{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.64,"endTime":3.76,"body":"john is is had had a very"},{"startTime":3.76,"endTime":4.799,"body":"um"},{"startTime":4.799,"endTime":7.2,"body":"rich and long career in in in"},{"startTime":7.2,"endTime":10.0,"body":"primatology he's as as as is mentioned"},{"startTime":10.0,"endTime":12.639,"body":"on the poster he studied almost if not"},{"startTime":12.639,"endTime":15.759,"body":"all of the the the great apes and lesser"},{"startTime":15.759,"endTime":18.96,"body":"apes um and he's covered an amazing"},{"startTime":18.96,"endTime":21.119,"body":"variety of different topics"},{"startTime":21.119,"endTime":21.92,"body":"um"},{"startTime":21.92,"endTime":23.6,"body":"those of you who are just starting out"},{"startTime":23.6,"endTime":25.359,"body":"on the field"},{"startTime":25.359,"endTime":27.119,"body":"probably know him best for his work with"},{"startTime":27.119,"endTime":30.8,"body":"chimpanzees and kibale in the ngogo 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to"},{"startTime":59.28,"endTime":60.879,"body":"present some"},{"startTime":60.879,"endTime":63.84,"body":"of his experiences to all of you um"},{"startTime":63.84,"endTime":66.08,"body":"listeners so without further ado i'll"},{"startTime":66.08,"endTime":69.679,"body":"hand it over to john"},{"startTime":70.24,"endTime":72.88,"body":"i'm sorry i didn't have that up until"},{"startTime":72.88,"endTime":77.199,"body":"now but you can all see my screen now"},{"startTime":77.439,"endTime":80.24,"body":"oh well thank you for um that kind"},{"startTime":80.24,"endTime":81.84,"body":"introduction and giving me this"},{"startTime":81.84,"endTime":84.4,"body":"opportunity to speak to you tonight"},{"startTime":84.4,"endTime":86.56,"body":"um i'm especially pleased to have this"},{"startTime":86.56,"endTime":88.56,"body":"opportunity since i have long-standing"},{"startTime":88.56,"endTime":90.799,"body":"ties not only to japan but to japan"},{"startTime":90.799,"endTime":93.36,"body":"primatology as well"},{"startTime":93.36,"endTime":95.68,"body":"i find myself at the end of a very long"},{"startTime":95.68,"endTime":98.799,"body":"career now and as i look back on the"},{"startTime":98.799,"endTime":101.28,"body":"past 40 or so years"},{"startTime":101.28,"endTime":103.84,"body":"the one thing that i keep on coming back"},{"startTime":103.84,"endTime":107.119,"body":"to is how incredibly lucky i've been"},{"startTime":107.119,"endTime":110.88,"body":"i've been lucky because i've had"},{"startTime":110.88,"endTime":113.68,"body":"a unique opportunity to study the five"},{"startTime":113.68,"endTime":115.92,"body":"animals depicted on the screen"},{"startTime":115.92,"endTime":118.56,"body":"these of course are our closest living"},{"startTime":118.56,"endTime":119.6,"body":"relatives"},{"startTime":119.6,"endTime":121.04,"body":"the apes"},{"startTime":121.04,"endTime":122.96,"body":"there have been many twists and 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high school"},{"startTime":154.0,"endTime":156.879,"body":"this book arrived in the mail my parents"},{"startTime":156.879,"endTime":159.68,"body":"had persia purchased it for my younger"},{"startTime":159.68,"endTime":162.48,"body":"brother he's an architect now"},{"startTime":162.48,"endTime":164.239,"body":"i got to the book first"},{"startTime":164.239,"endTime":166.72,"body":"i stole it and it remains on my"},{"startTime":166.72,"endTime":168.64,"body":"bookshelf to this day"},{"startTime":168.64,"endTime":170.4,"body":"the book was called the marvels of"},{"startTime":170.4,"endTime":172.959,"body":"animal behavior and was published by the"},{"startTime":172.959,"endTime":175.36,"body":"national geographic society"},{"startTime":175.36,"endTime":178.159,"body":"in keeping with the magazine"},{"startTime":178.159,"endTime":179.92,"body":"the book was just full"},{"startTime":179.92,"endTime":182.8,"body":"of these wonderful pictures of exotic"},{"startTime":182.8,"endTime":186.0,"body":"animals and equally exotic locales i"},{"startTime":186.0,"endTime":187.92,"body":"opened up the book and was immediately"},{"startTime":187.92,"endTime":189.36,"body":"entranced"},{"startTime":189.36,"endTime":191.44,"body":"as an added bonus the chapters were"},{"startTime":191.44,"endTime":193.76,"body":"written by a veritable who's whose list"},{"startTime":193.76,"endTime":195.92,"body":"in the study of animal behavior"},{"startTime":195.92,"endTime":199.84,"body":"folks like dick alexander jack bradberry"},{"startTime":199.84,"endTime":201.36,"body":"steve emlin"},{"startTime":201.36,"endTime":203.04,"body":"gordon orions"},{"startTime":203.04,"endTime":206.159,"body":"and my personal hero george shaller"},{"startTime":206.159,"endTime":208.4,"body":"the chapter that intrigued me the most"},{"startTime":208.4,"endTime":210.64,"body":"though was the final one"},{"startTime":210.64,"endTime":213.12,"body":"a chapter written by irv 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1970s"},{"startTime":239.36,"endTime":241.28,"body":"because these were very heady times in"},{"startTime":241.28,"endTime":243.36,"body":"the study of animal behavior"},{"startTime":243.36,"endTime":245.2,"body":"in 1973"},{"startTime":245.2,"endTime":246.64,"body":"carl von frisch"},{"startTime":246.64,"endTime":248.239,"body":"conrad lorenz"},{"startTime":248.239,"endTime":250.239,"body":"and nico tinbergen were awarded the"},{"startTime":250.239,"endTime":253.599,"body":"nobel prize in physiology or medicine"},{"startTime":253.599,"endTime":255.76,"body":"for their seminal studies"},{"startTime":255.76,"endTime":257.519,"body":"in ethology"},{"startTime":257.519,"endTime":259.519,"body":"two years later"},{"startTime":259.519,"endTime":261.358,"body":"in 1975"},{"startTime":261.358,"endTime":264.08,"body":"ed wilson published social biology"},{"startTime":264.08,"endTime":267.36,"body":"now it was in social biology"},{"startTime":267.36,"endTime":270.16,"body":"send resurrected and renewed interest in"},{"startTime":270.16,"endTime":272.56,"body":"bill hamilton's long forgotten theory of"},{"startTime":272.56,"endTime":274.0,"body":"kin selection"},{"startTime":274.0,"endTime":275.84,"body":"and when i heard about this idea for the"},{"startTime":275.84,"endTime":278.96,"body":"very first time i started to"},{"startTime":278.96,"endTime":282.16,"body":"wonder whether it would be possible to"},{"startTime":282.16,"endTime":283.6,"body":"use"},{"startTime":283.6,"endTime":286.88,"body":"some newly developed techniques designed"},{"startTime":286.88,"endTime":289.6,"body":"to ask a genetic variation in natural"},{"startTime":289.6,"endTime":291.12,"body":"populations"},{"startTime":291.12,"endTime":293.199,"body":"and combine that"},{"startTime":293.199,"endTime":295.12,"body":"with a behavioral study"},{"startTime":295.12,"endTime":297.52,"body":"a study of something like a baboon"},{"startTime":297.52,"endTime":299.759,"body":"to investigate whether who's related to"},{"startTime":299.759,"endTime":300.72,"body":"whom"},{"startTime":300.72,"endTime":304.32,"body":"actually affects who does what with him"},{"startTime":304.32,"endTime":307.199,"body":"we took some of those ideas to graduate"},{"startTime":307.199,"endTime":308.16,"body":"school"},{"startTime":308.16,"endTime":310.8,"body":"where i was very fortunate to work under"},{"startTime":310.8,"endTime":313.039,"body":"the supervision of peter rodman"},{"startTime":313.039,"endTime":314.88,"body":"peter had just completed one of the very"},{"startTime":314.88,"endTime":316.639,"body":"first successful field studies of"},{"startTime":316.639,"endTime":318.639,"body":"orangutans in the wild"},{"startTime":318.639,"endTime":321.12,"body":"and being trained at harvard and by"},{"startTime":321.12,"endTime":323.12,"body":"devore and wilson he was thoroughly"},{"startTime":323.12,"endTime":325.84,"body":"enmeshed in this emerging field of"},{"startTime":325.84,"endTime":328.24,"body":"social biology"},{"startTime":328.24,"endTime":330.639,"body":"my plans for graduate study were to"},{"startTime":330.639,"endTime":332.72,"body":"evolve and change"},{"startTime":332.72,"endTime":334.96,"body":"and they were to change quite quickly i"},{"startTime":334.96,"endTime":337.199,"body":"remember sitting in class one day during"},{"startTime":337.199,"endTime":338.8,"body":"my very first year"},{"startTime":338.8,"endTime":340.8,"body":"listening to peter lecture about the"},{"startTime":340.8,"endTime":343.759,"body":"conditions which would make it both easy"},{"startTime":343.759,"endTime":346.639,"body":"and difficult for a group of primates to"},{"startTime":346.639,"endTime":348.8,"body":"defend a territory"},{"startTime":348.8,"endTime":351.28,"body":"i took the ideas that peter presented"},{"startTime":351.28,"endTime":353.84,"body":"that day and with his help and guidance"},{"startTime":353.84,"endTime":356.639,"body":"turned them into my first paper"},{"startTime":356.639,"endTime":358.96,"body":"it was in this paper that we proposed an"},{"startTime":358.96,"endTime":361.199,"body":"index of defendability"},{"startTime":361.199,"endTime":364.4,"body":"a simple ratio of the average distance a"},{"startTime":364.4,"endTime":366.639,"body":"group of primates traversed"},{"startTime":366.639,"endTime":368.24,"body":"on any given day"},{"startTime":368.24,"endTime":370.4,"body":"divided by a measure of the size of"},{"startTime":370.4,"endTime":371.68,"body":"their range"},{"startTime":371.68,"endTime":374.16,"body":"we reasoned that in situations when this"},{"startTime":374.16,"endTime":375.84,"body":"index was large"},{"startTime":375.84,"endTime":378.8,"body":"and exceeded one it would be fairly easy"},{"startTime":378.8,"endTime":380.72,"body":"for a group of primates to move from one"},{"startTime":380.72,"endTime":382.319,"body":"end of their territory"},{"startTime":382.319,"endTime":384.4,"body":"to the other and defend 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the"},{"startTime":468.319,"endTime":471.12,"body":"evolution of non-maternal caretaking in"},{"startTime":471.12,"endTime":473.759,"body":"primates"},{"startTime":474.479,"endTime":477.28,"body":"as i continued in graduate school my"},{"startTime":477.28,"endTime":480.24,"body":"plans for phd thesis were"},{"startTime":480.24,"endTime":481.68,"body":"changing"},{"startTime":481.68,"endTime":483.68,"body":"and they took a very sharp turn at the"},{"startTime":483.68,"endTime":485.68,"body":"end of my first year"},{"startTime":485.68,"endTime":487.68,"body":"peter came up to me one day"},{"startTime":487.68,"endTime":490.0,"body":"and asked whether i wanted to accompany"},{"startTime":490.0,"endTime":492.72,"body":"him to warn you the next year"},{"startTime":492.72,"endTime":494.4,"body":"he had a grant to study the social"},{"startTime":494.4,"endTime":496.56,"body":"ecology of primates at the time and he"},{"startTime":496.56,"endTime":498.319,"body":"needed people he needed students to"},{"startTime":498.319,"endTime":501.599,"body":"manage field site i of course said yes"},{"startTime":501.599,"endTime":504.0,"body":"and with that i became a primate field"},{"startTime":504.0,"endTime":505.28,"body":"worker"},{"startTime":505.28,"endTime":507.52,"body":"beginning with an utterly forgettable"},{"startTime":507.52,"endTime":510.16,"body":"and failed attempt to study the behavior"},{"startTime":510.16,"endTime":511.84,"body":"and locomotion"},{"startTime":511.84,"endTime":514.0,"body":"of long-tailed mechanics"},{"startTime":514.0,"endTime":515.839,"body":"peter actually sent me back a second"},{"startTime":515.839,"endTime":516.719,"body":"time"},{"startTime":516.719,"endTime":517.76,"body":"and"},{"startTime":517.76,"endTime":520.24,"body":"that that study or that time in the"},{"startTime":520.24,"endTime":522.799,"body":"field was equally unsuccessful so"},{"startTime":522.799,"endTime":525.279,"body":"unsuccessful that i barely remember