Ep#28 - Alessandro Pessi & Luca Quaglia - Besselian Elements

Show Notes: Basselian Elements — Eclipse Chasers & Citizen Scientists

Host Leticia Ferrer talks with Luca Quaglia and Alessandro Pezzi of BasilianElements.com, a team of eclipse chasers known for their detailed mountain-shadow and lunar-limb mapping ahead of major solar eclipses.

Topics covered:

• 1:04 — How the international team came together (university friends from Italy, joined by collaborators in England, Greece, and Romania after their first eclipse in 1999)
• 7:44 — Measuring the solar radius using total solar eclipses, and why the century-old reference value needed revisiting
• 13:07 — Why they camp out at the edge of the path of totality for maximum measurement sensitivity
• 19:04 — The 2024 Texas eclipse story — a fellow observer expecting a minute of totality got 12.8 seconds instead
• 51:49 — Annular eclipses and Baily's Beads — how they extract solar-radius data even without full totality
• 46:53 — Avoiding classic eclipse-chasing mistakes (like forgetting to remove the solar filter) through rigorous preparation
• 46:24 — Their free Eclipse Countdown app for precise contact times
• 58:46 — Plans for the 2027 Spain eclipse, chasing the edge near Zaragoza/Teruel

Besselian Elements:

https://www.besselianelements.com/

Leticia's video:

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zR6wVyBLhdE

Leticia Ferrer's site: 

https://texassolareclipses.com/

Host Chris Chotas Alexander's Site
https://www.chotachrome.com/
IG: @chotachrome

Totality Talks is created by Leticia Ferrer and Chris Chotas Alexander.  

Totality Talks is produced by Chris Chotas Alexander.  

Transcript

SPEAKER_04 0:17

I'm Let's Garrett. And I'm Chris Alexander. And this is Totality Talk, the Solar Eclipse podcast.

SPEAKER_07 0:42

Welcome back to Totality Talk. In this episode, we talk to Alessandro Pesti and Luca Quadria from the Pasillian Elements team. They facilitate precise predictions of solar eclipse local circumstances for any place on Earth. Here we go. All right. Welcome, guys. Good to meet you.

SPEAKER_03 1:10

Likewise, nice to meet you.

SPEAKER_05 1:13

I'm gonna go ahead and start with a quick little introduction. Okay. All right. We're it okay. First off, help me pronounce it. Basilian elements, but how do you pronounce that?

SPEAKER_03 1:26

Basilian elements.

SPEAKER_05 1:28

Basilian elements. So we are talking with BasillianElements.com team. And the reason I'm very, very excited to be talking to them is they have totally nerded out over solar e-plows. Their website, first off, I want to thank you very much for the website that you have where you have the ortho ortheanographic map where you're showing the mountain shadows for the different locations in Spain. That was very key for me picking my spot in Spain, as well as you also do some amazing mapping of the radius of the moon. So for improved edges and center line items. I mean, I'm I'm just so excited you guys do all this work because I can't do it and barely understand it. But I'm just excited about this. But anyway, please welcome the Cillian Elements team. And we're talking to Luca. Luca, what's your last name again? Sorry.

SPEAKER_08 2:21

Qualia.

SPEAKER_06 2:22

Qualia. And then Alessandro Pesi.

SPEAKER_08 2:26

Correct. Yes. Excellent. Very happy to be here.

SPEAKER_05 2:32

We're happy to have you here. Like I said, I've just been so excited about your site and everything when I realized what you guys post on Facebook all the time about the solar eclipse and things to look for and everything else. I think you brought up the fact that for me, you introduced the term of cloud shadows to me. Even though that's what I saw last year when I went to Spain checking out a site. That's all I saw was cloud shadows, cloud shadows.

SPEAKER_02 2:59

Yeah, we're still getting warned already about the cloud shadows for this year.

SPEAKER_01 3:07

Yeah.

SPEAKER_05 3:07

Well, I'm gonna start with my first question, and I sent it to you late. How did you get this team together? You guys are a global international team of Eclipse chasers, and you started this site, you're giving sharing all this information with everybody in the world. How did you pull this team together?

SPEAKER_03 3:27

Um Alessandra and I are university friends from Italy. So we are both from Italy. Now I live in Sydney, Australia. Um, but we still kept in contact. And uh I guess we saw our first eclipse in 1999, and that kind of sparked our passion for eclipses. Uh and then along the way, we got interested in doing computations, and then um John Irwin from England kind of uh joined the team, and then we became a team. Um, and also along the way, um we had uh someone in Greece called Kostas Emmanuelidis and someone in Romania uh called Lucian Kafka. So the team kind of started a little bit organically, but stationed for eclipses put us together.

SPEAKER_06 4:25

So Nadina was your first one. How many of you both seen either separately or together?

SPEAKER_03 4:34

Um I went to ten total solar eclipses and uh three annular eclipses and Alessandra. I lost the count.

SPEAKER_02 4:46

My maybe should be on the sixth, and this should be my seventh of total solar eclipses. Last I also count uh Venus transit uh in a way and uh Mercury transit.

SPEAKER_05 5:00

I I get that. I've seen two, I think I saw the two. Yeah, I saw the two. I didn't I didn't list it on my list though, but I saw the two.

SPEAKER_03 5:09

They're kind of like eclipses in a yeah, in a way, in a very special form. Yeah, like a body passing in front of another one.

SPEAKER_07 5:17

Yeah, yeah. An occultation.

SPEAKER_03 5:21

Yeah, that's what it's called.

SPEAKER_02 5:25

So come coming back also for Tutor T, I think that uh we also saw a bunch of eclipses together, not all of them. And uh maybe the first test, a trial of the experiment uh has been done uh in uh China in uh 2019-2009.

SPEAKER_03 5:45

Where were you for that one?

SPEAKER_06 5:46

Because that was that was a cloudy one. Where were you guys for that one?

SPEAKER_03 5:53

We were like a um base in Hangzhou, and then we moved in the morning near a place called Ningbo. Uh and uh that's true, it was overcast, it was raining, but we have a little story, it was actually like uh our like a little miracle eclipse because we waited, waited. We actually packed our camera because of the rain. Uh so everything seemed lost, and then literally one minute before totality, the clouds thinned. You couldn't even see the sun really before for like half an hour, but the clouds thinned, and then they thinned throughout the almost six minutes of the eclipse. Uh so we saw the inner corona, and it wasn't like a perfect eclipse, but we were actually luckier than probably quite a few other people. Yes.

