTime":787.62,"body":"forward for livestock species."},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":787.62,"endTime":793.44,"body":"So I discovered that this is"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":787.62,"endTime":793.44,"body":"remains a challenging area for"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":794.85,"endTime":801.99,"body":"diagnosticians to provide, and"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":794.85,"endTime":801.99,"body":"very applicable and high quality"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":801.99,"endTime":805.68,"body":"antimicrobial susceptibility"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":801.99,"endTime":805.68,"body":"testing, but also with clinical"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":805.68,"endTime":812.01,"body":"predictions. So I was very"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":805.68,"endTime":812.01,"body":"surprised and excited to see"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":812.67,"endTime":816.39,"body":"what a growing field this is,"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":812.67,"endTime":816.39,"body":"and how exciting it can be to"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":816.39,"endTime":820.92,"body":"hear all the different"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":816.39,"endTime":820.92,"body":"experiences and perspectives"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":820.92,"endTime":826.32,"body":"from people who are tackling"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":820.92,"endTime":826.32,"body":"this subject currently."},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":827.79,"endTime":829.2,"body":"It's great to hear"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":827.79,"endTime":829.2,"body":"that there's more room for"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":829.2,"endTime":831.9,"body":"growth, because there's always"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":829.2,"endTime":831.9,"body":"need for more research. That's"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":831.9,"endTime":834.24,"body":"always one of the take home"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":831.9,"endTime":834.24,"body":"messages from these podcast"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":834.24,"endTime":840.33,"body":"episodes. If you want to a PhD,"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":834.24,"endTime":840.33,"body":"we have space for you. So you're"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":840.33,"endTime":842.73,"body":"both very accomplished. And"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":840.33,"endTime":842.73,"body":"we're just so happy to have you"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":842.73,"endTime":845.79,"body":"with us today. Catherine, how"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":842.73,"endTime":845.79,"body":"did your advanced training"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":845.79,"endTime":847.62,"body":"prepare you to write this"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":845.79,"endTime":847.62,"body":"manuscript?"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":848.79,"endTime":851.1,"body":"I've held a"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":848.79,"endTime":851.1,"body":"variety of different jobs within"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":851.1,"endTime":853.71,"body":"the veterinary field, but I"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":851.1,"endTime":853.71,"body":"think that they have all served"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":853.71,"endTime":856.98,"body":"to strengthen my science"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":853.71,"endTime":856.98,"body":"communication skills, which I"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":856.98,"endTime":859.35,"body":"think was the biggest help when"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":856.98,"endTime":859.35,"body":"it came to writing this"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":859.35,"endTime":862.71,"body":"manuscript. And in particular,"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":859.35,"endTime":862.71,"body":"in my position with the"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":862.71,"endTime":865.77,"body":"Antimicrobial Use and"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":862.71,"endTime":865.77,"body":"Stewardship Program. I create"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":865.8,"endTime":868.62,"body":"educational materials about"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":865.8,"endTime":868.62,"body":"stewardship topics for"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":868.62,"endTime":871.74,"body":"veterinarians, and I think that"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":868.62,"endTime":871.74,"body":"experience really helps to"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":871.74,"endTime":875.43,"body":"ensure that this paper was"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":871.74,"endTime":875.43,"body":"relevant and easily digestible"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":875.43,"endTime":877.59,"body":"by an audience of veterinarians."},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":879.51,"endTime":881.4,"body":"Heather, how did"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":879.51,"endTime":881.4,"body":"your background and training"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":881.4,"endTime":883.08,"body":"prepare you to write this"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":881.4,"endTime":883.08,"body":"manuscript?"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":886.54,"endTime":889.39,"body":"My experience in"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":886.54,"endTime":889.39,"body":"clinical practice, also in"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":889.39,"endTime":892.27,"body":"research and now in diagnostic"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":889.39,"endTime":892.27,"body":"microbiology, I think it has"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":892.27,"endTime":896.02,"body":"given me a good understanding of"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":892.27,"endTime":896.02,"body":"the materials presented in the"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":896.02,"endTime":899.98,"body":"manuscript. I've never felt that"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":896.02,"endTime":899.98,"body":"writing a manuscript was done."