{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.0,"endTime":2.4,"body":"The biggest fear of nanotechnology-"},{"startTime":2.4,"endTime":2.41,"body":"Mm-hmm"},{"startTime":2.41,"endTime":5.1,"body":"especially self-replicating"},{"startTime":2.41,"endTime":5.1,"body":"nanotechnology, is a"},{"startTime":5.1,"endTime":6.83,"body":"potential gray goo situation."},{"startTime":7.06,"endTime":7.96,"body":"Ah, yes."},{"startTime":8.099,"endTime":9.18,"body":"The all-consuming."},{"startTime":9.2,"endTime":9.68,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":9.72,"endTime":13.09,"body":"There's always this fear that if you"},{"startTime":9.72,"endTime":13.09,"body":"make these self-replicating nanobots,"},{"startTime":13.54,"endTime":17.319,"body":"what happens if they just break down"},{"startTime":13.54,"endTime":17.319,"body":"everything in your environment to make"},{"startTime":17.32,"endTime":21.65,"body":"more self-replicating nanobots, and"},{"startTime":17.32,"endTime":21.65,"body":"you just end up with this planet that's"},{"startTime":21.65,"endTime":23.49,"body":"just nothing but nanobots anymore?"},{"startTime":23.49,"endTime":26.29,"body":"All organic material or anything"},{"startTime":23.49,"endTime":26.29,"body":"that can be consumed is consumed."},{"startTime":26.52,"endTime":31.096,"body":"it really is the worst case of mission"},{"startTime":26.52,"endTime":31.096,"body":"was unclear- … consumed everything meme,"},{"startTime":31.638,"endTime":31.878,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":34.158,"endTime":35.128,"body":"Yes, exactly."},{"startTime":35.157,"endTime":37.058,"body":"please produce paperclips."},{"startTime":37.341,"endTime":40.628,"body":"Uh, yes, sir. Produces paperclips"},{"startTime":37.341,"endTime":40.628,"body":"out of literally everything"},{"startTime":40.628,"endTime":41.918,"body":"in the observable universe."},{"startTime":46.074,"endTime":49.544,"body":"Hello, and welcome to Entropy"},{"startTime":46.074,"endTime":49.544,"body":"Rising, a podcast all about the"},{"startTime":49.564,"endTime":51.084,"body":"possible futures that we may see"},{"startTime":51.084,"endTime":51.474,"body":"and,"},{"startTime":51.474,"endTime":52.374,"body":"and some we may not."},{"startTime":52.744,"endTime":56.694,"body":"I'm your host Jacob, and joining"},{"startTime":52.744,"endTime":56.694,"body":"me is my wonderful co-host, Lucas."},{"startTime":57.254,"endTime":58.394,"body":"Lucas, how are you doing today?"},{"startTime":58.614,"endTime":59.254,"body":"I'm wonderful."},{"startTime":59.594,"endTime":60.204,"body":"How are you, Jake?"},{"startTime":60.474,"endTime":61.184,"body":"I'm doing well."},{"startTime":61.204,"endTime":62.254,"body":"I really can't complain."},{"startTime":62.254,"endTime":64.404,"body":"We're recording, uh, weather's good and-"},{"startTime":64.454,"endTime":64.674,"body":"Yeah"},{"startTime":64.724,"endTime":65.754,"body":"…"},{"startTime":64.724,"endTime":65.754,"body":"what else is there to complain about?"},{"startTime":65.964,"endTime":66.684,"body":"Nothing, man."},{"startTime":66.694,"endTime":67.334,"body":"Life is good."},{"startTime":67.364,"endTime":70.564,"body":"Life is good, especially when you're"},{"startTime":67.364,"endTime":70.564,"body":"talking about such an interesting"},{"startTime":70.564,"endTime":74.414,"body":"topic, which is what we're"},{"startTime":70.564,"endTime":74.414,"body":"covering today, nanotechnologies."},{"startTime":74.564,"endTime":75.134,"body":"Ooh."