SPEAKER_02 6:52

I think that we coined uh always have faith on the occasion. Never lose faith. Yes, yes, very true, very true.

SPEAKER_06 7:05

And then your next one for as a team.

SPEAKER_03 7:12

Uh probably next year. Uh Alessandro is you say you're going back. Uh this year I will not be going to this eclipse. So maybe the team will be reformed next year.

SPEAKER_05 7:28

Okay, so for the 2027, which is a long eclipse. And so I know so I was reading on your website and tell how you talk about the slow solar radius, and you're trying to I'm sorry, the moon radius, right? Solar radius or moon radius is solar radius. Solar radius. So you're trying to measure the solar radius, and tell us a little bit more about that. What is it you're trying to achieve by measuring the solar radius, and then how are you doing it? Because you're using some some nice different diffraction type of technology to do it and everything. Some of the new cameras out that I understand are now at the consumer level. We can try. Yes.

SPEAKER_03 8:07

Um maybe we'll start. Uh so these projects came about because after 1999, when then the patient started, uh, we also got interested in calculations uh of um contact times and eclipses. And um like there's always an improvement of computations, and there are different elements, different inputs that go into the computations. You need to know the position of the sun, of the moon, or earth, the orientation in space. Um, you need to know the topography of the lunar limb, because um the position of mountains and valleys on the um rim of the moon, and also you need to know the radius of the sun. So they all go into the computations. And and we have a good handle on the ephemeris, on the position of um sun and moon and earth, on let's say on the orientation of Earth, and then great progress was done on the mapping the topography of the lunar limb. Uh there were several um satellite missions from Japan, from NASA, the Kaguya missions, the Lena Kaguya missions, and then LRO, uh, the lunar reconnaissance orbiter. Uh so all that um improved the accuracy of computations. And then kind of the last uh piece was the radius of the sun. And for over 100 years, we have used a value that was measured uh in the late 1800s. Uh and we kind of never changed that value. But then we asked the question what is the accuracy of that value? Is that the best value we uh should use in uh eclipse computations to achieve uh the best accuracy in predictions? So that's kind of what sparked our interest in trying to estimate the solar radius by using uh total solar eclipses, uh which are a great opportunity because uh uh we always have the glare of the sun at all other times, uh except during totality. It's probably the only opportunity we have to not be impeded by the glare of the sun. So this is what started our interest in computations, our interest in in kind of also uh experimentally testing the output of computations. Are those contact times how accurate are they? So that the all came together in having this idea of um estimating solar radius. And I have to say there's also like a reasonably long tradition of people trying to use total solar eclipses to estimate the solar radius, um, especially by the um uh International Occultation Timing Association that have been doing that probably since the 70s, and there were some Japanese um groups. So uh there was quite a bit of work done, and then we said, okay, we can try to give our computation. So this was kind of the what gave the motivation uh for our kind of research.

SPEAKER_05 11:38

So have you published your results somewhere that to for it to be part of that new body of knowledge on the solar radius, or where would somebody find that body of knowledge?

SPEAKER_03 11:48

Um, yes. Um so as Alessandro seeds, we kind of started in 2009. Uh let's say the uh measurement kind of wasn't like success successful at the start for various reasons. The weather was one. But then in 2017, uh the great American eclipse, uh, we actually were very lucky, the weather was perfect, uh, we were at the limit of the path of totality, and we collect um very useful, like useful data. So we analyzed the data, uh, we got an estimation, and then we actually wrote an article and published it in the astrophysical journal supplement series uh in 2021. So that was kind of like our contribution, even providing like uh explanation of the methodology we used, presenting the results and the final estimation.

SPEAKER_05 12:52

Um for our listeners, uh can you go ahead and explain why? Because you guys go to the edge of the eclipse path to be able to do this. And I do want you to share the story out of Stephenville in a little bit.

SPEAKER_06 13:06

But why do you go to the edge?

SPEAKER_03 13:10

Um, we go to the edge because uh we want to give the best chances uh for this measurement to have the high sensitivity uh possible. So what we try to do in a sense is to try to time the duration of totality. Um and if you're on the center line, we know that around the center line the duration of totality is the longest, and then the further away you move from the center line, and the duration of totality decreases, and then and the edge becomes zero. And uh near the edges basically uh the change in uh the regional totality with the kind of displacement towards uh the edge or away from the center line is actually the fastest. The you can move uh away from the edge by let's say half a kilometer, one kilometer, and then the ratio will go from a few seconds to like 30 seconds, 40 seconds. But near the center line, the duration is pretty much uh kind of constant. You can move by five, ten kilometers, the duration will only probably change by let's say one second, two seconds. Not much. So we are going towards the edge because we want to have that kind of sensitivity. And it that's where the measurement is, yes, uh, the most sensitive. And so that was the reason why we kind of sacrificed muscle totality to uh to get that. Well, I don't say sacrifice.

SPEAKER_07 15:02

Yeah, that's usually dedicated to just the the students that they make go to the edge. You guys are doing you're doing great work, like 1925 when they put the kids up going up Broadway. Yeah, and like, okay, you can't stay here, tell us what happens. We're gonna go watch the eclipse for you know as long as we can. So thank you for that work. It's amazing. But um, was it that Jay Passicott was heavily involved in measuring the solar radius? And I'm not sure if you're familiar with any of his work, but uh sounds like you guys are carrying that on and with better up uh with better technology.

SPEAKER_03 15:43

Yeah, is it is it as I said earlier, uh it's kind of like a uh a research stream uh through the last, let's say, 50 years, um, of uh trying to estimate the solar radius using total solar eclipses and with different contributors. Um because also one question which is still an organ question is is the solar radius changing over time? Um so that's that was also one of the motivations why people started uh doing this kind of measurements to have a measurement at like at every eclipse with a similar technique to then uh try to assess if the solar radius is uh changing and how much by how much. Um and also to say there are some uh observations from the 1700s, for example, um which okay, they're not with like modern uh instruments, but they're still uh available. Um and it seems that the solar radius was uh possibly different, uh but we don't know. So this kind of like a circumstantial uh evidence that possibly the solar radius is changing. But I don't know as you can probably uh guess it's uh you take a decade, it needs uh you need the decades, and so you need those measurements carried on for probably like 50 years, century centuries or less. Yeah, centuries, centuries a little bit.

SPEAKER_05 17:29

So so let me just make sure I understand you guys though. You guys are basically eclipse tracers. You're kind you are you scientists as part of your regular job, or are you just citizen scientists following the eclipse and taking these measurements and just publishing them with the rest of the citizen science scientists out there? That I'm seeing you nod.