what"},{"startTime":525.279,"endTime":526.88,"body":"happened"},{"startTime":526.88,"endTime":528.32,"body":"i came back"},{"startTime":528.32,"endTime":530.56,"body":"during my third year of graduate school"},{"startTime":530.56,"endTime":532.48,"body":"to regroup"},{"startTime":532.48,"endTime":534.88,"body":"and perhaps because of that paper we had"},{"startTime":534.88,"endTime":536.56,"body":"just published"},{"startTime":536.56,"endTime":539.6,"body":"on territoriality and primates my"},{"startTime":539.6,"endTime":542.16,"body":"thoughts turned to this issue"},{"startTime":542.16,"endTime":546.0,"body":"and i ended up developing a phd project"},{"startTime":546.0,"endTime":548.0,"body":"investigating territoriality and"},{"startTime":548.0,"endTime":549.279,"body":"primates"},{"startTime":549.279,"endTime":552.0,"body":"i selected for study two animals that i"},{"startTime":552.0,"endTime":554.32,"body":"be ca had become familiar with in my"},{"startTime":554.32,"endTime":556.08,"body":"travels in borneo"},{"startTime":556.08,"endTime":558.32,"body":"socially monogamous gibbons"},{"startTime":558.32,"endTime":560.959,"body":"and polygenous leaf monkeys"},{"startTime":560.959,"endTime":563.36,"body":"those gibbons live in fairly small"},{"startTime":563.36,"endTime":565.2,"body":"territories"},{"startTime":565.2,"endTime":568.24,"body":"they use them more or less exclusively"},{"startTime":568.24,"endTime":569.76,"body":"they overlap minimally with their"},{"startTime":569.76,"endTime":571.04,"body":"neighbors"},{"startTime":571.04,"endTime":574.0,"body":"by contrast leaf monkeys"},{"startTime":574.0,"endTime":577.44,"body":"live in equally small territories but"},{"startTime":577.44,"endTime":580.32,"body":"ones that overlap quite extensively with"},{"startTime":580.32,"endTime":582.959,"body":"their neighbors"},{"startTime":583.12,"endTime":586.08,"body":"using some some results from a fabulous"},{"startTime":586.08,"endTime":588.48,"body":"study that had just been completed"},{"startTime":588.48,"endTime":590.88,"body":"by rich danaza on the rare and"},{"startTime":590.88,"endTime":593.44,"body":"endangered claus gibbons"},{"startTime":593.44,"endTime":595.76,"body":"as well as some theoretical ideas that"},{"startTime":595.76,"endTime":597.519,"body":"had just been developed by steve emelin"},{"startTime":597.519,"endTime":600.32,"body":"and lou ouring i hypothesize that the"},{"startTime":600.32,"endTime":603.279,"body":"givens were defending space"},{"startTime":603.279,"endTime":605.92,"body":"while leaf monkeys were engaging in a"},{"startTime":605.92,"endTime":609.44,"body":"form of female mate defense"},{"startTime":609.44,"endTime":612.0,"body":"now as an undergraduate i'd become quite"},{"startTime":612.0,"endTime":614.56,"body":"fascinated and enamored of the work of"},{"startTime":614.56,"endTime":616.24,"body":"nico tinbergen"},{"startTime":616.24,"endTime":618.16,"body":"who had pioneered the use of field"},{"startTime":618.16,"endTime":620.32,"body":"experiments to examine functional"},{"startTime":620.32,"endTime":623.2,"body":"questions about animal behavior"},{"startTime":623.2,"endTime":626.0,"body":"because of that i decided to implement a"},{"startTime":626.0,"endTime":628.48,"body":"series of experimental playbacks using"},{"startTime":628.48,"endTime":629.68,"body":"recorded"},{"startTime":629.68,"endTime":632.88,"body":"calls to simulate encounters between"},{"startTime":632.88,"endTime":635.2,"body":"gibbons and leaf monkeys at various"},{"startTime":635.2,"endTime":638.56,"body":"parts of their territories"},{"startTime":638.56,"endTime":640.399,"body":"the technique had been implemented"},{"startTime":640.399,"endTime":643.04,"body":"successfully for the very first time in"},{"startTime":643.04,"endTime":645.92,"body":"a wild primate by peter wasser in a"},{"startTime":645.92,"endTime":648.8,"body":"study of mangabees in uganda"},{"startTime":648.8,"endTime":650.64,"body":"peter wasser was to become a very"},{"startTime":650.64,"endTime":653.839,"body":"important mentor to me he lent me some"},{"startTime":653.839,"endTime":656.0,"body":"very expensive"},{"startTime":656.0,"endTime":658.079,"body":"playback equipment and was later to"},{"startTime":658.079,"endTime":661.36,"body":"serve on my phd committee"},{"startTime":661.36,"endTime":663.68,"body":"now in my playback work with the gibbons"},{"startTime":663.68,"endTime":666.8,"body":"i was able to show that both their vocal"},{"startTime":666.8,"endTime":669.36,"body":"and their spatial responses"},{"startTime":669.36,"endTime":672.399,"body":"waned as one moved out from the center"},{"startTime":672.399,"endTime":675.68,"body":"of their territory to their boundary and"},{"startTime":675.68,"endTime":677.68,"body":"into their neighbor's range"},{"startTime":677.68,"endTime":680.0,"body":"results consistent with hypothesis that"},{"startTime":680.0,"endTime":682.399,"body":"gibbons were in fact defending space per"},{"startTime":682.399,"endTime":683.92,"body":"se"},{"startTime":683.92,"endTime":685.76,"body":"while those were quite satisfying"},{"startTime":685.76,"endTime":687.12,"body":"results"},{"startTime":687.12,"endTime":690.079,"body":"my work with the leaf monkeys"},{"startTime":690.079,"endTime":691.68,"body":"wasn't progressing"},{"startTime":691.68,"endTime":695.2,"body":"nearly as well in fact i was failing and"},{"startTime":695.2,"endTime":697.12,"body":"failing quite dismally"},{"startTime":697.12,"endTime":698.48,"body":"my problem was that i couldn't have"},{"startTime":698.48,"endTime":700.64,"body":"enjoyed the animals of my presence"},{"startTime":700.64,"endTime":703.68,"body":"they were shy they were secretive they"},{"startTime":703.68,"endTime":706.24,"body":"lived at fairly low densities"},{"startTime":706.24,"endTime":707.92,"body":"and whenever we went out to look for"},{"startTime":707.92,"endTime":709.92,"body":"them i'd rarely find them"},{"startTime":709.92,"endTime":712.8,"body":"on those few occasions that i did i"},{"startTime":712.8,"endTime":714.959,"body":"would only gain fleeting glimpses of"},{"startTime":714.959,"endTime":718.24,"body":"them as they ran away quite quickly"},{"startTime":718.24,"endTime":720.079,"body":"in the treetops"},{"startTime":720.079,"endTime":721.92,"body":"intriguingly though"},{"startTime":721.92,"endTime":724.72,"body":"whenever i went out to look for the leaf"},{"startTime":724.72,"endTime":727.44,"body":"monkeys and failed to find them i would"},{"startTime":727.44,"endTime":731.44,"body":"often run into something else orangutans"},{"startTime":731.44,"endTime":734.56,"body":"and when i would run into one orangutan"},{"startTime":734.56,"endTime":736.399,"body":"i would run into"},{"startTime":736.399,"endTime":738.88,"body":"more than one orangutan they would often"},{"startTime":738.88,"endTime":740.32,"body":"be together"},{"startTime":740.32,"endTime":742.32,"body":"now i knew from reading the literature"},{"startTime":742.32,"endTime":744.399,"body":"as well as peter rodman's own studies of"},{"startTime":744.399,"endTime":746.399,"body":"these very same animals at this very"},{"startTime":746.399,"endTime":748.959,"body":"same site that this wasn't supposed to"},{"startTime":748.959,"endTime":750.48,"body":"be happening"},{"startTime":750.48,"endTime":751.92,"body":"these were"},{"startTime":751.92,"endTime":752.639,"body":"um"},{"startTime":752.639,"endTime":756.68,"body":"supposed to be solitary creatures"},{"startTime":758.399,"endTime":760.56,"body":"after about"},{"startTime":760.56,"endTime":762.72,"body":"nine months of banging my head against"},{"startTime":762.72,"endTime":764.88,"body":"the wall trying to um"},{"startTime":764.88,"endTime":766.48,"body":"habituate the leaf monkeys to my"},{"startTime":766.48,"endTime":767.839,"body":"presence"},{"startTime":767.839,"endTime":769.92,"body":"i realized that it would be far more"},{"startTime":769.92,"endTime":772.48,"body":"interesting if not profitable"},{"startTime":772.48,"endTime":774.48,"body":"to switch my attention to the orangutans"},{"startTime":774.48,"endTime":776.72,"body":"to figure out what they were doing"},{"startTime":776.72,"endTime":778.56,"body":"when i did so i made a renewed"},{"startTime":778.56,"endTime":780.399,"body":"commitment to field work"},{"startTime":780.399,"endTime":781.839,"body":"i doubled down"},{"startTime":781.839,"endTime":785.12,"body":"i spent as much time as i possibly could"},{"startTime":785.12,"endTime":787.279,"body":"with the orangutans"},{"startTime":787.279,"endTime":791.12,"body":"and when i did so i was able to document"},{"startTime":791.12,"endTime":793.6,"body":"the alternative mating tactics"},{"startTime":793.6,"endTime":796.56,"body":"employed by male orangutans"},{"startTime":796.56,"endTime":798.959,"body":"now casual inspection of these animals"},{"startTime":798.959,"endTime":801.44,"body":"will instantly reveal that there are two"},{"startTime":801.44,"endTime":802.48,"body":"types"},{"startTime":802.48,"endTime":805.6,"body":"or morphs of male aromatons"},{"startTime":805.6,"endTime":807.76,"body":"there are those that are large"},{"startTime":807.76,"endTime":810.32,"body":"as depicted on the left"},{"startTime":810.32,"endTime":812.8,"body":"individuals who possess secondary sexual"},{"startTime":812.8,"endTime":814.399,"body":"characteristics"},{"startTime":814.399,"endTime":817.6,"body":"such as the feedy ch cheek flanges on"},{"startTime":817.6,"endTime":819.839,"body":"that colored male"},{"startTime":819.839,"endTime":821.68,"body":"alternatively there are"},{"startTime":821.68,"endTime":823.199,"body":"smaller males"},{"startTime":823.199,"endTime":825.44,"body":"that are about half the size"},{"startTime":825.44,"endTime":826.839,"body":"as the large"},{"startTime":826.839,"endTime":829.12,"body":"individuals now during these early days"},{"startTime":829.12,"endTime":831.6,"body":"of studies it was quite natural to"},{"startTime":831.6,"endTime":834.079,"body":"assume that this difference in size"},{"startTime":834.079,"endTime":836.56,"body":"simply represented a difference in"},{"startTime":836.56,"endTime":837.76,"body":"development"},{"startTime":837.76,"endTime":840.32,"body":"the large individuals were adults and"},{"startTime":840.32,"endTime":842.48,"body":"the small individuals"},{"startTime":842.48,"endTime":845.68,"body":"had not yet matured they were sub-adults"},{"startTime":845.68,"endTime":847.92,"body":"we now know of course that some of those"},{"startTime":847.92,"endTime":850.399,"body":"small guys never grow up"},{"startTime":850.399,"endTime":853.12,"body":"irrespective of whether the small male"},{"startTime":853.12,"endTime":856.48,"body":"orangutans were old or young"},{"startTime":856.48,"endTime":858.32,"body":"they were always at a competitive"},{"startTime":858.32,"endTime":861.519,"body":"disadvantage due to their small size"},{"startTime":861.519,"endTime":863.92,"body":"in order to compensate"},{"startTime":863.92,"endTime":866.639,"body":"and to reduce the levels of competition"},{"startTime":866.639,"endTime":870.0,"body":"that they face from the larger males the"},{"startTime":870.0,"endTime":872.16,"body":"small males adopt"},{"startTime":872.16,"endTime":874.959,"body":"the distinctly different alternative"},{"startTime":874.959,"endTime":876.32,"body":"mating tactic"},{"startTime":876.32,"endTime":879.839,"body":"one in which they first find a female"},{"startTime":879.839,"endTime":881.92,"body":"they stay with them for as long as"},{"startTime":881.92,"endTime":883.199,"body":"possible"},{"startTime":883.199,"endTime":885.839,"body":"and here's where things get a bit nasty"},{"startTime":885.839,"endTime":888.399,"body":"they forcibly and repeatedly make"},{"startTime":888.399,"endTime":889.6,"body":"females"},{"startTime":889.6,"endTime":891.68,"body":"the pattern shown by the small males"},{"startTime":891.68,"endTime":893.36,"body":"differs quite dramatically from the"},{"startTime":893.36,"endTime":895.839,"body":"pattern shown by the larger