},{"startTime":75.214,"endTime":77.834,"body":"So we're gonna talk about the"},{"startTime":75.214,"endTime":77.834,"body":"futures of nanotechnologies, where"},{"startTime":77.834,"endTime":82.094,"body":"nanotechnology stands today, what might"},{"startTime":77.834,"endTime":82.094,"body":"be possible, what might not, and how"},{"startTime":82.094,"endTime":84.925,"body":"that might affect our society, and"},{"startTime":82.094,"endTime":84.925,"body":"what we can actually do in the future."},{"startTime":85.234,"endTime":85.824,"body":"it's a,"},{"startTime":85.924,"endTime":87.396,"body":"Crazy vast topic."},{"startTime":87.408,"endTime":90.388,"body":"I think that the best place to"},{"startTime":87.408,"endTime":90.388,"body":"start would probably be, , where"},{"startTime":90.388,"endTime":91.448,"body":"we are right now with it."},{"startTime":91.476,"endTime":95.145,"body":"I think that's a good starting"},{"startTime":91.476,"endTime":95.145,"body":"point because It has been this"},{"startTime":95.155,"endTime":99.035,"body":"futuristic concept in science"},{"startTime":95.155,"endTime":99.035,"body":"fiction, ah, for ages now, right?"},{"startTime":99.035,"endTime":101.405,"body":"We've always dreamed of"},{"startTime":99.035,"endTime":101.405,"body":"conquering the nano scale."},{"startTime":101.755,"endTime":103.055,"body":"Sometimes it can feel like,"},{"startTime":103.085,"endTime":106.035,"body":"like I said, the future, something"},{"startTime":103.085,"endTime":106.035,"body":"unachievable, and it's easy"},{"startTime":106.035,"endTime":109.455,"body":"to overlook what we've already"},{"startTime":106.035,"endTime":109.455,"body":"accomplished and what we already do"},{"startTime":109.455,"endTime":111.611,"body":"with nanomaterials in today's world."},{"startTime":111.918,"endTime":113.798,"body":"One of the ones that I'm the"},{"startTime":111.918,"endTime":113.798,"body":"most familiar with, 'cause I've"},{"startTime":113.798,"endTime":116.348,"body":"worked with it professionally"},{"startTime":113.798,"endTime":116.348,"body":"to a certain extent, is actually"},{"startTime":116.348,"endTime":118.808,"body":"nanotechnologies in pharmaceuticals."},{"startTime":119.078,"endTime":119.328,"body":"Hm."},{"startTime":119.648,"endTime":123.368,"body":"We have already patented and"},{"startTime":119.648,"endTime":123.368,"body":"released FDA-approved drugs"},{"startTime":123.378,"endTime":125.158,"body":"that use nanotechnologies."},{"startTime":125.178,"endTime":128.868,"body":"If you got your COVID vaccine, that"},{"startTime":125.178,"endTime":128.868,"body":"used liposomes, which are effectively"},{"startTime":128.908,"endTime":132.698,"body":"nano-sized particles made up of,"},{"startTime":128.908,"endTime":132.698,"body":"uh, effectively lipid bilayers, kind"},{"startTime":132.698,"endTime":133.858,"body":"of similar to how cells are made."},{"startTime":134.248,"endTime":135.308,"body":"And that's just one example."},{"startTime":135.558,"endTime":137.338,"body":"We also have things"},{"startTime":135.558,"endTime":137.338,"body":"like iron nanoparticles."},{"startTime":138.008,"endTime":141.106,"body":"So iron nanoparticles are used"},{"startTime":138.008,"endTime":141.106,"body":"a lot effectively with cancer"},{"startTime":141.136,"endTime":142.826,"body":"imaging and also cancer treatment."},{"startTime":143.081,"endTime":147.395,"body":"Uh, because of the actual nature of their"},{"startTime":143.081,"endTime":147.395,"body":"size, they accumulate sometimes in tumors."},{"startTime":147.745,"endTime":149.525,"body":"And the reason for that is"},{"startTime":147.745,"endTime":149.525,"body":"if you can imagine a tumor,"},{"startTime":149.525,"endTime":149.855,"body":"right,"},{"startTime":150.124,"endTime":152.89,"body":"it's, an abnormal piece of tissue-"},{"startTime":153.05,"endTime":153.32,"body":"Mm-hmm"},{"startTime":153.33,"endTime":154.29,"body":"if you wanna think about it that way."