{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":0.24,"endTime":2.91,"body":"Today, I'm"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":0.24,"endTime":2.91,"body":"speaking with Sam Clark, founder"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":2.91,"endTime":6.9,"body":"and CEO of Terran Biosciences,"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":2.91,"endTime":6.9,"body":"headquartered in New York."},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":7.29,"endTime":8.67,"body":"Welcome to BioBoss, Sam."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":9.179,"endTime":11.159,"body":"Thanks for having me."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":9.179,"endTime":11.159,"body":"Excited to be here."},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":11.7,"endTime":14.7,"body":"How did you find"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":11.7,"endTime":14.7,"body":"yourself in that role as founder"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":14.7,"endTime":17.1,"body":"and CEO at Terran Biosciences?"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":17.75,"endTime":20.27,"body":"Well, it really goes"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":17.75,"endTime":20.27,"body":"back to growing up. There were a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":20.27,"endTime":24.02,"body":"number of people in my immediate"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":20.27,"endTime":24.02,"body":"family and close friends who"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":24.23,"endTime":27.11,"body":"were struggling with severe"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":24.23,"endTime":27.11,"body":"mental illnesses, bipolar"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":27.11,"endTime":29.6,"body":"disorder, as well as"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":27.11,"endTime":29.6,"body":"neurodegenerative conditions,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":29.6,"endTime":33.26,"body":"Alzheimer's disease. So just"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":29.6,"endTime":33.26,"body":"being affected by that, I really"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":33.26,"endTime":37.04,"body":"wanted to better understand"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":33.26,"endTime":37.04,"body":"treatments. How can we help"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":37.04,"endTime":40.4,"body":"people develop better"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":37.04,"endTime":40.4,"body":"treatments? So when I went to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":40.4,"endTime":43.31,"body":"MIT and I studied neuroscience"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":40.4,"endTime":43.31,"body":"to better understand the brain,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":43.37,"endTime":46.55,"body":"and then I went to Columbia"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":43.37,"endTime":46.55,"body":"University, where I did my MD"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":47.06,"endTime":51.71,"body":"and my PhD. But it was during"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":47.06,"endTime":51.71,"body":"that time for the MD when I"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":51.77,"endTime":55.28,"body":"realized that the treatments"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":51.77,"endTime":55.28,"body":"that we have just aren't that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":55.31,"endTime":58.52,"body":"great. They leave a lot to be"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":55.31,"endTime":58.52,"body":"desired, whether through lack of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":58.52,"endTime":62.39,"body":"efficacy or side effects, and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":58.52,"endTime":62.39,"body":"there's really a lack of new,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":62.48,"endTime":65.3,"body":"innovative treatments. You know,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":62.48,"endTime":65.3,"body":"if you think about"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":65.33,"endTime":69.14,"body":"schizophrenia, for example,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":65.33,"endTime":69.14,"body":"almost all of the antipsychotics"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":69.14,"endTime":73.46,"body":"have roughly the same mechanism"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":69.14,"endTime":73.46,"body":"of action since the 1960s,you"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":73.49,"endTime":76.37,"body":"know, just slight variance. And"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":73.49,"endTime":76.37,"body":"you know, we're just seeing this"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":76.4,"endTime":79.16,"body":"year, the potential for the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":76.4,"endTime":79.16,"body":"first approval of something with"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":79.16,"endTime":82.1,"body":"the new mechanism. But in"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":79.16,"endTime":82.1,"body":"general, the principle was, for"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":82.1,"endTime":85.61,"body":"neuroscience, there isn't a lot"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":82.1,"endTime":85.61,"body":"of new options. So I really"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":85.61,"endTime":89.78,"body":"wanted to help people by"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":85.61,"endTime":89.78,"body":"developing kind of new"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":89.81,"endTime":93.14,"body":"treatments. But then at the same"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":89.81,"endTime":93.14,"body":"time, I was looking at other"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":93.14,"endTime":96.59,"body":"biotechs, and I said, you know,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":93.14,"endTime":96.59,"body":"there's a risk aversive attitude"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":96.62,"endTime":98.48,"body":"in a lot of these biotechs,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":96.62,"endTime":98.48,"body":"where they go for safer"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":98.48,"endTime":101.66,"body":"mechanisms. So it's, you know, I"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":98.48,"endTime":101.66,"body":"want to, I was noticing, I said"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":101.66,"endTime":105.08,"body":"at the time, you know,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":101.66,"endTime":105.08,"body":"Instagram, Snapchat, Facebook,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":105.08,"endTime":108.65,"body":"they were all making enormous"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":105.08,"endTime":108.65,"body":"progress in Silicon Valley. But"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":108.65,"endTime":111.17,"body":"on the biotech side, I just"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":108.65,"endTime":111.17,"body":"said, we don't really have that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":111.2,"endTime":115.7,"body":"parallel of a fast moving, you"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":111.2,"endTime":115.7,"body":"know, biotech that's not risk"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":115.7,"endTime":119.84,"body":"averse, that's able to tackle"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":115.7,"endTime":119.84,"body":"those impossible challenges. And"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":119.84,"endTime":122.6,"body":"so I founded Terran with the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":119.84,"endTime":122.6,"body":"goal of building a platform"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":122.6,"endTime":125.78,"body":"company that would take a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":122.6,"endTime":125.78,"body":"different approach to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":125.78,"endTime":128.6,"body":"development of neuropsychiatric"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":125.78,"endTime":128.6,"body":"therapeutics."},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":128.0,"endTime":131.78,"body":"As you made that"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":128.0,"endTime":131.78,"body":"decision to found Terran and to"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":131.78,"endTime":135.5,"body":"become the CEO, based on your"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":131.78,"endTime":135.5,"body":"personal experience and your"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":135.5,"endTime":138.47,"body":"education and your thinking"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":135.5,"endTime":138.47,"body":"about the industry, did you"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":138.47,"endTime":142.13,"body":"consider in those early stages,"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":138.47,"endTime":142.13,"body":"maybe I'll create this, but I"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":142.13,"endTime":145.01,"body":"won't be the founder. I won't be"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":142.13,"endTime":145.01,"body":"the CEO. That's sometimes the"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":145.01,"endTime":148.46,"body":"case. It's an idea, but you find"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":145.01,"endTime":148.46,"body":"the person you want to carry"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":148.46,"endTime":152.21,"body":"that forward. Or did you know"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":148.46,"endTime":152.21,"body":"from the beginning, I should do"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":152.21,"endTime":152.54,"body":"this?"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":152.539,"endTime":155.422,"body":"So when I founded the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":152.539,"endTime":155.422,"body":"company, I wanted to push the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":155.478,"endTime":158.757,"body":"ideas forward. And people"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":155.478,"endTime":158.757,"body":"actually had discussed that same"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":158.814,"endTime":162.488,"body":"idea with me, the idea that, you"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":158.814,"endTime":162.488,"body":"know, when a venture group comes"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":162.545,"endTime":165.711,"body":"in and gives you funding,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":162.545,"endTime":165.711,"body":"they'll put their own team in."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":165.767,"endTime":169.216,"body":"You can be the science advisor,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":165.767,"endTime":169.216,"body":"or maybe, you know, something"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":169.273,"endTime":172.495,"body":"where you're not really running"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":169.273,"endTime":172.495,"body":"the company. And I always"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":172.552,"endTime":176.0,"body":"wonder, well, why is that the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":172.552,"endTime":176.0,"body":"case? And that's the case, they"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":176.057,"endTime":179.562,"body":"say, well, they want to bring in"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":176.057,"endTime":179.562,"body":"someone who's more skilled at"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":179.618,"endTime":182.954,"body":"the business aspects. But the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":179.618,"endTime":182.954,"body":"business aspects, actually, I"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":183.01,"endTime":186.402,"body":"think you can pick up quite"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":183.01,"endTime":186.402,"body":"quickly. It's really having that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":186.459,"endTime":190.021,"body":"strong science background that I"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":186.459,"endTime":190.021,"body":"think has really enabled us to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":190.077,"endTime":193.582,"body":"move forward faster than other"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":190.077,"endTime":193.582,"body":"companies in the space, because"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":193.639,"endTime":197.087,"body":"I stay involved in every aspect"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":193.639,"endTime":197.087,"body":"of the business. And instead,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":197.144,"endTime":200.592,"body":"you know, I'm inventor on over"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":197.144,"endTime":200.592,"body":"200 patent applications we put"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":200.649,"endTime":203.984,"body":"through. I'm the invent, only"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":200.649,"endTime":203.984,"body":"inventor on the world's first"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":204.041,"endTime":207.603,"body":"new forms of psilocybin, MDMA,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":204.041,"endTime":207.603,"body":"long acting and other inventions"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":207.659,"endTime":210.995,"body":"that we've made at Terran that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":207.659,"endTime":210.995,"body":"have been granted now by the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":211.051,"endTime":214.5,"body":"patent office. And so in doing"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":211.051,"endTime":214.5,"body":"that, I think it actually gave"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":214.556,"endTime":218.061,"body":"me an advantage. But there was"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":214.556,"endTime":218.061,"body":"definitely some pushback when I"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":218.118,"endTime":221.397,"body":"was starting to found the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":218.118,"endTime":221.397,"body":"company for people saying, well,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":221.454,"endTime":225.015,"body":"we don't typically see someone"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":221.454,"endTime":225.015,"body":"do this. But at the same time, I"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":225.072,"endTime":228.125,"body":"had been reading a lot of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":225.072,"endTime":228.125,"body":"biographies and studying and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":228.181,"endTime":231.573,"body":"said, look, in Silicon Valley,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":228.181,"endTime":231.573,"body":"the founders take the company"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":231.63,"endTime":235.078,"body":"forward. So in biotech, we can"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":231.63,"endTime":235.078,"body":"do that too. And it really has"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":235.135,"endTime":236.379,"body":"worked out quite well."},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":236.33,"endTime":238.52,"body":"In those early"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":236.33,"endTime":238.52,"body":"stages, had you considered the"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":238.52,"endTime":243.71,"body":"possibility of taking your idea"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":238.52,"endTime":243.71,"body":"to an existing, to a biopharma"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":243.71,"endTime":247.37,"body":"company, to a pharma company,"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":243.71,"endTime":247.37,"body":"and having it developed under"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":247.37,"endTime":249.23,"body":"your guidance, but within that"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":247.37,"endTime":249.23,"body":"framework?"