SPEAKER_02 17:57

Okay, but uh we do this uh as a side uh job, even if it takes a lot of uh energy and time and uh learning. Yes.

SPEAKER_05 18:11

That's awesome. That's one thing that the solar eclipse has a history of doing is inspiring citizen scientists to participate in this wonderful experience. It does, it's got a whole history. I mean, it's the it goes back centuries, you know. That we have people that some of them are scientists and they travel, but then other people are the wives tagging along and then writing whole books about it. So it's a great it's a great thing that we're doing that you guys are doing as part of that citizen science for solar eclipses that we have a history of doing. That's wonderful.

SPEAKER_02 18:46

Because when you see one, you get addicted there, and then everybody brings his own contribution to the uh to this field.

SPEAKER_05 18:56

I agree, I agree. So tell us so 2024. I love the story about I ran on your blog about 2024 about the gentleman that showed up with you that we thought he was gonna get a menu of equal, but go ahead and tell the story.

SPEAKER_02 19:12

I go for this, uh yes. So Luca uh was already mentioned that uh we go to the edge because over there is bigger the difference if we make a prediction with the regular standard uh size of the sun or with this improved size of the sun that we are trying to promote. Okay, and so uh we were uh very close to the edge of the of the bus, made to be less than one kilometer, and we met there other people that were going were arriving to to see the the eclipse in Texas that day. The the weather was really complicated, and also where we ended up, it was not our first choice, uh let's say, and I guess that also many other people were uh traveling around trying to find a nice spot. Okay, and so we we met there as well as usual. Uh other people trying to set up an instrument and try to prepare the observation, and we stopped uh uh chatting. And they actually mentioned uh we are arriving here, we expect uh around one minute of totality, and we were somehow surprised. I don't know, probably here it will be 13 seconds, something like this. And at the end, we we measured when 12.8. Okay, so I'm I'm sorry that maybe they're disappointed. But uh a few days before the eclipse, I think that uh there was uh a sort of breaking news uh in the US about this uh revised uh uh um I say calculation uh for the position of the of the path and the duration of the eclipses. And uh on the edge uh it uh happens. Yeah.

SPEAKER_05 21:06

I was looking at your maps that you were comparing between the three, between NASA, Javier's, and your map, and the line difference. Just just it it's several, it could be several meters of kilometers or two between the two lines.

SPEAKER_07 21:23

Um so you guys had good skies for for that event. Did you get the clearing of of the clouds with eclipse weather in totality? How did that work out in 24?

SPEAKER_02 21:37

Okay, also take this. Uh actually in 24 uh uh at the beginning we chose the Texas for for the statistics, and uh we ended up uh in trouble because uh you probably remember that there was a this they called it omega omega configuration of the weather system that blocked somehow the transition of the clouds and uh We ended up with better forecasts in Canada, and I remember that we were looking for a plane for a last-minute relocation, and my wife said no. No way that we take a plane. And so we were checking uh continuously the weather forecast, and uh the forecasts were not uh converging, means that the different models were giving different uh forecasts, and also every run of the forecast was giving different uh forecasts. Okay, and so we were not really sure of where to go, and we ended up uh in the morning checking the the satellites and we're going on uh by car on the direction of uh Fort Worth. And along the way, we stopped for the uh for the breakfast, and we decided uh here is not lead. Let's check the forecast once again, and then we found a park uh uh nearby and we went there to set up. And luckily, luckily, all the clouds disappeared, and we could see in clear sky. That's horrible. That's all very lucky.

SPEAKER_05 23:15

Chris, yes, Chris and I both understand that because I was I was at the Hillsborough Leading event, and Chris had friends down. Where were you?

SPEAKER_07 23:23

And uh I was in Kerrville.

SPEAKER_05 23:26

He was in Kerrville, where everybody else went to.

SPEAKER_07 23:28

Yeah, I had a fully refundable ticket to Indianapolis ready to go, just in case. And it just got Letitia and I were texting back and forth, weather, windy, all these apps, and so I drove San Antonio, flew to Indianapolis, got the skies there. Clear sky, really, really high, thin clouds to you know mess up a little bit of the but I had you know clear skies essentially, too. It was worth it. But it was worth it.

SPEAKER_05 23:59

I love the point of his story where he flew to Indianapolis via Las Vegas. Yeah, so he had a risk that was stuck in Las Vegas.

SPEAKER_07 24:09

Yeah, you know, it's pretty uh pretty weird when you're camped out in the path of totality for a couple days, and then you have to leave the path by uh 1,500 miles or whatever to get back into the path. It was risky, but staying there was risky too. So met some made a couple new friends, you know, there were more, there weren't people there in Indianapolis that had flown from other places that were planning on clouds. And so I was surprised to see people, you know, eclipse chasers in the airport in the airport arriving in Indianapolis. Uh it was a backup plan for many people.

SPEAKER_05 24:52

So yeah, it's it's um I had my I had people get guessed with me that headed for Oklahoma. I mean, they they just abandoned me there. I'm like, okay, I got it. I'm I'm doing stuff. They just left.

SPEAKER_03 25:08

It was also like at our, as Alessandro said, we were going north, and we were thinking maybe we have to drive almost to Oklahoma to the border. Yeah. Uh then we just stop that day. But I want to just make a comment on the on the lines, on the on the article we published comparing different predictions. Some of those uh limit lines are computing without accounting for the topography of the lunar limb, uh for the uh uh valleys and mountains. Uh and then and they were kind of the the predictions that were like one kilometer or more uh um further out uh with respect to the uh predictions accounting for the topography of the lunar limb. Um and then we had a kind of the predictions that were like a bunch in a sense closer, um which usually maps uh they don't account for the topography of the lunar limb when they uh draw those limit lines that as you um probably saw in our uh on our website, um we actually have plotted limit lines accounting for the topography of the lunar limb, accounting for this improved uh solar radius, and accounting for the topography of um uh the terrain. Um you can actually see the new spine because it's quite mountainous. Not good. Those limit lines they go a little bit all over, not all over the place, but kind of the zigzag and the they ran around the uh the terrain.

SPEAKER_05 27:06

And did you did you take into account the the Earth's terrain too? Because I thought part of your calculation was taking into account the fact that the Earth's terrain had the mountains along the limit lines.