},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":899.98,"endTime":904.42,"body":"The thing that came particularly"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":899.98,"endTime":904.42,"body":"naturally to me as a member of"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":904.42,"endTime":908.5,"body":"an academic institution, I'm"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":904.42,"endTime":908.5,"body":"compelled to write manuscripts."},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":908.59,"endTime":911.86,"body":"And I first learned how to"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":908.59,"endTime":911.86,"body":"prepare manuscripts during my"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":911.86,"endTime":917.8,"body":"PhD. But I also realized just"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":911.86,"endTime":917.8,"body":"how dependent I am on scientific"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":917.8,"endTime":922.72,"body":"publications to keep current on"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":917.8,"endTime":922.72,"body":"knowledge and new discoveries."},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":923.2,"endTime":926.92,"body":"And so honestly, the best"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":923.2,"endTime":926.92,"body":"preparation, I would say, comes"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":926.92,"endTime":930.01,"body":"from reading other high quality"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":926.92,"endTime":930.01,"body":"manuscripts."},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":931.45,"endTime":933.22,"body":"The give and take,"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":931.45,"endTime":933.22,"body":"right, it's like we love"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":933.22,"endTime":935.68,"body":"learning from them. But like you"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":933.22,"endTime":935.68,"body":"said, you have to contribute as"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":935.68,"endTime":941.47,"body":"well. So sadly, a two sided"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":935.68,"endTime":941.47,"body":"relationship. Then Catherine,"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":941.5,"endTime":944.53,"body":"what is one piece of information"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":941.5,"endTime":944.53,"body":"the veterinarian should know"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":944.53,"endTime":946.57,"body":"before discussing this topic"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":944.53,"endTime":946.57,"body":"with the client?"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":948.1,"endTime":949.93,"body":"I actually"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":948.1,"endTime":949.93,"body":"have a few pieces of information"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":949.93,"endTime":953.38,"body":"that I want people to take away"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":949.93,"endTime":953.38,"body":"from this paper. Antibiograms"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":953.38,"endTime":956.41,"body":"can be an excellent tool to"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":953.38,"endTime":956.41,"body":"improve antimicrobial"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":956.41,"endTime":959.44,"body":"stewardship, but they are only"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":956.41,"endTime":959.44,"body":"one part of a comprehensive"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":959.44,"endTime":962.65,"body":"stewardship plan. And they"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":959.44,"endTime":962.65,"body":"should also always be used in"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":962.65,"endTime":965.35,"body":"conjunction with the"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":962.65,"endTime":965.35,"body":"veterinarian's clinical judgment"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":965.35,"endTime":968.44,"body":"to ensure that therapeutic"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":965.35,"endTime":968.44,"body":"decisions, adhere to legal"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":968.44,"endTime":970.93,"body":"requirements and really make"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":968.44,"endTime":970.93,"body":"sense for the patient that's"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":970.93,"endTime":974.08,"body":"being treated. And then"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":970.93,"endTime":974.08,"body":"additionally, the user should"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":974.08,"endTime":977.08,"body":"always understand certain"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":974.08,"endTime":977.08,"body":"characteristics of the data. So"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":977.08,"endTime":980.35,"body":"that includes the source"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":977.08,"endTime":980.35,"body":"population, the body site, the"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":980.35,"endTime":983.44,"body":"samples were taken from, if"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":980.35,"endTime":983.44,"body":"possible, the number of isolates"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":983.44,"endTime":987.16,"body":"included in the antibiogram, and"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":983.44,"endTime":987.16,"body":"the animal species and bacterial"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":987.16,"endTime":991.0,"body":"organisms for which each"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":987.16,"endTime":991.0,"body":"breakpoint was developed. And I"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":991.0,"endTime":994.24,"body":"think the major take home"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":991.0,"endTime":994.24,"body":"message from this paper is that"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":994.48,"endTime":997.72,"body":"antibiograms