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":249.78,"endTime":253.23,"body":"I thought about it"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":249.78,"endTime":253.23,"body":"for sure, but that leads to a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":253.23,"endTime":257.46,"body":"number of downsides. If you just"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":253.23,"endTime":257.46,"body":"sell off the idea immediately to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":257.58,"endTime":262.32,"body":"Big Pharma, then it may get"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":257.58,"endTime":262.32,"body":"shelved. You know, priorities"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":262.32,"endTime":265.08,"body":"often change. And the other"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":262.32,"endTime":265.08,"body":"thing is, the ideas we were"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":265.08,"endTime":269.34,"body":"developing at Terran were not"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":265.08,"endTime":269.34,"body":"safe ideas. This wasn't the case"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":269.34,"endTime":272.37,"body":"of, hey, we have another, you"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":269.34,"endTime":272.37,"body":"know, oncology drug with the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":272.37,"endTime":274.71,"body":"same mechanism that's been"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":272.37,"endTime":274.71,"body":"approved, slightly better"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":274.71,"endTime":278.4,"body":"pharmacokinetics. These were"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":274.71,"endTime":278.4,"body":"assets that we believe had the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":278.4,"endTime":280.68,"body":"potential to really"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":278.4,"endTime":280.68,"body":"revolutionize the treatment of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":280.95,"endTime":284.73,"body":"neurological conditions that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":280.95,"endTime":284.73,"body":"already had human data, but had"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":284.73,"endTime":288.12,"body":"been discontinued by big pharma"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":284.73,"endTime":288.12,"body":"because they couldn't solve"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":288.12,"endTime":291.78,"body":"certain problems. So it was"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":288.12,"endTime":291.78,"body":"already a big risk taking them"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":291.78,"endTime":295.47,"body":"on and a challenge. And so what"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":291.78,"endTime":295.47,"body":"I did was founded a company"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":295.47,"endTime":299.19,"body":"where you can, we would build a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":295.47,"endTime":299.19,"body":"team of highly trained"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":299.19,"endTime":302.25,"body":"operators. And then pull on"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":299.19,"endTime":302.25,"body":"world experts so that we could"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":302.25,"endTime":305.28,"body":"move forward to solve these"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":302.25,"endTime":305.28,"body":"problems. So in that sense, it"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":305.28,"endTime":308.13,"body":"wouldn't have been the best fit"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":305.28,"endTime":308.13,"body":"to go straight to companies,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":308.19,"endTime":310.83,"body":"because the pitch would be,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":308.19,"endTime":310.83,"body":"well, Big Pharma failed to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":310.83,"endTime":313.62,"body":"develop these, you know, and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":310.83,"endTime":313.62,"body":"we're pushing these high risk"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":313.62,"endTime":317.64,"body":"assets forward. It's not the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":313.62,"endTime":317.64,"body":"typical approach. And then to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":317.64,"endTime":321.15,"body":"your other point, what about"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":317.64,"endTime":321.15,"body":"typical VC funding? The problem"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":321.15,"endTime":325.26,"body":"there is that it's singularly"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":321.15,"endTime":325.26,"body":"focused. Companies they like to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":325.26,"endTime":329.61,"body":"invest in the most are typically"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":325.26,"endTime":329.61,"body":"single asset focused companies"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":329.61,"endTime":333.33,"body":"where the company's only doing"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":329.61,"endTime":333.33,"body":"one thing. Now we've seen a bit"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":333.33,"endTime":335.82,"body":"of a switch recently with"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":333.33,"endTime":335.82,"body":"companies like Cerevel and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":335.82,"endTime":338.79,"body":"Neumora, and now the rise of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":335.82,"endTime":338.79,"body":"more neuro platform companies,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":338.79,"endTime":342.6,"body":"and we see ourselves moving in"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":338.79,"endTime":342.6,"body":"that direction as well. But you"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":342.6,"endTime":345.78,"body":"know the past, it's largely been"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":342.6,"endTime":345.78,"body":"single asset focus, and it still"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":345.81,"endTime":346.83,"body":"mostly is today."},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":347.16,"endTime":349.59,"body":"So those"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":347.16,"endTime":349.59,"body":"scientific problems that you"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":349.59,"endTime":353.61,"body":"were fascinated by and wanted to"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":349.59,"endTime":353.61,"body":"try to address, that you"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":353.61,"endTime":357.45,"body":"described for me at the very"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":353.61,"endTime":357.45,"body":"beginning, as you got into it, a"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":357.45,"endTime":361.89,"body":"few weeks, a few months into it,"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":357.45,"endTime":361.89,"body":"did you find yourself following"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":361.89,"endTime":365.28,"body":"that path of things that you"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":361.89,"endTime":365.28,"body":"wanted to pursue within Terran,"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":365.31,"endTime":368.91,"body":"or did those evolve? Did you"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":365.31,"endTime":368.91,"body":"know what you didn't know? Is"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":368.91,"endTime":370.38,"body":"another way of asking the"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":368.91,"endTime":370.38,"body":"question."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":370.96,"endTime":372.76,"body":"Some of this goes"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":370.96,"endTime":372.76,"body":"back to what I was studying"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":372.76,"endTime":376.96,"body":"during my PhD years. During my"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":372.76,"endTime":376.96,"body":"PhD years, I was studying and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":376.96,"endTime":380.05,"body":"publishing on a receptor in the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":376.96,"endTime":380.05,"body":"brain called the kappa opioid"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":380.05,"endTime":383.77,"body":"receptor. Now we have three"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":380.05,"endTime":383.77,"body":"opioid receptors in the brain,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":383.77,"endTime":386.86,"body":"kappa, mu and delta. And mu is"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":383.77,"endTime":386.86,"body":"what you think about when you"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":386.86,"endTime":392.38,"body":"think about opiates. They kill"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":386.86,"endTime":392.38,"body":"pain, things like oxycodone,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":392.8,"endTime":397.18,"body":"Vicodin, all those prescription"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":392.8,"endTime":397.18,"body":"opiates act on the mu opioid"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":397.18,"endTime":401.74,"body":"receptor. And same with drugs of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":397.18,"endTime":401.74,"body":"abuse, like heroin, a mu opioid"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":401.74,"endTime":405.04,"body":"receptor. But there's another"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":401.74,"endTime":405.04,"body":"receptor called kappa that's"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":405.04,"endTime":407.92,"body":"very effective in killing pain"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":405.04,"endTime":407.92,"body":"as well. The thing that makes it"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":407.92,"endTime":411.43,"body":"interesting is that big pharma"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":407.92,"endTime":411.43,"body":"tried to target that receptor"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":411.43,"endTime":415.27,"body":"because it has no potential"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":411.43,"endTime":415.27,"body":"animal models for abuse, so they"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":415.27,"endTime":418.51,"body":"developed selective kappa"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":415.27,"endTime":418.51,"body":"agonists that would turn on the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":418.51,"endTime":422.62,"body":"receptor as the next generation"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":418.51,"endTime":422.62,"body":"of analgesic drugs to kill pain."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":423.13,"endTime":427.21,"body":"The problem is, people who took"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":423.13,"endTime":427.21,"body":"those became psychotic,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":427.57,"endTime":430.51,"body":"experienced terrible"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":427.57,"endTime":430.51,"body":"hallucinations. So they said,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":430.51,"endTime":433.57,"body":"well, this receptor may be"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":430.51,"endTime":433.57,"body":"linked to psychosis. And then,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":433.57,"endTime":436.87,"body":"interestingly, there was a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":433.57,"endTime":436.87,"body":"natural plant called salvia"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":436.87,"endTime":440.8,"body":"divinorum that also was selected"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":436.87,"endTime":440.8,"body":"for the kappa opioid receptor"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":440.83,"endTime":444.97,"body":"and also would cause people to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":440.83,"endTime":444.97,"body":"experience hallucinations. But"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":444.97,"endTime":447.88,"body":"one of the unique"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":444.97,"endTime":447.88,"body":"characteristics about these is"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":447.88,"endTime":452.05,"body":"that people described in many"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":447.88,"endTime":452.05,"body":"reports hearing voices, which is"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":452.05,"endTime":456.67,"body":"unusual because many drugs that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":452.05,"endTime":456.67,"body":"induce psychedelic trips don't"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":456.67,"endTime":460.81,"body":"really contain those components"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":456.67,"endTime":460.81,"body":"of hearing voices or really"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":461.08,"endTime":464.38,"body":"fully formed delusions. Now,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":461.08,"endTime":464.38,"body":"then it got even more"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":464.38,"endTime":467.05,"body":"interesting when I dug into the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":464.38,"endTime":467.05,"body":"literature and I said, Wait a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":467.05,"endTime":471.58,"body":"minute, in schizophrenia, there"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":467.05,"endTime":471.58,"body":"are a number of drugs that, in"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":471.58,"endTime":474.73,"body":"the past, were shown to make"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":471.58,"endTime":474.73,"body":"schizophrenia worse. One of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":474.73,"endTime":478.48,"body":"those was called ketamine. At"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":474.73,"endTime":478.48,"body":"the time it said, Well, you"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":478.48,"endTime":480.94,"body":"know, ketamine acts on a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":478.48,"endTime":480.94,"body":"receptor called the NMDA"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":480.94,"endTime":485.11,"body":"receptor. But if, when you"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":480.94,"endTime":485.11,"body":"really dig into it, you saw"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":485.11,"endTime":489.19,"body":"there's a number of publications"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":485.11,"endTime":489.19,"body":"where it showed it also acts on"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":489.19,"endTime":491.95,"body":"the Kappa receptor and would"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":489.19,"endTime":491.95,"body":"cause patients with"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":491.95,"endTime":495.64,"body":"schizophrenia to experience"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":491.95,"endTime":495.64,"body":"worsening of voices,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":495.64,"endTime":499.63,"body":"hallucinations. So then I dug"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":495.64,"endTime":499.63,"body":"even further, and I did this big"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":499.63,"endTime":504.37,"body":"meta analysis of kappa opioid"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":499.63,"endTime":504.37,"body":"antagonists. Now, there were no"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":504.37,"endTime":507.4,"body":"selective ones that were ever"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":504.37,"endTime":507.4,"body":"tested, but there were more than"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":507.4,"endTime":510.88,"body":"40 trials of non selective"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":507.4,"endTime":510.88,"body":"opioid antagonists through the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":510.88,"endTime":514.78,"body":"60s, 70s and 80s and early 90s"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":510.88,"endTime":514.78,"body":"in schizophrenia, and some of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":514.78,"endTime":519.04,"body":"those reported amazing results"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":514.78,"endTime":519.04,"body":"with a new mechanism at ending"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":519.04,"endTime":522.7,"body":"schizophrenic hallucinations and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":519.04,"endTime":522.7,"body":"improving even the negative"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":522.7,"endTime":526.33,"body":"symptoms, the social withdrawal,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":522.7,"endTime":526.33,"body":"the cognitive symptoms. And so"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":526.33,"endTime":529.66,"body":"the meta analysis showed there"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":526.33,"endTime":529.66,"body":"was a significant effect on the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":529.99,"endTime":534.64,"body":"positive symptoms and a help on"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":529.99,"endTime":534.64,"body":"the negative. But when I went to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":534.64,"endTime":538.12,"body":"try to develop this into a drug,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":534.64,"endTime":538.12,"body":"initially, this is back in the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":538.12,"endTime":541.15,"body":"PhD years, that's when I found"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":538.12,"endTime":541.15,"body":"out, well, it's actually very"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":541.15,"endTime":544.69,"body":"hard to get funding for new"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":541.15,"endTime":544.69,"body":"drugs. Nobody wants to fund the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":544.69,"endTime":547.96,"body":"old drugs because they say,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":544.69,"endTime":547.96,"body":"well, there's no IP and, you"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":547.96,"endTime":550.72,"body":"know, there's a lot of things."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":547.96,"endTime":550.72,"body":"It doesn't necessarily, it's not"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":550.72,"endTime":552.88,"body":"just whether drugs effective,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":550.72,"endTime":552.88,"body":"it's whether there's patents,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":552.88,"endTime":555.34,"body":"it's whether it's fully"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":552.88,"endTime":555.34,"body":"druggable, it's whether you can"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":555.34,"endTime":558.79,"body":"manufacture it. And so there's"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":555.34,"endTime":558.79,"body":"so many other factors at play."