SPEAKER_03 27:17

Yeah. Yes, yes, that's in those three factors. Yeah. In in the improved solar radius we have kind of estimated through the years. Um accounting for the um uh lunar limb, so the mountains and valleys, and they also um move the position of the limit lines, and also the mountains and valleys on yes, the accounting for the terrain. Um actually there's something interesting. Um at times, like if you look at the limit line, if there is a mountain, the sun is very like uh low on the horizon in Spain, and sometimes the limit line will approach like a hill or a mountain, will kind of climb the mountain, and then when it reaches the top, it actually jumps maybe for one to three kilometers, and it then continues further down the track, and actually then the jump, it's where the shadows are because where they have the shadows, they I mean the sun is now visible.

SPEAKER_07 28:20

So uh I was looking at those lines, I was like, uh oh, okay. Don't be behind, don't get there, or you will not see behind the shadow of a mountain, and there are lots of you look at that map on the side, it's amazing. You have there are mountain shadows everywhere where you will miss totality if you happen to be at one little spot. So that's uh if you're just driving down the road in Spain and planning on pulling over, you better use that site to find out where.

SPEAKER_05 28:55

Yeah, because you don't like to yeah, the 2017 had that beautiful long path right along all the freeways, and it was high, so you had no problem seeing the eclipse just pulling off the road. But this one, you've gotta you've gotta watch that sun and see where it's gonna be.

SPEAKER_02 29:13

It will be a challenge at this time because the sun being so low, you have the uh shadows of the mountains, but also you might have the shadows of the weather of the clouds and uh the weather forecasts normally you you see the forecast of the weather out right above your head, but that's that are not the cloud that might stop the view of the eclipse. So you might have distant clouds, distant clouds blocking the view.

SPEAKER_05 29:45

Yes, I don't know. I was at a one of the sorry, didn't interrupt you. I was at one of the observatories, and it was a beautiful, I was like, oh, you're gonna be able to see the eclipse from here. Sure enough, right at right at the time of the eclipse, you had a beautiful view of a cloud shadow. You saw it above the shadow, you saw the sun above the shadow. It'll be just like just before totality, and then right after totality, you saw the sun again.

SPEAKER_07 30:16

Getting it out of the system. That's that was last year.

SPEAKER_05 30:18

That was last year. That was last year. Well, we got it out of the system.

SPEAKER_03 30:24

But then you also have cases like um we weren't there, but uh it was the eclipse in 2010, I think. Uh the eclipse ended, it was across the Pacific and it ended in uh uh South America.

SPEAKER_05 30:43

Yes.

SPEAKER_03 30:43

And there was this place called El Calafate, where some people went, but the sun was incredibly low on the horizon because it was the end of the path of totality, just above the Andes. Um and I think the weather statistics were something like 90% chance of uh having clouds, and especially as you say, at the horizon, then you have a longer distance to look into the atmosphere, you can intercept clouds very far away. Um actually people went there and there were no clouds, and that's incredible. Is that for 24?

SPEAKER_05 31:26

No, it's 2010, 2010, 2010. Oh, 2010. Okay. It was I was uh back then, I was one of the first people to get their video, and it was one of those videos where I stuck it in the snow. I literally just had a point and shoot, stuck it in the snow, went and watched the eclipse, and then looked at the video later and went, I got it, it's beautiful. And you got to see the moon shadow just kind of going across. It was beautiful. It's it is my personally most stolen video on the internet. I've seen my video thousands of times by somebody else. But it it came out beautiful, but that was you're right, and it was really funny because the tour guides knew enough about the terrain, they had us move up this mountain. The hotel was not gonna see the eclipse. You had to move like another five or six hundred feet up to be able to see it. And because because we're in the same season, it was the middle of the world cup. The lights had put together a tent with heaters, internet connection, and a giant TV to watch to watch the World Cup. All the eclipse chasers and tourists were watching the eclipse. They were watching the world cup, and we're gonna have that in Spain, especially Spain wins.

SPEAKER_03 32:50

Thank you, thank you for um capturing that video. It's an incredible um document.

SPEAKER_05 32:58

It it kind of has it. I'll soon do the leap to it. It was my it was the best video I ever took, and it was just a point shoot on the ground.

SPEAKER_02 33:06

Excellent, excellent. Yeah. Hopefully you can do another one this year. I'm trying.

SPEAKER_05 33:13

I've I've got 4K cameras now, and I still haven't quite got the quality because that was a sunset. I'll hopefully I'll get the Syncon this one. And my husband's got another camera, a new camera, of course. And he's a better photographer than I am, and he's got the equipment. And I'm should I let him pan. But I'll probably I'm gonna take one of my taking my iPhones, and hopefully, one of them's gonna capture a really good shot of it this time.

SPEAKER_02 33:42

But actually, a couple of words about uh how we make the measurement because uh many times the people ask if we take some nice picture for the eclipse or we have some material to show the eclipse. But actually, uh our experiment uh try to capture a video of the flash spectrum. Okay, maybe I'll even look explain what the defensive spectrum is, and then I will try to capture one this year.

SPEAKER_03 34:08

Yeah, um the face spectrum is like a fascinating aspect of total solar eclipses that um requires to look at the eclipse through a diffraction grading. So basically, we are taking the light coming from the sun and splitting it in its spectral component, like creating a rainbow of um colors. Um and the interesting thing is when like in normal conditions outside uh the solar eclipses, actually, pretty much outside totality, this spectrum is uh it's like it looks like a rainbow. And I think we have all seen uh the the um the rainbow through the crystal or uh window. Um but when the eclipse is almost becoming total, uh the suddenly this spectrum of solar light changes quite dramatically. And I think it's called like a um flash spectrum because this transition is actually happening quite fast, like uh uh in a flash. Um so usually we see this rainbow of colors, uh but just before the eclipse becomes total, like in the last 10 seconds, this spectrum instead of being um a uh like a continuous rainbow of colors, uh becomes a spectrum with distinct uh uh lines. So and what we actually see is uh uh that a rainbow is uh basically coming from the photosphere, from the disk of the sun. And there are uh photons of lights emitted all sorts of different wavelengths. But when the eclipse is almost total, the disk of the sun is basically uh behind hidden behind the moon, and what we see is actually the lowermost layers of the sun atmosphere. Um so we hear the chromosphere, and then inner corona, and then the outer corona. And that chromosphere, that lowermost layer of the solar atmosphere, which is only like 10,000 kilometers uh thick, which is nothing compared to like the size of the sun, which is uh around 700,000 kilometers. Um the in that atmosphere there's mainly hydrogen, helium, and then there's some other elements, magnesium, sodium. So what we are seeing is actually the emission lines of uh hydrogen, helium, magnesium, sodium, which uh are always there, but the glare of the disk of the sun is so overpowering that we can never see those um lines from the chromosphere. But then just a few seconds before totality, then the spectrum changes literally um in a matter of seconds, and then we see those lines from hydrogen and helium and those other elements. Um and then when the moon covers that thin layer of chromosphere, then basically we see the spectrum uh of light from the uh solar corona, which is highly ionized iron, so we have other and it's kind of diffuse spectrum. Uh and then when the eclipse is uh about to end, then we see those chromospheric lines coming back. And then the chromos the photosphere can spect, and then very quickly we come back to the uh usual spectrum. So we are using actually why we have the idea of taking a timed video of the fledged spectrum, is because we can actually uh separate the light coming from the photosphere, the light coming from uh the mesosphere, which is a veil uh innermost uh layer of chromosphere, which is only like six, seven hundred kilometers thick, and then the chromospheric lines, and then uh uh the solar corona. So we can actually separate geometrically in the spectrum those lines, and to pinpoint at the start and the end of totality, we want actually to pinpoint the time when the photospheric light disappears and comes back. Okay. Um it's kind of like an X-ray, like an X-ray of uh the light coming from different parts of this.