males"},{"startTime":895.839,"endTime":898.0,"body":"the theme of male sexual coercion was to"},{"startTime":898.0,"endTime":900.639,"body":"appear later in my life when i began"},{"startTime":900.639,"endTime":902.959,"body":"teaching at the university of michigan"},{"startTime":902.959,"endTime":905.839,"body":"there the very first class that i taught"},{"startTime":905.839,"endTime":908.959,"body":"was a team taught seminar on the topic"},{"startTime":908.959,"endTime":911.76,"body":"with my friend and colleague barb smutz"},{"startTime":911.76,"endTime":913.839,"body":"barb later used some of the things that"},{"startTime":913.839,"endTime":915.76,"body":"we learned from that class"},{"startTime":915.76,"endTime":919.279,"body":"to write a very important review"},{"startTime":919.279,"endTime":920.399,"body":"on"},{"startTime":920.399,"endTime":922.399,"body":"this topic of male aggression and sexual"},{"startTime":922.399,"endTime":924.32,"body":"coercion females"},{"startTime":924.32,"endTime":927.839,"body":"in primates and other mammals"},{"startTime":928.48,"endTime":930.16,"body":"my playback work with the gibbons was"},{"startTime":930.16,"endTime":932.399,"body":"proceeding along and it was going along"},{"startTime":932.399,"endTime":935.519,"body":"quite nicely so much so that i decided"},{"startTime":935.519,"endTime":937.6,"body":"to implement the playback technique to"},{"startTime":937.6,"endTime":939.92,"body":"investigate the long calls emitted by"},{"startTime":939.92,"endTime":942.079,"body":"male 1 wrong guns"},{"startTime":942.079,"endTime":943.839,"body":"these are some of the most distinctive"},{"startTime":943.839,"endTime":947.12,"body":"sounds heard in the bornean rainforest"},{"startTime":947.12,"endTime":949.759,"body":"and here my playback results indicated"},{"startTime":949.759,"endTime":952.48,"body":"that males seem to use this"},{"startTime":952.48,"endTime":954.8,"body":"as a spacing mechanism"},{"startTime":954.8,"endTime":957.04,"body":"where low-ranking males generally"},{"startTime":957.04,"endTime":959.44,"body":"avoided the calls emitted by the"},{"startTime":959.44,"endTime":961.839,"body":"highest-ranking male in the area"},{"startTime":961.839,"endTime":964.24,"body":"i could find no evidence that males use"},{"startTime":964.24,"endTime":968.32,"body":"these calls to attract females to them"},{"startTime":968.32,"endTime":970.8,"body":"now one's research interests often"},{"startTime":970.8,"endTime":976.0,"body":"change as unexpected findings occur"},{"startTime":976.24,"endTime":979.44,"body":"and given my work on orangutan mating"},{"startTime":979.44,"endTime":981.12,"body":"behavior"},{"startTime":981.12,"endTime":984.56,"body":"my thoughts soon turned to the uh puzzle"},{"startTime":984.56,"endTime":987.04,"body":"created by given monogamy"},{"startTime":987.04,"endTime":989.04,"body":"now monogamy mammals is both"},{"startTime":989.04,"endTime":991.04,"body":"theoretically rare"},{"startTime":991.04,"endTime":992.16,"body":"and"},{"startTime":992.16,"endTime":994.72,"body":"theoretically unexpected and empirically"},{"startTime":994.72,"endTime":997.6,"body":"rare found in only about 10 of all"},{"startTime":997.6,"endTime":999.36,"body":"millions species"},{"startTime":999.36,"endTime":1001.6,"body":"and the problem has always been why do"},{"startTime":1001.6,"endTime":1005.519,"body":"males accept these relationships"},{"startTime":1005.519,"endTime":1007.839,"body":"here again i decided to implement a"},{"startTime":1007.839,"endTime":1009.839,"body":"playback technique the playback"},{"startTime":1009.839,"endTime":1012.079,"body":"technique to investigate this issue"},{"startTime":1012.079,"endTime":1014.48,"body":"by simulating encounters between"},{"startTime":1014.48,"endTime":1018.0,"body":"solitary females and made of pears"},{"startTime":1018.0,"endTime":1021.199,"body":"when i did so i discovered that native"},{"startTime":1021.199,"endTime":1023.04,"body":"females essentially impose these"},{"startTime":1023.04,"endTime":1024.48,"body":"relationships"},{"startTime":1024.48,"endTime":1025.839,"body":"on males"},{"startTime":1025.839,"endTime":1028.64,"body":"by displaying sex-specific aggression"},{"startTime":1028.64,"endTime":1030.72,"body":"toward other females"},{"startTime":1030.72,"endTime":1033.039,"body":"with the passage of time that finding"},{"startTime":1033.039,"endTime":1036.0,"body":"takes on renewed significance insofar as"},{"startTime":1036.0,"endTime":1038.4,"body":"it bears on a current controversy over"},{"startTime":1038.4,"endTime":1040.24,"body":"the factors that affect the evolution of"},{"startTime":1040.24,"endTime":1042.319,"body":"social monogamy and mammals"},{"startTime":1042.319,"endTime":1044.88,"body":"the old given result fits quite nicely"},{"startTime":1044.88,"endTime":1047.039,"body":"with dieter lucas and tim clattenbrock's"},{"startTime":1047.039,"endTime":1050.24,"body":"hypothesis that social monogamy evolves"},{"startTime":1050.24,"endTime":1053.039,"body":"in situations where single males can't"},{"startTime":1053.039,"endTime":1056.08,"body":"defend multiple females this because of"},{"startTime":1056.08,"endTime":1058.799,"body":"high levels of female competition female"},{"startTime":1058.799,"endTime":1061.2,"body":"intolerance creating low female"},{"startTime":1061.2,"endTime":1063.84,"body":"densities"},{"startTime":1064.0,"endTime":1066.32,"body":"now throughout my graduate career i was"},{"startTime":1066.32,"endTime":1068.96,"body":"using the vocal signals"},{"startTime":1068.96,"endTime":1072.24,"body":"produced by primates as a tool"},{"startTime":1072.24,"endTime":1074.88,"body":"to simulate interactions between them"},{"startTime":1074.88,"endTime":1077.039,"body":"and ask them questions about why are"},{"startTime":1077.039,"endTime":1078.559,"body":"they doing the kinds of things that they"},{"startTime":1078.559,"endTime":1079.679,"body":"were doing"},{"startTime":1079.679,"endTime":1081.76,"body":"in the process it was impossible not to"},{"startTime":1081.76,"endTime":1083.919,"body":"become interested in the sounds"},{"startTime":1083.919,"endTime":1085.28,"body":"themselves"},{"startTime":1085.28,"endTime":1087.12,"body":"it was for this reason that during"},{"startTime":1087.12,"endTime":1088.88,"body":"postdoctoral research"},{"startTime":1088.88,"endTime":1091.679,"body":"i decided to conduct studies of animal"},{"startTime":1091.679,"endTime":1093.679,"body":"vocal communication"},{"startTime":1093.679,"endTime":1096.48,"body":"here i was incredibly lucky to do that"},{"startTime":1096.48,"endTime":1100.24,"body":"work working in the lab of peter marlar"},{"startTime":1100.24,"endTime":1102.72,"body":"peter was one of the true giants"},{"startTime":1102.72,"endTime":1105.12,"body":"in the study of animal behavior"},{"startTime":1105.12,"endTime":1107.76,"body":"he was a recognized leader"},{"startTime":1107.76,"endTime":1110.72,"body":"in the study of animal vocal behavior"},{"startTime":1110.72,"endTime":1112.64,"body":"and coincidentally he happened to be the"},{"startTime":1112.64,"endTime":1115.039,"body":"one who put together that book that"},{"startTime":1115.039,"endTime":1117.36,"body":"originally caught my interest"},{"startTime":1117.36,"endTime":1119.679,"body":"and attracted me to the field"},{"startTime":1119.679,"endTime":1122.559,"body":"during postdoctoral research"},{"startTime":1122.559,"endTime":1125.76,"body":"i spent most of my time trying to"},{"startTime":1125.76,"endTime":1127.44,"body":"unravel"},{"startTime":1127.44,"endTime":1130.24,"body":"the song sung by mel gibbons"},{"startTime":1130.24,"endTime":1132.72,"body":"first showing how male givens"},{"startTime":1132.72,"endTime":1135.44,"body":"use these as a species discrimination"},{"startTime":1135.44,"endTime":1137.039,"body":"mechanism"},{"startTime":1137.039,"endTime":1139.28,"body":"most of my time however in the marvel"},{"startTime":1139.28,"endTime":1140.559,"body":"lab"},{"startTime":1140.559,"endTime":1143.6,"body":"i was seeking answers to two questions"},{"startTime":1143.6,"endTime":1146.88,"body":"how male song is structured acoustically"},{"startTime":1146.88,"endTime":1149.12,"body":"and why were male singing what is the"},{"startTime":1149.12,"endTime":1152.0,"body":"function of song"},{"startTime":1152.16,"endTime":1154.72,"body":"with regard to the first issue"},{"startTime":1154.72,"endTime":1157.28,"body":"male givens engage in prolonged singing"},{"startTime":1157.28,"endTime":1158.799,"body":"performances"},{"startTime":1158.799,"endTime":1161.6,"body":"during the pre-dawn hours those singing"},{"startTime":1161.6,"endTime":1164.4,"body":"performances last about 40 minutes in"},{"startTime":1164.4,"endTime":1165.36,"body":"length"},{"startTime":1165.36,"endTime":1167.919,"body":"and male givens typically start those"},{"startTime":1167.919,"endTime":1169.44,"body":"performances"},{"startTime":1169.44,"endTime":1172.88,"body":"by emitting a series of fairly low"},{"startTime":1172.88,"endTime":1174.64,"body":"amplitude"},{"startTime":1174.64,"endTime":1177.6,"body":"short songs that consist nothing more"},{"startTime":1177.6,"endTime":1181.12,"body":"than these frequency up sweeps"},{"startTime":1181.12,"endTime":1184.24,"body":"as those singing performances continue"},{"startTime":1184.24,"endTime":1186.48,"body":"those songs get louder"},{"startTime":1186.48,"endTime":1188.16,"body":"they get longer"},{"startTime":1188.16,"endTime":1191.2,"body":"and they get more complex in terms of"},{"startTime":1191.2,"endTime":1194.32,"body":"their constituent notes"},{"startTime":1194.32,"endTime":1196.24,"body":"with regard to the issue of song"},{"startTime":1196.24,"endTime":1197.6,"body":"function"},{"startTime":1197.6,"endTime":1200.0,"body":"my observations showed that males"},{"startTime":1200.0,"endTime":1201.679,"body":"frequently countersink with their"},{"startTime":1201.679,"endTime":1202.72,"body":"neighbors"},{"startTime":1202.72,"endTime":1204.559,"body":"an observation consistent with a"},{"startTime":1204.559,"endTime":1206.799,"body":"territorial spacing function"},{"startTime":1206.799,"endTime":1209.039,"body":"additional observations indicated that"},{"startTime":1209.039,"endTime":1211.52,"body":"song complexity increases"},{"startTime":1211.52,"endTime":1214.24,"body":"during vocal interactions with neighbors"},{"startTime":1214.24,"endTime":1216.64,"body":"with males singing faster"},{"startTime":1216.64,"endTime":1218.96,"body":"louder and longer"},{"startTime":1218.96,"endTime":1221.76,"body":"and with more elaborate songs than when"},{"startTime":1221.76,"endTime":1223.52,"body":"singing alone"},{"startTime":1223.52,"endTime":1225.679,"body":"i conducted a series of experimental"},{"startTime":1225.679,"endTime":1228.159,"body":"playbacks to further probe the function"},{"startTime":1228.159,"endTime":1230.88,"body":"of song and when i did so i discovered"},{"startTime":1230.88,"endTime":1233.6,"body":"that males responded more strongly"},{"startTime":1233.6,"endTime":1235.679,"body":"to elaborate songs"},{"startTime":1235.679,"endTime":1238.08,"body":"some fast and loud"},{"startTime":1238.08,"endTime":1241.76,"body":"compared to simple songs sung slower and"},{"startTime":1241.76,"endTime":1244.32,"body":"at relatively low amplitude"},{"startTime":1244.32,"endTime":1247.12,"body":"taken together those results suggested"},{"startTime":1247.12,"endTime":1249.12,"body":"that increasing song complexity"},{"startTime":1249.12,"endTime":1252.08,"body":"represents a series of greatest signals"},{"startTime":1252.08,"endTime":1254.32,"body":"with long complex songs"},{"startTime":1254.32,"endTime":1257.12,"body":"more effective territorial stimuli"},{"startTime":1257.12,"endTime":1260.159,"body":"than short simple songs"},{"startTime":1260.159,"endTime":1262.64,"body":"i concluded my time in the marler lab"},{"startTime":1262.64,"endTime":1264.08,"body":"with this investigate with an"},{"startTime":1264.08,"endTime":1267.039,"body":"investigation