},{"startTime":154.63,"endTime":156.913,"body":"So tumors, cause a lot"},{"startTime":154.63,"endTime":156.913,"body":"of blood vessels to grow."},{"startTime":157.023,"endTime":157.303,"body":"Right."},{"startTime":157.338,"endTime":159.728,"body":"but those blood vessels don't"},{"startTime":157.338,"endTime":159.728,"body":"have normal anatomy, so they tend"},{"startTime":159.728,"endTime":163.268,"body":"to be, quote-unquote, leaky, and"},{"startTime":159.728,"endTime":163.268,"body":"the tumors also typically don't"},{"startTime":163.268,"endTime":164.818,"body":"grow proper lymphatic systems."},{"startTime":164.818,"endTime":168.098,"body":"And so lymphatic systems are important"},{"startTime":164.818,"endTime":168.098,"body":"'cause that's what causes fluids to drain."},{"startTime":168.228,"endTime":168.478,"body":"Right."},{"startTime":168.518,"endTime":172.008,"body":"So you've got this inpour of fluid"},{"startTime":168.518,"endTime":172.008,"body":"through leaky blood vessels and fluid not"},{"startTime":172.008,"endTime":175.948,"body":"properly draining, so now if you introduce"},{"startTime":172.008,"endTime":175.948,"body":"nanoparticles into the system, , they"},{"startTime":175.948,"endTime":178.438,"body":"tend to make their way into the tumor,"},{"startTime":175.948,"endTime":178.438,"body":"but then they're not able to get out."},{"startTime":178.668,"endTime":182.668,"body":"They build up, and then if those"},{"startTime":178.668,"endTime":182.668,"body":"nanoparticles are, , magnetic,"},{"startTime":182.768,"endTime":185.268,"body":"for example, iron nanoparticles,"},{"startTime":182.768,"endTime":185.268,"body":"they light up on an MRI."},{"startTime":185.498,"endTime":185.848,"body":"Mm-hmm."},{"startTime":185.848,"endTime":189.594,"body":"And so these can be used for cancer"},{"startTime":185.848,"endTime":189.594,"body":"imaging- One of the other interesting"},{"startTime":189.594,"endTime":192.934,"body":"things you can do is if you then"},{"startTime":189.594,"endTime":192.934,"body":"aggregate the nanoparticles, for"},{"startTime":192.934,"endTime":196.004,"body":"example, you put them in a quickly"},{"startTime":192.934,"endTime":196.004,"body":"oscillating magnetic field, they'll heat"},{"startTime":196.004,"endTime":197.644,"body":"up and destroy the tissue around them."},{"startTime":198.074,"endTime":202.524,"body":"And if they're accumulating in"},{"startTime":198.074,"endTime":202.524,"body":"your tumor, they'll kill the tumor."},{"startTime":203.154,"endTime":203.284,"body":"Wow."},{"startTime":203.284,"endTime":203.594,"body":"Those are,"},{"startTime":203.594,"endTime":206.544,"body":"those are two examples of how"},{"startTime":203.594,"endTime":206.544,"body":"nanomaterials already exist."},{"startTime":206.884,"endTime":209.004,"body":"There are many more, and"},{"startTime":206.884,"endTime":209.004,"body":"there's more things we can do."},{"startTime":209.004,"endTime":212.804,"body":"We can take these liposomes,"},{"startTime":209.004,"endTime":212.804,"body":"functionalize them with ligands that"},{"startTime":212.854,"endTime":215.864,"body":"specifically bind to certain areas"},{"startTime":212.854,"endTime":215.864,"body":"like tumor cells, disease cells, yada,"},{"startTime":215.864,"endTime":216.044,"body":"yada,"},{"startTime":216.044,"endTime":218.818,"body":"yada, and they'll, accumulate"},{"startTime":216.044,"endTime":218.818,"body":"and deliver drug that way as well"},{"startTime":218.984,"endTime":220.069,"body":"absolutely insane."},{"startTime":220.078,"endTime":223.644,"body":"like being able to use nanotechnology,"},{"startTime":220.078,"endTime":223.644,"body":"especially in the healthcare field, I"},{"startTime":223.644,"endTime":225.334,"body":"feel like that's where we see it the most."