SPEAKER_07 39:17

Kind of curious, does that chromosphere is it always the exact the same, or do you ever notice different uh does the chromosphere uh is it dynamic and changing over time? Meaning, do you get different um readings from your spectrum analysis? Or is it pretty much like okay, we have chromosphere, we know exactly what that is, and it's pretty standard.

SPEAKER_03 39:40

The the kind of the the the shape of the flesh spectrum stays the same. Like we we always have those kind of distinct um characteristics uh for the light coming from the different layers. But what uh changes is the that one change is the uh ratio of the radius of the moon and and the radius of the sun is not the same for every eclipse. I mean, of course, the absolute radius is the same, they're not changing, but like the apparent radius that we see standing from Earth is changing because the moon is sometimes a little bit further away, a bit closer, and the same for the sun is a bit further away, a bit closer. Yeah, different seasons, different times uh uh observing the moon on its orbit. So if the moon size and the sun size are very close, those chromospheric arcs are very long. Because the you can actually see further um uh extent of chromosphere.

SPEAKER_07 40:53

Well, 2023. Yeah, 2023.

SPEAKER_03 40:57

Yes, yes. Actually, um the the the those lines were very, very long. Very long. But then if you have like a long eclipse, like next year, when the moment is kind of relative to bigger than the sun, uh still almost the same size, but uh then the the lines will be shorter. So this is one difference that we can see. And also for the variability, like the top of the chromosphere we have prominences, it's not like a like a fixed heart, right? So, what we can actually see in those chromosophic lines, we can actually see the image of prominences if they're so and they they they won't change like for every eclipse.

SPEAKER_02 41:45

So this is another little thing, and and this is in space, but also there is a change in time because uh actually we have to measure the evolution of the intensity of the of the light coming from this component of the spectrum, and this evolution has a sort of uh new shape during the totality, because uh we go from a high intensity to zero during totality, and then we go back, but the shape of this curve depends on the dimension on the geometry of the valley where the sun disappears and the reappears, and so there's sort of a simulation that has to be done to create uh a simulated curve depending on the geometry of the of the eclipse, and to be compared with the measured shape say of the curve of the light intensity to be able to fit and uh guess get the estimation of the solar radius. So, also this shape change every time uh depending on the geometry of the eclipse.

SPEAKER_05 42:54

Wow, again, cities citizen science on this stuff is just amazing. Just just the work you're doing for the citizen science on this stuff is amazing because this is all information, this is all interesting information that I will never get into as just a hobby chaser. I'll I'll never be able to get into it, but I'm fascinated that you guys are, and plus, like I said, the tools that you guys are giving all of us.

SPEAKER_02 43:16

And actually, we developed many things uh for solving our own problems, like uh not being trapped uh in the Shadroy mountain, not being behind a thunderstorm, and then we try to to make this available to everybody that um everybody will have the same problem on these days.

SPEAKER_05 43:38

Yes, we'll um I thank you for sharing that with everyone. I do thank you for sharing that for everyone.

SPEAKER_02 43:44

And also, this precise calculation uh we we put that uh in an app to help uh people uh they get the precise um the contact times, and now we are also working with some people developing uh uh application. Application for photographers that require precise contact times to synchronize the shooting of the of the cameras to put our uh let's say calculated the contact time inside their applications.

SPEAKER_05 44:13

Do you have that already set up or are you still working on it? Because I know my husband would be interested in that. I think Chris might be interested in it.

SPEAKER_07 44:22

Yeah, yeah. Yeah, but then I'll bet you guys have that data out there and then you update it whenever possible. But uh, do you have relationships with the with people who make the apps, or do they contact you and say, we need your Vaselian element information so we can put it in our app?

SPEAKER_02 44:41

We met uh last time in Leuven for a conference, a solar eclipse conference that uh it is held every year in which there are no eclipses. And uh last year there were some present uh it was in Belgium last year. And over there, there were some presentation, also people up developing uh application for photographers, and we kept contact with them, and now we are uh is exposing an API out of our uh uh calculation engine that can uh be integrated in the uh applications.

SPEAKER_07 45:18

Yeah, that's very important.

SPEAKER_02 45:19

So maybe yes, if you're interested, maybe we can uh continue the conversation of fine.

SPEAKER_07 45:26

And that's very important. Oh, go ahead.

SPEAKER_03 45:31

Sorry, I said we developed like this for and that was to help observers to first of all have like accurate contact times, but also uh provide like a a schedule of events like with an audio prompt as I observe this and uh so then app we developed and it's available.

SPEAKER_02 46:01

Uh yes, it's a good idea. That's because times run fast as times runs fast.

SPEAKER_05 46:08

Yeah, uh I've I I I've I have it downloaded already, and my husband is gonna download it here in a few days. The one thing I wanted to ask you to appear, yeah.

SPEAKER_07 46:17

Well what is the name of that app? I think I have it.

SPEAKER_02 46:20

The Eclipse app, or it's called the Eclipse Countdown app. Uh-huh. Okay. If you go on the website, you might have the link there. So check that out.

SPEAKER_05 46:37

So speaking of that, how do you balance out there's thousands? There's thousands of stories about scientists or people trying to do science underneath the eclipse and then doing silly stuff like forgetting to take the filter off and things like that. How do you not make those silly mistakes while you're trying to do the measurement?

SPEAKER_08 47:02

Well, the the uh it's very true.