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":558.85,"endTime":560.8,"body":"It's whether you can get it"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":558.85,"endTime":560.8,"body":"approved by the FDA and the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":560.8,"endTime":564.64,"body":"regulatory side. That's when I"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":560.8,"endTime":564.64,"body":"came across. So I realized,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":564.64,"endTime":567.13,"body":"okay, this is much more"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":564.64,"endTime":567.13,"body":"challenging, but that's when we"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":567.13,"endTime":573.04,"body":"came across another drug called"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":567.13,"endTime":573.04,"body":"idazoxan from big pharma. And"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":573.04,"endTime":576.73,"body":"this was a drug that Pierre"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":573.04,"endTime":576.73,"body":"Fabre in France had developed"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":576.73,"endTime":581.08,"body":"all the way through Phase Three"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":576.73,"endTime":581.08,"body":"for Parkinson's tremor. Now the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":581.08,"endTime":584.11,"body":"thing is, in Parkinson's tremor,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":581.08,"endTime":584.11,"body":"it wasn't that effective, but it"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":584.11,"endTime":588.76,"body":"was very safe. However, at the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":584.11,"endTime":588.76,"body":"same time, it was in trials at"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":588.76,"endTime":591.55,"body":"the National Institute of Mental"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":588.76,"endTime":591.55,"body":"Health in the United States, in"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":591.55,"endTime":595.87,"body":"a collaboration for"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":591.55,"endTime":595.87,"body":"schizophrenia. And it was the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":595.87,"endTime":599.11,"body":"first adjunctive treatment"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":595.87,"endTime":599.11,"body":"tested where you can add it on"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":599.38,"endTime":602.86,"body":"to existing antipsychotic"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":599.38,"endTime":602.86,"body":"regimens, and it would double"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":602.89,"endTime":606.46,"body":"the efficacy. And the thing is,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":602.89,"endTime":606.46,"body":"it wasn't until years later that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":606.46,"endTime":608.98,"body":"we saw this in depression with"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":606.46,"endTime":608.98,"body":"the drug Abilify, where you"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":608.98,"endTime":611.5,"body":"could have an adjunctive"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":608.98,"endTime":611.5,"body":"treatment that really became a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":611.5,"endTime":614.83,"body":"blockbuster and helped a lot of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":611.5,"endTime":614.83,"body":"patients. So in that sense,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":615.04,"endTime":619.18,"body":"idazoxan had that potential. The"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":615.04,"endTime":619.18,"body":"problem was it had to be given"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":619.54,"endTime":624.16,"body":"up to three times a day, every"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":619.54,"endTime":624.16,"body":"day, and they said, look, it's"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":624.16,"endTime":629.56,"body":"so short acting that it's not"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":624.16,"endTime":629.56,"body":"commercially viable to have this"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":629.56,"endTime":632.08,"body":"three times daily drug. And even"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":629.56,"endTime":632.08,"body":"then, it was closer to a four"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":632.08,"endTime":636.79,"body":"times daily drug with a two hour"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":632.08,"endTime":636.79,"body":"half life. And so all the trials"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":636.79,"endTime":640.57,"body":"were discontinued. Pierre Fabre"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":636.79,"endTime":640.57,"body":"had largely exited neuroscience."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":640.75,"endTime":644.71,"body":"The drug was shelved, and it was"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":640.75,"endTime":644.71,"body":"terrible, because at the time,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":645.1,"endTime":649.15,"body":"the doctor who ran the trials,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":645.1,"endTime":649.15,"body":"who later invested in Terran and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":649.15,"endTime":651.49,"body":"is on our science advisory"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":649.15,"endTime":651.49,"body":"board, said patients and their"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":651.49,"endTime":655.03,"body":"families were calling begging to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":651.49,"endTime":655.03,"body":"be put back on that drug, but"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":655.03,"endTime":658.45,"body":"there was nothing they could do,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":655.03,"endTime":658.45,"body":"because manufacturing had been"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":658.45,"endTime":663.25,"body":"discontinued. So our science"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":658.45,"endTime":663.25,"body":"advisory board made me aware of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":663.25,"endTime":667.15,"body":"that compound. We then went to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":663.25,"endTime":667.15,"body":"France, met with Pierre Fabre,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":667.33,"endTime":670.3,"body":"licensed on the rights to that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":667.33,"endTime":670.3,"body":"drug, completed all"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":670.3,"endTime":674.38,"body":"manufacturing, made a once daily"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":670.3,"endTime":674.38,"body":"form, put it back in the clinic"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":674.38,"endTime":677.29,"body":"where it's showing a great once"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":674.38,"endTime":677.29,"body":"daily profile. Got the green"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":677.29,"endTime":681.85,"body":"light from the FDA, then to move"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":677.29,"endTime":681.85,"body":"it forward pending the results"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":681.85,"endTime":685.45,"body":"of pharmacokinetic bridging"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":681.85,"endTime":685.45,"body":"study into the larger trial with"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":685.45,"endTime":688.39,"body":"patients with schizophrenia. And"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":685.45,"endTime":688.39,"body":"it's by bringing back that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":688.39,"endTime":692.53,"body":"forgotten asset that had the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":688.39,"endTime":692.53,"body":"potential to be very effective"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":692.53,"endTime":695.62,"body":"that already was very effective"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":692.53,"endTime":695.62,"body":"in patients with schizophrenia,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":695.98,"endTime":698.62,"body":"and by solving that impossible"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":695.98,"endTime":698.62,"body":"problem that wasn't able to be"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":698.62,"endTime":701.74,"body":"solved at the time the drug was"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":698.62,"endTime":701.74,"body":"too short acting. That's where"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":701.74,"endTime":705.79,"body":"we really hope to make a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":701.74,"endTime":705.79,"body":"difference. So to answer your"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":705.79,"endTime":709.93,"body":"question, at the time, I didn't"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":705.79,"endTime":709.93,"body":"know about idazoxan, but I knew"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":709.93,"endTime":714.13,"body":"about these ideas of forgotten"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":709.93,"endTime":714.13,"body":"drugs like kappa opioid receptor"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":714.13,"endTime":717.97,"body":"antagonists and things that had"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":714.13,"endTime":717.97,"body":"great efficacy but had hit"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":717.97,"endTime":721.57,"body":"snags, and thus were not at the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":717.97,"endTime":721.57,"body":"time being funded by traditional"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":721.57,"endTime":722.53,"body":"venture groups."},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":723.23,"endTime":726.35,"body":"Can you share any"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":723.23,"endTime":726.35,"body":"thoughts about how you develop"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":726.35,"endTime":729.65,"body":"the process for knowing when to"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":726.35,"endTime":729.65,"body":"make a decision versus when to"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":729.65,"endTime":732.56,"body":"rely on someone on your team to"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":729.65,"endTime":732.56,"body":"help you make a decision?"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":732.78,"endTime":735.12,"body":"The structure of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":732.78,"endTime":735.12,"body":"Terran, and this is where we get"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":735.12,"endTime":739.14,"body":"into the uniqueness of the model"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":735.12,"endTime":739.14,"body":"is very different than most"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":739.23,"endTime":742.32,"body":"biopharma companies. I've"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":739.23,"endTime":742.32,"body":"structured it after the tech"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":742.32,"endTime":745.95,"body":"companies of Silicon Valley, and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":742.32,"endTime":745.95,"body":"in that sense, we have a very"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":745.95,"endTime":750.06,"body":"small team of highly trained"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":745.95,"endTime":750.06,"body":"operators. So I have a number of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":750.06,"endTime":753.48,"body":"ideas that I want to work on the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":750.06,"endTime":753.48,"body":"company, and we have a small"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":753.48,"endTime":758.1,"body":"team of operators that help keep"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":753.48,"endTime":758.1,"body":"everything organized. But in"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":758.1,"endTime":761.85,"body":"order to actually execute any of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":758.1,"endTime":761.85,"body":"these ideas, we need the world's"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":762.03,"endTime":765.75,"body":"best minds around the table, and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":762.03,"endTime":765.75,"body":"so what we do is we build out"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":765.78,"endTime":770.31,"body":"individual teams of world"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":765.78,"endTime":770.31,"body":"experts. Now this leads to a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":770.31,"endTime":772.98,"body":"more flat, hierarchical"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":770.31,"endTime":772.98,"body":"structure in the company. It's"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":772.98,"endTime":776.4,"body":"not one of those pyramid top"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":772.98,"endTime":776.4,"body":"down management where I'm"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":776.43,"endTime":780.03,"body":"fundraising and telling the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":776.43,"endTime":780.03,"body":"general plan, and then you have"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":780.3,"endTime":784.08,"body":"some managers under there, and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":780.3,"endTime":784.08,"body":"senior managers and VPs and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":784.08,"endTime":787.17,"body":"whatnot, and they trickle down,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":784.08,"endTime":787.17,"body":"and then information trickles"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":787.17,"endTime":790.95,"body":"up. In that sense it's flat. So"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":787.17,"endTime":790.95,"body":"I'll be on, for example, the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":790.95,"endTime":793.68,"body":"manufacturing calls. I'll be"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":790.95,"endTime":793.68,"body":"present in all the clinical"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":793.68,"endTime":797.82,"body":"calls, you know, I'll be in the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":793.68,"endTime":797.82,"body":"weeds on everything, and I'll be"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":797.82,"endTime":800.7,"body":"aware immediately when"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":797.82,"endTime":800.7,"body":"something's not getting done or"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":800.7,"endTime":802.89,"body":"something, the train's going off"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":800.7,"endTime":802.89,"body":"the tracks, and we have really"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":802.89,"endTime":805.44,"body":"good operators that will keep"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":802.89,"endTime":805.44,"body":"everything organized, but then"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":805.44,"endTime":809.52,"body":"we have the best minds in the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":805.44,"endTime":809.52,"body":"world on individual teams who"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":809.52,"endTime":812.19,"body":"are able to solve these"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":809.52,"endTime":812.19,"body":"problems. For example,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":812.43,"endTime":815.91,"body":"initially, before we had fully"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":812.43,"endTime":815.91,"body":"implemented this model, we had"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":815.91,"endTime":818.67,"body":"people around the table that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":815.91,"endTime":818.67,"body":"tried to fix cytosoxan but"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":818.67,"endTime":821.97,"body":"didn't have the expertise. It"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":818.67,"endTime":821.97,"body":"wasn't until we found someone"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":821.97,"endTime":826.05,"body":"who had done this many times"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":821.97,"endTime":826.05,"body":"before and had potentially more"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":826.2,"endTime":830.46,"body":"long acting, once daily oral"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":826.2,"endTime":830.46,"body":"dosing formulations than almost"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":830.46,"endTime":833.34,"body":"anyone in the industry who came"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":830.46,"endTime":833.34,"body":"on board had done this many"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":833.34,"endTime":836.13,"body":"times before. We built a team"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":833.34,"endTime":836.13,"body":"around them that was able