},{"startTime":225.364,"endTime":226.291,"body":"it's the most prominent."},{"startTime":226.311,"endTime":230.13,"body":"It's what has been the most invested"},{"startTime":226.311,"endTime":230.13,"body":"into currently, and a lot of people"},{"startTime":230.13,"endTime":231.72,"body":"I know think of nanobots, right?"},{"startTime":231.72,"endTime":231.76,"body":"Yes, absolutely."},{"startTime":231.76,"endTime":231.97,"body":"When,"},{"startTime":231.98,"endTime":232.92,"body":"when you're talking about it."},{"startTime":232.92,"endTime":233.13,"body":"Like,"},{"startTime":233.15,"endTime":233.52,"body":"You see"},{"startTime":233.52,"endTime":236.99,"body":"in the movies, somebody takes a pill,"},{"startTime":233.52,"endTime":236.99,"body":"and then nanobots are flooding throughout"},{"startTime":236.99,"endTime":240.956,"body":"their system, and it reports diseases"},{"startTime":236.99,"endTime":240.956,"body":"and, uh, is able to target stuff and"},{"startTime":240.966,"endTime":242.526,"body":"make them stronger, faster, better."},{"startTime":242.526,"endTime":242.626,"body":"You know,"},{"startTime":243.036,"endTime":245.736,"body":"like that, and that's not too far-fetched."},{"startTime":245.736,"endTime":248.203,"body":"we can use micro robotics,"},{"startTime":248.243,"endTime":249.003,"body":"in our system."},{"startTime":249.023,"endTime":251.703,"body":"I don't know if we'd want them running"},{"startTime":249.023,"endTime":251.703,"body":"through our bloodstream, just because"},{"startTime":251.703,"endTime":254.773,"body":"it would be s- probably seen as a"},{"startTime":251.703,"endTime":254.773,"body":"foreign body no matter how you spin it."},{"startTime":254.813,"endTime":254.983,"body":"But"},{"startTime":254.983,"endTime":255.223,"body":"it's a,"},{"startTime":255.223,"endTime":255.483,"body":"it's a"},{"startTime":255.528,"endTime":260.163,"body":"very cool idea of making these,"},{"startTime":255.528,"endTime":260.163,"body":"essentially nano compounds, like you"},{"startTime":260.163,"endTime":264.833,"body":"see in the pharmaceuticals, to be"},{"startTime":260.163,"endTime":264.833,"body":"able to target certain diseases and"},{"startTime":264.843,"endTime":266.443,"body":"actually make the human body healthier."},{"startTime":266.483,"endTime":269.753,"body":"Yeah, these are effectively"},{"startTime":266.483,"endTime":269.753,"body":"nano-sized drug delivery systems,"},{"startTime":270.123,"endTime":273.063,"body":"and they exist today, and they're"},{"startTime":270.123,"endTime":273.063,"body":"in FDA-approved medications today."},{"startTime":273.293,"endTime":275.623,"body":"So it is interesting that we already"},{"startTime":273.293,"endTime":275.623,"body":"have it, and it's not just in medicine"},{"startTime":275.633,"endTime":276.623,"body":"that we have it, too, of course."},{"startTime":276.623,"endTime":278.853,"body":"If you've ever seen the"},{"startTime":276.623,"endTime":278.853,"body":"marketing, I think there's,"},{"startTime":278.853,"endTime":278.993,"body":"like"},{"startTime":278.993,"endTime":280.223,"body":"quantum LED TVs,"},{"startTime":280.223,"endTime":280.643,"body":"right?"},{"startTime":280.643,"endTime":281.103,"body":"QLED-"},{"startTime":281.253,"endTime":281.453,"body":"Mm-hmm"},{"startTime":281.453,"endTime":281.753,"body":"TVs."},{"startTime":281.803,"endTime":283.573,"body":"That's not just a marketing gimmick."},{"startTime":283.573,"endTime":287.643,"body":"Those are actually made of quantum dots,"},{"startTime":283.573,"endTime":287.643,"body":"which are also nano materials as well."