SPEAKER_03 47:06

Sometimes like you've like with eclipses, uh, they're unforgiving. There's only one shot, and something goes wrong, that's it. And I said, it has happened to us in the past. We had our our own failures. Yes, we had our own failures. Uh but I think it's like the like in with many things, like preparation, preparation, preparation. So that on the day it becomes like almost automatic. Okay. So we need to do this, this, this. And then for when we ran the experiment in Stephenville last year, um we actually had a like a uh motorized mount. So we had our camera. As you said, it it wasn't like a it super cheap camera, but not a super expensive camera. Like it was a C C D camera that is used regularly by uh astrophotographers, uh, which had the great uh advantage of having GPS timing uh built in. So every uh frame had metadata with the exact time when the exposure started and ended. Yeah. Because for that experiment, it's not enough just to have the phase spectrum, uh but you also want absolute time, UTC time of everything. Um but we had like a motorized mount, our camera, we set up everything like 45 minutes before totality, maybe one hour before totality, and then it tracked, and then two minutes before we just press apply, personal play, record. And then we let the experiment run and we watched the eclipse. It's awesome. That's awesome.

SPEAKER_05 49:06

That's awesome. Yeah, because there's just I I wrote a story in my book about for the for the leading up to the 2024 experience about the last eclipse at Fort Worth. And it was a group of scientists that went to Fort Worth, and sure enough, one of them forgot to take the smoked glass filter off for like a minute or like 30 seconds. Yes.

SPEAKER_07 49:31

So you you read it. Can't have your mind going there during the episode. No, you know, you have to have it all set up and can't worry about it. Once it's done, if you're fidgeting with your gear, you're missing missing the shit. Yeah. It's tough. You just have to make a decision beforehand. It's like, all right, at this moment, I will that's when I stop thinking about gear and whatever happens, happens. That's tough to do. It's because it's just you edge dwellers. It's impressive. You guys are pressing, being committed to the edge.

SPEAKER_02 50:10

It's but maybe next, maybe in 27 we'll not go to the edge. I don't know.

SPEAKER_07 50:19

Yeah, just go to the middle. Have a enjoy one have a me eclipse. Go to Egypt or you know, the Mediterranean. Enjoy it. Six and a half minutes or something, right? So you get bored during that.

SPEAKER_03 50:40

Like in China.

SPEAKER_01 50:42

Yes.

SPEAKER_03 50:42

But it's also like like uh some people like say, oh, if an eclipse, every total summer eclipse lasts 30 seconds. It doesn't matter if it is six minutes, it will the time will fly away. I think it does. Yeah, it does.

SPEAKER_05 51:00

Well, I was gonna just share real quick, Chris. You you we probably put the link to Chris has a really good shot of the edge of the annular eclipse in 23, and you can just kind of see the sun. It it looks like the moon just kind of rolls around the edge of the sun.

SPEAKER_07 51:18

Yeah, the when the way it rolls in and then rolls out because you think it just goes straight through, but no, then everything is moving. And it's if I can pull that up. I've got I've got a good picture of that. But uh yeah, it's just it's fun to just to to think about it because you know our little brains just start to wrap up your head around what's actually happening there. So that annular was more fun than I expected. So do you guys um what kind of uh data do you gather from annulars? Do you still get to use those for for research?

SPEAKER_03 52:00

Yeah, tell us a little bit about the other sandwich, uh the yes, we also um looked like when we observed a couple of solar eclipses from the edge uh to try to gather data also during a solar eclipses. So we cannot capture a flash spectrum because the the sun is not completely hidden, so uh you cannot see those um emission lines um during annular um usually during annular solar eclipses. But what we did, we actually in 2023, we looked around and looked at people went to the edge, and then a few people went to the edge. Um and a German eclipse chaser uh actually recorded high-resolution, unfiltered video of uh the eclipse. And as you said, uh when you are at the edge, all the transient phenomena are actually extended. Like Bailey's beads lasted for I think in that video, probably for a minute or more than a minute, and they were like evolving along the um uh limb of the moon. So we took the video and actually we did an analysis of frame by frame of those evolving uh battery speeds. Uh and on the the light from the battery speeds, and then we had a simulation of how the lunar limb was moving with respect to the solar limb. And kind of we put the two side by side, and we got kind of an estimation of the solar radius even from an eclipse. Um but I have to say, like the evolution of ballis beans that you saw, like this apparent rotation, uh, is absolutely mesmerizing uh the endlaw solar eclipses. And for total solar eclipses, actually the view of the chronosphere is longer from the edge, just because of the geometry and how the two limbs are moving. And in Stephenville, after third contact, actually the the diamond ring third contact lasted for a very long time. Really? Like it lasted for I think Alessandro maybe like 20-30 seconds or even longer. There was actually a deep valley when the very speed uh well the diamond ring happened. So before the sun, the rest of the sun came out, it actually took a little while. So for for a little while, then it was the only light coming from the photosphere, coming from the disk of the sun. Uh, and it was a very, very long belly speed. And in 2017, when we were at the southern edge of the eclipse, the those the last three belly speeds lasted for a long time. Uh, especially the last one like lingered for maybe 10-15 seconds. And it was like shrinking slowly, slowly, slowly. Um, and I may mention uh, because we mentioned in some of our articles, actually the outer corona, the full corona was actually visible before second contact for so even if the eclipse only lasted around 15 seconds. The visibility of the corona was 40-45 seconds. So it was actually visible outside of totality, and actually the sun corona is always there, but the brightness, brightness of the sky is uh always incredibly um high. It it drowns everything. But even if there are a couple of ballis beads, because the rest of the disk of the sun is uh uh vanished behind the moon, those ballast beads actually I described, they had kind of the the brightness of like Venus and then Jupiter. So the actually the sky had darkened enough for the uh corona to come out, even if totality hadn't really started, technically, because there was still a little bit of light from the disk of the sun. Uh and we call this kind of coronality, right? And when you can see the solar corona, the coronality actually can be longer than totality proper if you are very close to the edge, because of that reason. Um, and but also it depends where you are. So when we were near the southern limit, we saw that, and someone saw that in Maine in 2024 that managed to kind of get an account from um from her. But then when we were in Stevenville, yeah, on the northern limit, it wasn't actually quite the same. So there are actually other factors that come in that I that we don't understand fully. Uh but for sure, like that is something that and the center land is not seen because the solar corona will come out basically at second contact, not 10 or 15 minutes, 10 or sorry, 15 seconds before or longer.

SPEAKER_05 58:00

Okay, you're you're making me want to go to one of the edge ones sometimes.