to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":836.13,"endTime":839.94,"body":"take this drug forward and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":836.13,"endTime":839.94,"body":"finally fix it. So in that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":839.94,"endTime":844.02,"body":"sense, the way we have a rule at"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":839.94,"endTime":844.02,"body":"Terran where everything has to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":844.02,"endTime":847.38,"body":"be backed up by evidence. So"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":844.02,"endTime":847.38,"body":"when nobody's allowed to say,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":847.41,"endTime":851.58,"body":"Oh, just trust me on this. And"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":847.41,"endTime":851.58,"body":"that goes for any aspect;"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":851.61,"endTime":855.84,"body":"manufacturing, clinical trials,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":851.61,"endTime":855.84,"body":"anytime we reach a difficult"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":855.84,"endTime":859.02,"body":"decision, you know, people have"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":855.84,"endTime":859.02,"body":"to bring on, bring expertise to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":859.02,"endTime":861.75,"body":"the table like, you know, we"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":859.02,"endTime":861.75,"body":"should take this path based on"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":861.75,"endTime":865.74,"body":"this feedback from FDA or based"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":861.75,"endTime":865.74,"body":"on these other trials that have"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":865.74,"endTime":868.71,"body":"been done in the past, this is"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":865.74,"endTime":868.71,"body":"the best route. Nobody's allowed"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":868.71,"endTime":871.32,"body":"to say, Oh, just, trust me, I"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":868.71,"endTime":871.32,"body":"think we should do this. I have"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":871.35,"endTime":874.86,"body":"20 years of experience, so just"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":871.35,"endTime":874.86,"body":"let me make this decision, but"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":874.86,"endTime":878.04,"body":"at the same time, you know, I'm"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":874.86,"endTime":878.04,"body":"not the one who's going to be"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":878.04,"endTime":882.33,"body":"saying, you know, I'll make, you"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":878.04,"endTime":882.33,"body":"know, like we always will bring"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":882.33,"endTime":885.63,"body":"on regulatory help, for example,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":882.33,"endTime":885.63,"body":"we'll bring on external"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":885.63,"endTime":889.5,"body":"expertise to guide into the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":885.63,"endTime":889.5,"body":"final decisions that then I'll"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":889.5,"endTime":893.55,"body":"ultimately have to make. But I"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":889.5,"endTime":893.55,"body":"won't override the experience."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":893.82,"endTime":897.36,"body":"That's where we pull on external"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":893.82,"endTime":897.36,"body":"experience to make the guide the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":897.36,"endTime":898.98,"body":"decisions that I ultimately do."},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":899.4,"endTime":902.34,"body":"Did you find"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":899.4,"endTime":902.34,"body":"knowing when, in the end, you"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":902.34,"endTime":904.71,"body":"had to make a decision, did that"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":902.34,"endTime":904.71,"body":"feel like a natural progression,"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":904.71,"endTime":906.78,"body":"or is that something to be"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":904.71,"endTime":906.78,"body":"learned as a new CEO?"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":906.0,"endTime":909.96,"body":"So ultimately, I have"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":906.0,"endTime":909.96,"body":"to make all the final decisions."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":910.14,"endTime":913.29,"body":"It's something that you"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":910.14,"endTime":913.29,"body":"definitely get better at over"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":913.29,"endTime":917.16,"body":"time, and then you pick up, and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":913.29,"endTime":917.16,"body":"the best thing is having many"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":917.19,"endTime":920.28,"body":"advisors around the table. I"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":917.19,"endTime":920.28,"body":"mean, if you think about it,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":920.28,"endTime":924.93,"body":"throughout history, any time you"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":920.28,"endTime":924.93,"body":"have someone who has to lead a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":924.93,"endTime":930.0,"body":"group of people, the best thing"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":924.93,"endTime":930.0,"body":"is having that group of advisors"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":930.0,"endTime":933.81,"body":"advising you. And so I try to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":930.0,"endTime":933.81,"body":"bring on as much external"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":933.81,"endTime":937.59,"body":"expertise. And the most"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":933.81,"endTime":937.59,"body":"important thing is knowing when"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":937.59,"endTime":940.56,"body":"you don't know something, and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":937.59,"endTime":940.56,"body":"when you realize that you don't"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":940.56,"endTime":944.73,"body":"know something, we move very"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":940.56,"endTime":944.73,"body":"fast at Terran to find someone"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":944.73,"endTime":947.79,"body":"who knows the answer. So"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":944.73,"endTime":947.79,"body":"there'll be, we can identify,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":947.79,"endTime":950.97,"body":"oh, you know, we have this"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":947.79,"endTime":950.97,"body":"problem. We realize when the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":950.97,"endTime":954.18,"body":"current team members also don't"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":950.97,"endTime":954.18,"body":"have the solution, and we go as"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":954.18,"endTime":957.27,"body":"fast as we can through our"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":954.18,"endTime":957.27,"body":"entire network to find someone"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":957.27,"endTime":960.24,"body":"who has the solution to that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":957.27,"endTime":960.24,"body":"problem. And we've been very"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":960.24,"endTime":963.3,"body":"successful using that fast"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":960.24,"endTime":963.3,"body":"moving model. And once we have"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":963.3,"endTime":964.86,"body":"that, then we can make the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":963.3,"endTime":964.86,"body":"decisions."},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":964.92,"endTime":966.84,"body":"If someone your"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":964.92,"endTime":966.84,"body":"team were to be asked the"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":966.84,"endTime":970.08,"body":"question, well, what's Sam's"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":966.84,"endTime":970.08,"body":"management approach? That might"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":970.08,"endTime":973.32,"body":"or might not be how you would"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":970.08,"endTime":973.32,"body":"describe it, but can you"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":973.56,"endTime":976.47,"body":"estimate how others would say,"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":973.56,"endTime":976.47,"body":"oh, yeah, this is how he goes"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":976.47,"endTime":978.12,"body":"about dealing with the team."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":978.42,"endTime":981.12,"body":"Well, I like to stay"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":978.42,"endTime":981.12,"body":"very highly involved with the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":981.12,"endTime":984.54,"body":"team, so we'll be chatting every"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":981.12,"endTime":984.54,"body":"day is spent with the core team"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":984.54,"endTime":989.04,"body":"of operators every morning. So"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":984.54,"endTime":989.04,"body":"we're in constant communication,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":989.1,"endTime":993.15,"body":"both in decision making as well"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":989.1,"endTime":993.15,"body":"as, you know, planning. And I"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":993.18,"endTime":995.7,"body":"generally have a lot of ideas"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":993.18,"endTime":995.7,"body":"that I want to do each day. So"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":995.7,"endTime":998.22,"body":"I'll help, you know, make sure"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":995.7,"endTime":998.22,"body":"the team's on schedule to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":998.22,"endTime":1001.7,"body":"achieve those. And sometimes"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":998.22,"endTime":1001.7,"body":"give out new goals, new plans,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1001.7,"endTime":1005.93,"body":"or readjust quickly if I think"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1001.7,"endTime":1005.93,"body":"the priorities change. So it's a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1005.93,"endTime":1008.96,"body":"lot of top down information, but"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1005.93,"endTime":1008.96,"body":"the team handles it very well"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1008.96,"endTime":1012.41,"body":"and course corrects. And we'll"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1008.96,"endTime":1012.41,"body":"course correct and change"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1012.59,"endTime":1016.61,"body":"sometimes, many times a week,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1012.59,"endTime":1016.61,"body":"I'll be making decisions to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1016.64,"endTime":1021.29,"body":"pivot quickly, and I have a team"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1016.64,"endTime":1021.29,"body":"of operators that'll immediately"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1021.38,"endTime":1025.04,"body":"implement those changes. So"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1021.38,"endTime":1025.04,"body":"there's not a management style"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1025.04,"endTime":1028.61,"body":"where I'll say, Hey, this is"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1025.04,"endTime":1028.61,"body":"what we need to do. Go do it,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1028.73,"endTime":1031.22,"body":"check in with me in two days."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1028.73,"endTime":1031.22,"body":"Then we'll do another thing."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1031.22,"endTime":1036.23,"body":"It's daily feedback and daily"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1031.22,"endTime":1036.23,"body":"course correction. But I want to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1036.23,"endTime":1040.31,"body":"draw a distinction. It's not"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1036.23,"endTime":1040.31,"body":"micromanagement, where people"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1041.12,"endTime":1046.97,"body":"have to babysit each individual"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1041.12,"endTime":1046.97,"body":"decision, like task. I trust the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1046.97,"endTime":1050.96,"body":"team to be able to achieve those"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1046.97,"endTime":1050.96,"body":"tasks, to, you know, to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1051.08,"endTime":1054.65,"body":"accomplish those goals and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1051.08,"endTime":1054.65,"body":"tasks, I give them. It's just"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1054.65,"endTime":1058.43,"body":"that we move so quickly that the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1054.65,"endTime":1058.43,"body":"tasks may change rapidly, and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1058.43,"endTime":1062.39,"body":"there may be new tasks and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1058.43,"endTime":1062.39,"body":"alterations to those tasks. So I"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1062.39,"endTime":1065.96,"body":"don't have to babysit their"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1062.39,"endTime":1065.96,"body":"execution of the task, but I do"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1065.96,"endTime":1070.64,"body":"have to be very much alert to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1065.96,"endTime":1070.64,"body":"move and change very quickly."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1071.45,"endTime":1073.85,"body":"And that's, I think, how we've"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1071.45,"endTime":1073.85,"body":"had our greatest successes."},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1074.41,"endTime":1077.89,"body":"Can you recall as"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1074.41,"endTime":1077.89,"body":"a young child, eight, nine, ten,"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1077.89,"endTime":1081.43,"body":"whatever is a formative time for"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1077.89,"endTime":1081.43,"body":"you. Do you remember what it was"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1081.43,"endTime":1084.31,"body":"that you set your sights on? Who"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1081.43,"endTime":1084.31,"body":"knows where these things come"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1084.31,"endTime":1087.13,"body":"from, generally from parents,"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1084.31,"endTime":1087.13,"body":"I'm sure. But do you remember"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1087.4,"endTime":1090.76,"body":"what path you saw in your life"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1087.4,"endTime":1090.76,"body":"and does have anything to do"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1090.76,"endTime":1091.78,"body":"with what you're doing now?"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1091.0,"endTime":1094.12,"body":"You know, it's a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1091.0,"endTime":1094.12,"body":"combination of things. There was"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1094.12,"endTime":1097.51,"body":"a time when I was around age 10"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1094.12,"endTime":1097.51,"body":"when I wanted to be a doctor and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1097.51,"endTime":1099.82,"body":"I wanted to learn about the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1097.51,"endTime":1099.82,"body":"body, but at the same time, it"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1099.82,"endTime":1102.82,"body":"was really mainly around"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1099.82,"endTime":1102.82,"body":"exploration. I was always"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1102.82,"endTime":1105.85,"body":"exploring things, reading"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1102.82,"endTime":1105.85,"body":"things, you know, trying to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1105.94,"endTime":1109.06,"body":"understand new things. And, you"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1105.94,"endTime":1109.06,"body":"know, this was during the time"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1109.06,"endTime":1111.67,"body":"in the all this new technology"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1109.06,"endTime":1111.67,"body":"coming out, you know, the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1111.76,"endTime":1114.37,"body":"internet was just really"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1111.76,"endTime":1114.37,"body":"starting to take off. And"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1114.37,"endTime":1117.55,"body":"computers, and, you know, the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1114.37,"endTime":1117.55,"body":"first laptops were, you know,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1117.55,"endTime":1121.0,"body":"just being, you know, developed."