Vitality Unleashed: The Functional Medicine Podcast
Welcome to Vitality Unleashed: The Functional Medicine Podcast, your ultimate guide to achieving holistic health and wellness. Created and vetted, by Dr. Kumar from LifeWell MD a dedicated functional medicine physician, this podcast dives deep into the interconnected realms of physical, emotional, and sexual health. Carefully curated medical insights to expand your options, renew hope, and ignite healing—especially when traditional medicine has no answers.
Each week, we unpack the complexities of the human body-mind, exploring topics like hormone balance, gut health, mental resilience, difficult medical conditions, power performance and intimate relationships.
Join us as we bridge the gap between complex medical science and everyday understanding. We transform the latest research and intricate information from the world of medical academia into simple, actionable insights for everyone. Think of us as your Rosetta Stone for health—making the complicated easy to grasp. Enjoy inspiring and practical advice that empowers you to take charge of your health journey. Whether you're seeking to boost your energy, enhance your emotional well-being, or revitalize your sexual health, this podcast provides the tools and knowledge you need.
Embark on this transformative journey with us, and discover how functional medicine can help you live a vibrant, balanced, and fulfilling life. Subscribe to Vitality Unleashed today, and let's redefine what it means to be truly healthy—mind, body, and soul.
Vitality Unleashed: The Functional Medicine Podcast
The "Auto-Vaccine" Paradox: How a Controversial Gas is Hacking the Immune System to Defeat Persistent Viruses
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Are you exhausted by the endless, frustrating cycle of recurring cold sores, genital herpes outbreaks, or the agonizing nerve pain of shingles? While standard antiviral medications are the gold standard for clearing viruses from your plasma, they often only do half the job—leaving you vulnerable to the next stressful trigger and doing little to heal painful skin lesions.
In this episode, we dive deep into the fascinating, science-backed world of medical ozone therapy for combating Herpes Simplex (HSV-1 & HSV-2) and Herpes Zoster (shingles).
Discover how a simple, rapid procedure known as "minor autohemotherapy" acts as an immune-boosting "auto-vaccine." By exposing a tiny amount of blood to ozone, this therapy triggers your body’s master defense enzyme—HO-1—to neutralize viral oxidative stress, wake up your innate immune system, and suppress viral reactivation.
We also uncover the secret of high-index ozonated oils—the topical powerhouse that, when applied at the very first sign of a tingle, can stop an outbreak in its tracks and help prevent the severe, lingering nerve pain of post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN).
Learn why the ultimate defense isn't about abandoning your standard medications, but combining them with systemic ozone therapy for a synergistic, knock-out punch against persistent viral infections.
Ready to break the cycle of viral reactivation and reclaim your vitality? Don't wait for the next outbreak to strike. Take control of your immune health today! 👉 Call Dr. Kumar at LifeWellMD at 561-210-9999 or visit lifewellmd.com to schedule your personalized ozone therapy consultation.
Disclaimer:
The information provided in this podcast is for educational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your supplement regimen or health routine. Individual needs and reactions vary, so it’s important to make informed decisions with the guidance of your physician.
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If you enjoyed today’s episode, be sure to subscribe, leave us a review, and share it with someone who might benefit. For more insights and updates, visit our website at Lifewellmd.com.
Stay Informed, Stay Healthy:
Remember, informed choices lead to better health. Until next time, be well and take care of yourself.
You know that feeling? It's uh almost phantom-like at first.
SPEAKER_01It's a subtle itch.
SPEAKER_00Yeah, or maybe a tiny localized burn on your lip.
SPEAKER_01Or if we're talking about something even more intense, that strange sensitivity wrapping right around your torso.
SPEAKER_00And the moment you feel it, your stomach just drops.
SPEAKER_01It really is the physiological equivalent of hearing the floorboards creak in a horror movie. You just know the monster is in the house.
SPEAKER_00That is the perfect analogy. Because for millions of people, we are talking about the recurring nightmare of herpes simplex.
SPEAKER_01The dreaded cold sore.
SPEAKER_00Right. Or the absolute nerve-shredding agony of shingles. And the worst part is you go to the medicine cabinet, you grab the standard antiviral cream or the pills, and they help, maybe a little. Exactly. But they don't solve it. The monster just keeps coming back.