are most useful"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":994.48,"endTime":997.72,"body":"when they are developed using"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":997.72,"endTime":1001.23,"body":"data from a population that is"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":997.72,"endTime":1001.23,"body":"as similar as possible to the"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1001.23,"endTime":1004.35,"body":"animal that's being treated. And"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1001.23,"endTime":1004.35,"body":"they should not replace"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1004.38,"endTime":1007.41,"body":"individual culture and"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1004.38,"endTime":1007.41,"body":"susceptibility testing, as the"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1007.44,"endTime":1010.5,"body":"cumulative data that's"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1007.44,"endTime":1010.5,"body":"represented in the antibiogram"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1010.5,"endTime":1013.86,"body":"may not reflect the exact"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1010.5,"endTime":1013.86,"body":"bacterial infection and organism"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1013.86,"endTime":1016.05,"body":"recovered from an individual"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1013.86,"endTime":1016.05,"body":"animal."},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1018.03,"endTime":1019.65,"body":"Thank you, it's"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1018.03,"endTime":1019.65,"body":"really important information to"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1019.65,"endTime":1022.62,"body":"know. And then we're going to"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1019.65,"endTime":1022.62,"body":"flip things around a bit. So on"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1022.62,"endTime":1025.29,"body":"the other side of the equation,"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1022.62,"endTime":1025.29,"body":"what is one piece of information"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1025.29,"endTime":1028.02,"body":"that the client should know"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1025.29,"endTime":1028.02,"body":"about this topic? So if you had"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1028.02,"endTime":1030.36,"body":"to present some information to a"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1028.02,"endTime":1030.36,"body":"client that was easily"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1030.39,"endTime":1033.36,"body":"digestible, which they know"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1030.39,"endTime":1033.36,"body":"about antibiograms?"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1037.38,"endTime":1039.78,"body":"I think it's"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1037.38,"endTime":1039.78,"body":"important to inform the client"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1039.81,"endTime":1044.67,"body":"that while this information can"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1039.81,"endTime":1044.67,"body":"help their veterinarian to make"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1044.94,"endTime":1047.73,"body":"treatment decisions in advance"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1044.94,"endTime":1047.73,"body":"of having culture and"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1047.73,"endTime":1052.65,"body":"susceptibility results, as"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1047.73,"endTime":1052.65,"body":"Catherine already said, it"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1052.65,"endTime":1057.12,"body":"really shouldn't replace aerobic"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1052.65,"endTime":1057.12,"body":"culture and susceptibility, but"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1057.12,"endTime":1062.13,"body":"also in performing those tests"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1057.12,"endTime":1062.13,"body":"on individual animals, that also"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1062.13,"endTime":1070.47,"body":"helps us to build the data set."},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1062.13,"endTime":1070.47,"body":"And so as well as hopefully,"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1070.68,"endTime":1073.98,"body":"establishing a treatment plan in"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1070.68,"endTime":1073.98,"body":"advance of having additional"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1073.98,"endTime":1083.13,"body":"results, which may shorten the"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1073.98,"endTime":1083.13,"body":"period of illness for an animal,"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1084.0,"endTime":1087.69,"body":"that data the clients are also"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1084.0,"endTime":1087.69,"body":"contributing to this body of"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1087.69,"endTime":1093.9,"body":"data by and their individual"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1087.69,"endTime":1093.9,"body":"animals susceptibility testing"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1095.94,"endTime":1096.93,"body":"going forward."},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1098.46,"endTime":1100.65,"body":"Yeah, as you both"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1098.46,"endTime":1100.65,"body":"have said it is a give and take"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1100.65,"endTime":1103.2,"body":"and contributing to the"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1100.65,"endTime":1103.2,"body":"veterinary literature takes just"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1103.2,"endTime":1106.44,"body":"that little bit even more effort"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1103.2,"endTime":1106.44,"body":"than already overworked,"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1106.98,"endTime":1111.99,"body":"veterinarians and MPHs. So it"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1106.98,"endTime":1111.99,"body":"takes it a whole level of"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1111.99,"endTime":1114.69,"body":"resilience and determination."