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1117.55,"endTime":1121.0,"body":"This is before smartphones, so"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1121.24,"endTime":1124.48,"body":"and then the idea, also, besides"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1121.24,"endTime":1124.48,"body":"that too, is I would go out."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1124.48,"endTime":1128.71,"body":"This was during also a time when"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1124.48,"endTime":1128.71,"body":"you would, you would just go get"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1128.71,"endTime":1132.46,"body":"on your bike and go out, hang"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1128.71,"endTime":1132.46,"body":"out your friends, and you'd bike"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1132.46,"endTime":1134.32,"body":"neighborhoods. You'd bike"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1132.46,"endTime":1134.32,"body":"through the woods, you'd bike"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1134.32,"endTime":1138.07,"body":"through parks. You would just go"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1134.32,"endTime":1138.07,"body":"and nobody was checking up on"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1138.07,"endTime":1140.77,"body":"you. You know, you come home for"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1138.07,"endTime":1140.77,"body":"dinner. And the thing is, it"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1140.8,"endTime":1143.98,"body":"there was, it's not a kind of a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1140.8,"endTime":1143.98,"body":"helicopter mentality we have"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1143.98,"endTime":1147.07,"body":"now. So you're out there"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1143.98,"endTime":1147.07,"body":"exploring and seeing things and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1147.07,"endTime":1150.28,"body":"thinking things and reading"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1147.07,"endTime":1150.28,"body":"books and and really just"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1150.28,"endTime":1153.1,"body":"dreaming. And that was the idea"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1150.28,"endTime":1153.1,"body":"I wanted to explore. And so I"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1153.1,"endTime":1155.59,"body":"think that's what we're doing"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1153.1,"endTime":1155.59,"body":"now in Terran, we're exploring"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1155.59,"endTime":1158.71,"body":"the brain. We're developing new"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1155.59,"endTime":1158.71,"body":"psychedelics. It's the final"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1158.71,"endTime":1161.95,"body":"frontier of neuroscience. So"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1158.71,"endTime":1161.95,"body":"we're really, I think that's a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1161.95,"endTime":1164.08,"body":"natural progression of those"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1161.95,"endTime":1164.08,"body":"times."},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1164.41,"endTime":1167.32,"body":"When you go for"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1164.41,"endTime":1167.32,"body":"that nutshell, 30 second very"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1167.32,"endTime":1171.13,"body":"brief kind of who is Terran"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1167.32,"endTime":1171.13,"body":"Biosciences, how do you like to"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1171.13,"endTime":1171.88,"body":"answer that?"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1172.29,"endTime":1175.32,"body":"Terran is a platform"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1172.29,"endTime":1175.32,"body":"company, so we do a number of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1175.32,"endTime":1178.23,"body":"things, for example, in the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1175.32,"endTime":1178.23,"body":"psychedelic space, one of the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1178.23,"endTime":1181.71,"body":"largest manufacturers of GMP, I"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1178.23,"endTime":1181.71,"body":"mean, for human use"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1181.71,"endTime":1186.06,"body":"psychedelics. We've created more"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1181.71,"endTime":1186.06,"body":"new psychedelics, we believe"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1186.06,"endTime":1190.59,"body":"than any other group so far with"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1186.06,"endTime":1190.59,"body":"new modifications to the trip."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1190.98,"endTime":1194.28,"body":"We create psychedelics without"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1190.98,"endTime":1194.28,"body":"the trip. We also create"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1194.28,"endTime":1197.88,"body":"traditional neuro assets like"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1194.28,"endTime":1197.88,"body":"idazoxan for schizophrenia and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1197.88,"endTime":1202.56,"body":"other antipsychotics. And we"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1197.88,"endTime":1202.56,"body":"have software, AI enabled"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1202.56,"endTime":1207.36,"body":"software, as a medical device to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1202.56,"endTime":1207.36,"body":"aid in the provided juncture"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1207.36,"endTime":1210.9,"body":"information aid in the diagnosis"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1207.36,"endTime":1210.9,"body":"of neurological and psychiatric"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1210.9,"endTime":1215.07,"body":"conditions. And so in that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1210.9,"endTime":1215.07,"body":"sense, you know, Terran is a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1215.07,"endTime":1219.3,"body":"platform company with a suite of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1215.07,"endTime":1219.3,"body":"options to help people with"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1219.48,"endTime":1221.31,"body":"neuro and psychiatric"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1219.48,"endTime":1221.31,"body":"conditions."},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1221.99,"endTime":1225.02,"body":"I imagine it's it"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1221.99,"endTime":1225.02,"body":"often happens that you're at an"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1225.02,"endTime":1227.36,"body":"investor conference, or in some"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1225.02,"endTime":1227.36,"body":"other kind of format, where"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1227.36,"endTime":1230.21,"body":"someone you give that brief"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1227.36,"endTime":1230.21,"body":"description, and you're about to"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1230.21,"endTime":1233.87,"body":"go on, and then you're realizing"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1230.21,"endTime":1233.87,"body":"people may have substituted a"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1233.87,"endTime":1237.11,"body":"preconception for what it is"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1233.87,"endTime":1237.11,"body":"that you're doing. It just"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1237.11,"endTime":1240.35,"body":"happens that's kind of part of"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1237.11,"endTime":1240.35,"body":"the game. So my question is, in"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1240.35,"endTime":1243.35,"body":"this early stage are, is there"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1240.35,"endTime":1243.35,"body":"any kind of pattern that you see"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1243.35,"endTime":1247.28,"body":"where you think, oh, people seem"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1243.35,"endTime":1247.28,"body":"to think it's this, but I have"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1247.28,"endTime":1248.87,"body":"to help them understand it's"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1247.28,"endTime":1248.87,"body":"that."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1249.23,"endTime":1252.53,"body":"Sometimes, and that's"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1249.23,"endTime":1252.53,"body":"usually when people will get"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1252.53,"endTime":1255.53,"body":"fixated on one aspect of what"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1252.53,"endTime":1255.53,"body":"Terran does. So they'll say, ah,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1255.56,"endTime":1260.6,"body":"Terran is psychedelics, or"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1255.56,"endTime":1260.6,"body":"Terran is just software as a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1260.6,"endTime":1263.45,"body":"medical device, you know, or"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1260.6,"endTime":1263.45,"body":"it's just antipsychotics, and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1263.45,"endTime":1267.23,"body":"they're missing the big picture."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1263.45,"endTime":1267.23,"body":"Or, even more recently, because"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1267.23,"endTime":1271.22,"body":"we had some high profile patents"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1267.23,"endTime":1271.22,"body":"publish with the goal of those"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1271.22,"endTime":1275.36,"body":"patents actually being that we"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1271.22,"endTime":1275.36,"body":"can bring cheap, affordable, 505"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1275.39,"endTime":1279.74,"body":"b2 medications to the market."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1275.39,"endTime":1279.74,"body":"You get the traditional kind of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1279.8,"endTime":1283.43,"body":"summaries in forums or press"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1279.8,"endTime":1283.43,"body":"saying, okay, is Terran just"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1283.64,"endTime":1286.88,"body":"trying to snap up IP in the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1283.64,"endTime":1286.88,"body":"space for no reason? Or they"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1286.88,"endTime":1289.79,"body":"can't possibly develop this many"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1286.88,"endTime":1289.79,"body":"drugs, what's the purpose?"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1290.03,"endTime":1294.68,"body":"Missing the picture of using"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1290.03,"endTime":1294.68,"body":"those in order to bring cheap,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1294.68,"endTime":1299.57,"body":"affordable medications via the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1294.68,"endTime":1299.57,"body":"FDAs accelerated 505 b2 path and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1299.57,"endTime":1303.38,"body":"so sometimes people don't take"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1299.57,"endTime":1303.38,"body":"the time to really dig in and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1303.38,"endTime":1307.52,"body":"see the full picture, but, you"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1303.38,"endTime":1307.52,"body":"know, we're very excited to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1307.52,"endTime":1309.68,"body":"always tell them about it and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1307.52,"endTime":1309.68,"body":"move this forward."},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1310.01,"endTime":1312.89,"body":"It's been my"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1310.01,"endTime":1312.89,"body":"experience that when people do"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1312.89,"endTime":1316.01,"body":"get that clarification, often"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1312.89,"endTime":1316.01,"body":"the next question is, well, how"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1316.01,"endTime":1320.96,"body":"can a relatively new company"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1316.01,"endTime":1320.96,"body":"that is building itself take on"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1320.96,"endTime":1323.87,"body":"something of this importer of"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1320.96,"endTime":1323.87,"body":"this scale, and how do you help"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1323.87,"endTime":1324.86,"body":"them understand that?"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1325.04,"endTime":1328.19,"body":"Well we've been able"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1325.04,"endTime":1328.19,"body":"to cut costs enormously. We run"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1328.19,"endTime":1332.09,"body":"very lean with that small team"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1328.19,"endTime":1332.09,"body":"of operators that cuts out a ton"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1332.09,"endTime":1337.16,"body":"of personnel costs that would be"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1332.09,"endTime":1337.16,"body":"typical for biopharma. And then"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1337.16,"endTime":1340.61,"body":"we use the consultant model,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1337.16,"endTime":1340.61,"body":"where we have those world"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1340.61,"endTime":1343.91,"body":"experts come on and help solve"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1340.61,"endTime":1343.91,"body":"those problems, but those are,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1344.51,"endTime":1347.09,"body":"you know, around specific"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1344.51,"endTime":1347.09,"body":"problems. So it's not you're not"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1347.12,"endTime":1351.53,"body":"carrying, you know, constant,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1347.12,"endTime":1351.53,"body":"you know, payments when projects"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1351.53,"endTime":1355.31,"body":"are completed. And so we're able"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1351.53,"endTime":1355.31,"body":"to really run very lean."},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1355.94,"endTime":1357.83,"body":"Is there something"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1355.94,"endTime":1357.83,"body":"you could share with our"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1357.83,"endTime":1360.56,"body":"audience about mechanisms of"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1357.83,"endTime":1360.56,"body":"action that will help people to"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1360.56,"endTime":1362.09,"body":"understand what you're going"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1360.56,"endTime":1362.09,"body":"after?"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1362.39,"endTime":1365.78,"body":"So let's talk about"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1362.39,"endTime":1365.78,"body":"two of our lead therapeutic"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1365.78,"endTime":1370.16,"body":"assets. So one I talked about"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1365.78,"endTime":1370.16,"body":"before idazoxan, that drug that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1370.43,"endTime":1373.94,"body":"is adjunctive in schizophrenia."