SPEAKER_01And that's because standard care is so often about management, not resolution. It's about putting a lid on the boiling pot, not actually turning off the burner.
SPEAKER_00Which is frustrating. But what if there was a way to actually wake up your immune system so it doesn't just manage the invader but actively hunts it down?
SPEAKER_01That is exactly what we are unpacking today.
SPEAKER_00We are doing a deep dive into ozone therapy. And I want to be really clear right off the bat, we aren't talking about the ozone layer protecting us from the sun.
SPEAKER_01No, definitely not.
SPEAKER_00We are talking about supercharged oxygen used as a medical weapon against viruses.
SPEAKER_01It is a fascinating field. I mean, it's arguably one of the most potent biological modifiers we have access to, but it's also one of the most misunderstood.
SPEAKER_00And before we get into the chemistry of it all, let's set the stage. Because we aren't just reading random abstracts from the internet today. Far from it. We're reporting this from the perspective of the team here at LifeWellMD.com. That's the wellness and longevity clinic right here in Florida, run by Dr. Kumar.
SPEAKER_01Which is a crucial distinction to make. When you start talking about ozone, you know, gas, blood injections, you need a captain who actually knows the waters. Absolutely. Dr. Kumar is a proud member of the AAOT, the American Academy of Ozonotherapy. That means what we're discussing today is based on rigorous safety standards.
SPEAKER_00International protocols.
SPEAKER_01Exactly, and legitimate training. This is not DIY science.
Oxidation, Hormesis, And NRF2
SPEAKER_00Essential context. Because, spoiler alert, we are going to talk about needles and gases, and you definitely do not want to try any of this in your garage. Please don't. Our mission today is to demystify how ozone works specifically for herpes and shingles. Right. And for anyone listening who is currently dealing with that tingle and thinking, I just want this gone, you can actually reach out to Dr. Kumar's team right now at 561-210-9999.
SPEAKER_01But to really appreciate why this therapy is different, you have to understand the mechanism.
SPEAKER_00Because it sounds a little sci-fi.
SPEAKER_01It does sound sci-fi, but the biology is incredibly grounded.
SPEAKER_00So let's start with the molecule itself, ozone. O3. We all know oxygen is O2. So is ozone just oxygen with a carry-on bag?
SPEAKER_01Think of it more like oxygen with an attitude problem.
SPEAKER_00Okay.
SPEAKER_01Standard oxygen, O2, is stable. It's what we breathe, it's happy. Bozone is O3. That third atom makes the molecule incredibly unstable.
SPEAKER_00That wants to react.
SPEAKER_01It is desperate to react with something. It wants to give away that third atom to stabilize itself. And in chemistry, we call that oxidation.
SPEAKER_00Aaron Powell Okay, stop right there. Because I'm looking at the notes and I'm seeing the word oxidation. Isn't that the bad guy?
SPEAKER_01That's the common perception, yeah.
SPEAKER_00I mean, we spend billions of dollars a year on antioxidants, blueberry smoothies, vitamin C.
SPEAKER_01To stop oxidation.
SPEAKER_00Right, because it causes aging and rusts our cells. So why on earth would we introduce a gas that causes oxidation on purpose?
SPEAKER_01That is the paradox. And it's exactly where most people get stuck. The answer lies in a concept called hormesis.
SPEAKER_00Hormesis.
SPEAKER_01Think about exercise. When you lift heavyweights, what are you actually doing to your body?
SPEAKER_00You're tearing muscle fibers.
SPEAKER_01You are creating oxidative stress. You are technically damaging your body. But provided you don't overdo it, how does your body respond?
SPEAKER_00It repairs the muscle and makes it stronger than it was before.
SPEAKER_01Exactly. The stress triggers a survival response. Ozone therapy works on the very same principle.
SPEAKER_00So it's a controlled stress.
SPEAKER_01Yes. We introduce a calculated momentary shock of oxidative stress. It's not enough to damage the healthy cells, but it is enough to ring the fire alarm.
SPEAKER_00It shuffles the system into action.
SPEAKER_01It's a massive wake-up call. When ozone enters the body, usually by treating a sample of blood, it reacts instantly with fatty acids and water.
SPEAKER_00And then the gas is gone.
SPEAKER_01It disappears in seconds. But it leaves behind chemical messengers, specifically lipid peroxides and hydrogen peroxide.
