{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":11.46,"endTime":14.34,"body":"Welcome to the infectious"},{"startTime":11.46,"endTime":14.34,"body":"Science Podcast. This is not"},{"startTime":14.34,"endTime":17.52,"body":"just another Science Podcast"},{"startTime":14.34,"endTime":17.52,"body":"Nope. Infectious sciences"},{"startTime":17.52,"endTime":19.83,"body":"produced by a team from the"},{"startTime":17.52,"endTime":19.83,"body":"University of Texas Medical"},{"startTime":19.83,"endTime":22.53,"body":"Branch and the Galveston"},{"startTime":19.83,"endTime":22.53,"body":"national lab where we study some"},{"startTime":22.53,"endTime":26.16,"body":"of the most dangerous viruses on"},{"startTime":22.53,"endTime":26.16,"body":"the planet. Our goal is to"},{"startTime":26.16,"endTime":28.98,"body":"inspire future scientists"},{"startTime":26.16,"endTime":28.98,"body":"towards a career in science with"},{"startTime":28.98,"endTime":32.91,"body":"a focus on one health, one"},{"startTime":28.98,"endTime":32.91,"body":"health one planet. That's right,"},{"startTime":33.06,"endTime":35.37,"body":"when other approaches public"},{"startTime":33.06,"endTime":35.37,"body":"health threats by examining the"},{"startTime":35.37,"endTime":38.1,"body":"connections between people,"},{"startTime":35.37,"endTime":38.1,"body":"plants, animals, and the"},{"startTime":38.1,"endTime":41.85,"body":"environment we all share. The"},{"startTime":38.1,"endTime":41.85,"body":"show will explore how one health"},{"startTime":42.0,"endTime":45.66,"body":"is your health. So sit back and"},{"startTime":42.0,"endTime":45.66,"body":"learn something infectious"},{"startTime":45.66,"endTime":48.78,"body":"science where enthusiasm for"},{"startTime":45.66,"endTime":48.78,"body":"science is contagious."},{"startTime":52.95,"endTime":56.91,"body":"Can you imagine that a dogs"},{"startTime":52.95,"endTime":56.91,"body":"sense of smell is so powerful"},{"startTime":57.09,"endTime":60.42,"body":"that it can distinguish a sick"},{"startTime":57.09,"endTime":60.42,"body":"person from a healthy person. It"},{"startTime":60.42,"endTime":63.63,"body":"can even tell what kind of"},{"startTime":60.42,"endTime":63.63,"body":"disease you have. Welcome back"},{"startTime":63.63,"endTime":66.66,"body":"to the infectious signs podcast."},{"startTime":63.63,"endTime":66.66,"body":"My name is Dennis Benton, and"},{"startTime":66.66,"endTime":69.93,"body":"I'm an associate professor in"},{"startTime":66.66,"endTime":69.93,"body":"the Microbiology and Immunology"},{"startTime":69.93,"endTime":73.2,"body":"department at the University of"},{"startTime":69.93,"endTime":73.2,"body":"Texas Medical Branch. Today we"},{"startTime":73.2,"endTime":76.53,"body":"will be talking to a"},{"startTime":73.2,"endTime":76.53,"body":"veterinarian and neurologists"},{"startTime":76.62,"endTime":80.55,"body":"Dr. Holga Falk Dr. Focus"},{"startTime":76.62,"endTime":80.55,"body":"currently professor of small"},{"startTime":80.55,"endTime":84.42,"body":"animal diseases and head of the"},{"startTime":80.55,"endTime":84.42,"body":"department of small animal"},{"startTime":84.45,"endTime":87.18,"body":"medicine and surgery at the"},{"startTime":84.45,"endTime":87.18,"body":"University of Veterinary"},{"startTime":87.18,"endTime":90.51,"body":"Medicine in Hanover. And he's"},{"startTime":87.18,"endTime":90.51,"body":"also the past president of the"},{"startTime":90.51,"endTime":94.41,"body":"European College of Veterinary"},{"startTime":90.51,"endTime":94.41,"body":"neurology, Dr. False group"},{"startTime":94.41,"endTime":100.26,"body":"demonstrated in 2020 that scent"},{"startTime":94.41,"endTime":100.26,"body":"dogs can identify SARS COVID, to"},{"startTime":100.26,"endTime":103.74,"body":"infections in different body"},{"startTime":100.26,"endTime":103.74,"body":"fluids. And they were also able"},{"startTime":103.74,"endTime":108.96,"body":"to show that the diagnosis that"},{"startTime":103.74,"endTime":108.96,"body":"the dog gives you a specific and"},{"startTime":108.96,"endTime":112.44,"body":"sensitive it just so happened"},{"startTime":108.96,"endTime":112.44,"body":"that Holga focus for my study"},{"startTime":112.44,"endTime":116.04,"body":"colleague of mine and we went to"},{"startTime":112.44,"endTime":116.04,"body":"the same vet school together"},{"startTime":116.07,"endTime":120.06,"body":"back in the mid 1990s. In the"},{"startTime":116.07,"endTime":120.06,"body":"Hannover. I was recently in"},{"startTime":120.06,"endTime":123.33,"body":"Hannover, Germany to visit my"},{"startTime":120.06,"endTime":123.33,"body":"alma mater and had the chance to"},{"startTime":123.33,"endTime":127.65,"body":"talk to Hall guy about this very"},{"startTime":123.33,"endTime":127.65,"body":"exciting project. In my eyes."},{"startTime":127.68,"endTime":130.89,"body":"This is really a poster project"},{"startTime":127.68,"endTime":130.89,"body":"of what I want to health project"},{"startTime":130.89,"endTime":134.25,"body":"should look like because it"},{"startTime":130.89,"endTime":134.25,"body":"combines animal behavior animal"},{"startTime":134.25,"endTime":139.32,"body":"physiology, virology immunology,"},{"startTime":134.25,"endTime":139.32,"body":"in eventually to protect human"},{"startTime":139.32,"endTime":144.87,"body":"health. Dogs have been used in"},{"startTime":139.32,"endTime":144.87,"body":"many environments for years as"},{"startTime":144.87,"endTime":149.55,"body":"real time detectors of"},{"startTime":144.87,"endTime":149.55,"body":"explosives, narcotics, salarians"},{"startTime":149.55,"endTime":153.72,"body":"people, animals and other"},{"startTime":149.55,"endTime":153.72,"body":"targets of interests. As we all"},{"startTime":153.72,"endTime":157.02,"body":"probably know, dogs possess an"},{"startTime":153.72,"endTime":157.02,"body":"extreme sense of smell with a"},{"startTime":157.02,"endTime":160.92,"body":"demonstrated lower limit of"},{"startTime":157.02,"endTime":160.92,"body":"detection of one part petroleum,"},{"startTime":160.95,"endTime":165.6,"body":"so a dog's nose bear 300 million"},{"startTime":160.95,"endTime":165.6,"body":"scent receptors compared with"},{"startTime":165.6,"endTime":170.28,"body":"the five or 6 million in humans,"},{"startTime":165.6,"endTime":170.28,"body":"that enables them to detect tiny"},{"startTime":170.28,"endTime":174.06,"body":"concentrations of odor that"},{"startTime":170.28,"endTime":174.06,"body":"people can't, which is actually"},{"startTime":174.06,"endTime":177.93,"body":"three fold orders of magnitude"},{"startTime":174.06,"endTime":177.93,"body":"more sensitive than today's"},{"startTime":177.96,"endTime":181.44,"body":"available laboratory"},{"startTime":177.96,"endTime":181.44,"body":"instruments, which can reliably"},{"startTime":181.44,"endTime":184.92,"body":"identify substances of"},{"startTime":181.44,"endTime":184.92,"body":"concentrations as low as one"},{"startTime":184.92,"endTime":189.39,"body":"part per million. To illustrate"},{"startTime":184.92,"endTime":189.39,"body":"the tremendous canine olfactory"},{"startTime":189.39,"endTime":193.08,"body":"sensitivity dog could detect the"},{"startTime":189.39,"endTime":193.08,"body":"equivalent of one drop of"},{"startTime":193.08,"endTime":196.98,"body":"liquids in an Olympic sized"},{"startTime":193.08,"endTime":196.98,"body":"swimming pool. Sniffer dogs"},{"startTime":196.98,"endTime":200.85,"body":"already have familiar sights at"},{"startTime":196.98,"endTime":200.85,"body":"airports to detect firearms,"},{"startTime":200.85,"endTime":204.57,"body":"explosives, and drugs and so on."},{"startTime":200.85,"endTime":204.57,"body":"So scientists have also trained"},{"startTime":204.57,"endTime":208.29,"body":"dogs to detect some cancers and"},{"startTime":204.57,"endTime":208.29,"body":"malaria. But the animals are not"},{"startTime":208.29,"endTime":212.31,"body":"routinely used for this purpose."},{"startTime":208.29,"endTime":212.31,"body":"The power of the sensory system"},{"startTime":212.31,"endTime":215.64,"body":"allows the dogs to detect"},{"startTime":212.31,"endTime":215.64,"body":"diseases, pathogens, cadaverous"},{"startTime":215.64,"endTime":220.17,"body":"loss people and other biological"},{"startTime":215.64,"endTime":220.17,"body":"targets. Hold on. Welcome to the"},{"startTime":220.17,"endTime":221.97,"body":"infectious Science Podcast."},{"startTime":222.66,"endTime":226.8,"body":"Hi, really great to be on the"},{"startTime":222.66,"endTime":226.8,"body":"podcast. And I'm more excited to"},{"startTime":226.8,"endTime":229.74,"body":"talk about, you know, the little"},{"startTime":226.8,"endTime":229.74,"body":"project we did and the whole"},{"startTime":229.74,"endTime":232.5,"body":"story how it actually we came"},{"startTime":229.74,"endTime":232.5,"body":"about doing it."},{"startTime":232.62,"endTime":235.17,"body":"Yeah, tell us how did this"},{"startTime":232.62,"endTime":235.17,"body":"project came about? And what"},{"startTime":235.17,"endTime":238.11,"body":"gave you the idea to train dogs"},{"startTime":235.17,"endTime":238.11,"body":"to smell it on an infected"},{"startTime":238.11,"endTime":238.68,"body":"patient?"