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1370.43,"endTime":1373.94,"body":"That was one of the world's"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1373.94,"endTime":1379.97,"body":"first selective alpha two"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1373.94,"endTime":1379.97,"body":"antagonists. Now that's a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1380.0,"endTime":1386.81,"body":"receptor in the brain that helps"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1380.0,"endTime":1386.81,"body":"modulate dopamine release. Now,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1387.17,"endTime":1391.79,"body":"antipsychotics block certain"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1387.17,"endTime":1391.79,"body":"dopamine receptors on the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1391.82,"endTime":1396.29,"body":"downstream neurons. That means"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1391.82,"endTime":1396.29,"body":"the postsynaptic side after a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1396.47,"endTime":1399.62,"body":"neuronal synapse happens that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1396.47,"endTime":1399.62,"body":"postsynaptic side downstream"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1399.62,"endTime":1405.41,"body":"signaling. But the upstream side"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1399.62,"endTime":1405.41,"body":"is not modulated. Idazoxan"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1405.41,"endTime":1409.85,"body":"modulates dopamine from a higher"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1405.41,"endTime":1409.85,"body":"level up, one level up from what"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1409.85,"endTime":1415.31,"body":"typical antipsychotics do and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1409.85,"endTime":1415.31,"body":"atypicals do, and by adding that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1415.31,"endTime":1419.45,"body":"dual control, you're able to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1415.31,"endTime":1419.45,"body":"provide additional potential for"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1419.45,"endTime":1422.66,"body":"efficacy. And it showed amazing"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1419.45,"endTime":1422.66,"body":"efficacy in phase two trials"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1422.66,"endTime":1427.43,"body":"already. Then on this"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1422.66,"endTime":1427.43,"body":"psychedelic side, what we do"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1427.43,"endTime":1431.24,"body":"there? Well, one, we just make"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1427.43,"endTime":1431.24,"body":"traditional psychedelics with"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1431.24,"endTime":1434.69,"body":"improvements, the world's first"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1431.24,"endTime":1434.69,"body":"orally active DMT, long acting"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1434.69,"endTime":1438.95,"body":"MDMA, things like that. But one"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1434.69,"endTime":1438.95,"body":"of the leads is a psychedelic"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1438.98,"endTime":1443.09,"body":"where we've removed the trip."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1438.98,"endTime":1443.09,"body":"Now, the way that works is that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1443.12,"endTime":1445.46,"body":"scientists looked at"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1443.12,"endTime":1445.46,"body":"psychedelics that had shown"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1445.46,"endTime":1450.11,"body":"efficacy, LSD, psilocybin, DMT,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1445.46,"endTime":1450.11,"body":"and they said, Look, these act"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1450.11,"endTime":1454.4,"body":"on a lot of receptors in the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1450.11,"endTime":1454.4,"body":"brain. But we also know that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1454.4,"endTime":1458.87,"body":"only one of the more than 20"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1454.4,"endTime":1458.87,"body":"targets they hit is responsible"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1458.87,"endTime":1461.45,"body":"for the trip, the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1458.87,"endTime":1461.45,"body":"hallucinations. That's the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1461.45,"endTime":1467.21,"body":"serotonin 2a receptor. So these"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1461.45,"endTime":1467.21,"body":"scientists said, what would"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1467.21,"endTime":1471.47,"body":"happen if we combine the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1467.21,"endTime":1471.47,"body":"psychedelic with a selective"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1471.47,"endTime":1479.6,"body":"serotonin receptor blocker? And"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1471.47,"endTime":1479.6,"body":"they did that, and they found"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1479.6,"endTime":1484.97,"body":"that in animal models, it was"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1479.6,"endTime":1484.97,"body":"able to remove the behavioral"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1484.97,"endTime":1489.77,"body":"effects of the trip but maintain"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1484.97,"endTime":1489.77,"body":"the therapeutic efficacy. So"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1489.8,"endTime":1492.92,"body":"then we move that into a human"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1489.8,"endTime":1492.92,"body":"study where we showed that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1493.13,"endTime":1499.01,"body":"psychedelic without the trip"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1493.13,"endTime":1499.01,"body":"still maintain all of the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1499.01,"endTime":1502.91,"body":"functional changes on the brain"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1499.01,"endTime":1502.91,"body":"measured with functional MRI."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1503.21,"endTime":1506.42,"body":"And so we had partnered with"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1503.21,"endTime":1506.42,"body":"Sanofi, where we exclusively"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1506.42,"endTime":1511.13,"body":"licensed their large neural"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1506.42,"endTime":1511.13,"body":"programs, Eplivanserin and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1511.37,"endTime":1514.91,"body":"Volinanserin. These are two of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1511.37,"endTime":1514.91,"body":"the most selective serotonin 2a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1514.94,"endTime":1517.88,"body":"receptor antagonists known. They"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1514.94,"endTime":1517.88,"body":"had already been tested in"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1517.91,"endTime":1522.08,"body":"15,000 patients over 100"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1517.91,"endTime":1522.08,"body":"clinical trials, we got the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1522.08,"endTime":1525.32,"body":"exclusive worldwide rights to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1522.08,"endTime":1525.32,"body":"develop those compounds. We're"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1525.32,"endTime":1528.02,"body":"combining them with our"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1525.32,"endTime":1528.02,"body":"psychedelics now and pushing"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1528.02,"endTime":1531.41,"body":"those forward towards the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1528.02,"endTime":1531.41,"body":"clinic, where we hope to develop"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1531.41,"endTime":1535.58,"body":"a take home psychedelic without"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1531.41,"endTime":1535.58,"body":"the trip, where you can get the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1535.58,"endTime":1539.06,"body":"antidepressant or anti anxiety"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1535.58,"endTime":1539.06,"body":"benefits without having to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1539.06,"endTime":1542.24,"body":"experience a trip. We're not"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1539.06,"endTime":1542.24,"body":"anti tripitarian. It can"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1542.24,"endTime":1545.54,"body":"absolutely benefit certain"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1542.24,"endTime":1545.54,"body":"people, but we believe that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1546.38,"endTime":1549.29,"body":"without the trip, you have the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1546.38,"endTime":1549.29,"body":"potential to benefit all those"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1549.29,"endTime":1552.89,"body":"extra people who can't afford"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1549.29,"endTime":1552.89,"body":"the trip, or can't take the time"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1552.89,"endTime":1556.7,"body":"for it, or scared by it, or"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1552.89,"endTime":1556.7,"body":"don't want it, and really"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1556.97,"endTime":1560.96,"body":"improve the market at lower"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1556.97,"endTime":1560.96,"body":"costs so that we can democratize"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1560.96,"endTime":1563.12,"body":"access for as many people as"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1560.96,"endTime":1563.12,"body":"possible."},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1563.48,"endTime":1565.1,"body":"Do you want to"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1563.48,"endTime":1565.1,"body":"also talk with me about the"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1565.1,"endTime":1567.17,"body":"software side of your"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1565.1,"endTime":1567.17,"body":"development?"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1567.29,"endTime":1570.95,"body":"This goes back to a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1567.29,"endTime":1570.95,"body":"biomarker called neuromelanin."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1572.09,"endTime":1575.87,"body":"Now, all of our brains have"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1572.09,"endTime":1575.87,"body":"dopamine, and dopamine gets"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1575.87,"endTime":1578.75,"body":"metabolized a little bit, breaks"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1575.87,"endTime":1578.75,"body":"down every day and it binds to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1578.75,"endTime":1583.88,"body":"iron in the brain. Now, when it"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1578.75,"endTime":1583.88,"body":"does that, it forms a metabolic"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1583.88,"endTime":1588.41,"body":"product called neuromelanin. Now"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1583.88,"endTime":1588.41,"body":"all of our brains just build up"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1588.44,"endTime":1591.83,"body":"neuromelanin across our"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1588.44,"endTime":1591.83,"body":"lifespan, but in certain"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1591.86,"endTime":1594.95,"body":"neurological conditions like"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1591.86,"endTime":1594.95,"body":"Parkinson's, we lose our"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1594.98,"endTime":1598.28,"body":"neuromelanin, and in other"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1594.98,"endTime":1598.28,"body":"conditions like schizophrenia,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1598.28,"endTime":1602.72,"body":"we gain additional neuromelanin."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1598.28,"endTime":1602.72,"body":"Now for more than 20 years,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1602.72,"endTime":1605.66,"body":"scientists have studied"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1602.72,"endTime":1605.66,"body":"neuromelanin and they've shown"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1605.66,"endTime":1608.39,"body":"that it's a great in the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1605.66,"endTime":1608.39,"body":"literature, it's been published"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1608.39,"endTime":1611.39,"body":"as a great potential diagnostic"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1608.39,"endTime":1611.39,"body":"biomarker for Parkinson's"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1611.39,"endTime":1617.12,"body":"prognostic ability to predict"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1611.39,"endTime":1617.12,"body":"early detection, and also, and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1617.12,"endTime":1619.85,"body":"also for schizophrenia and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1617.12,"endTime":1619.85,"body":"depression and Alzheimer's"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1619.85,"endTime":1624.11,"body":"disease, almost a Swiss Army"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1619.85,"endTime":1624.11,"body":"knife of biomarkers. The problem"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1624.11,"endTime":1628.43,"body":"was it was never FDA cleared,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1624.11,"endTime":1628.43,"body":"because there was no way to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1628.43,"endTime":1632.45,"body":"fully automate the measurement"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1628.43,"endTime":1632.45,"body":"and standardize between"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1632.45,"endTime":1635.6,"body":"scanners. Each scanner would"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1632.45,"endTime":1635.6,"body":"measure a little differently."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1636.17,"endTime":1640.04,"body":"This is on a standard MRI, by"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1636.17,"endTime":1640.04,"body":"the way. So a team at Columbia"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1640.04,"endTime":1644.69,"body":"University got together. They"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1640.04,"endTime":1644.69,"body":"developed algorithms, academic"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1644.69,"endTime":1648.71,"body":"algorithms, in academic piece of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1644.69,"endTime":1648.71,"body":"software called MATLAB that was"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1648.71,"endTime":1652.43,"body":"able to do that. Then we"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1648.71,"endTime":1652.43,"body":"licensed those algorithms from"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1652.43,"endTime":1656.72,"body":"Columbia, reprogrammed them into"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1652.43,"endTime":1656.72,"body":"a cloud based system that could"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1656.72,"endTime":1661.4,"body":"integrate with any hospital"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1656.72,"endTime":1661.4,"body":"worldwide and passed all the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1661.4,"endTime":1664.76,"body":"cybersecurity testing and then"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1661.4,"endTime":1664.76,"body":"took it to the FDA, and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1664.82,"endTime":1668.51,"body":"historically, got this cleared"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1664.82,"endTime":1668.51,"body":"as the first medical device, and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1668.51,"endTime":1672.08,"body":"currently the only that is"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1668.51,"endTime":1672.08,"body":"labeled for the measurement of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1672.44,"endTime":1677.51,"body":"neuromelanin MRI analysis, and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1672.44,"endTime":1677.51,"body":"that now brings that biomarker"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1677.54,"endTime":1681.5,"body":"that doctors have called to be"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1677.54,"endTime":1681.5,"body":"included In the standard of care"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1681.5,"endTime":1684.5,"body":"for many years. This brings it"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1681.5,"endTime":1684.5,"body":"to the clinic for the first"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1684.5,"endTime":1688.7,"body":"time, and also shows that we"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1684.5,"endTime":1688.7,"body":"were able to take an academic"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1688.7,"endTime":1692.03,"body":"convention that typically would"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1688.7,"endTime":1692.03,"body":"just stay in the realm of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1692.03,"endTime":1696.26,"body":"academia, and bring it all the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1692.03,"endTime":1696.26,"body":"way to the FDA, reprogram it to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1696.26,"endTime":1700.1,"body":"FDA standards and get it FDA"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1696.26,"endTime":1700.1,"body":"cleared. And so it really ties"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1700.1,"endTime":1703.25,"body":"into Terran's mission of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1700.1,"endTime":1703.25,"body":"collaborating with academics. It"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1703.25,"endTime":1706.85,"body":"shows we have a track record of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1703.25,"endTime":1706.85,"body":"success, and it shows we were"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1706.85,"endTime":1709.94,"body":"able to overcome that near"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1706.85,"endTime":1709.94,"body":"impossible problem, which is 20"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1709.97,"endTime":1714.5,"body":"years of recommendations and no"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1709.97,"endTime":1714.5,"body":"FDA clearance until Terran was"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1714.5,"endTime":1715.79,"body":"able to do it for the first"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1714.5,"endTime":1715.79,"body":"time."