of the phonology song"},{"startTime":1267.039,"endTime":1268.96,"body":"i began that study"},{"startTime":1268.96,"endTime":1272.559,"body":"by decomposing the song sung by gibbons"},{"startTime":1272.559,"endTime":1275.76,"body":"into their constituent note types"},{"startTime":1275.76,"endTime":1279.12,"body":"i then created a mind numbing series of"},{"startTime":1279.12,"endTime":1281.919,"body":"analyses that if i think back now still"},{"startTime":1281.919,"endTime":1283.2,"body":"hurt today"},{"startTime":1283.2,"endTime":1285.28,"body":"where i try to determine whether there"},{"startTime":1285.28,"endTime":1289.039,"body":"were specific rules that gibbons use in"},{"startTime":1289.039,"endTime":1291.76,"body":"stringing those note types together to"},{"startTime":1291.76,"endTime":1293.76,"body":"construct their songs"},{"startTime":1293.76,"endTime":1296.159,"body":"once i was able to do so"},{"startTime":1296.159,"endTime":1298.559,"body":"i violated those rules"},{"startTime":1298.559,"endTime":1303.12,"body":"constructing artificial rearranged songs"},{"startTime":1303.12,"endTime":1305.28,"body":"as depicted on the right"},{"startTime":1305.28,"endTime":1308.72,"body":"i played those songs back to the givens"},{"startTime":1308.72,"endTime":1310.96,"body":"compared the responses"},{"startTime":1310.96,"endTime":1313.679,"body":"to responses i got when i played back"},{"startTime":1313.679,"endTime":1315.44,"body":"normal songs"},{"startTime":1315.44,"endTime":1317.919,"body":"they responded differentially suggesting"},{"startTime":1317.919,"endTime":1320.08,"body":"that there was in fact an underlying"},{"startTime":1320.08,"endTime":1321.28,"body":"phenology"},{"startTime":1321.28,"endTime":1323.28,"body":"to given singing behavior"},{"startTime":1323.28,"endTime":1325.679,"body":"givens appear to string those songs"},{"startTime":1325.679,"endTime":1328.32,"body":"together in the very same manner or in a"},{"startTime":1328.32,"endTime":1330.0,"body":"similar manner"},{"startTime":1330.0,"endTime":1332.64,"body":"that we do when we string together"},{"startTime":1332.64,"endTime":1334.72,"body":"meaningless phonemes"},{"startTime":1334.72,"endTime":1338.08,"body":"into meaningful words"},{"startTime":1338.24,"endTime":1340.88,"body":"i conducted my postdoctoral research on"},{"startTime":1340.88,"endTime":1343.6,"body":"gibbons at the newly established chauvin"},{"startTime":1343.6,"endTime":1345.6,"body":"ponte research station"},{"startTime":1345.6,"endTime":1347.679,"body":"in gundam holland national park in"},{"startTime":1347.679,"endTime":1348.88,"body":"indonesia"},{"startTime":1348.88,"endTime":1352.559,"body":"i found this place in the summer of 1984"},{"startTime":1352.559,"endTime":1355.6,"body":"with reese bowen and mark clayton"},{"startTime":1355.6,"endTime":1358.559,"body":"and while i was there i also attempted"},{"startTime":1358.559,"endTime":1362.559,"body":"to start a parallel study of orangutans"},{"startTime":1362.559,"endTime":1366.08,"body":"that work has been continued to this day"},{"startTime":1366.08,"endTime":1369.039,"body":"quite ably and quite nicely by cheryl"},{"startTime":1369.039,"endTime":1370.799,"body":"naught and colleagues"},{"startTime":1370.799,"endTime":1373.84,"body":"but my work with gibbons and orangutans"},{"startTime":1373.84,"endTime":1374.799,"body":"at"},{"startTime":1374.799,"endTime":1377.6,"body":"poland was cut short and was cut short"},{"startTime":1377.6,"endTime":1380.48,"body":"because i was going to take a sharp turn"},{"startTime":1380.48,"endTime":1383.28,"body":"in my research"},{"startTime":1383.28,"endTime":1385.28,"body":"toward the end of the time my time in"},{"startTime":1385.28,"endTime":1387.919,"body":"the marlow lab i was feeling as if i"},{"startTime":1387.919,"endTime":1390.32,"body":"needed a new challenge"},{"startTime":1390.32,"endTime":1392.559,"body":"peter marler was to issue that challenge"},{"startTime":1392.559,"endTime":1394.24,"body":"by nudging me to the study of"},{"startTime":1394.24,"endTime":1395.6,"body":"chimpanzees"},{"startTime":1395.6,"endTime":1397.84,"body":"as things turned out he spent some time"},{"startTime":1397.84,"endTime":1400.4,"body":"early in his career studying chimpanzees"},{"startTime":1400.4,"endTime":1403.76,"body":"at gombe with jane goodall"},{"startTime":1403.76,"endTime":1406.24,"body":"once i took up that challenge"},{"startTime":1406.24,"endTime":1408.64,"body":"toshi sada nishida was there to"},{"startTime":1408.64,"endTime":1411.679,"body":"facilitate my change in my switch to"},{"startTime":1411.679,"endTime":1413.12,"body":"chimpanzees"},{"startTime":1413.12,"endTime":1416.08,"body":"i met toshi earlier on a trip to japan"},{"startTime":1416.08,"endTime":1418.4,"body":"and at a conference in america"},{"startTime":1418.4,"endTime":1421.279,"body":"and when i was starting to contemplate"},{"startTime":1421.279,"endTime":1424.32,"body":"this move to chimps i wrote to him and i"},{"startTime":1424.32,"endTime":1426.559,"body":"asked him whether it would be possible"},{"startTime":1426.559,"endTime":1428.799,"body":"to study the chimpanzees at the mali"},{"startTime":1428.799,"endTime":1430.96,"body":"mountains where he'd been working for"},{"startTime":1430.96,"endTime":1432.72,"body":"many years"},{"startTime":1432.72,"endTime":1434.559,"body":"toshi agreed"},{"startTime":1434.559,"endTime":1435.919,"body":"and i morphed"},{"startTime":1435.919,"endTime":1439.039,"body":"into a chimpanzee field researcher"},{"startTime":1439.039,"endTime":1441.52,"body":"for my first study i investigated an"},{"startTime":1441.52,"endTime":1444.799,"body":"enduring problem in the study of"},{"startTime":1444.799,"endTime":1447.76,"body":"primate and animal vocal communication"},{"startTime":1447.76,"endTime":1449.84,"body":"whether learning affects the vocal"},{"startTime":1449.84,"endTime":1452.64,"body":"acquisition process"},{"startTime":1452.64,"endTime":1455.279,"body":"here i focused on the long distance pat"},{"startTime":1455.279,"endTime":1459.84,"body":"hoots emitted by male chimpanzees"},{"startTime":1459.919,"endTime":1461.44,"body":"and i asked"},{"startTime":1461.44,"endTime":1464.32,"body":"whether there was dialectal variation"},{"startTime":1464.32,"endTime":1466.4,"body":"this was an indirect way to get at the"},{"startTime":1466.4,"endTime":1468.72,"body":"question of vocal learning insofar as"},{"startTime":1468.72,"endTime":1471.279,"body":"local dialects are one correlate of the"},{"startTime":1471.279,"endTime":1473.919,"body":"vocal learning process as we understand"},{"startTime":1473.919,"endTime":1477.6,"body":"it in humans and male songbirds"},{"startTime":1477.6,"endTime":1480.159,"body":"we compare the calls produced by males"},{"startTime":1480.159,"endTime":1481.84,"body":"at the two well-known study sites in"},{"startTime":1481.84,"endTime":1484.879,"body":"gombe and holly"},{"startTime":1485.12,"endTime":1487.12,"body":"these sites of course are located within"},{"startTime":1487.12,"endTime":1489.919,"body":"close geographic proximity to each other"},{"startTime":1489.919,"endTime":1492.24,"body":"along the lake shore of uh along the"},{"startTime":1492.24,"endTime":1496.24,"body":"eastern lakeshore of lake tanganyika"},{"startTime":1496.24,"endTime":1498.88,"body":"and in our acoustic analyses"},{"startTime":1498.88,"endTime":1500.799,"body":"we're able to document some subtle"},{"startTime":1500.799,"endTime":1502.24,"body":"differences"},{"startTime":1502.24,"endTime":1503.76,"body":"in the build up"},{"startTime":1503.76,"endTime":1506.24,"body":"and climax phase of calls"},{"startTime":1506.24,"endTime":1509.12,"body":"with males at mahali emitting buildups"},{"startTime":1509.12,"endTime":1511.2,"body":"at faster rates"},{"startTime":1511.2,"endTime":1513.279,"body":"and climax elements at higher"},{"startTime":1513.279,"endTime":1514.799,"body":"frequencies"},{"startTime":1514.799,"endTime":1517.76,"body":"than calls uttered by the gombe mills"},{"startTime":1517.76,"endTime":1519.52,"body":"results consistent"},{"startTime":1519.52,"endTime":1523.12,"body":"with hypothesis that there are dialects"},{"startTime":1523.12,"endTime":1526.88,"body":"now in this paper we follow a lead"},{"startTime":1526.88,"endTime":1528.4,"body":"first um"},{"startTime":1528.4,"endTime":1531.279,"body":"proposed by bill mcgrew and caroline"},{"startTime":1531.279,"endTime":1534.4,"body":"tooten we try to be careful to consider"},{"startTime":1534.4,"endTime":1536.64,"body":"and eliminate other factors other"},{"startTime":1536.64,"endTime":1538.96,"body":"factors that may have accounted for some"},{"startTime":1538.96,"endTime":1540.799,"body":"of the acoustic differences that we had"},{"startTime":1540.799,"endTime":1543.279,"body":"encountered or that we had uncovered"},{"startTime":1543.279,"endTime":1545.2,"body":"this came to be known as a method of"},{"startTime":1545.2,"endTime":1546.48,"body":"exclusion"},{"startTime":1546.48,"endTime":1548.4,"body":"a method that was to be adopted in"},{"startTime":1548.4,"endTime":1550.24,"body":"subsequent studies"},{"startTime":1550.24,"endTime":1554.0,"body":"of chimpanzee cultural variation"},{"startTime":1554.88,"endTime":1557.99,"body":"my first foray into the lives of um"},{"startTime":1557.99,"endTime":1559.2,"body":"[Music]"},{"startTime":1559.2,"endTime":1561.84,"body":"chimpanzees was a real eye-opening"},{"startTime":1561.84,"endTime":1563.36,"body":"experience"},{"startTime":1563.36,"endTime":1565.36,"body":"up until that time"},{"startTime":1565.36,"endTime":1568.0,"body":"i had only i had only been working with"},{"startTime":1568.0,"endTime":1570.08,"body":"socially monogamous givens and for the"},{"startTime":1570.08,"endTime":1571.919,"body":"most part um"},{"startTime":1571.919,"endTime":1574.4,"body":"solitary orangutans"},{"startTime":1574.4,"endTime":1576.32,"body":"where the demographic situation"},{"startTime":1576.32,"endTime":1578.72,"body":"obviously affected and constrained the"},{"startTime":1578.72,"endTime":1581.52,"body":"form the frequency and the patterns of"},{"startTime":1581.52,"endTime":1584.08,"body":"social interactions that could take"},{"startTime":1584.08,"endTime":1585.76,"body":"place"},{"startTime":1585.76,"endTime":1588.08,"body":"but here for the very first time i was"},{"startTime":1588.08,"endTime":1590.72,"body":"actually working with truly social"},{"startTime":1590.72,"endTime":1592.159,"body":"primates"},{"startTime":1592.159,"endTime":1594.64,"body":"it became instantly clear"},{"startTime":1594.64,"endTime":1597.12,"body":"that social factors affected virtually"},{"startTime":1597.12,"endTime":1598.48,"body":"all aspects"},{"startTime":1598.48,"endTime":1601.44,"body":"of chimpanzee life and behavior"},{"startTime":1601.44,"endTime":1602.96,"body":"it was quick to recognize that"},{"startTime":1602.96,"endTime":1605.279,"body":"dominance-ranked relationships affected"},{"startTime":1605.279,"endTime":1607.6,"body":"call production this in a paper with"},{"startTime":1607.6,"endTime":1608.88,"body":"nishida"},{"startTime":1608.88,"endTime":1611.76,"body":"i may have been especially sensitized or"},{"startTime":1611.76,"endTime":1613.84,"body":"sensitive to the fact that social"},{"startTime":1613.84,"endTime":1616.96,"body":"factors would affect vocal behavior"},{"startTime":1616.96,"endTime":1618.72,"body":"because while as a postdoc in the"},{"startTime":1618.72,"endTime":1620.4,"body":"martial lab i had a good friend and"},{"startTime":1620.4,"endTime":1622.88,"body":"colleague mars algae gear"},{"startTime":1622.88,"endTime":1625.6,"body":"who was conducting an influential study"},{"startTime":1625.6,"endTime":1628.08,"body":"on the alarm calling behavior"},{"startTime":1628.08,"endTime":1629.84,"body":"of male chickens"},{"startTime":1629.84,"endTime":1632.0,"body":"working together with steve karakashian"},{"startTime":1632.0,"endTime":1633.84,"body":"and peter marler"},{"startTime":1633.84,"endTime":1636.559,"body":"marcel