},{"startTime":238.83,"endTime":242.1,"body":"Yeah, I mean, to be very blunt"},{"startTime":238.83,"endTime":242.1,"body":"and honest, I thought in the"},{"startTime":242.1,"endTime":245.82,"body":"beginning, this was a totally"},{"startTime":242.1,"endTime":245.82,"body":"crazy idea. So we were working"},{"startTime":245.82,"endTime":249.51,"body":"on cognition in our lab, mainly"},{"startTime":245.82,"endTime":249.51,"body":"on, you know, dogs with epilepsy"},{"startTime":249.51,"endTime":252.69,"body":"changing their cognition, and"},{"startTime":249.51,"endTime":252.69,"body":"same with dementia in dogs. And"},{"startTime":252.9,"endTime":256.74,"body":"then COVID obviously came and we"},{"startTime":252.9,"endTime":256.74,"body":"had some learning paradigm using"},{"startTime":256.77,"endTime":259.59,"body":"sniffer dogs and see how they"},{"startTime":256.77,"endTime":259.59,"body":"changed, you know, their"},{"startTime":259.59,"endTime":262.92,"body":"learning behavior by different"},{"startTime":259.59,"endTime":262.92,"body":"sensors, and if that's affected"},{"startTime":262.92,"endTime":266.79,"body":"by disease, and obviously what"},{"startTime":262.92,"endTime":266.79,"body":"happens then was the COVID came"},{"startTime":266.79,"endTime":270.27,"body":"and we thought, like, is there"},{"startTime":266.79,"endTime":270.27,"body":"any chance we could use the"},{"startTime":270.27,"endTime":273.54,"body":"knowledge and have a knowledge"},{"startTime":270.27,"endTime":273.54,"body":"transfer and see if dogs"},{"startTime":273.57,"endTime":277.17,"body":"actually can smell disease? And"},{"startTime":273.57,"endTime":277.17,"body":"to be very honest, you know,"},{"startTime":277.17,"endTime":281.01,"body":"then I ask you do you use one of"},{"startTime":277.17,"endTime":281.01,"body":"those web search engines and"},{"startTime":281.01,"endTime":283.95,"body":"then suddenly, you'll find that"},{"startTime":281.01,"endTime":283.95,"body":"there have been some"},{"startTime":283.95,"endTime":287.01,"body":"publications about it, like you"},{"startTime":283.95,"endTime":287.01,"body":"said in malaria, and so some"},{"startTime":287.04,"endTime":290.04,"body":"other cancer and some other"},{"startTime":287.04,"endTime":290.04,"body":"infectious diseases, mainly"},{"startTime":290.04,"endTime":295.02,"body":"bacterial nature. And what I did"},{"startTime":290.04,"endTime":295.02,"body":"then I said I had a call to"},{"startTime":295.05,"endTime":298.08,"body":"Professor also house I'm not"},{"startTime":295.05,"endTime":298.08,"body":"sure if most people will"},{"startTime":298.08,"endTime":300.96,"body":"probably know him who's quite an"},{"startTime":298.08,"endTime":300.96,"body":"expert in it. Coronavirus and I"},{"startTime":300.96,"endTime":303.72,"body":"said, What do you think about"},{"startTime":300.96,"endTime":303.72,"body":"this? And I still remember it"},{"startTime":303.72,"endTime":307.2,"body":"was a Friday evening, very early"},{"startTime":303.72,"endTime":307.2,"body":"on in the pandemic, when you"},{"startTime":307.2,"endTime":311.37,"body":"look at Europe, and he said,"},{"startTime":307.2,"endTime":311.37,"body":"Hold on. That's not possible. So"},{"startTime":311.37,"endTime":315.03,"body":"I did send him a couple of"},{"startTime":311.37,"endTime":315.03,"body":"papers. And then we had another"},{"startTime":315.03,"endTime":318.75,"body":"chat. I think it was like a 10am"},{"startTime":315.03,"endTime":318.75,"body":"on a Saturday morning. He said,"},{"startTime":318.75,"endTime":321.99,"body":"Yeah, why not? And the reason"},{"startTime":318.75,"endTime":321.99,"body":"why I obviously needed him is we"},{"startTime":321.99,"endTime":325.29,"body":"needed to have some Top Gun"},{"startTime":321.99,"endTime":325.29,"body":"biologists to make it safe,"},{"startTime":325.29,"endTime":328.17,"body":"right. So because we couldn't"},{"startTime":325.29,"endTime":328.17,"body":"obviously just transfer the"},{"startTime":328.17,"endTime":332.4,"body":"virus somewhere a sample from an"},{"startTime":328.17,"endTime":332.4,"body":"infectious person without making"},{"startTime":332.4,"endTime":335.97,"body":"it safe also for the dogs to"},{"startTime":332.4,"endTime":335.97,"body":"sniff. And then from that, it"},{"startTime":335.97,"endTime":339.66,"body":"was a really blast. So we got"},{"startTime":335.97,"endTime":339.66,"body":"support from the German armed"},{"startTime":339.66,"endTime":344.13,"body":"forces, Dr. Esther shulker. She"},{"startTime":339.66,"endTime":344.13,"body":"is a B veterinary behaviors"},{"startTime":344.16,"endTime":347.67,"body":"diploma holder, a European"},{"startTime":344.16,"endTime":347.67,"body":"specialist, so to speak, and I"},{"startTime":347.67,"endTime":351.42,"body":"know from the past, or she was"},{"startTime":347.67,"endTime":351.42,"body":"at the to before, and I gave her"},{"startTime":351.42,"endTime":354.3,"body":"a call and said, Hey, look, you"},{"startTime":351.42,"endTime":354.3,"body":"have a lot of detection dogs."},{"startTime":354.33,"endTime":358.32,"body":"What about this idea that we use"},{"startTime":354.33,"endTime":358.32,"body":"them now to curve down the"},{"startTime":358.32,"endTime":360.9,"body":"pandemic and make a difference?"},{"startTime":358.32,"endTime":360.9,"body":"I mean, that was the whole"},{"startTime":360.9,"endTime":364.59,"body":"reason why we did it. It was"},{"startTime":360.9,"endTime":364.59,"body":"mainly to help with a huge"},{"startTime":364.59,"endTime":368.7,"body":"crisis, which was coming our way"},{"startTime":364.59,"endTime":368.7,"body":"and see if we can actually use"},{"startTime":368.7,"endTime":372.72,"body":"the dogs to make a difference."},{"startTime":368.7,"endTime":372.72,"body":"And as you mentioned, it then"},{"startTime":372.75,"endTime":377.04,"body":"went very fast. So Marin cooker,"},{"startTime":372.75,"endTime":377.04,"body":"sunblock Vader, who's also at"},{"startTime":377.04,"endTime":379.95,"body":"the lab, she also helped I"},{"startTime":377.04,"endTime":379.95,"body":"think, Claudia Schulz, as well."},{"startTime":380.07,"endTime":383.25,"body":"And we collaborated with a"},{"startTime":380.07,"endTime":383.25,"body":"medical school in Hanover and"},{"startTime":383.25,"endTime":386.67,"body":"Hamburg Eppendorf University"},{"startTime":383.25,"endTime":386.67,"body":"Hospital, because in the"},{"startTime":386.67,"endTime":389.13,"body":"beginning, we needed to get"},{"startTime":386.67,"endTime":389.13,"body":"samples. And very early on,"},{"startTime":389.16,"endTime":392.61,"body":"obviously, the only songs we"},{"startTime":389.16,"endTime":392.61,"body":"could get from people being in a"},{"startTime":392.61,"endTime":397.38,"body":"hospital, often intensive care."},{"startTime":392.61,"endTime":397.38,"body":"And I have to say, really, app"},{"startTime":397.38,"endTime":400.77,"body":"helped us a lot, because he"},{"startTime":397.38,"endTime":400.77,"body":"said, Why don't you use better"},{"startTime":400.8,"endTime":404.52,"body":"probably an electrode BPL to"},{"startTime":400.8,"endTime":404.52,"body":"inactivate those samples to make"},{"startTime":404.52,"endTime":407.28,"body":"them safe. And that time, you"},{"startTime":404.52,"endTime":407.28,"body":"know, people didn't know which"},{"startTime":407.28,"endTime":410.67,"body":"cell lines ready to use how to"},{"startTime":407.28,"endTime":410.67,"body":"really look for violence, you"},{"startTime":410.67,"endTime":413.85,"body":"know, is BPL and activation"},{"startTime":410.67,"endTime":413.85,"body":"actually even possible in these?"},{"startTime":413.85,"endTime":417.06,"body":"So we had to do all this work,"},{"startTime":413.85,"endTime":417.06,"body":"initially, because obviously,"},{"startTime":417.06,"endTime":419.79,"body":"what we couldn't do is put the"},{"startTime":417.06,"endTime":419.79,"body":"dogs at risk. And if you"},{"startTime":419.79,"endTime":422.64,"body":"remember, at that time, we"},{"startTime":419.79,"endTime":422.64,"body":"didn't know, is it only a"},{"startTime":422.64,"endTime":425.97,"body":"disease for humans, there was"},{"startTime":422.64,"endTime":425.97,"body":"even some evidence to know it's"},{"startTime":425.97,"endTime":430.23,"body":"obviously in ferrets and hamster"},{"startTime":425.97,"endTime":430.23,"body":"potentially cats and dogs"},{"startTime":430.23,"endTime":433.29,"body":"perhaps as well, right. So we"},{"startTime":430.23,"endTime":433.29,"body":"didn't know. And obviously, one"},{"startTime":433.29,"endTime":435.99,"body":"of the things we didn't want to"},{"startTime":433.29,"endTime":435.99,"body":"make sure that the handlers or"},{"startTime":435.99,"endTime":437.22,"body":"the dogs are, in fact,"},{"startTime":438.0,"endTime":442.14,"body":"it makes sense. So as a"},{"startTime":438.0,"endTime":442.14,"body":"virologist, I really share up"},{"startTime":442.32,"endTime":445.83,"body":"austere house concerns,"},{"startTime":442.32,"endTime":445.83,"body":"especially when I read the first"},{"startTime":445.95,"endTime":449.49,"body":"report on this I was a bit"},{"startTime":445.95,"endTime":449.49,"body":"skeptical of the material in a"},{"startTime":449.49,"endTime":453.24,"body":"very on that so little protein"},{"startTime":449.49,"endTime":453.24,"body":"in there was so little genomic"},{"startTime":453.24,"endTime":456.57,"body":"material, so that we even have a"},{"startTime":453.24,"endTime":456.57,"body":"hard time picking up the"},{"startTime":456.57,"endTime":460.74,"body":"proteins or the G and jiomoney"},{"startTime":456.57,"endTime":460.74,"body":"material unless you use PCR or"},{"startTime":460.74,"endTime":464.22,"body":"something like that. So compared"},{"startTime":460.74,"endTime":464.22,"body":"to bacteria, viruses don't have"},{"startTime":464.22,"endTime":467.1,"body":"their own metabolism. So you"},{"startTime":464.22,"endTime":467.1,"body":"probably rely on on other"},{"startTime":467.1,"endTime":470.64,"body":"things. Can you address the"},{"startTime":467.1,"endTime":470.64,"body":"skepticism of the people that"},{"startTime":470.64,"endTime":472.95,"body":"think well, can you really smell"},{"startTime":470.64,"endTime":472.95,"body":"a virus"},{"startTime":472.98,"endTime":475.68,"body":"totally, to be honest, I mean,"},{"startTime":472.98,"endTime":475.68,"body":"we were very, very, very"},{"startTime":475.68,"endTime":478.23,"body":"skeptical in the beginning. And"},{"startTime":475.68,"endTime":478.23,"body":"obviously, the virus doesn't"},{"startTime":478.23,"endTime":481.77,"body":"smell, it's obviously the change"},{"startTime":478.23,"endTime":481.77,"body":"in the body cells, which then"},{"startTime":481.77,"endTime":484.77,"body":"will change the medical light"},{"startTime":481.77,"endTime":484.77,"body":"and these volatile organic"},{"startTime":484.77,"endTime":488.37,"body":"compounds, or VOCs. For us, it's"},{"startTime":484.77,"endTime":488.37,"body":"not variants of concerns, it's"},{"startTime":488.37,"endTime":492.21,"body":"actually organic compounds. So"},{"startTime":488.37,"endTime":492.21,"body":"those guys, the dogs will pick"},{"startTime":492.21,"endTime":494.94,"body":"up and the interesting thing on"},{"startTime":492.21,"endTime":494.94,"body":"our setup, and that's why we"},{"startTime":494.94,"endTime":498.06,"body":"were the first to ever published"},{"startTime":494.94,"endTime":498.06,"body":"a paper, we had this kind of"},{"startTime":498.06,"endTime":502.23,"body":"Nintendo game for dogs. It's a"},{"startTime":498.06,"endTime":502.23,"body":"machine, which is really"},{"startTime":502.23,"endTime":505.29,"body":"addictive, really rewarding for"},{"startTime":502.23,"endTime":505.29,"body":"the dogs, you can train them"},{"startTime":505.29,"endTime":509.19,"body":"very, very quickly. It's"},{"startTime":505.29,"endTime":509.19,"body":"randomize, there's an effect of"},{"startTime":509.19,"endTime":511.71,"body":"training called the clever hands"},{"startTime":509.19,"endTime":511.71,"body":"effect because it's very"},{"startTime":511.71,"endTime":515.07,"body":"difficult for handlers not to"},{"startTime":511.71,"endTime":515.07,"body":"give some indication with sample"},{"startTime":515.07,"endTime":517.8,"body":"might be positive or not. And"},{"startTime":515.07,"endTime":517.8,"body":"the dogs actually work on this"},{"startTime":517.8,"endTime":521.52,"body":"machine totally by themselves."