},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1111.99,"endTime":1114.69,"body":"Catherine, we'll start with you."},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1114.69,"endTime":1117.0,"body":"Where do you think your"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1114.69,"endTime":1117.0,"body":"resilience determination"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1117.0,"endTime":1118.44,"body":"inspiration came from?"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1120.61,"endTime":1122.83,"body":"I'm really"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1120.61,"endTime":1122.83,"body":"lucky to have been surrounded by"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1122.83,"endTime":1126.43,"body":"very hardworking family, friends"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1122.83,"endTime":1126.43,"body":"and co-workers that have all"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1126.43,"endTime":1130.48,"body":"inspired me and encouraged me to"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1126.43,"endTime":1130.48,"body":"accomplish big goals. And my"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1130.48,"endTime":1133.48,"body":"parents especially always told"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1130.48,"endTime":1133.48,"body":"me to pursue a career I was"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1133.48,"endTime":1136.78,"body":"passionate about. So I started"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1133.48,"endTime":1136.78,"body":"out certain that I would work"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1136.78,"endTime":1140.26,"body":"with wildlife. But that morphed"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1136.78,"endTime":1140.26,"body":"into a passion for population"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1140.26,"endTime":1144.13,"body":"level medicine and a love of"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1140.26,"endTime":1144.13,"body":"infectious disease epidemiology."},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1144.55,"endTime":1147.94,"body":"And so although my career has"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1144.55,"endTime":1147.94,"body":"not quite had that straight line"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1147.94,"endTime":1150.64,"body":"trajectory that I originally"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1147.94,"endTime":1150.64,"body":"envisioned when I was in vet"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1150.64,"endTime":1154.24,"body":"school, I've really sought"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1150.64,"endTime":1154.24,"body":"opportunities to broaden both my"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1154.24,"endTime":1158.53,"body":"impact and my perspective. And"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1154.24,"endTime":1158.53,"body":"then now more recently, it's my"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1158.53,"endTime":1161.92,"body":"almost two year old son who"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1158.53,"endTime":1161.92,"body":"inspires me to keep setting and"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1161.92,"endTime":1164.98,"body":"achieving goals because I want"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1161.92,"endTime":1164.98,"body":"to show him that his mom can do"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1164.98,"endTime":1167.68,"body":"hard things, and I'm hoping that"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1164.98,"endTime":1167.68,"body":"that's going to inspire him"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1167.68,"endTime":1168.25,"body":"someday."},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1169.18,"endTime":1172.03,"body":"That's fantastic."},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1169.18,"endTime":1172.03,"body":"I went to undergraduate because"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1172.03,"endTime":1176.41,"body":"I wanted to be a radio sports"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1172.03,"endTime":1176.41,"body":"broadcaster. And then I found"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1176.41,"endTime":1180.34,"body":"that my passion was really"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1176.41,"endTime":1180.34,"body":"biology and chemistry and then I"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1180.4,"endTime":1183.49,"body":"ended up in veterinary medicine."},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1180.4,"endTime":1183.49,"body":"And so I love that follow your"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1183.49,"endTime":1188.29,"body":"passion. Yeah, I often think"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1183.49,"endTime":1188.29,"body":"that the people with the most"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1188.29,"endTime":1191.56,"body":"interesting stories are always"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1188.29,"endTime":1191.56,"body":"somewhere other than where they"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1191.83,"endTime":1196.27,"body":"expected to be. For sure."},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1191.83,"endTime":1196.27,"body":"Heather, how about you? Where"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1196.27,"endTime":1198.58,"body":"does your resilience and"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1196.27,"endTime":1198.58,"body":"inspiration come from?"