},{"startTime":287.993,"endTime":291.543,"body":"And then we've also seen things like"},{"startTime":287.993,"endTime":291.543,"body":"carbon nanotubes starting to catch on."},{"startTime":291.563,"endTime":292.973,"body":"Those, again, are not science fiction."},{"startTime":292.973,"endTime":296.773,"body":"We can't yet really make them at"},{"startTime":292.973,"endTime":296.773,"body":"a useful scale and in a useful"},{"startTime":296.773,"endTime":298.583,"body":"way, but we can make them."},{"startTime":298.583,"endTime":299.373,"body":"They do exist."},{"startTime":299.373,"endTime":300.353,"body":"We know their properties."},{"startTime":300.743,"endTime":302.483,"body":"And again, these are"},{"startTime":300.743,"endTime":302.483,"body":"things that exist now."},{"startTime":302.513,"endTime":304.333,"body":"Graphene, I think, is another"},{"startTime":302.513,"endTime":304.333,"body":"example of that as well."},{"startTime":304.419,"endTime":308.339,"body":"I think it, definitely is a much broader,"},{"startTime":304.419,"endTime":308.339,"body":"field than a lot of people think of."},{"startTime":308.384,"endTime":311.946,"body":"specifying when we're talking about these"},{"startTime":308.384,"endTime":311.946,"body":"nanotechnologies, it's just something that"},{"startTime":311.986,"endTime":315.056,"body":"is really measured at a nanometer scale,"},{"startTime":315.266,"endTime":317.698,"body":"to break that down, it's like"},{"startTime":315.266,"endTime":317.698,"body":"the tip of a pen, is about a"},{"startTime":317.698,"endTime":319.658,"body":"million nanometers across, right?"},{"startTime":319.658,"endTime":323.038,"body":"So we're talking things much, much smaller"},{"startTime":319.658,"endTime":323.038,"body":"than that, and it doesn't just have to be,"},{"startTime":323.154,"endTime":324.034,"body":"robotic products."},{"startTime":324.164,"endTime":324.304,"body":"It,"},{"startTime":324.304,"endTime":327.034,"body":"it can be pretty much any technology"},{"startTime":324.304,"endTime":327.034,"body":"that is advanced at that scale."},{"startTime":327.154,"endTime":328.114,"body":"Yeah, absolutely."},{"startTime":328.114,"endTime":331.544,"body":"And for me, being in the pharmaceutical"},{"startTime":328.114,"endTime":331.544,"body":"side of the world, uh, I think"},{"startTime":331.544,"endTime":334.344,"body":"it's most interesting 'cause that's"},{"startTime":331.544,"endTime":334.344,"body":"basically the same size that our"},{"startTime":334.344,"endTime":336.034,"body":"cellular, uh, mechanisms work on."},{"startTime":336.304,"endTime":339.604,"body":"And so when you're able to interact"},{"startTime":336.304,"endTime":339.604,"body":"with matter at the nano scale, you're"},{"startTime":339.604,"endTime":344.334,"body":"effectively able to interact with human"},{"startTime":339.604,"endTime":344.334,"body":"bodies at the most basic fundamental"},{"startTime":344.334,"endTime":346.884,"body":"level and cure diseases from a root cause"},{"startTime":346.914,"endTime":350.271,"body":"And really achieve- if not what"},{"startTime":346.914,"endTime":350.271,"body":"you said earlier, which is,"},{"startTime":350.271,"endTime":350.491,"body":"you know,"},{"startTime":350.491,"endTime":353.601,"body":"these nanobots that crawl through"},{"startTime":350.491,"endTime":353.601,"body":"your system a- and fix everything."},{"startTime":353.851,"endTime":356.321,"body":", But really start to achieve that"},{"startTime":353.851,"endTime":356.321,"body":"ideal or get closer to that with"},{"startTime":356.321,"endTime":359.361,"body":"something like a magic bullet that"},{"startTime":356.321,"endTime":359.361,"body":"comes in and just targets your"},{"startTime":359.361,"endTime":363.121,"body":"disease, and only your disease, with"},{"startTime":359.361,"endTime":363.121,"body":"no side effects, and cures you, right?"