documented the so-called audience"},{"startTime":1636.559,"endTime":1640.08,"body":"effect in chickens whereby male chickens"},{"startTime":1640.08,"endTime":1642.96,"body":"modulated the production of their alarm"},{"startTime":1642.96,"endTime":1645.919,"body":"calls in the presence and absence"},{"startTime":1645.919,"endTime":1649.12,"body":"of different cone specifics"},{"startTime":1649.12,"endTime":1652.559,"body":"remembering that um study"},{"startTime":1652.559,"endTime":1654.32,"body":"i asked whether something similar might"},{"startTime":1654.32,"endTime":1656.72,"body":"be going on in chips"},{"startTime":1656.72,"endTime":1658.64,"body":"and here again working along with"},{"startTime":1658.64,"endTime":1661.279,"body":"nishida we're able to show that there"},{"startTime":1661.279,"endTime":1664.08,"body":"was an audience effect in chips"},{"startTime":1664.08,"endTime":1666.96,"body":"chips male chimpanzees actually modulate"},{"startTime":1666.96,"endTime":1669.36,"body":"the production of their alarm calls"},{"startTime":1669.36,"endTime":1672.24,"body":"increasing the number of calls they give"},{"startTime":1672.24,"endTime":1674.64,"body":"in certain social situations"},{"startTime":1674.64,"endTime":1676.72,"body":"specifically when their close friends"},{"startTime":1676.72,"endTime":1679.44,"body":"and allies are in the party that day"},{"startTime":1679.44,"endTime":1681.919,"body":"they seem to use these calls as a means"},{"startTime":1681.919,"endTime":1684.559,"body":"to keep in contact with others but not"},{"startTime":1684.559,"endTime":1687.52,"body":"with everybody only specific individuals"},{"startTime":1687.52,"endTime":1689.44,"body":"only the kinds of individuals or the"},{"startTime":1689.44,"endTime":1692.32,"body":"particular individuals"},{"startTime":1692.32,"endTime":1694.0,"body":"that they like and associate with"},{"startTime":1694.0,"endTime":1697.0,"body":"frequently"},{"startTime":1697.12,"endTime":1700.24,"body":"i was later to merge these two seemingly"},{"startTime":1700.24,"endTime":1703.039,"body":"disparate lines of research"},{"startTime":1703.039,"endTime":1705.84,"body":"local plasticity as suggested by the"},{"startTime":1705.84,"endTime":1707.76,"body":"dialect study"},{"startTime":1707.76,"endTime":1709.919,"body":"and the effect of social factors on"},{"startTime":1709.919,"endTime":1713.84,"body":"vocal production in this paper"},{"startTime":1713.84,"endTime":1717.2,"body":"for years i was conducting acoustic"},{"startTime":1717.2,"endTime":1720.24,"body":"analyses of chimpanzees calls"},{"startTime":1720.24,"endTime":1722.24,"body":"often focusing on the long distance"},{"startTime":1722.24,"endTime":1723.6,"body":"panhoop"},{"startTime":1723.6,"endTime":1726.08,"body":"and in those papers and analyses we"},{"startTime":1726.08,"endTime":1729.44,"body":"typically only examine single calls"},{"startTime":1729.44,"endTime":1733.36,"body":"emitted by solitary individuals"},{"startTime":1733.36,"endTime":1735.2,"body":"i knew however"},{"startTime":1735.2,"endTime":1738.399,"body":"that males often called together in"},{"startTime":1738.399,"endTime":1740.399,"body":"choruses with others"},{"startTime":1740.399,"endTime":1742.08,"body":"for the most part"},{"startTime":1742.08,"endTime":1743.919,"body":"we set those calls aside because"},{"startTime":1743.919,"endTime":1745.84,"body":"spectrographically they're quite messy"},{"startTime":1745.84,"endTime":1747.679,"body":"you had males calling on top of each"},{"startTime":1747.679,"endTime":1749.6,"body":"other it was difficult to figure out"},{"startTime":1749.6,"endTime":1751.2,"body":"who's who"},{"startTime":1751.2,"endTime":1753.2,"body":"in those spectrograms"},{"startTime":1753.2,"endTime":1755.12,"body":"but one day in my lab i made a"},{"startTime":1755.12,"endTime":1757.6,"body":"fortuitous observation"},{"startTime":1757.6,"endTime":1758.96,"body":"in examining"},{"startTime":1758.96,"endTime":1759.84,"body":"some"},{"startTime":1759.84,"endTime":1762.559,"body":"spectrograms of chorus calls i started"},{"startTime":1762.559,"endTime":1765.039,"body":"to notice that the climax portion of"},{"startTime":1765.039,"endTime":1767.76,"body":"those calls during choruses"},{"startTime":1767.76,"endTime":1770.88,"body":"looked awfully similar to each other"},{"startTime":1770.88,"endTime":1773.6,"body":"armed with that observation"},{"startTime":1773.6,"endTime":1776.32,"body":"i then tasked julie rose lewis"},{"startTime":1776.32,"endTime":1778.84,"body":"the arduous job of"},{"startTime":1778.84,"endTime":1781.6,"body":"analyzing those chorus calls"},{"startTime":1781.6,"endTime":1783.36,"body":"and when she did so"},{"startTime":1783.36,"endTime":1785.84,"body":"she discovered that male chimpanzees"},{"startTime":1785.84,"endTime":1788.64,"body":"produced acoustically similar clothes"},{"startTime":1788.64,"endTime":1790.399,"body":"when chorusing together"},{"startTime":1790.399,"endTime":1793.36,"body":"but they didn't do so all the time again"},{"startTime":1793.36,"endTime":1796.08,"body":"they selectively did so when calling"},{"startTime":1796.08,"endTime":1797.44,"body":"with their friends"},{"startTime":1797.44,"endTime":1799.2,"body":"not with others"},{"startTime":1799.2,"endTime":1801.2,"body":"the process seems to be similar to the"},{"startTime":1801.2,"endTime":1803.44,"body":"process of vocal accommodation as we"},{"startTime":1803.44,"endTime":1805.2,"body":"understand it in humans and i think 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before"},{"startTime":1865.6,"endTime":1867.279,"body":"that suggestion"},{"startTime":1867.279,"endTime":1870.159,"body":"led to the publication of this book"},{"startTime":1870.159,"endTime":1871.279,"body":"this book"},{"startTime":1871.279,"endTime":1874.48,"body":"in term the result of this meeting of"},{"startTime":1874.48,"endTime":1876.32,"body":"great ape researchers"},{"startTime":1876.32,"endTime":1879.76,"body":"in mexico and here's where my life takes"},{"startTime":1879.76,"endTime":1882.72,"body":"another serendipitous turn"},{"startTime":1882.72,"endTime":1885.36,"body":"david watts happened to be a meeting"},{"startTime":1885.36,"endTime":1887.36,"body":"up until that time david had been"},{"startTime":1887.36,"endTime":1889.12,"body":"studying the behavior mountain gorillas"},{"startTime":1889.12,"endTime":1891.12,"body":"of karasoki research center along with"},{"startTime":1891.12,"endTime":1893.76,"body":"diane fossey and others"},{"startTime":1893.76,"endTime":1896.08,"body":"david however was beginning to wonder"},{"startTime":1896.08,"endTime":1898.159,"body":"whether he wanted to start studying"},{"startTime":1898.159,"endTime":1900.72,"body":"something else something like chokes"},{"startTime":1900.72,"endTime":1903.6,"body":"and in fact the very next summer he was"},{"startTime":1903.6,"endTime":1904.72,"body":"planning"},{"startTime":1904.72,"endTime":1907.2,"body":"to go to this place called lingogo in"},{"startTime":1907.2,"endTime":1910.08,"body":"kibali national park to conduct a prime"},{"startTime":1910.08,"endTime":1912.0,"body":"a pilot study"},{"startTime":1912.0,"endTime":1914.799,"body":"when i learned of david's plans i"},{"startTime":1914.799,"endTime":1916.559,"body":"immediately asked him if i could tag"},{"startTime":1916.559,"endTime":1917.84,"body":"along"},{"startTime":1917.84,"endTime":1921.279,"body":"and i had several reasons for doing so"},{"startTime":1921.279,"endTime":1924.399,"body":"first reason was that i had no plans to"},{"startTime":1924.399,"endTime":1926.48,"body":"return to mulholly the following year"},{"startTime":1926.48,"endTime":1928.96,"body":"and i was looking for something to do"},{"startTime":1928.96,"endTime":1931.84,"body":"secondly this was key bali it was a"},{"startTime":1931.84,"endTime":1934.24,"body":"legendary field site it was a place that"},{"startTime":1934.24,"endTime":1936.24,"body":"i always wanted to see"},{"startTime":1936.24,"endTime":1938.799,"body":"it had been established over 20 years"},{"startTime":1938.799,"endTime":1942.799,"body":"ago by tom strussaker who i knew as tom"},{"startTime":1942.799,"endTime":1945.039,"body":"was one of peter marler's first graduate"},{"startTime":1945.039,"endTime":1947.6,"body":"students so i already felt as if i was"},{"startTime":1947.6,"endTime":1950.559,"body":"part of the hubali family"},{"startTime":1950.559,"endTime":1952.64,"body":"i went the next summer"},{"startTime":1952.64,"endTime":1954.96,"body":"and as an added bonus"},{"startTime":1954.96,"endTime":1957.039,"body":"tom showed up"},{"startTime":1957.039,"endTime":1959.36,"body":"i spent some of the best days i've ever"},{"startTime":1959.36,"endTime":1961.12,"body":"spent in the field"},{"startTime":1961.12,"endTime":1962.88,"body":"uh with tom"},{"startTime":1962.88,"endTime":1965.84,"body":"walking in the ngogo forest day in day"},{"startTime":1965.84,"endTime":1968.48,"body":"out trying to learn everything i could"},{"startTime":1968.48,"endTime":1970.799,"body":"from him about ngogo"},{"startTime":1970.799,"endTime":1972.159,"body":"kibali"},{"startTime":1972.159,"endTime":1974.0,"body":"and uganda"},{"startTime":1974.0,"endTime":1978.0,"body":"before tom showed up um i had already"},{"startTime":1978.0,"endTime":1980.24,"body":"realized that ngogo was a very special"},{"startTime":1980.24,"endTime":1981.44,"body":"place"},{"startTime":1981.44,"endTime":1983.12,"body":"because there were chimps"},{"startTime":1983.12,"endTime":1985.6,"body":"and they were everywhere"},{"startTime":1985.6,"endTime":1987.76,"body":"this was because the community of chimps"},{"startTime":1987.76,"endTime":1991.6,"body":"and goga is by far the largest"},{"startTime":1991.6,"endTime":1993.84,"body":"that has been described anywhere on the"},{"startTime":1993.84,"endTime":1996.0,"body":"african continent"},{"startTime":1996.0,"endTime":1998.159,"body":"now this was only supposed to be a visit"},{"startTime":1998.159,"endTime":2001.36,"body":"it was really a vacation"},{"startTime":2001.44,"endTime":2003.36,"body":"i had every intention"},{"startTime":2003.36,"endTime":2006.399,"body":"of returning to mahali the very next"},{"startTime":2006.399,"endTime":2009.6,"body":"year to resume my studies of the mahali"},{"startTime":2009.6,"endTime":2010.88,"body":"chunks"},{"startTime":2010.88,"endTime":2012.48,"body":"with nishida"},{"startTime":2012.48,"endTime":2014.0,"body":"who had developed a very close"},{"startTime":2014.0,"endTime":2016.24,"body":"friendship and collaboration"},{"startTime":2016.24,"endTime":2018.32,"body":"but with each and every passing day"},{"startTime":2018.32,"endTime":2020.799,"body":"during that first summer at ngoga"},{"startTime":2020.799,"endTime":2023.12,"body":"the lure being created by the go-go"},{"startTime":2023.12,"endTime":2025.679,"body":"chimps was just too much to resist"},{"startTime":2025.679,"endTime":2027.919,"body":"at the end of the summer i sat down with"},{"startTime":2027.919,"endTime":2028.88,"body":"david"},{"startTime":2028.88,"endTime":2030.08,"body":"i asked"},{"startTime":2030.08,"endTime":2031.84,"body":"i asked him whether"},{"startTime":2031.84,"endTime":2033.6,"body":"or what he thought about"},{"startTime":2033.6,"endTime":2036.08,"body":"uh starting a joint collaboration and"},{"startTime":2036.08,"endTime":2038.64,"body":"collaborative study in go-go chimps"},{"startTime":2038.64,"endTime":2040.08,"body":"he agreed"},{"startTime":2040.08,"endTime":2042.48,"body":"and the rest is history"},{"startTime":2042.48,"endTime":2045.36,"body":"it's been a tremendously satisfying and"},{"startTime":2045.36,"endTime":2048.399,"body":"productive collaboration"},{"startTime":2048.399,"endTime":2050.8,"body":"i began my studies on lingo chimpanzees"},{"startTime":2050.8,"endTime":2052.879,"body":"where i had left off at mahon"},{"startTime":2052.879,"endTime":2055.359,"body":"with studies of their vocal behavior"},{"startTime":2055.359,"endTime":2058.0,"body":"but