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1198.0,"endTime":1203.82,"body":"Oh,quite similar"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1198.0,"endTime":1203.82,"body":"to what Catherine shared, but I"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1203.82,"endTime":1207.72,"body":"would say also from a very early"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1203.82,"endTime":1207.72,"body":"age, I was encouraged by my"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1207.72,"endTime":1212.13,"body":"parents and teachers and other"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1207.72,"endTime":1212.13,"body":"mentors to invest in my"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1212.13,"endTime":1215.34,"body":"education that was really"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1212.13,"endTime":1215.34,"body":"impressed upon me and also to"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1215.34,"endTime":1219.39,"body":"follow my passion. And like many"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1215.34,"endTime":1219.39,"body":"of us who ended up in the"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1219.39,"endTime":1223.02,"body":"veterinary field, there was a"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1219.39,"endTime":1223.02,"body":"love for animals at an early"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1223.02,"endTime":1226.53,"body":"age. And that led to my pursuit"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1223.02,"endTime":1226.53,"body":"of an education in veterinary"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1226.53,"endTime":1232.05,"body":"medicine. But that evolved into"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1226.53,"endTime":1232.05,"body":"a very strong interest in"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1232.05,"endTime":1235.62,"body":"infectious diseases and one"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1232.05,"endTime":1235.62,"body":"health. And part of that came"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1235.62,"endTime":1239.91,"body":"from my experiences traveling"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1235.62,"endTime":1239.91,"body":"prior to vet school. As a"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1239.91,"endTime":1244.11,"body":"student, I studied ecology in"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1239.91,"endTime":1244.11,"body":"Costa Rica. And then as soon as"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1244.11,"endTime":1247.44,"body":"I graduated from college, I"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1244.11,"endTime":1247.44,"body":"backpacked around Southern"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1247.44,"endTime":1251.91,"body":"Africa, before returning to work"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1247.44,"endTime":1251.91,"body":"in the Pediatric AIDS clinic."},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1252.15,"endTime":1256.62,"body":"And I think seeing how other"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1252.15,"endTime":1256.62,"body":"people live and the impact of"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1256.62,"endTime":1258.93,"body":"infectious diseases in other"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1256.62,"endTime":1258.93,"body":"parts of the world in"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1258.93,"endTime":1265.86,"body":"particular, that it really"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1258.93,"endTime":1265.86,"body":"inspired me to both really"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1265.86,"endTime":1269.46,"body":"invest in that field, but also"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1265.86,"endTime":1269.46,"body":"helped me to recognize all the"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1269.46,"endTime":1274.98,"body":"opportunities I'd had. And it"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1269.46,"endTime":1274.98,"body":"motivated me to work hard to"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1274.98,"endTime":1280.47,"body":"positively impact both animal"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1274.98,"endTime":1280.47,"body":"and human health. Like Catherine"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1280.47,"endTime":1283.86,"body":"said, my career path also has"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1280.47,"endTime":1283.86,"body":"not been linear. And I've had"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1283.86,"endTime":1287.61,"body":"some experiences that people may"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1283.86,"endTime":1287.61,"body":"perceive as setbacks in my"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1287.61,"endTime":1291.9,"body":"career trajectory. But along the"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1287.61,"endTime":1291.9,"body":"way, it's providing me with"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1292.14,"endTime":1296.07,"body":"insights and experiences I"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1292.14,"endTime":1296.07,"body":"wouldn't have had otherwise. And"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1296.07,"endTime":1299.67,"body":"also, perspective that has"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1296.07,"endTime":1299.67,"body":"definitely made me more"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1299.67,"endTime":1304.2,"body":"resilient. And I'm extremely"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1299.67,"endTime":1304.2,"body":"grateful for where I am now. And"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1304.56,"endTime":1306.66,"body":"the path that brought me here."},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1308.1,"endTime":1310.83,"body":"Very beautifully"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1308.1,"endTime":1310.83,"body":"said by both of you. While we're"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1310.83,"endTime":1314.1,"body":"winding down, we love and our"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1310.83,"endTime":1314.1,"body":"listeners love this, the answer"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1314.1,"endTime":1316.89,"body":"to this question, because"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1314.1,"endTime":1316.89,"body":"they're all very unique."},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1317.31,"endTime":1320.49,"body":"Catherine, we'll start with you."},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1317.31,"endTime":1320.49,"body":"Now, what is the oldest or the"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1320.49,"endTime":1323.67,"body":"most interesting item on your"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1320.49,"endTime":1323.67,"body":"desk or in your desk drawer?"