SPEAKER_00And those messengers do what?
SPEAKER_01They rush to your cells and flip a genetic switch.
SPEAKER_00Okay, I want to get into the weeds here because flipping a switch sounds a bit vague. What is actually happening at the cellular level?
HO1 And Flipping The Viral Script
SPEAKER_01The specific switch is called the NRF2 pathway. It is the master regulator of the antioxidant response. Okay. When ozone hits this pathway, it tells your DNA to start producing massive amounts of protective enzymes. But for our discussion on herpes and shingles, the most important one is an enzyme called heme oxygenase 1.
SPEAKER_00HO1. I saw this in the research. Why is this specific enzyme the kryptonite for a virus?
SPEAKER_01To understand that, you really have to understand how a virus like herpes operates. Think of a virus like a hijacker.
SPEAKER_00Okay. A hijacker.
SPEAKER_01When it takes over a cell to replicate, it creates absolute chaos. It actually generates a localized environment of oxidative stress.
SPEAKER_00A chemical fog.
SPEAKER_01Exactly. A sort of chemical fog that suppresses the cell's ability to call for help. The virus loves that toxic, stressful environment. It thrives in it.
SPEAKER_00So the virus creates a smoke screen to hide its work.
SPEAKER_01Precisely. Now enter HO1. This enzyme is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. When ozone triggers your body to flood the system with HO1, it effectively clears the smoke.
SPEAKER_00It neutralizes the environment.
SPEAKER_01It neutralizes that oxidative environment the virus depends on. It turns the lights on in the room where the virus is trying to work in the dark.
SPEAKER_00I love that image. Yeah. So we aren't just poisoning the virus directly. We are changing the environment of the body so the virus can't function.
SPEAKER_01Aaron Powell Correct. But that's just defense. The offense is even cooler.
The Auto Vaccine Effect Explained
SPEAKER_00I'm ready.
SPEAKER_01This brings us to the auto vaccine effect.
SPEAKER_00The auto vaccine. Now this sounds incredibly promising. Is this a literal vaccine?
SPEAKER_01Aaron Powell Not in the traditional sense of a shot you get at the pharmacy. It's a functional vaccine created from your own blood. Okay, wow. This is particularly relevant for the systemic treatments Dr. Kumar performs, like minor autohemotherapy.
SPEAKER_00Walk us through that. What actually happens in the clinic?
SPEAKER_01Okay. Imagine you have a chronic viral infection. The virus is in your blood, but it's hiding. Your immune system is sort of ignoring it because it's old news or the virus is camouflaged. Right. In minor autohemotherapy, we draw a small amount of blood, maybe five to ten cc. We mix that blood in a syringe with the precise concentration of ozone gas.
SPEAKER_00And the ozone reacts with the blood right there in the syringe.
SPEAKER_01Instantly. And in that reaction, the ozone oxidizes the viral particles floating in that blood sample. It destroys their capsid, which is the shell.
SPEAKER_00It breaks them apart.
SPEAKER_01It breaks them apart. The virus in that syringe is dead. It is completely inactivated.
SPEAKER_00Okay, so you have a syringe full of dead virus parts.
SPEAKER_01Right. But and here is the magic, the protein structure, the fingerprint of the virus is still there.
SPEAKER_00Oh, I see where this is going.
SPEAKER_01So when we inject that blood back into your muscle, the body sees it. The immune system sees these broken, oxidized viral particles and treats them as a fresh, new threat. Dendritic cells, which are the scouts of the immune system, grab these particles and present them to the T cells.
SPEAKER_00It's like showing a bloodhound a fresh piece of the suspect's clothing.
SPEAKER_01Exactly. It retrains the immune system. It stimulates the production of specific cytokines. Messengers like Interferon Alpha, Interferon Gamma, and Interleukin 4.
SPEAKER_00It says, hey, remember this guy. He's the enemy. Go get him.
SPEAKER_01Yes. It wakes up the immune system to recognize and hunt down the active virus that is still hiding elsewhere in the body. That's why we call it an auto vaccine. You are using your own blood to teach your body how to fight the infection again.
SPEAKER_00That is incredible. And it makes perfect sense why you'd need a pro like Dr. Kumar for this. You really need the ratios right.