},{"startTime":517.8,"endTime":521.52,"body":"It's like a sniffing machine"},{"startTime":521.55,"endTime":524.76,"body":"where the dog was at a nose. And"},{"startTime":521.55,"endTime":524.76,"body":"then as long as it puts the nose"},{"startTime":524.76,"endTime":527.73,"body":"as more sensitive it is, and you"},{"startTime":524.76,"endTime":527.73,"body":"train them up. And after four"},{"startTime":527.73,"endTime":530.1,"body":"seconds, it's a positive"},{"startTime":527.73,"endTime":530.1,"body":"indication, if they're only like"},{"startTime":530.1,"endTime":533.13,"body":"a one second in and then they"},{"startTime":530.1,"endTime":533.13,"body":"move on to the next sample. It's"},{"startTime":533.13,"endTime":536.97,"body":"not a positive indication. And"},{"startTime":533.13,"endTime":536.97,"body":"women use this approach. It was"},{"startTime":537.0,"endTime":539.43,"body":"literally in a week we had them"},{"startTime":537.0,"endTime":539.43,"body":"trained up,"},{"startTime":539.549,"endTime":543.479,"body":"I like the comparison off"},{"startTime":539.549,"endTime":543.479,"body":"Nintendo for dogs. Can you like"},{"startTime":543.479,"endTime":546.779,"body":"describe that again? So the dog"},{"startTime":543.479,"endTime":546.779,"body":"you have to send dog and then"},{"startTime":546.779,"endTime":549.599,"body":"like certain openings? Or can"},{"startTime":546.779,"endTime":549.599,"body":"you explain that?"},{"startTime":549.87,"endTime":554.28,"body":"Exactly, exactly. It's a machine"},{"startTime":549.87,"endTime":554.28,"body":"with seven holes. And behind"},{"startTime":554.61,"endTime":557.13,"body":"each hole, there are multiple"},{"startTime":554.61,"endTime":557.13,"body":"revolvers, where you can"},{"startTime":557.13,"endTime":560.34,"body":"actually shift per random"},{"startTime":557.13,"endTime":560.34,"body":"samples there. So you don't know"},{"startTime":560.37,"endTime":563.94,"body":"which one actually will come. If"},{"startTime":560.37,"endTime":563.94,"body":"they indicate the positive, then"},{"startTime":563.97,"endTime":567.87,"body":"a treat comes either ball or"},{"startTime":563.97,"endTime":567.87,"body":"food. And so they learn very"},{"startTime":567.87,"endTime":572.04,"body":"fast the target scent, and you"},{"startTime":567.87,"endTime":572.04,"body":"can also have huge repetition"},{"startTime":572.04,"endTime":576.66,"body":"rates. So classically, what they"},{"startTime":572.04,"endTime":576.66,"body":"would do in a scenario is called"},{"startTime":576.66,"endTime":580.17,"body":"a lineup. We actually use that"},{"startTime":576.66,"endTime":580.17,"body":"later for the concert study. But"},{"startTime":580.2,"endTime":583.59,"body":"what you do there is you have a"},{"startTime":580.2,"endTime":583.59,"body":"one after the other samples"},{"startTime":583.62,"endTime":587.79,"body":"often like half a meter 40"},{"startTime":583.62,"endTime":587.79,"body":"centimeters apart, and then they"},{"startTime":587.79,"endTime":590.67,"body":"will sniff on each of them. But"},{"startTime":587.79,"endTime":590.67,"body":"you can imagine that this takes"},{"startTime":590.67,"endTime":593.34,"body":"a long time, you have to make"},{"startTime":590.67,"endTime":593.34,"body":"sure that it's randomized and"},{"startTime":593.34,"endTime":596.01,"body":"make sure that the dog handler"},{"startTime":593.34,"endTime":596.01,"body":"doesn't see which sample you"},{"startTime":596.01,"endTime":599.61,"body":"change from a training point of"},{"startTime":596.01,"endTime":599.61,"body":"view. There's a lot of flaw and"},{"startTime":599.61,"endTime":603.3,"body":"I think that's why we were quite"},{"startTime":599.61,"endTime":603.3,"body":"fast in getting our dogs trained"},{"startTime":603.3,"endTime":605.88,"body":"compared to others. But I do"},{"startTime":603.3,"endTime":605.88,"body":"also have seen, for example, the"},{"startTime":605.88,"endTime":609.54,"body":"medical detection unit in the"},{"startTime":605.88,"endTime":609.54,"body":"UK, they take really great care,"},{"startTime":609.54,"endTime":612.69,"body":"they always have three people"},{"startTime":609.54,"endTime":612.69,"body":"involved. So make sure that the"},{"startTime":612.69,"endTime":615.63,"body":"dog handler is blinded, but it's"},{"startTime":612.69,"endTime":615.63,"body":"a lot more elaborate. So our"},{"startTime":615.63,"endTime":617.19,"body":"training has some advantages."},{"startTime":617.97,"endTime":621.42,"body":"So you talked earlier about the"},{"startTime":617.97,"endTime":621.42,"body":"inactivation of the samples? But"},{"startTime":621.42,"endTime":624.03,"body":"can you tell us a little bit"},{"startTime":621.42,"endTime":624.03,"body":"more about your sample selection"},{"startTime":624.03,"endTime":626.82,"body":"and the process? We talked about"},{"startTime":624.03,"endTime":626.82,"body":"the dog training, but what"},{"startTime":626.82,"endTime":629.97,"body":"samples did you use? And what"},{"startTime":626.82,"endTime":629.97,"body":"were the obstacles for you and"},{"startTime":629.97,"endTime":630.57,"body":"the training?"},{"startTime":631.02,"endTime":633.75,"body":"To be honest, I mean, one of the"},{"startTime":631.02,"endTime":633.75,"body":"biggest challenges in beginning"},{"startTime":633.75,"endTime":636.75,"body":"was to get enough samples,"},{"startTime":633.75,"endTime":636.75,"body":"because you need to get written"},{"startTime":636.75,"endTime":640.59,"body":"consent, we had to get ethics"},{"startTime":636.75,"endTime":640.59,"body":"and so on. And then you have to"},{"startTime":640.59,"endTime":644.16,"body":"be really careful because a dog"},{"startTime":640.59,"endTime":644.16,"body":"is so sensitive, it could have"},{"startTime":644.16,"endTime":647.58,"body":"been that they only picked up"},{"startTime":644.16,"endTime":647.58,"body":"that we had the disease person"},{"startTime":647.61,"endTime":650.61,"body":"in the intensive care unit in a"},{"startTime":647.61,"endTime":650.61,"body":"hospital setting, because they"},{"startTime":650.61,"endTime":653.73,"body":"might have not smelled the virus"},{"startTime":650.61,"endTime":653.73,"body":"or the products they released by"},{"startTime":653.73,"endTime":656.31,"body":"changing the cell metabolism, it"},{"startTime":653.73,"endTime":656.31,"body":"could have been also just a"},{"startTime":656.31,"endTime":658.62,"body":"hospital smell, right. So we"},{"startTime":656.31,"endTime":658.62,"body":"could have trained them against"},{"startTime":658.62,"endTime":662.31,"body":"something totally wrong, or"},{"startTime":658.62,"endTime":662.31,"body":"classic example where things can"},{"startTime":662.31,"endTime":665.82,"body":"go wrong, that you always handle"},{"startTime":662.31,"endTime":665.82,"body":"the one sample, which is the"},{"startTime":665.82,"endTime":669.09,"body":"target sent with gloves. And"},{"startTime":665.82,"endTime":669.09,"body":"then at the end, they learn that"},{"startTime":669.09,"endTime":671.94,"body":"the glove sample is always the"},{"startTime":669.09,"endTime":671.94,"body":"one which is the target sample."},{"startTime":671.94,"endTime":674.88,"body":"So you you have to think totally"},{"startTime":671.94,"endTime":674.88,"body":"differently, because we are"},{"startTime":674.88,"endTime":677.79,"body":"visual creatures. And I think"},{"startTime":674.88,"endTime":677.79,"body":"it's very difficult for us to"},{"startTime":677.79,"endTime":681.87,"body":"imagine, you see already said"},{"startTime":677.79,"endTime":681.87,"body":"imagine to send what a dog would"},{"startTime":681.87,"endTime":684.9,"body":"send right so is to think how a"},{"startTime":681.87,"endTime":684.9,"body":"dog would think. So we had to"},{"startTime":684.9,"endTime":688.23,"body":"get samples from the same"},{"startTime":684.9,"endTime":688.23,"body":"setting control and positive"},{"startTime":688.23,"endTime":693.27,"body":"samples. And we started at that"},{"startTime":688.23,"endTime":693.27,"body":"time with saliva samples and"},{"startTime":693.27,"endTime":696.39,"body":"tracheal bronchial secretion,"},{"startTime":693.27,"endTime":696.39,"body":"and then obviously inactivated"},{"startTime":696.39,"endTime":700.02,"body":"them and then use them safely."