SPEAKER_02 58:06

Ah actually, it's a compromise. Yeah, but this difference about the northern limit and southern limit. Uh we are still debating uh why you should be there the same. And let's say we are discussing if it is a sort of uh geometry of the of the cone of the umbra or the geometry of the valley of the of the moon that uh triggered this factor. But this year uh I will go to the uh southern limits and see if I can uh replicate uh the observation of the one.

SPEAKER_05 58:44

Okay. Where are you going anyway? Where on the southern limits?

SPEAKER_02 58:48

Actually, I will start from Madrid. Okay. We'll arrive there a few days before the eclipse and start uh checking the weather forecast. And my plan A would be to stay, let's say, just north of the Cordillera Central, a sort of mountains north of uh Madrid. But then plan A normally doesn't work, so I'm ready to drive uh 200-500 kilometers wherever.

SPEAKER_05 59:20

Well, I mean, I'm I'm I've got the 200, I think it's like 200 kilometer stretch of freeway between Saragossa and Terrell. And I've got spots like two or three spots picked out there. I've taken a small group with me and I've arranged a tour guide from Spain to advance for me. But um, we're we've picked out a couple of spots, and I'll check them out before. But the whole thing is that depending on the clouds, we can go between Saragosa and Terrell.

SPEAKER_07 59:48

I hope when you get to stay put.

SPEAKER_05 59:51

I hope to get to I hope to get I hope I can see it from Daroka, because Daroka is pretty close to center line where my hotel is. But it's I'm ready to move. I'm ready to move. We'll see.

SPEAKER_07 1:00:04

Now you're saying that you can see the um the corona after totality or right before totality. And I remember in 23, the diamond ring had come out, and you could still see corona, and everybody's putting their glasses back on. I'm like, I'm gonna see corona. I still see corona. And then so my eye doctor says you've got a little tiny spot on your redness. Oh my, it's permanent, but your percent your vision is fine, prognosis is great. Just kids, everyone, keep your glass, put your glasses on when it's time to put your glasses on. God, it was beautiful. I do have a little floater every time I see it. Like 23. What a great eclipse. Were you in X-mouth? In X-mouth, yes. Yes. Uh so where were you guys for 23?

SPEAKER_03 1:01:00

Um, I was in X-Mouth. In X-Mouth for a few days before the eclipse, but then I because I couldn't find accommodation, uh, I actually um managed to find a spot in the Cape Range National Park. So on the other side of the peninsula, and then I was I camped for five or six days in the national park. It was actually amazing. It was the campsite was right near the beach, literally like 50 meters from the beach. Um and the custom we the campsite was uh just outside the northern limit of the eclipse. So it was a perfect spot. We didn't have to drive anywhere for a little water, yeah. Yeah. That morning, we just like literally dropped maybe 500 meters just to pick up the instrumentation to uh transport the instrumentation. Uh yeah. But then interesting enough, that eclipse from the northern limit, we hardly well basically we didn't see the solar corona, even if we have proof that we were inside the totality path because the eclipse was lasted for 15 seconds again. Uh, but what we saw was an incredibly bright um ring of light all around the moon. And my hypothesis, no, not apothesis, but I think it was the lowermost part of the inner corona, which is incredibly bright compared to the outer corona. So it looked like an incredibly thin uh annular eclipse, more than a total eclipse, even if it was a total eclipse and there was totality there for sure, because the data um uh showed that there was totality, but it was a very unique view. I've never seen that at any other eclipse, and they said I think the sky remained sufficiently bright to actually wash out the um corona, basically most of the corona, but it left the full ring because the moon was barely uh big enough to cover the disk of the sun. So that whole ring was there in full, the whole ring of the inner corona. But I know that people in X-Mas that they had a completely different view.

SPEAKER_05 1:03:46

So we we were surprised at how much corona we got to see. Because it was tight, it was just it was the moon was just so tight around the sun. We actually saw corona in the middle of the eclipse.

SPEAKER_07 1:03:59

Oh, you mean chromosphere? Chromosphere, sorry, chromosphere. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Thank you for the picture because it was like around almost. Yeah, like 58 seconds, and we had like 15, about 15 seconds on each side of chromosphere, just long and then gone. And I just couldn't believe that we could see that much of it, you know, and I put both of them together in a picture. And it's almost you know, only on the top and bottom do you not have chromosphere. So we had you know good 120 degrees of of that. And I guess that's you know, you get the short eclipses with the sizes being relatively similar, and you get that. It was beautiful, just seeing all that purple, you know, fuchsia.

SPEAKER_03 1:04:45

That's why like the uh sometimes they the maybe like a longer eclipse, so longer totality as its appeal, that actually short, intrinsically shorter totalities like 2023 or 2013, uh have like incredible beauty, even if totality is actually now the long less than 60 seconds, less than a minute. They're all those aspects that are not really there as prominently in most other total solar eclipses.

SPEAKER_07 1:05:22

So short ones are great, you know. Yeah, don't knock it. Like you're going across, you're going on the other side of the world for a minute or 58 seconds, like yeah, but it's even better than a four-minute word.

SPEAKER_02 1:05:43

People normally don't understand that before, but after the event, they maybe they say, Yeah, now you understand why you've tried it along this.

SPEAKER_05 1:05:53

Yeah, after they've seen it, they go, Okay, I get you now. I get it. I see why you do this. Yeah. Because the short The shortest one I think I went to was the middle of the Pacific in 2005 for 30 seconds. Oh yeah. And it was a it was a sh it was a ship that didn't have a good stabilizer.

SPEAKER_02 1:06:10

So half of the picture of it.

SPEAKER_05 1:06:15

It was worth it. It was worth it. It was worth it.

SPEAKER_03 1:06:19

I the I may say on the theme of short eclipses, I I I still dreamed to go to an any la total eclipse, like I mean 2025, 2013, 20 uh 23. Oh, the hybrid. They were all total or hybrid. Um but to go where the eclipse is transitioning between annularity and totality. Because it's a whole um stretch that the code actually uh sometimes it's like two, three, four thousand kilometers, where the eclipse is actually uh transitioning from one type to the other one, and it's not uh purely total, it's not purely uh annual, uh but it's a mixture of uh arcs uh for the sphere, belly speeds, it depends where you are, there could be more if you're near the pure totality region, there will be just a few belly speeds, but all around the rim of the moon. So even on opposite sides, piece actually chance, and the chromosphere is a full rate. Oh, the moon, yeah. The the moon is not it's not okay, but it'd be large enough.