right from the start i knew that"},{"startTime":2058.0,"endTime":2059.679,"body":"this might be the place where i can"},{"startTime":2059.679,"endTime":2061.839,"body":"fulfill that original dream i had in"},{"startTime":2061.839,"endTime":2063.52,"body":"graduate school"},{"startTime":2063.52,"endTime":2065.119,"body":"where i could do a study of kin"},{"startTime":2065.119,"endTime":2068.239,"body":"selection and primate behavior"},{"startTime":2068.239,"endTime":2070.56,"body":"so right from the very beginning"},{"startTime":2070.56,"endTime":2074.399,"body":"i set out to try to obtain genetic data"},{"startTime":2074.399,"endTime":2076.96,"body":"from then go go chimpanzees"},{"startTime":2076.96,"endTime":2079.52,"body":"after several failed attempts"},{"startTime":2079.52,"endTime":2082.159,"body":"we're finally able to coax"},{"startTime":2082.159,"endTime":2084.32,"body":"mitochondrial dna out of some hair"},{"startTime":2084.32,"endTime":2085.44,"body":"samples"},{"startTime":2085.44,"endTime":2087.839,"body":"and that led to the publication of a few"},{"startTime":2087.839,"endTime":2089.599,"body":"papers"},{"startTime":2089.599,"endTime":2091.918,"body":"the results in these papers however were"},{"startTime":2091.918,"endTime":2093.839,"body":"far from satisfying"},{"startTime":2093.839,"endTime":2095.76,"body":"they were far from satisfying because at"},{"startTime":2095.76,"endTime":2098.0,"body":"the end of the day they were only based"},{"startTime":2098.0,"endTime":2100.72,"body":"on a single gene mitochondrial dna and"},{"startTime":2100.72,"endTime":2102.88,"body":"that gave us only a imprecise"},{"startTime":2102.88,"endTime":2104.8,"body":"understanding of who was actually"},{"startTime":2104.8,"endTime":2106.72,"body":"related to whom"},{"startTime":2106.72,"endTime":2109.28,"body":"i was only able to fill that dream i had"},{"startTime":2109.28,"endTime":2111.839,"body":"in graduate school after i was able to"},{"startTime":2111.839,"endTime":2113.76,"body":"recruit a brilliant young graduate"},{"startTime":2113.76,"endTime":2115.119,"body":"student in the form of kevin"},{"startTime":2115.119,"endTime":2116.88,"body":"klingergraber"},{"startTime":2116.88,"endTime":2119.839,"body":"for his phd thesis kevin conducted and"},{"startTime":2119.839,"endTime":2122.32,"body":"completed this heroic study"},{"startTime":2122.32,"endTime":2125.44,"body":"where he typed an astronomical"},{"startTime":2125.44,"endTime":2128.079,"body":"astounding number of genetic loci"},{"startTime":2128.079,"endTime":2131.359,"body":"from a large sample of chimpanzees"},{"startTime":2131.359,"endTime":2133.599,"body":"those genetic data gave us a fairly good"},{"startTime":2133.599,"endTime":2135.44,"body":"understanding of who is actually related"},{"startTime":2135.44,"endTime":2136.48,"body":"to him"},{"startTime":2136.48,"endTime":2138.64,"body":"we combined kevin's data"},{"startTime":2138.64,"endTime":2141.119,"body":"with my behavioral observations"},{"startTime":2141.119,"endTime":2143.04,"body":"and were able to show that kinship"},{"startTime":2143.04,"endTime":2145.839,"body":"mattered males who are related to each"},{"startTime":2145.839,"endTime":2149.28,"body":"other at the level of maternal half-civs"},{"startTime":2149.28,"endTime":2151.92,"body":"cooperate and affiliate in each of these"},{"startTime":2151.92,"endTime":2154.24,"body":"six different uh content behavioral"},{"startTime":2154.24,"endTime":2155.359,"body":"contexts"},{"startTime":2155.359,"endTime":2158.8,"body":"far more frequently than do unrelated"},{"startTime":2158.8,"endTime":2160.48,"body":"individuals"},{"startTime":2160.48,"endTime":2161.92,"body":"i was able to"},{"startTime":2161.92,"endTime":2164.48,"body":"extend that result by showing that those"},{"startTime":2164.48,"endTime":2166.88,"body":"same maternal houses"},{"startTime":2166.88,"endTime":2169.599,"body":"form long-lasting and enduring social"},{"startTime":2169.599,"endTime":2171.119,"body":"bonds"},{"startTime":2171.119,"endTime":2173.28,"body":"more recently one of my final graduate"},{"startTime":2173.28,"endTime":2176.72,"body":"students at aaron zandel"},{"startTime":2176.72,"endTime":2180.48,"body":"has shown that those bonds that are uh"},{"startTime":2180.48,"endTime":2183.359,"body":"developed in uh that are formed or"},{"startTime":2183.359,"endTime":2186.32,"body":"established and maintained in adulthood"},{"startTime":2186.32,"endTime":2189.599,"body":"actually been begin in adolescence"},{"startTime":2189.599,"endTime":2191.599,"body":"when males become independent from their"},{"startTime":2191.599,"endTime":2193.839,"body":"mothers for the first time"},{"startTime":2193.839,"endTime":2196.56,"body":"and in some other work my final graduate"},{"startTime":2196.56,"endTime":2197.44,"body":"student"},{"startTime":2197.44,"endTime":2198.8,"body":"rich noretti"},{"startTime":2198.8,"endTime":2202.24,"body":"now at harvard studying uh bonobos"},{"startTime":2202.24,"endTime":2204.48,"body":"has been able to show as others have in"},{"startTime":2204.48,"endTime":2208.0,"body":"the past that sibling bonds persist"},{"startTime":2208.0,"endTime":2210.64,"body":"following maternal loss as older"},{"startTime":2210.64,"endTime":2213.28,"body":"siblings adopt and start to care for"},{"startTime":2213.28,"endTime":2215.52,"body":"their younger siblings"},{"startTime":2215.52,"endTime":2218.88,"body":"following maternal death"},{"startTime":2219.28,"endTime":2221.04,"body":"our studies in the ngogo chimpanzees"},{"startTime":2221.04,"endTime":2223.04,"body":"have provided insights into other"},{"startTime":2223.04,"endTime":2225.28,"body":"aspects of their behavior including"},{"startTime":2225.28,"endTime":2226.88,"body":"their honey"},{"startTime":2226.88,"endTime":2229.68,"body":"as is the case at other sites"},{"startTime":2229.68,"endTime":2231.599,"body":"chimpanzees and gogo hunt vertebrate"},{"startTime":2231.599,"endTime":2232.88,"body":"prey"},{"startTime":2232.88,"endTime":2235.04,"body":"and like at other sites"},{"startTime":2235.04,"endTime":2237.2,"body":"their favorite prey are red colonist"},{"startTime":2237.2,"endTime":2238.48,"body":"monkeys"},{"startTime":2238.48,"endTime":2241.04,"body":"the unusual thing about hunting at ngogo"},{"startTime":2241.04,"endTime":2243.839,"body":"however is that chimpanzees hot red"},{"startTime":2243.839,"endTime":2244.96,"body":"calabas"},{"startTime":2244.96,"endTime":2246.4,"body":"monkeys"},{"startTime":2246.4,"endTime":2250.16,"body":"with very high success in proficiency"},{"startTime":2250.16,"endTime":2253.2,"body":"those hunting success rates are so high"},{"startTime":2253.2,"endTime":2256.64,"body":"that has led to a precipitous drop"},{"startTime":2256.64,"endTime":2258.88,"body":"in the red call of its prey population"},{"startTime":2258.88,"endTime":2261.839,"body":"over a 20 or so year period there's been"},{"startTime":2261.839,"endTime":2264.88,"body":"an 80 to 90 percent drop in the number"},{"startTime":2264.88,"endTime":2267.04,"body":"of red columnists"},{"startTime":2267.04,"endTime":2272.0,"body":"at ngogo due to honey and as the chimps"},{"startTime":2272.0,"endTime":2274.16,"body":"have decimated the population of red"},{"startTime":2274.16,"endTime":2276.48,"body":"columbus at ngoga"},{"startTime":2276.48,"endTime":2278.88,"body":"they've started other animals other"},{"startTime":2278.88,"endTime":2280.96,"body":"animals that they barely touched"},{"startTime":2280.96,"endTime":2284.44,"body":"20 years ago"},{"startTime":2284.56,"endTime":2287.599,"body":"we use some of our early observations"},{"startTime":2287.599,"endTime":2290.56,"body":"at hunts to address an important"},{"startTime":2290.56,"endTime":2293.52,"body":"theoretical problem about why male"},{"startTime":2293.52,"endTime":2294.88,"body":"chimpanzees"},{"startTime":2294.88,"endTime":2298.079,"body":"share meat and do so readily with others"},{"startTime":2298.079,"endTime":2300.32,"body":"here we are able to validate an old"},{"startTime":2300.32,"endTime":2302.48,"body":"hypothesis"},{"startTime":2302.48,"endTime":2305.04,"body":"originally proposed by nishida"},{"startTime":2305.04,"endTime":2307.44,"body":"who suggested that male chimpanzees use"},{"startTime":2307.44,"endTime":2309.76,"body":"meat as a political tool"},{"startTime":2309.76,"endTime":2311.44,"body":"to develop and maintain social"},{"startTime":2311.44,"endTime":2315.44,"body":"relationships and bonds with others"},{"startTime":2315.44,"endTime":2317.68,"body":"our studies on lingo chimpanzees might"},{"startTime":2317.68,"endTime":2319.28,"body":"be best known"},{"startTime":2319.28,"endTime":2322.079,"body":"for the insights that have been made"},{"startTime":2322.079,"endTime":2323.28,"body":"into the"},{"startTime":2323.28,"endTime":2325.119,"body":"question of"},{"startTime":2325.119,"endTime":2327.44,"body":"topic of chimpanzee territoriality and"},{"startTime":2327.44,"endTime":2329.52,"body":"this brings me full circle back to that"},{"startTime":2329.52,"endTime":2331.119,"body":"very first paper"},{"startTime":2331.119,"endTime":2334.24,"body":"i published on primate territoriality"},{"startTime":2334.24,"endTime":2336.96,"body":"as is the case with many animals"},{"startTime":2336.96,"endTime":2338.96,"body":"chimps are territorial"},{"startTime":2338.96,"endTime":2340.8,"body":"interactions between members of"},{"startTime":2340.8,"endTime":2343.76,"body":"different groups are typically hostile"},{"startTime":2343.76,"endTime":2346.56,"body":"boundary patrol behavior is an integral"},{"startTime":2346.56,"endTime":2348.0,"body":"part of"},{"startTime":2348.0,"endTime":2350.4,"body":"chimpanzee territoriality"},{"startTime":2350.4,"endTime":2351.92,"body":"and what happens here is quite"},{"startTime":2351.92,"endTime":2354.32,"body":"interesting these patrols involve"},{"startTime":2354.32,"endTime":2356.72,"body":"instances where groups that chose will"},{"startTime":2356.72,"endTime":2359.599,"body":"gather together and move in quite"},{"startTime":2359.599,"endTime":2362.0,"body":"directed fashion to the boundary of"},{"startTime":2362.0,"endTime":2363.28,"body":"their territory"},{"startTime":2363.28,"endTime":2365.52,"body":"often times entering"},{"startTime":2365.52,"endTime":2368.56,"body":"the territory of their neighbors on some"},{"startTime":2368.56,"endTime":2370.64,"body":"very rare occasions"},{"startTime":2370.64,"endTime":2373.04,"body":"male chimpanzees or chimpanzees"},{"startTime":2373.04,"endTime":2374.8,"body":"patrollers will encounter their"},{"startTime":2374.8,"endTime":2377.839,"body":"neighbors and launch lethal coalitionary"},{"startTime":2377.839,"endTime":2378.96,"body":"attacks"},{"startTime":2378.96,"endTime":2380.72,"body":"on them"},{"startTime":2380.72,"endTime":2382.56,"body":"for years"},{"startTime":2382.56,"endTime":2384.96,"body":"our understanding of why"},{"startTime":2384.96,"endTime":2387.359,"body":"chimps kill their neighbors"},{"startTime":2387.359,"endTime":2388.88,"body":"proved elusive"},{"startTime":2388.88,"endTime":2391.2,"body":"but after about 15 years of the study"},{"startTime":2391.2,"endTime":2393.839,"body":"were able to provide an answer"},{"startTime":2393.839,"endTime":2397.2,"body":"validating a hypothesis first proposed"},{"startTime":2397.2,"endTime":2398.88,"body":"by richard rangham"},{"startTime":2398.88,"endTime":2400.96,"body":"who suggested that chimpanzees kill"},{"startTime":2400.96,"endTime":2402.72,"body":"their neighbors in an effort to seek"},{"startTime":2402.72,"endTime":2404.88,"body":"dominance over them"},{"startTime":2404.88,"endTime":2406.8,"body":"over the course of that ten years the"},{"startTime":2406.8,"endTime":2409.28,"body":"ngogo chimpanzees killed several members"},{"startTime":2409.28,"endTime":2412.72,"body":"in the community living to the northeast"},{"startTime":2412.72,"endTime":2414.56,"body":"of their territory"},{"startTime":2414.56,"endTime":2416.72,"body":"and after