},{"startTime":696.39,"endTime":700.02,"body":"But then we had to kind of come"},{"startTime":700.02,"endTime":703.11,"body":"to the other samples, because"},{"startTime":700.02,"endTime":703.11,"body":"this is not very practical. So"},{"startTime":703.11,"endTime":705.93,"body":"if you think about it, you would"},{"startTime":703.11,"endTime":705.93,"body":"want to have mass screening with"},{"startTime":705.93,"endTime":708.99,"body":"dogs, you couldn't do that,"},{"startTime":705.93,"endTime":708.99,"body":"right? Because the inactivation"},{"startTime":708.99,"endTime":711.45,"body":"process takes a couple of days,"},{"startTime":708.99,"endTime":711.45,"body":"and you have to make sure it's"},{"startTime":711.45,"endTime":715.74,"body":"safe that it's this is not"},{"startTime":711.45,"endTime":715.74,"body":"really practical. That might be"},{"startTime":715.74,"endTime":718.38,"body":"just a nice research. But we"},{"startTime":715.74,"endTime":718.38,"body":"wanted to have something which"},{"startTime":718.38,"endTime":721.98,"body":"we can apply other groups in the"},{"startTime":718.38,"endTime":721.98,"body":"world, Dominic Gonzalez from"},{"startTime":721.98,"endTime":725.13,"body":"Paris and on for who has done a"},{"startTime":721.98,"endTime":725.13,"body":"lot of great work as well, he"},{"startTime":725.13,"endTime":728.64,"body":"used sweat samples. And in the"},{"startTime":725.13,"endTime":728.64,"body":"beginning, we were not sure how"},{"startTime":728.64,"endTime":732.27,"body":"likely it is that sweat can be"},{"startTime":728.64,"endTime":732.27,"body":"also infectious. So we were a"},{"startTime":732.27,"endTime":735.84,"body":"bit more hesitant, I think"},{"startTime":732.27,"endTime":735.84,"body":"Germans, we are probably taking"},{"startTime":735.87,"endTime":739.5,"body":"often a bit more care to make"},{"startTime":735.87,"endTime":739.5,"body":"sure no one gets, you know,"},{"startTime":739.5,"endTime":742.95,"body":"infected or has any problem with"},{"startTime":739.5,"endTime":742.95,"body":"that. But then when we learned"},{"startTime":742.95,"endTime":746.67,"body":"that it was relatively safe, we"},{"startTime":742.95,"endTime":746.67,"body":"actually looked also using sweat"},{"startTime":746.67,"endTime":750.63,"body":"samples. But before we went"},{"startTime":746.67,"endTime":750.63,"body":"there, what we did is we had a"},{"startTime":750.63,"endTime":754.47,"body":"very special device with a"},{"startTime":750.63,"endTime":754.47,"body":"special membrane where only the"},{"startTime":754.47,"endTime":757.53,"body":"scent molecules go through. So"},{"startTime":754.47,"endTime":757.53,"body":"it's sealed. And we did it in a"},{"startTime":757.53,"endTime":761.46,"body":"high security lab where we once"},{"startTime":757.53,"endTime":761.46,"body":"tested can the dogs which were"},{"startTime":761.46,"endTime":764.94,"body":"trained for the BPL inactivated"},{"startTime":761.46,"endTime":764.94,"body":"samples, can they also test the"},{"startTime":764.94,"endTime":768.45,"body":"shout the ones which actually"},{"startTime":764.94,"endTime":768.45,"body":"are not inactivated, and they"},{"startTime":768.45,"endTime":771.45,"body":"could transfer that sent to"},{"startTime":768.45,"endTime":771.45,"body":"that. And even more"},{"startTime":771.45,"endTime":775.59,"body":"interestingly, when we use that"},{"startTime":771.45,"endTime":775.59,"body":"setup, they could also then send"},{"startTime":775.59,"endTime":778.71,"body":"sweat and urine samples. And it"},{"startTime":775.59,"endTime":778.71,"body":"looked like there was a little"},{"startTime":778.71,"endTime":781.35,"body":"bit of an indication that urine"},{"startTime":778.71,"endTime":781.35,"body":"might be even the best fluid,"},{"startTime":781.38,"endTime":784.26,"body":"but it was not significant at"},{"startTime":781.38,"endTime":784.26,"body":"the end after correction"},{"startTime":784.26,"endTime":786.99,"body":"factors. But I thought that was"},{"startTime":784.26,"endTime":786.99,"body":"really interesting from a"},{"startTime":786.99,"endTime":791.07,"body":"scientific point of view that"},{"startTime":786.99,"endTime":791.07,"body":"obviously, there is a ubiquitous"},{"startTime":791.1,"endTime":794.67,"body":"cell metabolism change. And the"},{"startTime":791.1,"endTime":794.67,"body":"virus is probably not just in"},{"startTime":794.67,"endTime":796.92,"body":"the upper airways. I mean, I'm"},{"startTime":794.67,"endTime":796.92,"body":"not a virologist, you know, but"},{"startTime":796.92,"endTime":799.5,"body":"I thought who this is really"},{"startTime":796.92,"endTime":799.5,"body":"interesting, it's actually quite"},{"startTime":799.5,"endTime":802.98,"body":"everywhere. And that really"},{"startTime":799.5,"endTime":802.98,"body":"opened the doors because then"},{"startTime":803.01,"endTime":806.76,"body":"using sweat samples, and at that"},{"startTime":803.01,"endTime":806.76,"body":"time, we knew the chances of"},{"startTime":806.76,"endTime":810.03,"body":"infectiousness from a sweat"},{"startTime":806.76,"endTime":810.03,"body":"sample is can be ignored. And"},{"startTime":810.03,"endTime":813.12,"body":"that opened a lot of"},{"startTime":810.03,"endTime":813.12,"body":"possibilities. And when we talk"},{"startTime":813.12,"endTime":816.69,"body":"about sweat, we don't talk about"},{"startTime":813.12,"endTime":816.69,"body":"someone who has been running in"},{"startTime":816.69,"endTime":820.74,"body":"the gym, sweating, whatever, you"},{"startTime":816.69,"endTime":820.74,"body":"know, is actually just in the"},{"startTime":820.74,"endTime":824.58,"body":"crook, armpit, you know, just a"},{"startTime":820.74,"endTime":824.58,"body":"little rough over. And that's"},{"startTime":824.58,"endTime":827.79,"body":"that's enough. It's incredible."},{"startTime":824.58,"endTime":827.79,"body":"You can't even imagine how they"},{"startTime":827.79,"endTime":829.38,"body":"do it. But that was sufficient."},{"startTime":829.95,"endTime":832.65,"body":"So can you talk a little bit"},{"startTime":829.95,"endTime":832.65,"body":"more about these scent"},{"startTime":832.65,"endTime":837.0,"body":"molecules? So you call them"},{"startTime":832.65,"endTime":837.0,"body":"VOCs? Not variants of concern."},{"startTime":837.63,"endTime":842.67,"body":"From a biochemistry perspective,"},{"startTime":837.63,"endTime":842.67,"body":"are those more like fatty acids?"},{"startTime":842.67,"endTime":848.04,"body":"Or are they glycoproteins or has"},{"startTime":842.67,"endTime":848.04,"body":"this been characterized? No,"},{"startTime":848.069,"endTime":852.779,"body":"not 100%. Because I guess the"},{"startTime":848.069,"endTime":852.779,"body":"challenge what we have is that"},{"startTime":852.809,"endTime":856.769,"body":"we will be able to measure"},{"startTime":852.809,"endTime":856.769,"body":"certain organic compounds, but"},{"startTime":856.829,"endTime":861.299,"body":"what the doc actually will pick"},{"startTime":856.829,"endTime":861.299,"body":"up will be very difficult. So"},{"startTime":861.449,"endTime":864.179,"body":"and that's where you know the"},{"startTime":861.449,"endTime":864.179,"body":"story starts to become"},{"startTime":864.179,"endTime":867.689,"body":"interesting. So they have to be"},{"startTime":864.179,"endTime":867.689,"body":"volatile, right? And then some"},{"startTime":867.689,"endTime":872.609,"body":"people say could there also be"},{"startTime":867.689,"endTime":872.609,"body":"some peptides structures which"},{"startTime":872.609,"endTime":875.909,"body":"become airborne, obviously,"},{"startTime":872.609,"endTime":875.909,"body":"there are some beliefs that"},{"startTime":875.909,"endTime":878.729,"body":"proteins cannot be sniffed, but"},{"startTime":875.909,"endTime":878.729,"body":"then there are other people who"},{"startTime":878.729,"endTime":882.299,"body":"say dogs might be able to do"},{"startTime":878.729,"endTime":882.299,"body":"that. The dogs you earlier"},{"startTime":882.299,"endTime":886.229,"body":"mentioned that they have a"},{"startTime":882.299,"endTime":886.229,"body":"really, obviously more cells and"},{"startTime":886.229,"endTime":890.849,"body":"a human and a bigger area where"},{"startTime":886.229,"endTime":890.849,"body":"they conceptualize in the brain,"},{"startTime":890.909,"endTime":894.929,"body":"the sand. However, what is also"},{"startTime":890.909,"endTime":894.929,"body":"really interesting is they have"},{"startTime":894.959,"endTime":898.889,"body":"the vomeronasal organ, it's more"},{"startTime":894.959,"endTime":898.889,"body":"like a tasting which is in your"},{"startTime":898.889,"endTime":902.129,"body":"mouth and that's all also used"},{"startTime":898.889,"endTime":902.129,"body":"by them for picking up"},{"startTime":902.129,"endTime":906.899,"body":"pheromones. And so the question"},{"startTime":902.129,"endTime":906.899,"body":"is, probably, it might be a lot"},{"startTime":906.899,"endTime":911.279,"body":"more complicated than we thought"},{"startTime":906.899,"endTime":911.279,"body":"initially. And it's probably as"},{"startTime":911.339,"endTime":915.389,"body":"I would imagine, as we are"},{"startTime":911.339,"endTime":915.389,"body":"looking at a picture, it will"},{"startTime":915.389,"endTime":919.109,"body":"probably very similar be for the"},{"startTime":915.389,"endTime":919.109,"body":"dog when they sent us. And the"},{"startTime":919.109,"endTime":921.899,"body":"really interesting thing, and"},{"startTime":919.109,"endTime":921.899,"body":"there's really recent research"},{"startTime":921.899,"endTime":925.409,"body":"from this year from Cornell"},{"startTime":921.899,"endTime":925.409,"body":"University, they have shown"},{"startTime":925.439,"endTime":929.429,"body":"there's a direct connection of"},{"startTime":925.439,"endTime":929.429,"body":"the olfactory system to the"},{"startTime":929.429,"endTime":933.659,"body":"visual cortex. And I think that"},{"startTime":929.429,"endTime":933.659,"body":"is fascinating. So I guess they"},{"startTime":933.659,"endTime":937.499,"body":"really see within those, and I"},{"startTime":933.659,"endTime":937.499,"body":"guess we will not 100%"},{"startTime":937.499,"endTime":941.339,"body":"comprehend. So we were working"},{"startTime":937.499,"endTime":941.339,"body":"on that in another experiment,"},{"startTime":941.369,"endTime":944.039,"body":"because one of the critical"},{"startTime":941.369,"endTime":944.039,"body":"points was, as you said,"},{"startTime":944.069,"endTime":947.999,"body":"earlier, do they actually just"},{"startTime":944.069,"endTime":947.999,"body":"smell a person with disease, and"},{"startTime":947.999,"endTime":951.959,"body":"then we in the first year of the"},{"startTime":947.999,"endTime":951.959,"body":"pandemic, everyone was saying,"},{"startTime":951.959,"endTime":954.839,"body":"Oh, you have to differentiate to"},{"startTime":951.959,"endTime":954.839,"body":"influenza, but that at that"},{"startTime":954.839,"endTime":958.619,"body":"time, you couldn't get influenza"},{"startTime":954.839,"endTime":958.619,"body":"samples, it was impossible. So"},{"startTime":958.739,"endTime":961.859,"body":"what we did in the in the year"},{"startTime":958.739,"endTime":961.859,"body":"after we got some influenza"},{"startTime":961.859,"endTime":965.249,"body":"sample here from the Robert Koch"},{"startTime":961.859,"endTime":965.249,"body":"Institute, and we got also some"},{"startTime":965.249,"endTime":969.899,"body":"other respiratory virus samples,"},{"startTime":965.249,"endTime":969.899,"body":"and the ones we couldn't get, we"},{"startTime":969.899,"endTime":972.899,"body":"then use cell culture"},{"startTime":969.899,"endTime":972.899,"body":"experiments. So we had, like"},{"startTime":972.929,"endTime":977.159,"body":"SASC of one FASTQC have to"},{"startTime":972.929,"endTime":977.159,"body":"obviously MERS and so on other"},{"startTime":977.159,"endTime":980.369,"body":"respiratory viruses. And the"},{"startTime":977.159,"endTime":980.369,"body":"interesting thing there was that"},{"startTime":980.369,"endTime":983.519,"body":"the dogs obviously did a lot"},{"startTime":980.369,"endTime":983.519,"body":"better on the samples coming"},{"startTime":983.519,"endTime":987.239,"body":"from a human. But then when we"},{"startTime":983.519,"endTime":987.239,"body":"gave them the cell culture to"},{"startTime":987.239,"endTime":990.989,"body":"smell, the sensitivity dropped."