SPEAKER_01100%. If you don't use enough ozone, nothing happens. If you use too much, you damage the blood cells. It's a Goldilocks situation.
Beating Shingles Fast And Preventing PHN
SPEAKER_00So let's apply this to the nightmare scenario. Shingles.
SPEAKER_01Herpesoster.
SPEAKER_00For those lucky enough not to know, shingles is the chickenpox virus, which almost all of us have sleeping in our nerves, just deciding to wake up and seek revenge.
SPEAKER_01Usually when we are stressed, aging, or immune compromised, and the pain is distinct. It's not just a rash itch, it's nerve damage.
SPEAKER_00Yeah, patients describe it as burning, electric shocks, or stabbing.
SPEAKER_01Aaron Powell And the biggest fear isn't just the rash itself, right? It's what comes after.
SPEAKER_00Postrapeic neuralgia. Yeah. THN.
SPEAKER_01Yes. This is the condition where the rash heals, the blisters go away, but the pain stays.
SPEAKER_00Because the nerve is actually damaged.
SPEAKER_01Exactly. It happens because the virus has scarred the nerve fibers. For people over 50 or 60, this is a major risk. That pain can last for months or even years. It completely destroys quality of life.
SPEAKER_00That is terrifying. Now, looking at our source material, there's a pivotal study by a Dr. Giamato. This seems to be the benchmark for ozone and shingles.
SPEAKER_01It is. Dr. Amato treated 180 patients with shingles. But he didn't just give them a pill, he used a multi-pronged approach.
SPEAKER_00What did he do?
SPEAKER_01He used major autohemotherapy, that's treating a larger volume of blood, plus topical ozone, and an anesthetic microinfusion directly into the skin around the rash.
SPEAKER_00And what were the numbers?
SPEAKER_01They were stunning. This protocol eliminated acute pain in about 90% of patients within just three to four days.
SPEAKER_00Three to four days. I've had friends with shingles where the antivirals took weeks just to make it bearable. Trevor Burrus, Jr.
SPEAKER_01Speed is the massive benefit here. But the most critical stat for you listening is that it effectively prevented PHN in the older demographics.
SPEAKER_00It stopped the lingering pain.
SPEAKER_01That lingering nerve pain simply didn't set in because the ozone helped repair the nerve tissue and stop the inflammation so quickly.
SPEAKER_00But there was a catch regarding timing, wasn't there? You can't just wait a month to try this.
SPEAKER_01No. Time is tissue. The sources emphasize that early intervention is critical, ideally within the first week of the rash appearing.
SPEAKER_00So the takeaway here is if you feel that burning sensation or you see that strip of blisters appearing on your side or back, you do not wait and see.
SPEAKER_01Absolutely not. You call a place like lifelmd immediately. You want to hit that virus with ozone while it's still replicating before it creates permanent nerve scarring.
SPEAKER_00Okay, let's pivot to the other herpes, HSV1 and HSV2. Cold sores and genital herpes. The stigma is huge. And the standard treatment is usually a cyclover or valiceyclover.
SPEAKER_01Which are the gold standards, technically. They work by stopping viral replication, but they do have limits.
SPEAKER_00Right. They can be expensive, they have side effects, and viruses can develop resistance to them.
SPEAKER_01Plus, if you've ever had a cold sore, you know that taking the pill doesn't make the giant blister on your lip disappear overnight. The skin still has to heal.
SPEAKER_00Exactly. And that's where the actionable tip from our sources comes in. Ozenated oils. Now this sounds like something I'd buy at a farmer's market next to the lavender soap. Is this real medicine?
SPEAKER_01It is, but you really have to be careful with what you buy. You can't just bubble ozone through olive oil for 10 minutes with a fish tank aerator and call it medical.
SPEAKER_00The sources were very specific about numbers here.
SPEAKER_01They were. Ozonated oil is created by bubbling ozone through oil, usually sunflower or olive, for days or even weeks until the oil basically solidifies into a gel.
SPEAKER_00It traps the ozone.
SPEAKER_01It traps the ozone right in the chemical structure. For viral skin lesions, you need an oil with a high peroxide index. We are talking an IP of 800 to 1200.
SPEAKER_001200 IP. Okay. So if I go to Amazon, am I going to see that number?