having done so"},{"startTime":2416.72,"endTime":2419.52,"body":"and reducing the coalitionary strength"},{"startTime":2419.52,"endTime":2422.319,"body":"of their neighbors to such an extent"},{"startTime":2422.319,"endTime":2424.64,"body":"lungo chimpanzees were simply able to"},{"startTime":2424.64,"endTime":2425.76,"body":"move in"},{"startTime":2425.76,"endTime":2427.119,"body":"to that that"},{"startTime":2427.119,"endTime":2430.8,"body":"a new territory usurp a large portion of"},{"startTime":2430.8,"endTime":2432.319,"body":"the territory"},{"startTime":2432.319,"endTime":2437.119,"body":"previously occupied by their neighbors"},{"startTime":2437.2,"endTime":2439.2,"body":"we started to use the long-term data"},{"startTime":2439.2,"endTime":2441.92,"body":"we've collected on the ngogo chimpanzees"},{"startTime":2441.92,"endTime":2444.64,"body":"to address some long-standing issues"},{"startTime":2444.64,"endTime":2446.8,"body":"about what makes us human"},{"startTime":2446.8,"endTime":2449.119,"body":"here we oftentimes think of ourselves as"},{"startTime":2449.119,"endTime":2450.96,"body":"being a bit unusual"},{"startTime":2450.96,"endTime":2452.56,"body":"insofar as we"},{"startTime":2452.56,"endTime":2455.839,"body":"display a slow life history"},{"startTime":2455.839,"endTime":2458.8,"body":"we grow up very slowly"},{"startTime":2458.8,"endTime":2461.28,"body":"we start reproducing relatively late in"},{"startTime":2461.28,"endTime":2462.8,"body":"life"},{"startTime":2462.8,"endTime":2465.359,"body":"and some of us if we're lucky"},{"startTime":2465.359,"endTime":2468.0,"body":"we live a very long time"},{"startTime":2468.0,"endTime":2470.079,"body":"our studies in the go-go chimpanzees now"},{"startTime":2470.079,"endTime":2472.319,"body":"however show that chimpanzees there"},{"startTime":2472.319,"endTime":2475.28,"body":"survive at very high rates"},{"startTime":2475.28,"endTime":2477.52,"body":"across the entire lifetime"},{"startTime":2477.52,"endTime":2480.16,"body":"at much higher rates than do chimpanzees"},{"startTime":2480.16,"endTime":2481.359,"body":"elsewhere"},{"startTime":2481.359,"endTime":2484.4,"body":"in fact the pattern of survivorship by"},{"startTime":2484.4,"endTime":2487.2,"body":"the male by the chimpanzees atlangogo"},{"startTime":2487.2,"endTime":2489.599,"body":"resembles the pattern shown by humans"},{"startTime":2489.599,"endTime":2491.68,"body":"living in some natural fertility"},{"startTime":2491.68,"endTime":2493.119,"body":"populations"},{"startTime":2493.119,"endTime":2496.96,"body":"much more closely than does survivorship"},{"startTime":2496.96,"endTime":2499.52,"body":"in other chimpanzee groups"},{"startTime":2499.52,"endTime":2501.68,"body":"so here we've been able to reduce the"},{"startTime":2501.68,"endTime":2503.839,"body":"gap between them and us"},{"startTime":2503.839,"endTime":2506.96,"body":"in one important respect"},{"startTime":2506.96,"endTime":2509.119,"body":"high survivorship among the go-go"},{"startTime":2509.119,"endTime":2511.599,"body":"chimpanzees leads to a situation"},{"startTime":2511.599,"endTime":2514.88,"body":"where chimps there live a lot longer"},{"startTime":2514.88,"endTime":2516.8,"body":"than chimps elsewhere"},{"startTime":2516.8,"endTime":2519.04,"body":"and this has paved the way"},{"startTime":2519.04,"endTime":2520.96,"body":"for some collaborative work that we've"},{"startTime":2520.96,"endTime":2523.52,"body":"been recently doing with we'll see emery"},{"startTime":2523.52,"endTime":2526.319,"body":"thompson tony goldberg and others"},{"startTime":2526.319,"endTime":2529.2,"body":"investigating the aging process"},{"startTime":2529.2,"endTime":2531.28,"body":"here we've been able to show that fecal"},{"startTime":2531.28,"endTime":2536.079,"body":"parasite loads increase as females age"},{"startTime":2536.079,"endTime":2538.56,"body":"we have some suggestive evidence"},{"startTime":2538.56,"endTime":2540.96,"body":"from two independent studies that the"},{"startTime":2540.96,"endTime":2544.16,"body":"viral loads of male chimpanzees increase"},{"startTime":2544.16,"endTime":2546.4,"body":"as they age"},{"startTime":2546.4,"endTime":2547.92,"body":"and other work shows that the gut"},{"startTime":2547.92,"endTime":2550.4,"body":"microbes of chimpanzees change as they"},{"startTime":2550.4,"endTime":2551.599,"body":"age"},{"startTime":2551.599,"endTime":2552.8,"body":"with"},{"startTime":2552.8,"endTime":2555.119,"body":"young infant chimpanzees showing high"},{"startTime":2555.119,"endTime":2557.68,"body":"gut microbial diversity a pattern that's"},{"startTime":2557.68,"endTime":2560.24,"body":"directly opposite from the pattern shown"},{"startTime":2560.24,"endTime":2562.959,"body":"by humans"},{"startTime":2563.44,"endTime":2565.599,"body":"we have yet to publish our most"},{"startTime":2565.599,"endTime":2567.119,"body":"surprising"},{"startTime":2567.119,"endTime":2570.56,"body":"finding about the aging process"},{"startTime":2570.56,"endTime":2572.88,"body":"in the go-go chimpanzees"},{"startTime":2572.88,"endTime":2575.839,"body":"for now we have solid demographic and"},{"startTime":2575.839,"endTime":2577.599,"body":"hormonal data"},{"startTime":2577.599,"endTime":2580.48,"body":"that indicates some female chimps at"},{"startTime":2580.48,"endTime":2584.72,"body":"ngogo experience menopause"},{"startTime":2584.72,"endTime":2586.96,"body":"here we've known for a very long time"},{"startTime":2586.96,"endTime":2589.52,"body":"that many female chimps and gogos"},{"startTime":2589.52,"endTime":2593.28,"body":"survive into their 40s with some living"},{"startTime":2593.28,"endTime":2596.72,"body":"well beyond the time they give birth"},{"startTime":2596.72,"endTime":2599.359,"body":"for the final time"},{"startTime":2599.359,"endTime":2602.2,"body":"if we compute leviticus and lackey's"},{"startTime":2602.2,"endTime":2604.24,"body":"post-reproductive representation"},{"startTime":2604.24,"endTime":2605.68,"body":"statistic"},{"startTime":2605.68,"endTime":2609.28,"body":"we find that to be about 0.2"},{"startTime":2609.28,"endTime":2611.119,"body":"what this means is that a female"},{"startTime":2611.119,"endTime":2613.28,"body":"chimpanzee had in gogo actually survives"},{"startTime":2613.28,"endTime":2615.92,"body":"to an adulthood she's expected to spend"},{"startTime":2615.92,"endTime":2618.24,"body":"about a fifth or about 20 percent of her"},{"startTime":2618.24,"endTime":2622.0,"body":"entire life in a post-reproductive state"},{"startTime":2622.0,"endTime":2624.079,"body":"now why these data are interesting i"},{"startTime":2624.079,"endTime":2625.359,"body":"doubt that they're going to convince"},{"startTime":2625.359,"endTime":2627.599,"body":"anybody that these females are truly"},{"startTime":2627.599,"endTime":2629.359,"body":"menopausal"},{"startTime":2629.359,"endTime":2631.76,"body":"but we have corroborating"},{"startTime":2631.76,"endTime":2633.44,"body":"hormonal data"},{"startTime":2633.44,"endTime":2636.4,"body":"for those same post-reproductive females"},{"startTime":2636.4,"endTime":2639.68,"body":"show high levels of gonna have tropins"},{"startTime":2639.68,"endTime":2642.72,"body":"and corresponding low levels"},{"startTime":2642.72,"endTime":2645.119,"body":"of ovarian hormones"},{"startTime":2645.119,"endTime":2648.8,"body":"and if anybody doubts the age"},{"startTime":2648.8,"endTime":2650.96,"body":"of some of these chimpanzees that we"},{"startTime":2650.96,"endTime":2653.44,"body":"have at uh ngogo"},{"startTime":2653.44,"endTime":2656.72,"body":"we now have converging lines of evidence"},{"startTime":2656.72,"endTime":2658.079,"body":"suggesting"},{"startTime":2658.079,"endTime":2660.8,"body":"that these are really really really old"},{"startTime":2660.8,"endTime":2662.72,"body":"chips"},{"startTime":2662.72,"endTime":2663.68,"body":"um"},{"startTime":2663.68,"endTime":2667.2,"body":"for the past few years we've been able"},{"startTime":2667.2,"endTime":2669.76,"body":"mostly through sherlock able to recover"},{"startTime":2669.76,"endTime":2673.119,"body":"the carcasses of some chimps who died"},{"startTime":2673.119,"endTime":2676.16,"body":"and some of those older chimps are"},{"startTime":2676.16,"endTime":2678.16,"body":"showing clear signs"},{"startTime":2678.16,"endTime":2681.52,"body":"of not only osteoarthritis"},{"startTime":2681.52,"endTime":2685.64,"body":"but importantly osteoporosis"},{"startTime":2686.319,"endTime":2687.92,"body":"the defining feature of the ngogo"},{"startTime":2687.92,"endTime":2691.359,"body":"chimpanzees has always been its size"},{"startTime":2691.359,"endTime":2693.44,"body":"the community was large"},{"startTime":2693.44,"endTime":2695.119,"body":"it's always been large it was large at"},{"startTime":2695.119,"endTime":2696.4,"body":"the start"},{"startTime":2696.4,"endTime":2698.56,"body":"but during the past decade the community"},{"startTime":2698.56,"endTime":2700.64,"body":"has gotten even bigger"},{"startTime":2700.64,"endTime":2704.16,"body":"that growth has been fueled in part by a"},{"startTime":2704.16,"endTime":2706.24,"body":"secular increase"},{"startTime":2706.24,"endTime":2708.16,"body":"in the fruit supply"},{"startTime":2708.16,"endTime":2712.72,"body":"but with growth comes dissolution"},{"startTime":2713.04,"endTime":2714.8,"body":"about three years ago"},{"startTime":2714.8,"endTime":2718.64,"body":"the community finally fissioned"},{"startTime":2718.64,"endTime":2720.72,"body":"with total spatial"},{"startTime":2720.72,"endTime":2721.52,"body":"and"},{"startTime":2721.52,"endTime":2723.44,"body":"social segregation"},{"startTime":2723.44,"endTime":2727.52,"body":"between members of these two groups"},{"startTime":2727.52,"endTime":2730.48,"body":"the split was a process it played out"},{"startTime":2730.48,"endTime":2733.52,"body":"over the course of about three years"},{"startTime":2733.52,"endTime":2735.52,"body":"where there's a gradual social and"},{"startTime":2735.52,"endTime":2737.28,"body":"spatial separation"},{"startTime":2737.28,"endTime":2739.599,"body":"between members living in these two"},{"startTime":2739.599,"endTime":2741.04,"body":"groups"},{"startTime":2741.04,"endTime":2743.04,"body":"it's quite interesting to watch if not"},{"startTime":2743.04,"endTime":2745.119,"body":"unbelievable to see"},{"startTime":2745.119,"endTime":2746.72,"body":"but some of these individuals especially"},{"startTime":2746.72,"endTime":2748.72,"body":"these males who've lived their lives"},{"startTime":2748.72,"endTime":2750.88,"body":"together grew up together were friends"},{"startTime":2750.88,"endTime":2751.839,"body":"um"},{"startTime":2751.839,"endTime":2754.16,"body":"all of a sudden turn on each other"},{"startTime":2754.16,"endTime":2756.88,"body":"and start behaving aggressively"},{"startTime":2756.88,"endTime":2759.68,"body":"for during that three year period not"},{"startTime":2759.68,"endTime":2761.839,"body":"only did they start to separate"},{"startTime":2761.839,"endTime":2763.119,"body":"spatially"},{"startTime":2763.119,"endTime":2765.2,"body":"and socially"},{"startTime":2765.2,"endTime":2767.68,"body":"but they also started to have encounters"},{"startTime":2767.68,"endTime":2770.079,"body":"that were quite aggressive"},{"startTime":2770.079,"endTime":2772.4,"body":"we marked the split"},{"startTime":2772.4,"endTime":2774.4,"body":"by a particular event"},{"startTime":2774.4,"endTime":2775.119,"body":"a"},{"startTime":2775.119,"endTime":2776.72,"body":"particular event"},{"startTime":2776.72,"endTime":2778.56,"body":"after which"},{"startTime":2778.56,"endTime":2780.319,"body":"there is no"},{"startTime":2780.319,"endTime":2782.0,"body":"no further interchange social"},{"startTime":2782.0,"endTime":2784.48,"body":"interchange between members of these two"},{"startTime":2784.48,"endTime":2785.76,"body":"groups"},{"startTime":2785.76,"endTime":2787.839,"body":"and that occurred when members of the"},{"startTime":2787.839,"endTime":2789.44,"body":"smaller