},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1716.18,"endTime":1718.43,"body":"Can just tell me a"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1716.18,"endTime":1718.43,"body":"little bit about the benefit for"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1718.43,"endTime":1719.33,"body":"patients of it?"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1719.72,"endTime":1723.68,"body":"Neuromelanin, in the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1719.72,"endTime":1723.68,"body":"literature has been published as"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1724.58,"endTime":1727.91,"body":"having a number of potential"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1724.58,"endTime":1727.91,"body":"benefits. So right now, our FDA"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1727.91,"endTime":1732.2,"body":"clearance allows this software"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1727.91,"endTime":1732.2,"body":"to be used to provide adjunctive"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1732.2,"endTime":1734.48,"body":"information that, when"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1732.2,"endTime":1734.48,"body":"interpreted by a trained"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1734.48,"endTime":1739.58,"body":"neuroradiologist, could be"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1734.48,"endTime":1739.58,"body":"useful in determining diagnosis."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1739.94,"endTime":1743.36,"body":"Now, if we go into literature,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1739.94,"endTime":1743.36,"body":"what is the recommendations from"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1743.36,"endTime":1746.48,"body":"different studies show, and what"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1743.36,"endTime":1746.48,"body":"they're really comparing it to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1746.54,"endTime":1750.74,"body":"is a technology called the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1746.54,"endTime":1750.74,"body":"DaTscan. Now this is separate"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1750.74,"endTime":1752.48,"body":"from our label. We're just"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1750.74,"endTime":1752.48,"body":"talking about the literature"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1752.48,"endTime":1755.63,"body":"right now. But what's happened"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1752.48,"endTime":1755.63,"body":"is that in the diagnosis of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1755.63,"endTime":1760.88,"body":"Parkinson's disease, patients,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1755.63,"endTime":1760.88,"body":"some of the time they'll so"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1760.88,"endTime":1762.92,"body":"they'll come in, they have"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1760.88,"endTime":1762.92,"body":"symptoms, and they'll go, they"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1762.95,"endTime":1766.94,"body":"nearly 100% of the time they"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1762.95,"endTime":1766.94,"body":"will receive an MRI, and that's"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1766.94,"endTime":1769.19,"body":"not to diagnose Parkinson's,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1766.94,"endTime":1769.19,"body":"it's to rule out other"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1769.22,"endTime":1773.03,"body":"conditions, brain tumors,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1769.22,"endTime":1773.03,"body":"stroke, other things. Then a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1773.03,"endTime":1776.42,"body":"percentage of the time they'll"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1773.03,"endTime":1776.42,"body":"go get a what's called a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1776.42,"endTime":1779.81,"body":"DaTscan, which involves an"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1776.42,"endTime":1779.81,"body":"infusion of radioactive radio"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1779.81,"endTime":1783.62,"body":"tracer, high dose iodine, takes"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1779.81,"endTime":1783.62,"body":"many hours, can take up to five"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1783.62,"endTime":1787.76,"body":"hours, and can have side"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1783.62,"endTime":1787.76,"body":"effects, and it involves an IV"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1787.76,"endTime":1792.65,"body":"so that can involve pain, and it"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1787.76,"endTime":1792.65,"body":"does expose to radiation. Now,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1793.97,"endTime":1797.21,"body":"neuromelanin imaging in the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1793.97,"endTime":1797.21,"body":"literature has been used in"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1797.21,"endTime":1800.78,"body":"clinical studies, and the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1797.21,"endTime":1800.78,"body":"conclusion of some of those"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1800.78,"endTime":1805.46,"body":"clinical studies was that it was"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1800.78,"endTime":1805.46,"body":"just as effective at providing"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1805.46,"endTime":1811.01,"body":"that diagnosis for Parkinson's"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1805.46,"endTime":1811.01,"body":"as SPECT imaging DaTscan, and it"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1811.01,"endTime":1814.55,"body":"was able to be done in just five"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1811.01,"endTime":1814.55,"body":"minutes on a standard MRI that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1814.55,"endTime":1818.69,"body":"patient already receives with no"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1814.55,"endTime":1818.69,"body":"contrast. Means no IV infusion,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1818.72,"endTime":1824.78,"body":"no radiation, just five extra"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1818.72,"endTime":1824.78,"body":"minutes. Now, what we are doing"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1824.78,"endTime":1828.83,"body":"is we are giving doctors access"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1824.78,"endTime":1828.83,"body":"to neuromelanin imaging where"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1828.83,"endTime":1833.3,"body":"they can use it how they want to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1828.83,"endTime":1833.3,"body":"get that adjunctive information,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1833.3,"endTime":1838.04,"body":"and use that to help in the aid"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1833.3,"endTime":1838.04,"body":"in their various evaluations."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1838.4,"endTime":1841.22,"body":"And we believe, based on"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1838.4,"endTime":1841.22,"body":"recommendations in literature"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1841.25,"endTime":1844.55,"body":"that this could really be a big"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1841.25,"endTime":1844.55,"body":"benefit to patients. There's"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1844.55,"endTime":1849.38,"body":"also other studies done by our"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1844.55,"endTime":1849.38,"body":"collaborators, Dr Guillermo"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1849.41,"endTime":1852.74,"body":"Horga, who showed that it could"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1849.41,"endTime":1852.74,"body":"help predict treatment"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1852.74,"endTime":1856.7,"body":"resistance in schizophrenia,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1852.74,"endTime":1856.7,"body":"Kenneth Wengler, who developed"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1856.7,"endTime":1860.69,"body":"new algorithms to harmonize data"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1856.7,"endTime":1860.69,"body":"sets, and Clifford Cassidy, who"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1860.69,"endTime":1863.57,"body":"showed that it could help"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1860.69,"endTime":1863.57,"body":"predict, this is neuromelanin"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1863.57,"endTime":1866.18,"body":"I'm talking about, and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1863.57,"endTime":1866.18,"body":"neuromelanin imaging could help"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1866.18,"endTime":1869.99,"body":"predict who will develop"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1866.18,"endTime":1869.99,"body":"neuropsychiatric symptoms from"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1869.99,"endTime":1873.14,"body":"Alzheimer's disease, which could"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1869.99,"endTime":1873.14,"body":"then lead to better patients"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1873.35,"endTime":1876.02,"body":"treatment, as well as help"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1873.35,"endTime":1876.02,"body":"predict post traumatic stress"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1876.02,"endTime":1879.77,"body":"disorder and other"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1876.02,"endTime":1879.77,"body":"neuropsychiatric conditions,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1880.04,"endTime":1884.3,"body":"substance use disorder and other"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1880.04,"endTime":1884.3,"body":"conditions as well. And so those"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1884.66,"endTime":1888.8,"body":"studies from our collaborators,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1884.66,"endTime":1888.8,"body":"which use the same algorithms"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1888.8,"endTime":1892.37,"body":"used in NM 101, that's the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1888.8,"endTime":1892.37,"body":"academic version, have really"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1892.37,"endTime":1895.52,"body":"pushed forward the field, and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1892.37,"endTime":1895.52,"body":"showing how neuromelanin imaging"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1895.55,"endTime":1896.9,"body":"could benefit patients."},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1897.62,"endTime":1900.65,"body":"Is there a way to"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1897.62,"endTime":1900.65,"body":"talk about how the pipeline as a"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1900.65,"endTime":1903.98,"body":"whole expresses your vision for"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":1900.65,"endTime":1903.98,"body":"what you're looking to do?"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1904.65,"endTime":1907.65,"body":"It's really about,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1904.65,"endTime":1907.65,"body":"it's the diversity of the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1907.65,"endTime":1911.73,"body":"pipeline, about building those,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1907.65,"endTime":1911.73,"body":"solving those impossible"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1911.73,"endTime":1914.88,"body":"problems. So we've got idazoxan"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1911.73,"endTime":1914.88,"body":"for schizophrenia, we've got the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1914.88,"endTime":1920.01,"body":"psychedelic without the trip."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1914.88,"endTime":1920.01,"body":"But it's also about bringing"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1920.16,"endTime":1923.76,"body":"cost effective medications that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1920.16,"endTime":1923.76,"body":"are affordable for patients,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1924.0,"endTime":1928.56,"body":"that are not overpriced, and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1924.0,"endTime":1928.56,"body":"tackling industries where the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1928.56,"endTime":1931.65,"body":"patient may be priced out of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1928.56,"endTime":1931.65,"body":"having access, that's something"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1931.65,"endTime":1936.24,"body":"that's very important to me ever"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1931.65,"endTime":1936.24,"body":"since seeing my family members"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1936.24,"endTime":1939.42,"body":"affected by mental illness and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1936.24,"endTime":1939.42,"body":"friends and the struggle to get"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1939.45,"endTime":1942.12,"body":"medications that may be on brand"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1939.45,"endTime":1942.12,"body":"and difficult or without"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1942.12,"endTime":1946.44,"body":"insurance. And we are pushing"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1942.12,"endTime":1946.44,"body":"that forward very quickly in"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1946.44,"endTime":1950.34,"body":"psychedelics. So there's two"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1946.44,"endTime":1950.34,"body":"sides of psychedelics. One is"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1950.34,"endTime":1952.59,"body":"that new drug that we're"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1950.34,"endTime":1952.59,"body":"developing that doesn't have the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1952.59,"endTime":1957.21,"body":"trip and but another thing we're"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1952.59,"endTime":1957.21,"body":"hitting very hard right now is"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1957.24,"endTime":1961.98,"body":"we're pushing forward"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1957.24,"endTime":1961.98,"body":"psychedelics towards the 505 b2"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1962.01,"endTime":1966.48,"body":"pathway, and I want to explain"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1962.01,"endTime":1966.48,"body":"how we've set up the company for"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1966.48,"endTime":1973.14,"body":"success here. Many companies are"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1966.48,"endTime":1973.14,"body":"developing psychedelics for"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1973.14,"endTime":1975.63,"body":"various indications, so we've"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1973.14,"endTime":1975.63,"body":"got companies developing"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1975.63,"endTime":1984.39,"body":"psilocybin, LSD, MDMA, DMT,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1975.63,"endTime":1984.39,"body":"five-methoxy DMT, methalone, and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1984.39,"endTime":1987.66,"body":"many others. And those are all"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1984.39,"endTime":1987.66,"body":"compounds in the psychedelic"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1987.66,"endTime":1992.46,"body":"space. Now, those are all old"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1987.66,"endTime":1992.46,"body":"compounds. Psilocybin has"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1992.46,"endTime":1996.45,"body":"benefited humanity for 1000s of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1992.46,"endTime":1996.45,"body":"years. LSD has been around a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1996.45,"endTime":2002.18,"body":"good 60 plus years. And you"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":1996.45,"endTime":2002.18,"body":"know, MDMA was invented in 1912"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2002.54,"endTime":2006.14,"body":"and so the idea is that, you"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2002.54,"endTime":2006.14,"body":"know, these are compounds that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2006.38,"endTime":2009.89,"body":"we had heard initially, some of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2006.38,"endTime":2009.89,"body":"these companies say, Look, we're"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2009.89,"endTime":2013.91,"body":"going to lock them down in"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2009.89,"endTime":2013.91,"body":"patents around the we can't lock"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2013.91,"endTime":2017.81,"body":"them down in patents on the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2013.91,"endTime":2017.81,"body":"composition of matter that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2017.81,"endTime":2021.77,"body":"biopharma typically get because"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2017.81,"endTime":2021.77,"body":"it's