},{"startTime":987.239,"endTime":990.989,"body":"So normally, they have a"},{"startTime":990.989,"endTime":995.489,"body":"sensitivity around 85 90%, when"},{"startTime":990.989,"endTime":995.489,"body":"you then gave them a cell"},{"startTime":995.489,"endTime":1000.139,"body":"culture supernatant, then it's"},{"startTime":995.489,"endTime":1000.139,"body":"suddenly dropped around 65 ish."},{"startTime":1000.199,"endTime":1003.319,"body":"But then when you train them,"},{"startTime":1000.199,"endTime":1003.319,"body":"again, against the supernatant"},{"startTime":1003.349,"endTime":1006.139,"body":"with Sask of two, then they will"},{"startTime":1003.349,"endTime":1006.139,"body":"pick up very well again. So it's"},{"startTime":1006.229,"endTime":1009.079,"body":"makes kind of sense. Probably"},{"startTime":1006.229,"endTime":1009.079,"body":"cell culture is not a body,"},{"startTime":1009.079,"endTime":1012.469,"body":"right, it's not as complex and"},{"startTime":1009.079,"endTime":1012.469,"body":"even there, they were able to"},{"startTime":1012.469,"endTime":1016.279,"body":"discriminate. And when you look"},{"startTime":1012.469,"endTime":1016.279,"body":"at sensitivity, in most groups,"},{"startTime":1016.279,"endTime":1018.409,"body":"we have done now a meta"},{"startTime":1016.279,"endTime":1018.409,"body":"analysis, which we have"},{"startTime":1018.409,"endTime":1021.739,"body":"submitted. And actually a couple"},{"startTime":1018.409,"endTime":1021.739,"body":"of things. Also a data pooling"},{"startTime":1021.739,"endTime":1024.739,"body":"exercise, which we are soon to"},{"startTime":1021.739,"endTime":1024.739,"body":"submit from all the groups in"},{"startTime":1024.739,"endTime":1027.949,"body":"the world that we're working on"},{"startTime":1024.739,"endTime":1027.949,"body":"working on it, you can see that"},{"startTime":1027.949,"endTime":1032.299,"body":"most would come out around 85."},{"startTime":1027.949,"endTime":1032.299,"body":"And then on a specific T level,"},{"startTime":1032.299,"endTime":1037.939,"body":"depending how they use the dogs,"},{"startTime":1032.299,"endTime":1037.939,"body":"you will be 97 to 99%."},{"startTime":1038.42,"endTime":1041.15,"body":"So do I understand you"},{"startTime":1038.42,"endTime":1041.15,"body":"correctly, what you're saying is"},{"startTime":1041.15,"endTime":1045.95,"body":"not that a whole body a whole"},{"startTime":1041.15,"endTime":1045.95,"body":"organ? Maybe what you were"},{"startTime":1045.95,"endTime":1048.95,"body":"saying is that it radiates"},{"startTime":1045.95,"endTime":1048.95,"body":"probably a different profile of"},{"startTime":1048.95,"endTime":1054.26,"body":"VOCs compared to a single cell"},{"startTime":1048.95,"endTime":1054.26,"body":"type and Euston and cell line."},{"startTime":1054.8,"endTime":1058.07,"body":"And I mean, as you know, you"},{"startTime":1054.8,"endTime":1058.07,"body":"know, people have tried and have"},{"startTime":1058.07,"endTime":1062.12,"body":"used newer techniques to look at"},{"startTime":1058.07,"endTime":1062.12,"body":"the volatile organic compounds,"},{"startTime":1062.12,"endTime":1065.66,"body":"and they have fallen acetone and"},{"startTime":1062.12,"endTime":1065.66,"body":"whatever. But question is really"},{"startTime":1065.66,"endTime":1068.57,"body":"is this what the dog smells? Who"},{"startTime":1065.66,"endTime":1068.57,"body":"knows. And what you have to do"},{"startTime":1068.57,"endTime":1071.0,"body":"is you would have to take each"},{"startTime":1068.57,"endTime":1071.0,"body":"molecule and then probably put"},{"startTime":1071.0,"endTime":1074.33,"body":"them in the same mixture that"},{"startTime":1071.0,"endTime":1074.33,"body":"would be nearly impossible to"},{"startTime":1074.33,"endTime":1075.02,"body":"do. No,"},{"startTime":1075.98,"endTime":1078.83,"body":"you're describing this just"},{"startTime":1075.98,"endTime":1078.83,"body":"always reminds me when I walk my"},{"startTime":1078.83,"endTime":1083.96,"body":"dog, I can see that my dog can"},{"startTime":1078.83,"endTime":1083.96,"body":"smell in the spatial way, right,"},{"startTime":1083.96,"endTime":1087.92,"body":"they can smell 3d, so they know"},{"startTime":1083.96,"endTime":1087.92,"body":"where the scent is coming from."},{"startTime":1087.92,"endTime":1091.46,"body":"And this is just always blows me"},{"startTime":1087.92,"endTime":1091.46,"body":"away, we can smell a sentence"},{"startTime":1091.46,"endTime":1094.7,"body":"and they have but we cannot tell"},{"startTime":1091.46,"endTime":1094.7,"body":"if it's coming from the top left"},{"startTime":1094.7,"endTime":1097.67,"body":"or from behind us or something"},{"startTime":1094.7,"endTime":1097.67,"body":"like that. And that's just"},{"startTime":1097.67,"endTime":1101.9,"body":"amazing to me. So you brought up"},{"startTime":1097.67,"endTime":1101.9,"body":"the organ in the upper part of"},{"startTime":1101.9,"endTime":1105.74,"body":"the mouth? Do the dogs have to"},{"startTime":1101.9,"endTime":1105.74,"body":"stick out the tongue and so the"},{"startTime":1105.74,"endTime":1109.07,"body":"tongue back and deliver the"},{"startTime":1105.74,"endTime":1109.07,"body":"molecules that way to the organ?"},{"startTime":1109.07,"endTime":1110.03,"body":"Or how does it work?"},{"startTime":1110.39,"endTime":1112.91,"body":"I mean, that is that is a"},{"startTime":1110.39,"endTime":1112.91,"body":"theory, right? The mouse"},{"startTime":1112.91,"endTime":1115.55,"body":"obviously has to be opened. But"},{"startTime":1112.91,"endTime":1115.55,"body":"in the past people say yeah, it"},{"startTime":1115.55,"endTime":1119.24,"body":"has to be somehow in a leaking"},{"startTime":1115.55,"endTime":1119.24,"body":"way. But I think this is"},{"startTime":1119.24,"endTime":1122.03,"body":"probably the title of isn't"},{"startTime":1119.24,"endTime":1122.03,"body":"true. But hey, who knows?"},{"startTime":1122.06,"endTime":1125.18,"body":"Because when we started with"},{"startTime":1122.06,"endTime":1125.18,"body":"this idea, why can they be so"},{"startTime":1125.18,"endTime":1128.18,"body":"good in differentiating, there"},{"startTime":1125.18,"endTime":1128.18,"body":"has to be something else than"},{"startTime":1128.18,"endTime":1131.66,"body":"just a normal sensory organ. So"},{"startTime":1128.18,"endTime":1131.66,"body":"what we are thinking about doing"},{"startTime":1131.66,"endTime":1134.15,"body":"is obviously to explore this now"},{"startTime":1131.66,"endTime":1134.15,"body":"functionally, how can we"},{"startTime":1134.15,"endTime":1138.23,"body":"actually look into and see how"},{"startTime":1134.15,"endTime":1138.23,"body":"dogs actually are able to do"},{"startTime":1138.23,"endTime":1140.33,"body":"that, which I think is"},{"startTime":1138.23,"endTime":1140.33,"body":"absolutely amazing. There have"},{"startTime":1140.33,"endTime":1143.21,"body":"been some experiments also where"},{"startTime":1140.33,"endTime":1143.21,"body":"people have said, Oh, they can"},{"startTime":1143.21,"endTime":1146.72,"body":"smell different DNA is but then"},{"startTime":1143.21,"endTime":1146.72,"body":"when people have purified it"},{"startTime":1146.72,"endTime":1149.99,"body":"that it was not the case. So I"},{"startTime":1146.72,"endTime":1149.99,"body":"mean, I think they're amazing."},{"startTime":1150.02,"endTime":1152.6,"body":"There's no question, but they"},{"startTime":1150.02,"endTime":1152.6,"body":"have their limitations as well."},{"startTime":1153.139,"endTime":1156.109,"body":"While ago when we talked"},{"startTime":1153.139,"endTime":1156.109,"body":"earlier, you mentioned that you"},{"startTime":1156.109,"endTime":1160.669,"body":"also wanted to prove not only to"},{"startTime":1156.109,"endTime":1160.669,"body":"do the academic exercise, and"},{"startTime":1160.669,"endTime":1164.479,"body":"train the dogs and show and"},{"startTime":1160.669,"endTime":1164.479,"body":"publish, but also to show the"},{"startTime":1164.479,"endTime":1167.629,"body":"application of this tool. And"},{"startTime":1164.479,"endTime":1167.629,"body":"you talked about these concerts"},{"startTime":1167.659,"endTime":1170.809,"body":"that you guys organized. Can you"},{"startTime":1167.659,"endTime":1170.809,"body":"talk a lot? Talk about that a"},{"startTime":1170.809,"endTime":1171.289,"body":"little bit?"