},{"startTime":363.121,"endTime":364.401,"body":"That's always the goal of medicine, and"},{"startTime":364.401,"endTime":364.611,"body":"that's,"},{"startTime":364.651,"endTime":365.371,"body":"that's the field I'm in."},{"startTime":365.371,"endTime":366.698,"body":"So that's what intrigues me the most."},{"startTime":366.821,"endTime":367.191,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":367.251,"endTime":367.709,"body":"Medicine,"},{"startTime":367.709,"endTime":367.849,"body":"like,"},{"startTime":367.933,"endTime":370.023,"body":"we were saying before, its"},{"startTime":367.933,"endTime":370.023,"body":"advancements are crazy."},{"startTime":370.023,"endTime":370.413,"body":"And with,"},{"startTime":370.423,"endTime":371.743,"body":"The nanobots you were saying,"},{"startTime":371.763,"endTime":374.806,"body":"they do have some that are"},{"startTime":371.763,"endTime":374.806,"body":"able to target cancer at an 80%"},{"startTime":374.929,"endTime":375.687,"body":"success rate."},{"startTime":375.687,"endTime":375.759,"body":"These"},{"startTime":375.759,"endTime":376.829,"body":"aren't nanobots, though."},{"startTime":376.839,"endTime":377.779,"body":"I do wanna make that distinction."},{"startTime":377.959,"endTime":379.449,"body":"What we have now- No,"},{"startTime":377.959,"endTime":379.449,"body":"nanodots … nanodots."},{"startTime":379.449,"endTime":379.469,"body":"Yes,"},{"startTime":379.469,"endTime":379.609,"body":"yes."},{"startTime":379.999,"endTime":380.889,"body":"Sorry, I misunderstood."},{"startTime":381.129,"endTime":381.394,"body":"Yes, nanodots."},{"startTime":381.394,"endTime":382.439,"body":"Mm-hmm."},{"startTime":382.489,"endTime":382.669,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":382.669,"endTime":383.059,"body":"And these, and"},{"startTime":383.059,"endTime":383.199,"body":"if,"},{"startTime":383.219,"endTime":385.809,"body":"if they're nanodots, they're"},{"startTime":383.219,"endTime":385.809,"body":"either targeting through functional"},{"startTime":385.939,"endTime":388.439,"body":"ligands, or they're probably using"},{"startTime":385.939,"endTime":388.439,"body":"something called the EPR effect,"},{"startTime":388.659,"endTime":390.759,"body":"which are, again, those leaky vessels"},{"startTime":388.659,"endTime":390.759,"body":"we were talking about earlier."},{"startTime":390.819,"endTime":391.199,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":391.259,"endTime":391.529,"body":"And"},{"startTime":391.529,"endTime":394.209,"body":"They're actually so small that"},{"startTime":391.529,"endTime":394.209,"body":"they're able to penetrate,"},{"startTime":394.269,"endTime":398.229,"body":", Layers of, tissue with- without"},{"startTime":394.269,"endTime":398.229,"body":"actually, destroying that tissue."},{"startTime":398.269,"endTime":398.419,"body":"They,"},{"startTime":398.429,"endTime":399.879,"body":"they essentially go through,"},{"startTime":399.889,"endTime":401.449,"body":"Your pores in the tissue- Yeah, absolutely"},{"startTime":401.449,"endTime":401.549,"body":"to,"},{"startTime":401.549,"endTime":402.899,"body":"to get to the other parts of the body."},{"startTime":402.909,"endTime":403.029,"body":"So"},{"startTime":403.029,"endTime":403.139,"body":"they're,"},{"startTime":403.139,"endTime":404.469,"body":"they're super interesting."},{"startTime":404.469,"endTime":404.739,"body":"And,"},{"startTime":404.739,"endTime":404.959,"body":"and"},{"startTime":404.966,"endTime":408.153,"body":"it is still an early technology,"},{"startTime":404.966,"endTime":408.153,"body":"but as Jake was saying, he works"},{"startTime":408.153,"endTime":409.373,"body":"in the pharmaceutical world."