SPEAKER_05 1:07:45

Yeah, uh you're gonna unlock we may have I may have to give up totality to try to do that on one of the hybrids.

SPEAKER_03 1:07:55

Yeah, we have to wait for a while because next chance is uh I think in the 2040s for the transition to be on land.

SPEAKER_07 1:08:07

To be on land, yeah, because X-Mouth and and uh in Australia, you had you would have had to have been out in the middle of the ocean.

SPEAKER_05 1:08:17

You might have got an Indonesia somewhere.

SPEAKER_07 1:08:20

But if you're on land, you get you a team of college students, astronomy students, and you stack them along a lot here.

SPEAKER_03 1:08:32

Is it at Harvard? Uh I don't remember the exact data, but the they they are like uh enlotal eclipses like in the early 30s. Uh but but they but it's it like uh over over water. At least over water, yeah. We need one over land to do that. Yeah, was was 2013 a hybrid? It was an enla total, it was um near the Kingland Islands in uh oh sorry, 2013, yes, it was uh enla total, but barely it ended total, it started um, but not quite in la. It was already in the transition phase when the eclipse started in the Caribbean.

SPEAKER_05 1:09:22

Because that would be putting it around 2031 if we keep the 18-year sorrows on it. So that one, the next Saros on that one's 2031.

SPEAKER_03 1:09:31

But they said I think when I looked for the transition uh regions to be on land, there's an eclipse in the 40s where the transition is in Indonesia. There are actually few like islands in Indonesia where because otherwise it's a case like uh 2023 where those regions are in the like in the oceans, yeah. Very far away from land. It's I mean, almost impossible to get to get there.

SPEAKER_05 1:10:05

Yeah, because I'm looking at the 2031 right now.

SPEAKER_07 1:10:08

It's overwater.

SPEAKER_05 1:10:09

It's overwater nine. Later the the transition is right off the coast of of Central America or on the other side of the world, like how how in the middle of the Pacific. Yeah, yeah.

SPEAKER_03 1:10:25

Yeah. So you will need like, I mean, I mean a cruise, a cruise ship can do it.

SPEAKER_05 1:10:30

A cruise will do it. A cruise will do it. But you may not charter that cruise.

SPEAKER_03 1:10:34

Yeah, but they might want to go to the uh around the point of greatest eclipse.

SPEAKER_05 1:10:40

Yeah, that's what I'm saying. You probably would have to charter that one somehow or another and get a bunch of edgers to to join you.

SPEAKER_07 1:10:47

Exactly. Possible birds.

SPEAKER_06 1:10:50

Yeah.

SPEAKER_07 1:10:55

That's interesting. That is a 31. I'm starting thinking about that one.

SPEAKER_05 1:11:02

Well, we've been going about an hour now. Um, we've got a lot of material. Yeah, I think we have a lot of material. I really love that you guys are doing all this eclipse nerding out on this and just taking it to the next level. And it's all part of the synthesis of science. And that you are basically an example of how this eclipse, when you dive deep into it, deeper and everything else, or like any science, you dive deeper, the wonder doesn't go away. It just increases it. And that's one of the things I love about everyone that spends their time and money creating aoriographic maps. I'm pronouncing it wrong, but creating these maps of the of the shadows and everything else. I just I I'm I'm very grateful that you like that you share that with everyone and your Eclipse app, your Eclipse Gieldown app to share with that with everyone.

SPEAKER_07 1:11:57

Thank you very much. Been a great chat.

SPEAKER_05 1:12:00

Yeah, thank you. And we'll put the links in for those two.

SPEAKER_07 1:12:04

Well, how are you? Thank you. Yeah. Um, I've got a uh I want to share that picture. Oh yeah. If I could share it with Tisha.

SPEAKER_05 1:12:12

Oh, do I have to do that? See how I'm share. I thought you can share it. Did you try to share?

SPEAKER_07 1:12:27

Oh yeah. Is it going? Did it share? Oh, let's see. Desktop. All right, allow it.

SPEAKER_08 1:12:38

Oh, here we go. I have to do my password. Sorry about that. I had Zoom shut off. Aww. Let's see. I don't think I have sharing turns. Alright, I'll see if it shares. Oh, there we go. Okay. Content. That should go.

SPEAKER_07 1:13:05

Not sharing. Oh, here we go. Oh. Wow. Wow.

SPEAKER_05 1:13:14

I thought you had that little video. I thought you guys should.

SPEAKER_07 1:13:16

Oh, yeah, I had the video. Well, I'll send that to you guys via email. Okay. Thank you. Yeah, but this is a movie of this. These are all the images from that movie.

SPEAKER_05 1:13:30

Yeah, but it shows it rotating around the edge, and that's I just thought that was fun. Yeah. I mean, I have it on have it on my iPhone. Let's see.

SPEAKER_07 1:13:39

Yeah, I'll send that to y'all via email. It's pretty pretty easy. Okay, I'm gonna try to close this now. Hope I don't ruin anything. Let's see, close, stop sharing. There we go. All right.

SPEAKER_03 1:13:52

You can see the the the where the the contact times were, and then look they they rotated.

SPEAKER_07 1:13:58

Yeah, they brought it out instead of being uh six and nine, or you know, instead of being three o'clock and nine o'clock, it's like yeah, two less than 90 degrees, maybe less than 90.

SPEAKER_02 1:14:10

Yeah.

SPEAKER_07 1:14:11

And then catching the uh not really Bailey speeds, but definitely seeing the moon, the mountains of the moon in the valleys, you know, not annulars.

SPEAKER_03 1:14:22

You heard some like um um traces of um lunar limb in your images at the start and the end, because it's it's not a total like a perfect gap. We can see some light. Some little dots, yeah. The little uh some little dots.

SPEAKER_07 1:14:38

So dots and the elements, yeah. We're uh so the lunar limb, yeah. Yes, so the essence you guys have the proper terminology, materialization of lunar limb, yes. Well, it's a bit a lot of fun.

SPEAKER_05 1:14:52

Thank you, a lot of fun. All right, thank you again, Alejandro and Nico. Thank you for this. Thank you for everything.

SPEAKER_07 1:14:59

All right, well, you guys have a great eclipse, have a great uh safe travels. Hope you get great data for you. So but thank you, thank you.

SPEAKER_02 1:15:09

Send you a message after the eclipse, okay? Bye.

SPEAKER_07 1:15:16

Well, that's it for this episode of Totality Talks. Hope you enjoyed our chat with Alessandro and Luca. We are headed into the path of totality. As always, clear skies.