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1325.17,"endTime":1326.88,"body":"This is"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1325.17,"endTime":1326.88,"body":"probably the oldest and the most"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1326.88,"endTime":1330.78,"body":"interesting thing that I have in"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1326.88,"endTime":1330.78,"body":"my desk. It's a pen that my dad"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1330.96,"endTime":1334.44,"body":"made for me. So he let me pick"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1330.96,"endTime":1334.44,"body":"out the piece of wood and then"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1334.44,"endTime":1339.15,"body":"he turns the wood on his lathe"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1334.44,"endTime":1339.15,"body":"and made it into a pen. And it"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1339.15,"endTime":1342.93,"body":"was probably made when I was in"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1339.15,"endTime":1342.93,"body":"middle school. And I just"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1342.93,"endTime":1346.8,"body":"remember feeling so fancy and"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1342.93,"endTime":1346.8,"body":"special when I used it. And so"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1346.8,"endTime":1349.38,"body":"it's stayed with me on my desk"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1346.8,"endTime":1349.38,"body":"ever since."},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1350.13,"endTime":1351.72,"body":"That's wonderful."},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1350.13,"endTime":1351.72,"body":"Does it still work?"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1352.29,"endTime":1354.75,"body":"It does still"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1352.29,"endTime":1354.75,"body":"work. Yeah, I think because I"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1354.75,"endTime":1357.78,"body":"use it so rarely, because it's"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1354.75,"endTime":1357.78,"body":"it's like a special occasion"},{"speaker":"Catherine Lorenz","startTime":1357.81,"endTime":1358.17,"body":"pen."},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1359.07,"endTime":1360.63,"body":"That's fabulous."},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1359.07,"endTime":1360.63,"body":"We haven't gotten that answer"},{"speaker":"Lisa Fortier","startTime":1360.63,"endTime":1362.43,"body":"before. Heather, how about you?"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1363.93,"endTime":1368.07,"body":"Mine is actually"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1363.93,"endTime":1368.07,"body":"a very small brass kaleidoscope"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1368.94,"endTime":1372.36,"body":"that was given to me as a gift"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1368.94,"endTime":1372.36,"body":"when I graduated from college"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1372.39,"endTime":1377.13,"body":"from undergraduate. And it has"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1372.39,"endTime":1377.13,"body":"been on my desk from vet school,"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1377.13,"endTime":1382.8,"body":"grad school, various jobs. And"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1377.13,"endTime":1382.8,"body":"it's really beautiful. My"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1382.8,"endTime":1385.44,"body":"daughter and I, it's one of our"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1382.8,"endTime":1385.44,"body":"favorite things to pull out of"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1385.44,"endTime":1387.93,"body":"my desk drawer and play with"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1385.44,"endTime":1387.93,"body":"them like crew."},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1388.74,"endTime":1390.57,"body":"That's excellent."},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1388.74,"endTime":1390.57,"body":"Thank you so much for sharing."},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1390.57,"endTime":1393.0,"body":"It really allows our listeners"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1390.57,"endTime":1393.0,"body":"to to get to know you both a bit"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1393.0,"endTime":1395.85,"body":"more on a personal note. So"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1393.0,"endTime":1395.85,"body":"thank you, and we appreciate"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1395.85,"endTime":1397.92,"body":"your contribution to our"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1395.85,"endTime":1397.92,"body":"journals and for being here"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1397.92,"endTime":1398.4,"body":"today."},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1401.4,"endTime":1403.05,"body":"Thank you so much"},{"speaker":"Heather Fritz","startTime":1401.4,"endTime":1403.05,"body":"for having us."},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1405.35,"endTime":1407.317,"body":"To our listeners,"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1405.35,"endTime":1407.317,"body":"you can read Heather and"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1407.364,"endTime":1410.035,"body":"Catherine's manuscript on our"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1407.364,"endTime":1410.035,"body":"journals website. I'm Sarah"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1410.082,"endTime":1412.94,"body":"Wright with Lisa Fortier and we"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1410.082,"endTime":1412.94,"body":"want to thank each of you for"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1412.987,"endTime":1415.798,"body":"joining us on this episode of"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1412.987,"endTime":1415.798,"body":"the Veterinary Vertex podcast."},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1415.845,"endTime":1418.704,"body":"We love sharing cutting edge"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1415.845,"endTime":1418.704,"body":"veterinary research with you and"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1418.75,"endTime":1421.468,"body":"we want to hear from you. Be"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1418.75,"endTime":1421.468,"body":"sure to leave us a rating and"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1421.515,"endTime":1424.28,"body":"review on Apple Podcasts or"},{"speaker":"Sarah Wright","startTime":1421.515,"endTime":1424.28,"body":"whatever platform you listen to"}]}