expired. The compounds are"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2021.77,"endTime":2026.03,"body":"old. So what do we do? They"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2021.77,"endTime":2026.03,"body":"said, Well, what we'll do is we"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2026.03,"endTime":2029.99,"body":"will, we realize that there's a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2026.03,"endTime":2029.99,"body":"little bit of a second level"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2029.99,"endTime":2035.87,"body":"here, and that is that the FDA"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2029.99,"endTime":2035.87,"body":"is very strict in EMA about"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2035.93,"endTime":2040.28,"body":"regulating the salt form that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2035.93,"endTime":2040.28,"body":"your your compound is. So"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2040.28,"endTime":2043.22,"body":"develop a drug, it has to be"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2040.28,"endTime":2043.22,"body":"usually in some sort of salt or"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2043.22,"endTime":2047.66,"body":"crystal called a salt, and then"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2043.22,"endTime":2047.66,"body":"a crystal is the polymorph. And"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2047.66,"endTime":2050.03,"body":"why is that important? Well,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2047.66,"endTime":2050.03,"body":"it's important because if you"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2050.03,"endTime":2053.99,"body":"have the wrong polymorph, some"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2050.03,"endTime":2053.99,"body":"of them are not soluble. They"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2053.99,"endTime":2058.73,"body":"don't dissolve. And we saw that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2053.99,"endTime":2058.73,"body":"with an HIV drug previously,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2058.76,"endTime":2062.3,"body":"where it switched to the wrong"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2058.76,"endTime":2062.3,"body":"polymorph. They didn't realize"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2062.3,"endTime":2064.76,"body":"it, and suddenly the pills"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2062.3,"endTime":2064.76,"body":"weren't dissolving in the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2064.76,"endTime":2068.15,"body":"patient's stomachs anymore. So"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2064.76,"endTime":2068.15,"body":"the FDA said, Okay, we got to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2068.15,"endTime":2071.75,"body":"regulate this very strictly. You"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2068.15,"endTime":2071.75,"body":"have to control your polymorph."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2072.2,"endTime":2075.62,"body":"Well, these other companies have"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2072.2,"endTime":2075.62,"body":"realized, well, if we own the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2075.62,"endTime":2080.09,"body":"patents on all of the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2075.62,"endTime":2080.09,"body":"polymorphs, we can control the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2081.41,"endTime":2086.54,"body":"compound for example, psilocybin"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2081.41,"endTime":2086.54,"body":"was only thought to form three"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2086.54,"endTime":2090.29,"body":"polymorphs period. So, you know,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2086.54,"endTime":2090.29,"body":"people are saying, well, if one"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2090.29,"endTime":2092.84,"body":"company controls three"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2090.29,"endTime":2092.84,"body":"polymorphs, they'll be able to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2092.84,"endTime":2096.56,"body":"have a monopoly on psilocybin."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2092.84,"endTime":2096.56,"body":"And thus, for 20 years, there"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2096.56,"endTime":2099.26,"body":"won't be any generics, because"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2096.56,"endTime":2099.26,"body":"any generic would have to use"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2099.26,"endTime":2102.68,"body":"one of the only three polymorphs"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2099.26,"endTime":2102.68,"body":"available. So we said, we're"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2102.68,"endTime":2104.9,"body":"gonna we're gonna solve this"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2102.68,"endTime":2104.9,"body":"because we're gonna need to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2104.9,"endTime":2109.97,"body":"bring 505 b2 and I just want to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2104.9,"endTime":2109.97,"body":"explain for your listeners, the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2109.97,"endTime":2114.05,"body":"505 b2 path means that five"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2109.97,"endTime":2114.05,"body":"years after someone gets the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2114.05,"endTime":2117.62,"body":"drug approved, that's not on"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2114.05,"endTime":2117.62,"body":"patent, the FDA allows you to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2117.62,"endTime":2121.19,"body":"take all that phase three data,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2117.62,"endTime":2121.19,"body":"and as long as you show you have"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2121.19,"endTime":2126.47,"body":"a bioequivalent drug that could"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2121.19,"endTime":2126.47,"body":"be as little as a tiny phase one"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2126.74,"endTime":2129.77,"body":"bridging study, you get to use"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2126.74,"endTime":2129.77,"body":"all that phase three data put"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2129.77,"endTime":2132.26,"body":"your drug on the market, and now"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2129.77,"endTime":2132.26,"body":"patients have access to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2132.26,"endTime":2135.77,"body":"essentially a generic, cheaper"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2132.26,"endTime":2135.77,"body":"drug. So we said we are not"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2135.77,"endTime":2141.05,"body":"going to allow psychedelics to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2135.77,"endTime":2141.05,"body":"be locked up in 20 year"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2141.05,"endTime":2144.53,"body":"exclusivity. You know, long and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2141.05,"endTime":2144.53,"body":"we're not what we're talking"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2144.53,"endTime":2147.44,"body":"about, all these old"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2144.53,"endTime":2147.44,"body":"psychedelics. You can't lock"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2147.44,"endTime":2149.87,"body":"them up in 20 year"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2147.44,"endTime":2149.87,"body":"exclusivities, where patients"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2149.87,"endTime":2153.92,"body":"don't get access. People have a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2149.87,"endTime":2153.92,"body":"brand new, special psychedelic"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2153.92,"endTime":2155.9,"body":"they invented. Sure, that's a"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2153.92,"endTime":2155.9,"body":"different story, but we're"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2155.9,"endTime":2159.68,"body":"talking about good old classic"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2155.9,"endTime":2159.68,"body":"psychedelics, LSD, whatnot. So"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2159.89,"endTime":2164.48,"body":"Terran went out there first, and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2159.89,"endTime":2164.48,"body":"we completed more salt and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2164.48,"endTime":2168.86,"body":"polymorph screens than any group"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2164.48,"endTime":2168.86,"body":"in history for psychedelics. And"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2168.86,"endTime":2173.27,"body":"now Terran has been granted the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2168.86,"endTime":2173.27,"body":"world's first new forms of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2173.27,"endTime":2176.42,"body":"psilocybin, psilocybin"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2173.27,"endTime":2176.42,"body":"hydrochloride, psilocybin"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2176.45,"endTime":2180.38,"body":"edisylate. This is granted to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2176.45,"endTime":2180.38,"body":"Terran now by the patent office"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2180.38,"endTime":2184.19,"body":"as the world's first new form,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2180.38,"endTime":2184.19,"body":"and that's one of my inventions"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2184.52,"endTime":2188.9,"body":"and for new form and polymorph,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2184.52,"endTime":2188.9,"body":"and that enables us to get"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2188.9,"endTime":2192.8,"body":"around any blocking IP on those"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2188.9,"endTime":2192.8,"body":"old polymorphs, because ours are"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2192.8,"endTime":2196.64,"body":"totally different. And that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2192.8,"endTime":2196.64,"body":"means if someone goes forward"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2196.76,"endTime":2200.81,"body":"and develops an old polymorph"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2196.76,"endTime":2200.81,"body":"and gets a 20 year patent on it"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2200.81,"endTime":2205.22,"body":"and gets it FDA cleared, the FDA"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2200.81,"endTime":2205.22,"body":"allows 505 b2s all the time with"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2205.22,"endTime":2207.59,"body":"different salts and polymorphs."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2205.22,"endTime":2207.59,"body":"You just have to show"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2207.62,"endTime":2210.41,"body":"bioequivalency. Terran will be"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2207.62,"endTime":2210.41,"body":"right there at the five year"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2210.41,"endTime":2215.09,"body":"mark with our psilocybin. And we"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2210.41,"endTime":2215.09,"body":"already have full GMP"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2215.09,"endTime":2218.36,"body":"manufacturing. We're"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2215.09,"endTime":2218.36,"body":"manufacturing at scale already,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2218.6,"endTime":2221.3,"body":"so we're ready to go for that."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2218.6,"endTime":2221.3,"body":"We're already providing the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2221.3,"endTime":2224.51,"body":"clinical trials in Europe and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2221.3,"endTime":2224.51,"body":"non clinical we created the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2224.51,"endTime":2229.07,"body":"first new forms of LSD. We"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2224.51,"endTime":2229.07,"body":"created new forms of derivatives"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2229.07,"endTime":2234.02,"body":"of DMT. We created new forms of"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2229.07,"endTime":2234.02,"body":"the first new form of MDMA. Was"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2234.02,"endTime":2237.35,"body":"just recently granted, MDMA"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2234.02,"endTime":2237.35,"body":"hemifumaratete, to Terran"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2237.35,"endTime":2240.38,"body":"Biosciences, and so by doing"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2237.35,"endTime":2240.38,"body":"that, we're going to guarantee"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2240.62,"endTime":2245.03,"body":"that patients will have access"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2240.62,"endTime":2245.03,"body":"to these cost effective"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2245.03,"endTime":2248.09,"body":"medications, and they won't be"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2245.03,"endTime":2248.09,"body":"priced out of the market. We're"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2248.09,"endTime":2252.08,"body":"taking risks at Terran, where we"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2248.09,"endTime":2252.08,"body":"are not afraid of risk, and so"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2252.08,"endTime":2255.62,"body":"we took big bets and risks to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2252.08,"endTime":2255.62,"body":"develop assets and other that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2255.62,"endTime":2258.44,"body":"were highly effective for"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2255.62,"endTime":2258.44,"body":"diseases that other companies"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2258.44,"endTime":2260.9,"body":"said that it's too difficult."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2258.44,"endTime":2260.9,"body":"We're not going to touch it. We"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2260.9,"endTime":2264.14,"body":"jumped in there and we got it"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2260.9,"endTime":2264.14,"body":"done. You know, neuromelanin, 20"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2264.17,"endTime":2266.93,"body":"years nobody was able to get"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2264.17,"endTime":2266.93,"body":"approved. We got it approved,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2267.44,"endTime":2271.19,"body":"you know, now that's going to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2267.44,"endTime":2271.19,"body":"the market where it can benefit"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2271.19,"endTime":2274.07,"body":"patients and finally, give"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2271.19,"endTime":2274.07,"body":"doctors access, you know,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2274.07,"endTime":2276.95,"body":"psychedelics, you know, people."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2274.07,"endTime":2276.95,"body":"That's been a contentious area,"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2276.95,"endTime":2280.04,"body":"where people are trying to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2276.95,"endTime":2280.04,"body":"really, you know, carve out"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2280.04,"endTime":2283.97,"body":"companies and develop drugs that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2280.04,"endTime":2283.97,"body":"could be priced way out of the"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2283.97,"endTime":2286.82,"body":"market, enormous therapy costs."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2283.97,"endTime":2286.82,"body":"And Terran will be right there"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2287.33,"endTime":2291.32,"body":"with the multiple 505 b2s, where"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2287.33,"endTime":2291.32,"body":"we can give affordable meds to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2291.32,"endTime":2294.47,"body":"patients and not taking another"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2291.32,"endTime":2294.47,"body":"risk and jumping in there. We're"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2294.47,"endTime":2298.79,"body":"not afraid of that, of that"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2294.47,"endTime":2298.79,"body":"controversy, when it's about"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2298.79,"endTime":2301.4,"body":"helping patients. People are"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2298.79,"endTime":2301.4,"body":"suffering right now from mental"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2301.4,"endTime":2303.26,"body":"and neurological conditions, and"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2301.4,"endTime":2303.26,"body":"we're going to move we're going"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2303.26,"endTime":2304.88,"body":"to move as fast as we can to"},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2303.26,"endTime":2304.88,"body":"help them."},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":2305.34,"endTime":2307.32,"body":"Sam, thanks for"},{"speaker":"John Simboli","startTime":2305.34,"endTime":2307.32,"body":"speaking with me today."},{"speaker":"Sam Clark","startTime":2307.62,"endTime":2308.16,"body":"Thank you."}]}