},{"startTime":1171.83,"endTime":1175.61,"body":"Yeah, so the interesting thing"},{"startTime":1171.83,"endTime":1175.61,"body":"is when we asked the public"},{"startTime":1175.67,"endTime":1180.02,"body":"about which tests they trusted"},{"startTime":1175.67,"endTime":1180.02,"body":"most and then I'm really sorry"},{"startTime":1180.02,"endTime":1183.11,"body":"if which is an interesting"},{"startTime":1180.02,"endTime":1183.11,"body":"result. Actually, the public"},{"startTime":1183.11,"endTime":1187.01,"body":"trust the dogs more than they"},{"startTime":1183.11,"endTime":1187.01,"body":"trust, handwritten tests, the"},{"startTime":1187.01,"endTime":1190.88,"body":"lateral flow test, and even the"},{"startTime":1187.01,"endTime":1190.88,"body":"PCR which I thought was okay,"},{"startTime":1190.94,"endTime":1193.82,"body":"anyhow, but, you know, I"},{"startTime":1190.94,"endTime":1193.82,"body":"wouldn't go so far but that's"},{"startTime":1193.82,"endTime":1198.95,"body":"what the public perceives when"},{"startTime":1193.82,"endTime":1198.95,"body":"we publish the papers, the media"},{"startTime":1198.95,"endTime":1204.05,"body":"attention was incredible people"},{"startTime":1198.95,"endTime":1204.05,"body":"love the story of dogs being"},{"startTime":1204.05,"endTime":1206.36,"body":"able to do that. Also, when"},{"startTime":1204.05,"endTime":1206.36,"body":"other groups in the world did"},{"startTime":1206.36,"endTime":1208.88,"body":"that, I think I will never get"},{"startTime":1206.36,"endTime":1208.88,"body":"such a high ultrametric score"},{"startTime":1208.88,"endTime":1212.03,"body":"again in my whole life. It was"},{"startTime":1208.88,"endTime":1212.03,"body":"the first pilot study was a"},{"startTime":1212.03,"endTime":1215.42,"body":"really small study, but it has"},{"startTime":1212.03,"endTime":1215.42,"body":"got a lot a lot of attention,"},{"startTime":1215.45,"endTime":1219.17,"body":"because it was so novel, I"},{"startTime":1215.45,"endTime":1219.17,"body":"guess. But then when it was"},{"startTime":1219.17,"endTime":1222.8,"body":"discussed, and a lot of people"},{"startTime":1219.17,"endTime":1222.8,"body":"obviously contacted us because"},{"startTime":1222.83,"endTime":1226.52,"body":"they wanted to come back to"},{"startTime":1222.83,"endTime":1226.52,"body":"normal life, and they just"},{"startTime":1226.52,"endTime":1232.28,"body":"couldn't see how a PCR testing"},{"startTime":1226.52,"endTime":1232.28,"body":"strategy could help you in like"},{"startTime":1232.28,"endTime":1237.05,"body":"a concert situation or a massive"},{"startTime":1232.28,"endTime":1237.05,"body":"and it was just too cumbersome"},{"startTime":1237.08,"endTime":1240.71,"body":"and too time limiting to"},{"startTime":1237.08,"endTime":1240.71,"body":"actually get all the people"},{"startTime":1240.71,"endTime":1246.05,"body":"through that system. So we came"},{"startTime":1240.71,"endTime":1246.05,"body":"here with the Lower Saxony and"},{"startTime":1246.05,"endTime":1251.0,"body":"they said, Okay, why don't we do"},{"startTime":1246.05,"endTime":1251.0,"body":"a real life trial where we use"},{"startTime":1251.0,"endTime":1255.8,"body":"concert scenarios. And you see"},{"startTime":1251.0,"endTime":1255.8,"body":"if you actually can use the dog"},{"startTime":1255.83,"endTime":1260.63,"body":"as fast as a normal scanning,"},{"startTime":1255.83,"endTime":1260.63,"body":"you know how it used to be. And"},{"startTime":1260.63,"endTime":1264.29,"body":"that was kind of the aim of our"},{"startTime":1260.63,"endTime":1264.29,"body":"study. So we had four concerts"},{"startTime":1264.29,"endTime":1268.4,"body":"where we tested the dogs and all"},{"startTime":1264.29,"endTime":1268.4,"body":"of the participants in that"},{"startTime":1268.4,"endTime":1273.26,"body":"study, were PCR tested, they"},{"startTime":1268.4,"endTime":1273.26,"body":"were at an antigen test as well."},{"startTime":1273.32,"endTime":1276.92,"body":"And they had a sniffing doc test"},{"startTime":1273.32,"endTime":1276.92,"body":"as well. That was obviously the"},{"startTime":1276.92,"endTime":1280.46,"body":"first time something like this"},{"startTime":1276.92,"endTime":1280.46,"body":"was done. Other people have used"},{"startTime":1280.46,"endTime":1283.43,"body":"them in Finland, for example, at"},{"startTime":1280.46,"endTime":1283.43,"body":"the airport and have done some"},{"startTime":1283.43,"endTime":1286.97,"body":"similar exercise, people could"},{"startTime":1283.43,"endTime":1286.97,"body":"go there if they wanted to. And"},{"startTime":1286.97,"endTime":1289.73,"body":"again, has got a lot of media"},{"startTime":1286.97,"endTime":1289.73,"body":"attention for us. We had in"},{"startTime":1289.73,"endTime":1294.5,"body":"total four and a half 1000"},{"startTime":1289.73,"endTime":1294.5,"body":"people and it really broke our"},{"startTime":1294.5,"endTime":1297.65,"body":"brain, you know all the"},{"startTime":1294.5,"endTime":1297.65,"body":"logistics about it, how you"},{"startTime":1297.65,"endTime":1302.33,"body":"actually get them through, but"},{"startTime":1297.65,"endTime":1302.33,"body":"it was a really, really great"},{"startTime":1302.36,"endTime":1306.05,"body":"project. And the reason why I"},{"startTime":1302.36,"endTime":1306.05,"body":"thought it was so great, and"},{"startTime":1306.05,"endTime":1309.23,"body":"it's often things where you"},{"startTime":1306.05,"endTime":1309.23,"body":"don't see in the beginning, but"},{"startTime":1309.23,"endTime":1313.55,"body":"the reason why it was so great"},{"startTime":1309.23,"endTime":1313.55,"body":"was because the public was so"},{"startTime":1313.55,"endTime":1318.05,"body":"engaged, they really loved to"},{"startTime":1313.55,"endTime":1318.05,"body":"come there and participate in"},{"startTime":1318.05,"endTime":1318.65,"body":"this study."},{"startTime":1324.17,"endTime":1327.29,"body":"For today's very minute, we're"},{"startTime":1324.17,"endTime":1327.29,"body":"gonna be talking about murine"},{"startTime":1327.32,"endTime":1331.64,"body":"typhus. Although rare disease"},{"startTime":1327.32,"endTime":1331.64,"body":"murine typhus is more prevalent"},{"startTime":1331.67,"endTime":1334.43,"body":"in the tropical areas of the"},{"startTime":1331.67,"endTime":1334.43,"body":"United States, including"},{"startTime":1334.43,"endTime":1338.63,"body":"Southern California, Hawaii, and"},{"startTime":1334.43,"endTime":1338.63,"body":"Texas. murine typhus is a"},{"startTime":1338.63,"endTime":1342.86,"body":"disease caused by a bacteria"},{"startTime":1338.63,"endTime":1342.86,"body":"called rickettsia typhi, and is"},{"startTime":1342.86,"endTime":1346.91,"body":"spread to people through contact"},{"startTime":1342.86,"endTime":1346.91,"body":"with infected fleas. Fleas"},{"startTime":1346.91,"endTime":1350.15,"body":"become infected when they bite"},{"startTime":1346.91,"endTime":1350.15,"body":"infected animals, such as rats"},{"startTime":1350.15,"endTime":1353.36,"body":"and cats. Hence, it is really"},{"startTime":1350.15,"endTime":1353.36,"body":"important that we keep fleas off"},{"startTime":1353.36,"endTime":1357.68,"body":"ourselves and our pets. Symptoms"},{"startTime":1353.36,"endTime":1357.68,"body":"usually begin six to 14 days"},{"startTime":1357.68,"endTime":1361.1,"body":"after exposure, and usually"},{"startTime":1357.68,"endTime":1361.1,"body":"include fevers, headaches,"},{"startTime":1361.1,"endTime":1365.03,"body":"chills and body aches. People"},{"startTime":1361.1,"endTime":1365.03,"body":"sometimes even experience a rash"},{"startTime":1365.03,"endTime":1369.41,"body":"in their chest, arms or legs."},{"startTime":1365.03,"endTime":1369.41,"body":"murine typhus, is treated with"},{"startTime":1369.41,"endTime":1372.89,"body":"antibiotics, which are mostly"},{"startTime":1369.41,"endTime":1372.89,"body":"effective when given soon after"},{"startTime":1372.89,"endTime":1376.43,"body":"the symptoms begin. And people"},{"startTime":1372.89,"endTime":1376.43,"body":"that are treated early usually"},{"startTime":1376.43,"endTime":1380.84,"body":"recover very, very quickly. This"},{"startTime":1376.43,"endTime":1380.84,"body":"has been your viral minute."},{"startTime":1381.56,"endTime":1385.94,"body":"So the public was unbelievably"},{"startTime":1381.56,"endTime":1385.94,"body":"engaged. And I didn't realize"},{"startTime":1386.03,"endTime":1389.24,"body":"probably how much we missed a"},{"startTime":1386.03,"endTime":1389.24,"body":"trick. When we were managing the"},{"startTime":1389.24,"endTime":1391.91,"body":"pandemic, we told them all to"},{"startTime":1389.24,"endTime":1391.91,"body":"stay at home. But I think they"},{"startTime":1391.91,"endTime":1394.79,"body":"were all keen to help to make a"},{"startTime":1391.91,"endTime":1394.79,"body":"difference. And it was a really"},{"startTime":1394.79,"endTime":1398.24,"body":"big thing, because obviously,"},{"startTime":1394.79,"endTime":1398.24,"body":"they had to come on the day"},{"startTime":1398.36,"endTime":1402.77,"body":"hours before to get a PCR test,"},{"startTime":1398.36,"endTime":1402.77,"body":"antigen test and so on. And then"},{"startTime":1402.83,"endTime":1405.32,"body":"also gave a sample for the"},{"startTime":1402.83,"endTime":1405.32,"body":"sniffer dogs. And then in the"},{"startTime":1405.32,"endTime":1408.53,"body":"evenings, they had to come again"},{"startTime":1405.32,"endTime":1408.53,"body":"for the sniff attacks. So there"},{"startTime":1408.53,"endTime":1410.84,"body":"was a lot of activity, but they"},{"startTime":1408.53,"endTime":1410.84,"body":"were really happy to"},{"startTime":1410.84,"endTime":1414.26,"body":"participate. It was such a great"},{"startTime":1410.84,"endTime":1414.26,"body":"atmosphere. And something for me"},{"startTime":1414.26,"endTime":1417.11,"body":"being a small veterinary"},{"startTime":1414.26,"endTime":1417.11,"body":"neurologist was a special thing."},{"startTime":1417.23,"endTime":1420.47,"body":"So you did a side by side"},{"startTime":1417.23,"endTime":1420.47,"body":"comparison with the antigen"},{"startTime":1420.47,"endTime":1423.8,"body":"tests and PCR. And obviously,"},{"startTime":1420.47,"endTime":1423.8,"body":"the listeners can find all of"},{"startTime":1423.8,"endTime":1426.74,"body":"this stuff in your publications,"},{"startTime":1423.8,"endTime":1426.74,"body":"which we will put in the show"},{"startTime":1426.74,"endTime":1430.88,"body":"notes. And I was just blown away"},{"startTime":1426.74,"endTime":1430.88,"body":"that the side by side comparison"},{"startTime":1430.88,"endTime":1435.2,"body":"is so good for the dogs. It's"},{"startTime":1430.88,"endTime":1435.2,"body":"just amazing. So hold on, why do"},{"startTime":1435.2,"endTime":1438.53,"body":"you think dogs are not being"},{"startTime":1435.2,"endTime":1438.53,"body":"used more for infectious disease"},{"startTime":1438.53,"endTime":1439.1,"body":"detection?"