},{"startTime":409.373,"endTime":412.483,"body":"He's already introducing drugs"},{"startTime":409.373,"endTime":412.483,"body":"that are being used today-"},{"startTime":412.533,"endTime":412.703,"body":"Yeah"},{"startTime":412.733,"endTime":412.913,"body":"right,"},{"startTime":413.003,"endTime":414.193,"body":"to do things like the- Yeah,"},{"startTime":413.003,"endTime":414.193,"body":"we have seen those being used."},{"startTime":414.463,"endTime":418.233,"body":"So the clear distinction between what"},{"startTime":414.463,"endTime":418.233,"body":"we have today and what we want in"},{"startTime":418.233,"endTime":423.113,"body":"the future with nanomaterials isn't"},{"startTime":418.233,"endTime":423.113,"body":"necessarily just making the nanomaterials."},{"startTime":423.123,"endTime":425.883,"body":"Although that is a big part of it, is"},{"startTime":423.123,"endTime":425.883,"body":"figuring out better production systems,"},{"startTime":425.966,"endTime":427.256,"body":"being able to make them better at scale."},{"startTime":427.256,"endTime":430.976,"body":"But actually really the biggest difference"},{"startTime":427.256,"endTime":430.976,"body":"between the nanotechnology we have today"},{"startTime":431.306,"endTime":435.126,"body":"and the nanotechnology that we see in"},{"startTime":431.306,"endTime":435.126,"body":"science fiction is how smart it is."},{"startTime":435.245,"endTime":437.585,"body":"Current nanotechnology"},{"startTime":435.245,"endTime":437.585,"body":"is not smart at all."},{"startTime":437.764,"endTime":441.844,"body":"The nanomedications that we're talking"},{"startTime":437.764,"endTime":441.844,"body":"about are effectively just nano carriers"},{"startTime":441.874,"endTime":446.244,"body":"that work as an API protectant, and"},{"startTime":441.874,"endTime":446.244,"body":"then you can stick chemical modifiers"},{"startTime":446.264,"endTime":449.674,"body":"onto the outside of them so that"},{"startTime":446.264,"endTime":449.674,"body":"they bind with cells that you want."},{"startTime":449.904,"endTime":451.284,"body":"But they are by no means smart."},{"startTime":451.314,"endTime":454.974,"body":"They still rely on just randomly bumping"},{"startTime":451.314,"endTime":454.974,"body":"into the cell and then binding with it,"},{"startTime":454.974,"endTime":455.154,"body":"and,"},{"startTime":455.154,"endTime":456.934,"body":"and that's nice and"},{"startTime":455.154,"endTime":456.934,"body":"that's handy, but that's a"},{"startTime":457.037,"endTime":460.077,"body":"far cry from what we see in"},{"startTime":457.037,"endTime":460.077,"body":"science fiction where you have"},{"startTime":460.677,"endTime":464.367,"body":"actually intelligent nano-sized"},{"startTime":460.677,"endTime":464.367,"body":"machines that can go through your"},{"startTime":464.367,"endTime":468.147,"body":"body and act like hunter-seeker"},{"startTime":464.367,"endTime":468.147,"body":"drones to find diseased tissue and"},{"startTime":468.147,"endTime":469.987,"body":"eliminate it or monitor your body"},{"startTime":469.987,"endTime":473.527,"body":"on a cellular scale and let you"},{"startTime":469.987,"endTime":473.527,"body":"know immediately when something's"},{"startTime":473.527,"endTime":476.393,"body":"going wrong or even start"},{"startTime":473.527,"endTime":476.393,"body":"fixing it, immediately, right?"},{"startTime":476.393,"endTime":478.363,"body":"Like I love the Culture series and"},{"startTime":476.393,"endTime":478.363,"body":"I think that's something they have"},{"startTime":478.363,"endTime":481.226,"body":"there, rapid healing, from traumatic"},{"startTime":478.363,"endTime":481.226,"body":"injuries and things like that."