SPEAKER_01Often, no. And that's the problem. A lot of cosmetic ocinated oils are low index. They might be fine for wrinkles, but they are useless for a virus. You need therapeutic grade. And be warned, it has a smell.
SPEAKER_00Oh, really? What are we talking about here?
SPEAKER_01It's distinct. Some say it smells like bleach, others say crushed clover or thunderstorm. It's pungent, but that smell is the active ozone release.
SPEAKER_00So how do you actually use it? Is there a specific protocol?
SPEAKER_01The protocol relies heavily on catching the prodromal stage.
SPEAKER_00That's the tingle.
SPEAKER_01Right. The moment you feel that tingle or itch, before the blister even forms, you apply the high-index oil. You do it four to five times a day.
SPEAKER_00And what happens?
SPEAKER_01Sources indicate that if you catch it right then, you can rapidly block the infection from even developing. The blister simply never appears.
SPEAKER_00Aaron Powell That is the holy grail for cold sore sufferers. But let's talk about the combined approach. Because the Madrid Declaration, which is basically the international rule book for ozone, suggests we shouldn't just throw away the antivirals.
SPEAKER_01No, and Dr. Kumar would completely agree. We aren't anti-medication. We are pro-results.
SPEAKER_00So you use both.
SPEAKER_01The most effective strategy, especially for stubborn or recurring cases, is synergy. You use the antiviral drug to stop the replication from the inside. You use systemic ozone, like autohemotherapy, to wake up the immune system, and you use the topical oil to heal the lesion from the outside.
SPEAKER_00One plus one equals three.
Systemic Treatments: MAH, Minor AHT, Insufflation
SPEAKER_01Exactly. It reduces recurrence rates significantly.
SPEAKER_00Okay, so we've mentioned a few acronyms. MAH minor AHT. Let's break down the how to. If I walk into LifeWell MD in Florida, what does a treatment actually look like?
SPEAKER_01Well, there are two main systemic ways Dr. Kumar might treat this. The first is major autohemotherapy or MAH.
SPEAKER_00That's the big blood treatment.
SPEAKER_01Yes. They draw about 150 milliliters of your blood into a sterile, ozone-resistant bag and looks just like a standard blood donation. Then they inject a precise volume of ozone gas into the bag. Okay. And this is the cool part. Visually, you actually watch the blood turn from a dark venous red to a bright, beautiful crimson.
SPEAKER_00Because it's suddenly super oxygenating.
SPEAKER_01Correct. Then it simply flows back into your vein. It takes about 30 to 45 minutes. That treats the whole body. Inflammation, oxygenation, circulation.
SPEAKER_00And we already covered the minor AHT. That's the small shot in the globe for the vaccine effect. But the sources also mention something that sounds, well, let's be honest, it sounds intimidating. Insuflation.
SPEAKER_01Yes. Rectal or vaginal insufflation.
SPEAKER_00I feel like a lot of listeners just clenched up. Why on earth would we do that?
SPEAKER_01I know it sounds intense, but chemically and anatomically, it makes perfect sense. Your colon is lined with a massive network of veins called the portal vein system. It is highly vascular.
SPEAKER_00So it absorbs quickly.
SPEAKER_01When you introduce the gas there, it absorbs into the bloodstream almost instantly.
SPEAKER_00So it's basically a way to get the ozone into the blood without a needle.
SPEAKER_01Exactly. For patients who hate needles, have hard-to-find veins, or in the case of genital herpes, want to treat the local pelvic area directly. This is actually a preferred method in places like Germany and Cuba.
SPEAKER_00Interesting.
SPEAKER_01It's painless, believe it or not, and incredibly effective.
SPEAKER_00Okay, that makes sense. It's just an alternative delivery route.
SPEAKER_01It is. But again, it requires medical grade equipment. Which brings us right back to safety. And I feel like I need to play the skeptic for a second.
SPEAKER_00Please do.
SPEAKER_01I'm looking at these notes and then I'm remembering what my high school chemistry teacher said. Don't breathe ozone. And I look at the FDA website and it clearly states ozone is a toxic gas with no approved medical use. It says it causes lung irritation. Are we crazy here? How is Dr. Kumar doing this openly?
SPEAKER_00There's the elephant in the room. And the FDA isn't wrong about the lungs.