},{"startTime":1439.49,"endTime":1442.58,"body":"I actually don't know. I mean, I"},{"startTime":1439.49,"endTime":1442.58,"body":"can see there are some"},{"startTime":1442.58,"endTime":1446.12,"body":"challenges, the best comparison"},{"startTime":1442.58,"endTime":1446.12,"body":"I can make is if you enter a"},{"startTime":1446.12,"endTime":1450.89,"body":"plane, I think you would never"},{"startTime":1446.12,"endTime":1450.89,"body":"be afraid, knowing that a dog"},{"startTime":1450.89,"endTime":1454.49,"body":"sniffed it out for explosives,"},{"startTime":1450.89,"endTime":1454.49,"body":"so you feel safe, because you"},{"startTime":1454.49,"endTime":1457.67,"body":"know, the dog might be better"},{"startTime":1454.49,"endTime":1457.67,"body":"than a human walking around and"},{"startTime":1457.7,"endTime":1460.7,"body":"doing this little thing is what"},{"startTime":1457.7,"endTime":1460.7,"body":"they do at the airport. But then"},{"startTime":1460.7,"endTime":1464.42,"body":"obviously, when it comes to"},{"startTime":1460.7,"endTime":1464.42,"body":"medical detection, people might"},{"startTime":1464.42,"endTime":1468.62,"body":"be more critical about it. And I"},{"startTime":1464.42,"endTime":1468.62,"body":"do know that the people we"},{"startTime":1468.62,"endTime":1471.68,"body":"worked initially with were"},{"startTime":1468.62,"endTime":1471.68,"body":"always very critical. But then"},{"startTime":1471.71,"endTime":1474.68,"body":"when they worked with it and saw"},{"startTime":1471.71,"endTime":1474.68,"body":"all the dogs were in action,"},{"startTime":1474.74,"endTime":1477.77,"body":"they started to believe that"},{"startTime":1474.74,"endTime":1477.77,"body":"this is possible. I think where"},{"startTime":1477.77,"endTime":1483.38,"body":"the challenge comes is when you"},{"startTime":1477.77,"endTime":1483.38,"body":"roll it out in the field and"},{"startTime":1483.41,"endTime":1486.74,"body":"then you obviously you need to"},{"startTime":1483.41,"endTime":1486.74,"body":"have the right dog handlers the"},{"startTime":1486.74,"endTime":1489.77,"body":"right dog handler pair so to"},{"startTime":1486.74,"endTime":1489.77,"body":"speak, and you need to somehow"},{"startTime":1489.77,"endTime":1494.39,"body":"certify them and in Europe for"},{"startTime":1489.77,"endTime":1494.39,"body":"detection work for explosive"},{"startTime":1494.42,"endTime":1497.45,"body":"there's a very strict guidelines"},{"startTime":1494.42,"endTime":1497.45,"body":"you have to follow this even the"},{"startTime":1497.45,"endTime":1500.09,"body":"EU law and I think that's"},{"startTime":1497.45,"endTime":1500.09,"body":"something you would always So"},{"startTime":1500.09,"endTime":1505.82,"body":"you have to implement, also for"},{"startTime":1500.09,"endTime":1505.82,"body":"the sniffer dogs where I see a"},{"startTime":1505.82,"endTime":1508.85,"body":"challenge. And that's depends"},{"startTime":1505.82,"endTime":1508.85,"body":"again on the country, I mean,"},{"startTime":1508.88,"endTime":1512.81,"body":"they use them, for example, in"},{"startTime":1508.88,"endTime":1512.81,"body":"Florida, us and so on is in"},{"startTime":1512.81,"endTime":1515.69,"body":"Germany, you would never use"},{"startTime":1512.81,"endTime":1515.69,"body":"them on a person. So you would"},{"startTime":1515.69,"endTime":1520.16,"body":"always take a sample and then"},{"startTime":1515.69,"endTime":1520.16,"body":"let the dog sniff on the sample."},{"startTime":1520.34,"endTime":1523.13,"body":"And that's why that's why you"},{"startTime":1520.34,"endTime":1523.13,"body":"can't let them sniff on the"},{"startTime":1523.13,"endTime":1523.58,"body":"person."},{"startTime":1523.79,"endTime":1527.63,"body":"I think there might people feel"},{"startTime":1523.79,"endTime":1527.63,"body":"there are some ethical concerns,"},{"startTime":1527.63,"endTime":1530.81,"body":"some people might be afraid of"},{"startTime":1527.63,"endTime":1530.81,"body":"dogs, some people say that dogs"},{"startTime":1530.81,"endTime":1534.23,"body":"might be distracted, and so on."},{"startTime":1530.81,"endTime":1534.23,"body":"And so you know, there was a"},{"startTime":1534.23,"endTime":1537.92,"body":"dark time in Germany, where dogs"},{"startTime":1534.23,"endTime":1537.92,"body":"were used against people, also"},{"startTime":1537.92,"endTime":1540.56,"body":"at the border control, and so"},{"startTime":1537.92,"endTime":1540.56,"body":"on. So there's a bit of a fear"},{"startTime":1540.56,"endTime":1544.13,"body":"factor as well involved. And"},{"startTime":1540.56,"endTime":1544.13,"body":"then you also have to think"},{"startTime":1544.13,"endTime":1548.24,"body":"about it in a way that when a"},{"startTime":1544.13,"endTime":1548.24,"body":"dog suddenly sits in front of"},{"startTime":1548.24,"endTime":1551.84,"body":"you, how do you react with that?"},{"startTime":1548.24,"endTime":1551.84,"body":"So there are some concerns one"},{"startTime":1551.84,"endTime":1554.51,"body":"has to manage, in other"},{"startTime":1551.84,"endTime":1554.51,"body":"countries in the UK, for"},{"startTime":1554.51,"endTime":1557.96,"body":"example, will not be a problem,"},{"startTime":1554.51,"endTime":1557.96,"body":"right? They will be very open."},{"startTime":1557.99,"endTime":1561.26,"body":"If you go to an airport, you fly"},{"startTime":1557.99,"endTime":1561.26,"body":"into New Zealand or so in the"},{"startTime":1561.26,"endTime":1564.17,"body":"US, you know, often you have"},{"startTime":1561.26,"endTime":1564.17,"body":"dogs at the airport, which will"},{"startTime":1564.2,"endTime":1566.93,"body":"sniff and then obviously, they"},{"startTime":1564.2,"endTime":1566.93,"body":"will ask you very gently and"},{"startTime":1566.93,"endTime":1569.06,"body":"say, Can you please come with"},{"startTime":1566.93,"endTime":1569.06,"body":"me, but that's definitely"},{"startTime":1569.12,"endTime":1572.24,"body":"approval. I mean, they were"},{"startTime":1569.12,"endTime":1572.24,"body":"there was a bit of discussion,"},{"startTime":1572.27,"endTime":1574.19,"body":"when we set submitted it to the"},{"startTime":1572.27,"endTime":1574.19,"body":"ethic."},{"startTime":1575.24,"endTime":1579.53,"body":"I just read to you an article"},{"startTime":1575.24,"endTime":1579.53,"body":"that says that the TSA and so on"},{"startTime":1579.53,"endTime":1583.64,"body":"the border patrol here is trying"},{"startTime":1579.53,"endTime":1583.64,"body":"to get more scent dogs, more"},{"startTime":1583.64,"endTime":1587.42,"body":"security dogs with floppy ears,"},{"startTime":1583.64,"endTime":1587.42,"body":"because they look sweeter and"},{"startTime":1587.42,"endTime":1590.78,"body":"nicer if they have floppy ears"},{"startTime":1587.42,"endTime":1590.78,"body":"compared to the usual German"},{"startTime":1590.78,"endTime":1593.6,"body":"Shepherds. So the breeds that"},{"startTime":1590.78,"endTime":1593.6,"body":"they normally use, I think"},{"startTime":1593.6,"endTime":1596.39,"body":"that's a funny thing that the"},{"startTime":1593.6,"endTime":1596.39,"body":"appearance of a dog matters as"},{"startTime":1596.39,"endTime":1596.75,"body":"well."},{"startTime":1596.96,"endTime":1600.53,"body":"Yeah, little white he tail. But"},{"startTime":1596.96,"endTime":1600.53,"body":"if you think about it, when I"},{"startTime":1600.53,"endTime":1604.34,"body":"could really see, especially in"},{"startTime":1600.53,"endTime":1604.34,"body":"the airports, when they would"},{"startTime":1604.34,"endTime":1608.24,"body":"have just sniff around, it would"},{"startTime":1604.34,"endTime":1608.24,"body":"be such a little invasive test"},{"startTime":1608.24,"endTime":1611.6,"body":"at one stage as well, especially"},{"startTime":1608.24,"endTime":1611.6,"body":"when you're now opening and you"},{"startTime":1611.6,"endTime":1615.68,"body":"are traveling again, it would be"},{"startTime":1611.6,"endTime":1615.68,"body":"a nice, I think security level."},{"startTime":1616.19,"endTime":1619.85,"body":"And the interesting thing, which"},{"startTime":1616.19,"endTime":1619.85,"body":"we didn't discuss, Dennis is a"},{"startTime":1619.85,"endTime":1625.46,"body":"dogs, at least that's what we"},{"startTime":1619.85,"endTime":1625.46,"body":"have seen can detect the person"},{"startTime":1625.46,"endTime":1628.7,"body":"who's infected before they"},{"startTime":1625.46,"endTime":1628.7,"body":"shared the virus, right? So"},{"startTime":1628.7,"endTime":1631.55,"body":"because obviously the virus"},{"startTime":1628.7,"endTime":1631.55,"body":"enters the cell changes the"},{"startTime":1631.55,"endTime":1635.27,"body":"medical ism, and then process"},{"startTime":1631.55,"endTime":1635.27,"body":"starts. And that would be"},{"startTime":1635.3,"endTime":1638.24,"body":"looking at what definitely"},{"startTime":1635.3,"endTime":1638.24,"body":"happened when I had COVID. It"},{"startTime":1638.24,"endTime":1641.21,"body":"took the antigen test two and a"},{"startTime":1638.24,"endTime":1641.21,"body":"half days before they become"},{"startTime":1641.21,"endTime":1644.75,"body":"positive. So in the beginning, I"},{"startTime":1641.21,"endTime":1644.75,"body":"was like, oh, it's really like"},{"startTime":1644.75,"endTime":1647.33,"body":"COVID pet all the tests. And I"},{"startTime":1644.75,"endTime":1647.33,"body":"mean, obviously I didn't do a"},{"startTime":1647.33,"endTime":1650.51,"body":"PCR I have to confess, but I did"},{"startTime":1647.33,"endTime":1650.51,"body":"multiple antigen tests from"},{"startTime":1650.51,"endTime":1654.38,"body":"different companies. So like it"},{"startTime":1650.51,"endTime":1654.38,"body":"has to be coded, and then I was"},{"startTime":1654.38,"endTime":1657.2,"body":"not positive. And then when I"},{"startTime":1654.38,"endTime":1657.2,"body":"became positive, suddenly, I was"},{"startTime":1657.2,"endTime":1660.35,"body":"positive for like 10 days. I"},{"startTime":1657.2,"endTime":1660.35,"body":"mean, I'm sure you know a lot"},{"startTime":1660.35,"endTime":1663.02,"body":"more about why that is. But I"},{"startTime":1660.35,"endTime":1663.02,"body":"was like, wow, and everyone"},{"startTime":1663.02,"endTime":1665.51,"body":"would ask Why have you not asked"},{"startTime":1663.02,"endTime":1665.51,"body":"the dog? Yeah, because at that"},{"startTime":1665.51,"endTime":1668.75,"body":"moment, it was just not the time"},{"startTime":1665.51,"endTime":1668.75,"body":"anymore. Right? When we were"},{"startTime":1668.75,"endTime":1671.81,"body":"handling all this stuff, no one"},{"startTime":1668.75,"endTime":1671.81,"body":"of us have the whole group get"},{"startTime":1671.81,"endTime":1674.93,"body":"COVID. And now the last summer,"},{"startTime":1671.81,"endTime":1674.93,"body":"we all get it now when we are"},{"startTime":1674.93,"endTime":1676.19,"body":"not using the dogs anymore. So"},{"startTime":1676.19,"endTime":1679.28,"body":"much. I'm just getting into this"},{"startTime":1676.19,"endTime":1679.28,"body":"topic and reading a little bit"},{"startTime":1679.28,"endTime":1682.28,"body":"about it. I just didn't know"},{"startTime":1679.28,"endTime":1682.28,"body":"that there are so many sent"},{"startTime":1682.28,"endTime":1686.12,"body":"dogs, not only in Germany or"},{"startTime":1682.28,"endTime":1686.12,"body":"Europe, but worldwide. Do you"},{"startTime":1686.12,"endTime":1688.76,"body":"have some numbers? Do you know"},{"startTime":1686.12,"endTime":1688.76,"body":"like, how many there are there?"