group"},{"startTime":2789.44,"endTime":2791.359,"body":"killed a young male"},{"startTime":2791.359,"endTime":2793.359,"body":"from the larger group"},{"startTime":2793.359,"endTime":2796.56,"body":"as if to place a stamp on matters"},{"startTime":2796.56,"endTime":2798.319,"body":"the very next year"},{"startTime":2798.319,"endTime":2800.88,"body":"members of the smaller group"},{"startTime":2800.88,"endTime":2803.44,"body":"turned around and killed another older"},{"startTime":2803.44,"endTime":2805.44,"body":"adult male depicted here"},{"startTime":2805.44,"endTime":2807.68,"body":"in that larger group"},{"startTime":2807.68,"endTime":2810.319,"body":"lest you think that things have settled"},{"startTime":2810.319,"endTime":2811.52,"body":"down"},{"startTime":2811.52,"endTime":2813.68,"body":"and everything's fine"},{"startTime":2813.68,"endTime":2814.839,"body":"the saga"},{"startTime":2814.839,"endTime":2818.16,"body":"continues and that smaller groups is"},{"startTime":2818.16,"endTime":2820.4,"body":"still on a rampage"},{"startTime":2820.4,"endTime":2822.8,"body":"just within the past year members of"},{"startTime":2822.8,"endTime":2825.92,"body":"that smaller community have killed four"},{"startTime":2825.92,"endTime":2827.52,"body":"chimpanzees"},{"startTime":2827.52,"endTime":2829.92,"body":"living in the larger community one of"},{"startTime":2829.92,"endTime":2833.839,"body":"whom was an infant born to this female"},{"startTime":2833.839,"endTime":2836.72,"body":"last september"},{"startTime":2837.52,"endTime":2839.839,"body":"now what if anything have i learned from"},{"startTime":2839.839,"endTime":2840.96,"body":"all this"},{"startTime":2840.96,"endTime":2842.88,"body":"and is there there anything that i might"},{"startTime":2842.88,"endTime":2844.4,"body":"be able to pass on to some of the"},{"startTime":2844.4,"endTime":2845.68,"body":"younger members"},{"startTime":2845.68,"endTime":2848.24,"body":"in the audience today"},{"startTime":2848.24,"endTime":2850.88,"body":"i began this discussion by noting how"},{"startTime":2850.88,"endTime":2853.04,"body":"serendipity has played"},{"startTime":2853.04,"endTime":2855.76,"body":"a large role in my life"},{"startTime":2855.76,"endTime":2858.319,"body":"it'd be great to sit here and be able to"},{"startTime":2858.319,"endTime":2860.88,"body":"tell you that everything that i just"},{"startTime":2860.88,"endTime":2862.72,"body":"discussed in the past few minutes was"},{"startTime":2862.72,"endTime":2864.88,"body":"planned and was planned meticulously"},{"startTime":2864.88,"endTime":2866.48,"body":"right from the start and that everything"},{"startTime":2866.48,"endTime":2867.76,"body":"worked out"},{"startTime":2867.76,"endTime":2869.68,"body":"you'll now know of course that that"},{"startTime":2869.68,"endTime":2871.52,"body":"would just be a lie"},{"startTime":2871.52,"endTime":2875.04,"body":"we're taught as scientists to"},{"startTime":2875.04,"endTime":2876.8,"body":"use current theory"},{"startTime":2876.8,"endTime":2878.8,"body":"develop hypotheses"},{"startTime":2878.8,"endTime":2880.8,"body":"based on that theory and then go out and"},{"startTime":2880.8,"endTime":2883.359,"body":"test those hypotheses by conducting"},{"startTime":2883.359,"endTime":2886.24,"body":"experiments or collecting observations"},{"startTime":2886.24,"endTime":2888.0,"body":"but more often than not i think you're"},{"startTime":2888.0,"endTime":2889.76,"body":"going to find that"},{"startTime":2889.76,"endTime":2892.079,"body":"things aren't going to work out"},{"startTime":2892.079,"endTime":2894.319,"body":"no matter how good"},{"startTime":2894.319,"endTime":2897.359,"body":"the plan is how meticulous the study"},{"startTime":2897.359,"endTime":2899.119,"body":"was at the beginning"},{"startTime":2899.119,"endTime":2900.559,"body":"it's because of this that i've always"},{"startTime":2900.559,"endTime":2902.319,"body":"told my students and anybody else who"},{"startTime":2902.319,"endTime":2905.44,"body":"comes out in go go that the first role"},{"startTime":2905.44,"endTime":2907.599,"body":"of a good field worker"},{"startTime":2907.599,"endTime":2910.4,"body":"is that you have to be opportunistic"},{"startTime":2910.4,"endTime":2912.88,"body":"you have to be flexible because things"},{"startTime":2912.88,"endTime":2915.599,"body":"aren't always going to work out"},{"startTime":2915.599,"endTime":2919.44,"body":"i urge people to be flexible and simply"},{"startTime":2919.44,"endTime":2921.28,"body":"just keep your eyes up and follow the"},{"startTime":2921.28,"endTime":2925.359,"body":"leads that your animals provide"},{"startTime":2926.64,"endTime":2929.28,"body":"second some might view"},{"startTime":2929.28,"endTime":2930.64,"body":"my"},{"startTime":2930.64,"endTime":2932.8,"body":"career as a bit odd"},{"startTime":2932.8,"endTime":2936.0,"body":"i started out as an experimentalist"},{"startTime":2936.0,"endTime":2938.72,"body":"and i morphed into a simple observer of"},{"startTime":2938.72,"endTime":2940.559,"body":"the natural world"},{"startTime":2940.559,"endTime":2942.72,"body":"that was a choice and a choice that i"},{"startTime":2942.72,"endTime":2944.64,"body":"made quite happily because there's"},{"startTime":2944.64,"endTime":2946.4,"body":"nothing that gives me greater pleasure"},{"startTime":2946.4,"endTime":2947.52,"body":"these days"},{"startTime":2947.52,"endTime":2949.76,"body":"than going out and just spending long"},{"startTime":2949.76,"endTime":2952.079,"body":"periods of time watching the chimps"},{"startTime":2952.079,"endTime":2953.44,"body":"sitting back"},{"startTime":2953.44,"endTime":2956.24,"body":"and letting them tell me their stories"},{"startTime":2956.24,"endTime":2957.119,"body":"um"},{"startTime":2957.119,"endTime":2960.079,"body":"the payoffs are far and few between"},{"startTime":2960.079,"endTime":2962.0,"body":"because these are long-lived animals who"},{"startTime":2962.0,"endTime":2963.92,"body":"give up the secrets of their lives to us"},{"startTime":2963.92,"endTime":2967.44,"body":"as human observers only very slowly"},{"startTime":2967.44,"endTime":2970.0,"body":"but when a discovery is made there's can"},{"startTime":2970.0,"endTime":2973.44,"body":"be nothing more satisfying"},{"startTime":2973.44,"endTime":2975.44,"body":"so maybe a second piece of advice i'd"},{"startTime":2975.44,"endTime":2978.8,"body":"give to you would to be patient"},{"startTime":2978.8,"endTime":2980.079,"body":"like me"},{"startTime":2980.079,"endTime":2982.24,"body":"and maybe do something that i think far"},{"startTime":2982.24,"endTime":2984.72,"body":"too many in this field are getting away"},{"startTime":2984.72,"endTime":2985.76,"body":"from"},{"startTime":2985.76,"endTime":2987.68,"body":"go to the field spend time with your"},{"startTime":2987.68,"endTime":2989.68,"body":"animals watch them"},{"startTime":2989.68,"endTime":2991.359,"body":"watch them closely"},{"startTime":2991.359,"endTime":2994.559,"body":"if you do i can guarantee you that your"},{"startTime":2994.559,"endTime":2996.4,"body":"animals will inform"},{"startTime":2996.4,"endTime":3000.64,"body":"as well as surprise and delight"},{"startTime":3000.64,"endTime":3003.04,"body":"i also started off by"},{"startTime":3003.04,"endTime":3005.92,"body":"indicating how lucky i've been"},{"startTime":3005.92,"endTime":3008.0,"body":"i'm quite fond of saying something"},{"startTime":3008.0,"endTime":3010.16,"body":"that's absolutely true"},{"startTime":3010.16,"endTime":3012.16,"body":"i've been to places and seen and done"},{"startTime":3012.16,"endTime":3014.079,"body":"things that most people can only dream"},{"startTime":3014.079,"endTime":3015.28,"body":"about"},{"startTime":3015.28,"endTime":3016.88,"body":"along the way i've had the great and"},{"startTime":3016.88,"endTime":3018.24,"body":"good fortune"},{"startTime":3018.24,"endTime":3022.0,"body":"to have some wonderful mentors and great"},{"startTime":3022.0,"endTime":3024.559,"body":"and uh good friends and colleagues with"},{"startTime":3024.559,"endTime":3027.839,"body":"whom to work and along the way"},{"startTime":3027.839,"endTime":3031.119,"body":"i've been quite generously supported by"},{"startTime":3031.119,"endTime":3035.68,"body":"many private and public funding agencies"},{"startTime":3035.68,"endTime":3038.96,"body":"i realize that everybody's different"},{"startTime":3038.96,"endTime":3041.92,"body":"mentors colleagues are not always the"},{"startTime":3041.92,"endTime":3045.2,"body":"same but if you find good ones"},{"startTime":3045.2,"endTime":3047.2,"body":"i suggest you lean on them"},{"startTime":3047.2,"endTime":3050.16,"body":"because this is a lot more fun doing"},{"startTime":3050.16,"endTime":3052.839,"body":"together with others and it is"},{"startTime":3052.839,"endTime":3055.52,"body":"always finally"},{"startTime":3055.52,"endTime":3057.44,"body":"while i've been lucky"},{"startTime":3057.44,"endTime":3059.92,"body":"i'd argue that you're lucky too"},{"startTime":3059.92,"endTime":3062.64,"body":"you're lucky because you belong to this"},{"startTime":3062.64,"endTime":3064.16,"body":"small collective"},{"startTime":3064.16,"endTime":3067.119,"body":"the small collective of primatologists"},{"startTime":3067.119,"endTime":3069.04,"body":"who have been given these wonderful"},{"startTime":3069.04,"endTime":3071.599,"body":"opportunities to study an amazing group"},{"startTime":3071.599,"endTime":3073.68,"body":"of animals our closest living relatives"},{"startTime":3073.68,"endTime":3076.64,"body":"of non-human primates"},{"startTime":3076.64,"endTime":3077.68,"body":"i've"},{"startTime":3077.68,"endTime":3079.68,"body":"conducted research on the cooperative"},{"startTime":3079.68,"endTime":3082.319,"body":"behavior of male chimpanzees for over 20"},{"startTime":3082.319,"endTime":3083.68,"body":"years now"},{"startTime":3083.68,"endTime":3086.24,"body":"and something that's obvious"},{"startTime":3086.24,"endTime":3087.68,"body":"was quite clear"},{"startTime":3087.68,"endTime":3089.2,"body":"right from the start"},{"startTime":3089.2,"endTime":3091.76,"body":"the collective is much stronger if we"},{"startTime":3091.76,"endTime":3093.76,"body":"all work together"},{"startTime":3093.76,"endTime":3098.24,"body":"than if we work alone and as individuals"},{"startTime":3098.24,"endTime":3099.52,"body":"given that"},{"startTime":3099.52,"endTime":3101.28,"body":"i'd urge you"},{"startTime":3101.28,"endTime":3103.44,"body":"to do your research i know you're going"},{"startTime":3103.44,"endTime":3105.28,"body":"to do it well"},{"startTime":3105.28,"endTime":3107.359,"body":"but as you do so"},{"startTime":3107.359,"endTime":3110.0,"body":"use every opportunity"},{"startTime":3110.0,"endTime":3112.079,"body":"to do something to pay back contribute"},{"startTime":3112.079,"endTime":3113.839,"body":"to the collective"},{"startTime":3113.839,"endTime":3116.64,"body":"not only to ensure"},{"startTime":3116.64,"endTime":3118.8,"body":"that primates will be conserved for"},{"startTime":3118.8,"endTime":3120.72,"body":"future generations"},{"startTime":3120.72,"endTime":3123.76,"body":"but also to ensure that others will be"},{"startTime":3123.76,"endTime":3126.24,"body":"given the same wonderful opportunities"},{"startTime":3126.24,"endTime":3127.839,"body":"that we've been given"},{"startTime":3127.839,"endTime":3129.2,"body":"to work"},{"startTime":3129.2,"endTime":3132.4,"body":"with these amazing animals"},{"startTime":3132.4,"endTime":3134.96,"body":"with that i'll conclude"},{"startTime":3134.96,"endTime":3137.359,"body":"but before i do i want to thank each and"},{"startTime":3137.359,"endTime":3139.68,"body":"every one of you tonight for giving me"},{"startTime":3139.68,"endTime":3141.839,"body":"this opportunity to speak to you and"},{"startTime":3141.839,"endTime":3143.92,"body":"indulging this old man"},{"startTime":3143.92,"endTime":3145.839,"body":"as i've taken the stroll"},{"startTime":3145.839,"endTime":3147.68,"body":"down memory lane"}]}