Safety, Standards, And The FDA Gap
SPEAKER_01Right. You must never ever inhale ozone gas. The lung lining lacks the antioxidant enzymes to protect itself. It will burn your lungs. That is rule number one.
SPEAKER_00But the medical community that uses it says something different.
SPEAKER_01The thousands of doctors globally who use this argue that toxicity is entirely about the route of administration.
SPEAKER_00So breathing in is bad. Injecting treated blood is beneficial.
SPEAKER_01That is the argument supported by the Madrid Declaration, ISCO3, and the AOT. It's dose-dependent and route dependent.
SPEAKER_00Aaron Powell, Why the disconnect with the FDA then?
SPEAKER_01The FDA's stance is largely based on inhalation risks and a lack of large-scale double-blind pharmaceutical trials in the U.S. Because, well, you can't patent a gas found in nature. There's simply no money in it for big pharma.
SPEAKER_00Which is why it falls under alternative or integrative medicine here.
SPEAKER_01Correct. But alternative doesn't mean the Wild West. Countries like Italy, Spain, and Germany recognize and regulate it. The Madrid Declaration provides global safety standards, and the AAOT ensures practitioners in the US, like Dr. Kumar, are adhering to those strict protocols.
SPEAKER_00Aaron Powell And that's the key distinction. If you buy a generator on eBay and try to do this yourself, you have no idea what concentration you're getting.
SPEAKER_01Or what contaminants. Industrial ozone generators can produce toxic byproducts if they don't use pure oxygen and glass components. Dr. Kumar uses medical-grade oxygen and calibrated generators. He knows the difference between a therapeutic dose, which is usually 10 to 40 micrograms, and a toxic one.
SPEAKER_00So when you go to an expert, you're paying for that safety and that precision.
SPEAKER_01Precisely. And in the case of shingles or herpes, where the standard of care often leaves people in immense pain, that expertise offers an option that many patients are absolutely desperate for.
SPEAKER_00It really is about having more tools in the toolkit. We aren't saying abandon modern medicine. We're saying look at what else is available to support the body's own machinery.
Takeaways, Action Steps, And Closing
SPEAKER_01That is the core Life Well MD philosophy. Longevity isn't just about living longer. It's about living without that recurring pain or the constant fear of a breakout. It's about functional health.
SPEAKER_00So let's bring this all together. What is the ultimate takeaway for you listening who is tired of the tingling and the pain?
SPEAKER_01The takeaway is that your body already has the machinery to control these viruses. That machinery is the NRF2 pathway, the HO1 enzyme, and the adaptive immune response. But sometimes that machinery is asleep or the virus has tricked it. Ozone therapy is simply the spark plug that turns the engine back on.
SPEAKER_00It wakes up the defender.
SPEAKER_01It wakes it up. Whether it's high-index ozonated oils to stop a cold sore in its tracks, or systemic treatments like MAH to prevent the long-term nerve damage of shingles, the tools exist, but you need to act fast and you need a professional.
SPEAKER_00And that professional is Dr. Kumar. If you are in Florida or willing to travel, LifeWellMD is the place to go. They combine these therapies with a whole body view of health. They don't just treat the spot, they treat the system.
SPEAKER_01And again, checking that AOT credential is the smartest thing a patient can do to ensure safety.
SPEAKER_00So if you are ready to stop just managing the outbreaks and start actually fighting them, give the team a call. I'm going to give you that number one last time. It's 561-210-9999. That's 561-210-9999.
SPEAKER_01Truly, one call could save you from months of nerve pain.
SPEAKER_00Absolutely. We've covered the molecule, the mechanism, the oils, and the safety. But I want to leave you with a final thought to chew on today.
SPEAKER_01Here is what fascinates me about this whole topic. We know that viruses have learned to hide from our immune system by creating oxidative stress in our cells. They use that fog to survive.
SPEAKER_00It's their camouflage.
SPEAKER_01But what happens when we use that very same force, oxidative stress via ozone, to turn the lights back on? We aren't just poisoning the virus. We are using the virus's preferred environment against it. We are hijacking the hijacker. And that, to me, is a beautiful bit of biological justice.
SPEAKER_00Biological justice. I love that. Thanks for taking the deep dive with us today.
SPEAKER_01Always a pleasure.
SPEAKER_00Stay curious, stay well, and we'll see you on the next one.