},{"startTime":1689.27,"endTime":1692.9,"body":"Oh, I would I would have to lie."},{"startTime":1689.27,"endTime":1692.9,"body":"But actually, if the authorities"},{"startTime":1692.9,"endTime":1696.14,"body":"would have wanted to do this,"},{"startTime":1692.9,"endTime":1696.14,"body":"they could have done it. Yeah."},{"startTime":1696.23,"endTime":1700.94,"body":"And dogs as a huge business, and"},{"startTime":1696.23,"endTime":1700.94,"body":"they are shipped around all the"},{"startTime":1700.94,"endTime":1703.67,"body":"worlds they're looked after"},{"startTime":1700.94,"endTime":1703.67,"body":"where we will as well, because"},{"startTime":1703.67,"endTime":1705.74,"body":"these are expensive dogs because"},{"startTime":1703.67,"endTime":1705.74,"body":"you have to train them."},{"startTime":1706.25,"endTime":1709.07,"body":"How much is the training? When"},{"startTime":1706.25,"endTime":1709.07,"body":"you buy a dog like this? Is"},{"startTime":1709.07,"endTime":1710.6,"body":"there a price for dogs like"},{"startTime":1709.07,"endTime":1710.6,"body":"this?"},{"startTime":1710.659,"endTime":1713.389,"body":"Yeah, I probably will say no,"},{"startTime":1710.659,"endTime":1713.389,"body":"something wrong. But normally,"},{"startTime":1713.419,"endTime":1718.189,"body":"if it's six to 10,000 euros, and"},{"startTime":1713.419,"endTime":1718.189,"body":"it can go up if there has been"},{"startTime":1718.219,"endTime":1719.989,"body":"the target sensitivity and so"},{"startTime":1718.219,"endTime":1719.989,"body":"on."},{"startTime":1720.23,"endTime":1723.74,"body":"Well, thank you very much Holger"},{"startTime":1720.23,"endTime":1723.74,"body":"that this is such a cool topic,"},{"startTime":1723.74,"endTime":1728.24,"body":"such a cool insight from you and"},{"startTime":1723.74,"endTime":1728.24,"body":"hearing some of the stuff if"},{"startTime":1728.24,"endTime":1731.69,"body":"people have questions, I'm sure"},{"startTime":1728.24,"endTime":1731.69,"body":"you wouldn't mind if they reach"},{"startTime":1731.69,"endTime":1734.84,"body":"out to you or your team. And"},{"startTime":1731.69,"endTime":1734.84,"body":"we're gonna put up the articles."},{"startTime":1734.93,"endTime":1737.99,"body":"But I want to let you go with"},{"startTime":1734.93,"endTime":1737.99,"body":"one question, kind of like an"},{"startTime":1737.99,"endTime":1741.62,"body":"unplanned question. So I was"},{"startTime":1737.99,"endTime":1741.62,"body":"reading this article the other"},{"startTime":1741.62,"endTime":1747.23,"body":"day, and it was about how dogs"},{"startTime":1741.62,"endTime":1747.23,"body":"can tell time. So how dogs know"},{"startTime":1747.23,"endTime":1750.71,"body":"when the owner returns from"},{"startTime":1747.23,"endTime":1750.71,"body":"work. And they often know when"},{"startTime":1750.71,"endTime":1754.91,"body":"the owner returns. And somebody"},{"startTime":1750.71,"endTime":1754.91,"body":"proposed that it's actually not"},{"startTime":1754.91,"endTime":1758.21,"body":"by a clock inside of their"},{"startTime":1754.91,"endTime":1758.21,"body":"brain, a feeling of time, but"},{"startTime":1758.21,"endTime":1763.91,"body":"rather how the owner sent in the"},{"startTime":1758.21,"endTime":1763.91,"body":"house degrades over time. And"},{"startTime":1763.94,"endTime":1768.05,"body":"they use that as a benchmark as"},{"startTime":1763.94,"endTime":1768.05,"body":"a yardstick to see how long the"},{"startTime":1768.05,"endTime":1770.54,"body":"owner has gone. What are your"},{"startTime":1768.05,"endTime":1770.54,"body":"thoughts on this? Do you think"},{"startTime":1770.54,"endTime":1772.88,"body":"that's a crazy hypothesis? To be"},{"startTime":1770.54,"endTime":1772.88,"body":"honest, it's"},{"startTime":1772.88,"endTime":1776.06,"body":"first time I hear about it. And"},{"startTime":1772.88,"endTime":1776.06,"body":"you know, I wonder every day how"},{"startTime":1776.06,"endTime":1779.51,"body":"dogs do this? No. I mean, our"},{"startTime":1776.06,"endTime":1779.51,"body":"dog has definitely a clock in"},{"startTime":1779.54,"endTime":1782.75,"body":"obviously not but feels like she"},{"startTime":1779.54,"endTime":1782.75,"body":"has because she's absolutely"},{"startTime":1782.75,"endTime":1786.5,"body":"amazing. She gets totally crazy"},{"startTime":1782.75,"endTime":1786.5,"body":"when the kids are not up at a"},{"startTime":1786.5,"endTime":1789.59,"body":"certain time. And she's totally"},{"startTime":1786.5,"endTime":1789.59,"body":"crazy, where we're not going to"},{"startTime":1789.59,"endTime":1792.83,"body":"bed at a certain time. But yeah,"},{"startTime":1789.59,"endTime":1792.83,"body":"that would make sense, wouldn't"},{"startTime":1792.83,"endTime":1796.91,"body":"it that it's changing smell."},{"startTime":1792.83,"endTime":1796.91,"body":"What I do think is fascinating"},{"startTime":1796.91,"endTime":1799.97,"body":"when you deal with animals and"},{"startTime":1796.91,"endTime":1799.97,"body":"people and I'm obviously a"},{"startTime":1800.0,"endTime":1803.84,"body":"finition at heart is people"},{"startTime":1800.0,"endTime":1803.84,"body":"always say that they find it"},{"startTime":1803.84,"endTime":1807.68,"body":"fascinating because dogs cannot"},{"startTime":1803.84,"endTime":1807.68,"body":"speak to us. But when you go to"},{"startTime":1807.71,"endTime":1811.34,"body":"do human neurology and sitting"},{"startTime":1807.71,"endTime":1811.34,"body":"in and you're amazed how little"},{"startTime":1811.34,"endTime":1815.12,"body":"we can speak our little we can"},{"startTime":1811.34,"endTime":1815.12,"body":"communicate what we're feeling."},{"startTime":1815.33,"endTime":1818.6,"body":"And we also just have some"},{"startTime":1815.33,"endTime":1818.6,"body":"behavior patterns we do, which"},{"startTime":1818.63,"endTime":1822.29,"body":"is not in a conscious mind, it's"},{"startTime":1818.63,"endTime":1822.29,"body":"just unconsciously gone. And"},{"startTime":1822.29,"endTime":1825.44,"body":"when you think about our"},{"startTime":1822.29,"endTime":1825.44,"body":"rituals, which we all have our"},{"startTime":1825.47,"endTime":1829.19,"body":"idiosyncrasies in life, yeah, I"},{"startTime":1825.47,"endTime":1829.19,"body":"could see that the dog picks"},{"startTime":1829.19,"endTime":1832.25,"body":"these behavior patterns of us."},{"startTime":1829.19,"endTime":1832.25,"body":"And probably we leave some scent"},{"startTime":1832.25,"endTime":1835.73,"body":"trails as well. Yeah, you see,"},{"startTime":1832.25,"endTime":1835.73,"body":"got me thinking now. So thank"},{"startTime":1835.73,"endTime":1836.24,"body":"you for that."},{"startTime":1836.27,"endTime":1838.37,"body":"Put me on your next paper on the"},{"startTime":1836.27,"endTime":1838.37,"body":"Send."},{"startTime":1839.15,"endTime":1841.73,"body":"Thanks again for inviting me. It"},{"startTime":1839.15,"endTime":1841.73,"body":"was a really great honor. And,"},{"startTime":1842.3,"endTime":1844.04,"body":"actually, excellent. Thank"},{"startTime":1844.04,"endTime":1847.16,"body":"you so much, Olga. Always a"},{"startTime":1844.04,"endTime":1847.16,"body":"pleasure talking to you. And I"},{"startTime":1847.16,"endTime":1850.28,"body":"hope the listeners enjoy this."},{"startTime":1847.16,"endTime":1850.28,"body":"And if they have any comments,"},{"startTime":1850.28,"endTime":1854.54,"body":"they can leave some comments on"},{"startTime":1850.28,"endTime":1854.54,"body":"our website, and we might be"},{"startTime":1854.54,"endTime":1857.99,"body":"able to follow up. All right,"},{"startTime":1854.54,"endTime":1857.99,"body":"thank you very much and talk to"},{"startTime":1857.99,"endTime":1859.19,"body":"you soon. Take care."},{"startTime":1859.73,"endTime":1862.55,"body":"Thanks for listening to the"},{"startTime":1859.73,"endTime":1862.55,"body":"infectious Science Podcast. Be"},{"startTime":1862.55,"endTime":1866.21,"body":"sure to hit subscribe, and visit"},{"startTime":1862.55,"endTime":1866.21,"body":"infectious science.org to join"},{"startTime":1866.21,"endTime":1868.7,"body":"the conversation, access the"},{"startTime":1866.21,"endTime":1868.7,"body":"show notes and to sign up for"},{"startTime":1868.7,"endTime":1871.61,"body":"our newsletter and receive our"},{"startTime":1868.7,"endTime":1871.61,"body":"free materials. If you enjoyed"},{"startTime":1871.64,"endTime":1874.58,"body":"this new episode of infectious"},{"startTime":1871.64,"endTime":1874.58,"body":"science, please leave us a"},{"startTime":1874.58,"endTime":1878.24,"body":"review on Apple podcasts and"},{"startTime":1874.58,"endTime":1878.24,"body":"Spotify. And go ahead and share"},{"startTime":1878.24,"endTime":1881.81,"body":"this episode with some of your"},{"startTime":1878.24,"endTime":1881.81,"body":"friends. Also, don't hesitate to"},{"startTime":1881.81,"endTime":1884.36,"body":"ask questions and tell us what"},{"startTime":1881.81,"endTime":1884.36,"body":"topics you'd like us to cover"},{"startTime":1884.36,"endTime":1887.18,"body":"for future episodes. To get in"},{"startTime":1884.36,"endTime":1887.18,"body":"touch, drop a line in the"},{"startTime":1887.18,"endTime":1890.27,"body":"comment section or send us a"},{"startTime":1887.18,"endTime":1890.27,"body":"message on social media. So"},{"startTime":1890.27,"endTime":1892.31,"body":"we'll see you next time for a"},{"startTime":1890.27,"endTime":1892.31,"body":"new episode. And in the"},{"startTime":1892.31,"endTime":1896.09,"body":"meantime, stay happy stay"},{"startTime":1892.31,"endTime":1896.09,"body":"healthy. stay interested"}]}