},{"startTime":481.412,"endTime":483.476,"body":"that's super exciting because"},{"startTime":483.516,"endTime":485.056,"body":"We see this in all technologies."},{"startTime":485.056,"endTime":486.466,"body":"You start off as kinda like"},{"startTime":486.466,"endTime":486.766,"body":"a,"},{"startTime":486.834,"endTime":492.427,"body":"rough, beginning and then as it advances"},{"startTime":486.834,"endTime":492.427,"body":"it becomes like very rapidly, smarter"},{"startTime":492.427,"endTime":496.153,"body":"If we can develop"},{"startTime":492.427,"endTime":496.153,"body":"nanotechnologies that are able to,"},{"startTime":496.21,"endTime":497.51,"body":"learn for themselves,"},{"startTime":497.548,"endTime":501.739,"body":"fix, repair, create things even"},{"startTime":497.548,"endTime":501.739,"body":"on their own, you're breaching"},{"startTime":501.749,"endTime":503.459,"body":"into a world of manipulating,"},{"startTime":503.467,"endTime":505.319,"body":"all the physical matter"},{"startTime":503.467,"endTime":505.319,"body":"around you which is a"},{"startTime":505.319,"endTime":506.519,"body":"Very exciting thought."},{"startTime":506.656,"endTime":512.126,"body":"I think that the ability for"},{"startTime":506.656,"endTime":512.126,"body":"smart nano-medicines really could"},{"startTime":512.126,"endTime":514.956,"body":"get us as close to immortality"},{"startTime":512.126,"endTime":514.956,"body":"as is physically possible."},{"startTime":515.216,"endTime":518.636,"body":"These are machines that could"},{"startTime":515.216,"endTime":518.636,"body":"actually go through and repair you"},{"startTime":518.646,"endTime":520.876,"body":"cell by cell to keep you alive."},{"startTime":520.896,"endTime":524.753,"body":"Perhaps they go through and actually,"},{"startTime":520.896,"endTime":524.753,"body":"help with cellular replication or, you"},{"startTime":524.753,"endTime":528.459,"body":"can clone, new cells of yourself and"},{"startTime":524.753,"endTime":528.459,"body":"actually have these nanobots bring them in"},{"startTime":528.459,"endTime":531.729,"body":"And swap them out with older cells so that"},{"startTime":528.459,"endTime":531.729,"body":"they can continue replicating forever."},{"startTime":531.847,"endTime":533.107,"body":", These are really interesting things."},{"startTime":533.107,"endTime":535.911,"body":"But actually, uh, Lucas, I would"},{"startTime":533.107,"endTime":535.911,"body":"like to talk about The makeup"},{"startTime":535.991,"endTime":536.611,"body":"of nanobots"},{"startTime":536.841,"endTime":537.511,"body":"for a moment."},{"startTime":537.791,"endTime":538.261,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":538.451,"endTime":539.511,"body":"Specifically with medicine, but"},{"startTime":539.511,"endTime":540.231,"body":"we'll also talk about"},{"startTime":540.231,"endTime":544.401,"body":"it with some other applications as"},{"startTime":540.231,"endTime":544.401,"body":"well, because I feel like there is"},{"startTime":544.661,"endTime":544.811,"body":"an"},{"startTime":544.811,"endTime":546.871,"body":"idea of how nanobots are, right?"},{"startTime":546.871,"endTime":547.311,"body":"If you,"},{"startTime":547.681,"endTime":547.841,"body":"the"},{"startTime":547.841,"endTime":548.991,"body":"viewer, will think for a moment and"},{"startTime":548.991,"endTime":550.741,"body":"actually picture what you think a 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is."},{"startTime":803.024,"endTime":805.184,"body":"And that benefit extends"},{"startTime":803.024,"endTime":805.184,"body":"past just agriculture, too."},{"startTime":805.184,"endTime":805.394,"body":"I mean,"},{"startTime":805.394,"endTime":807.224,"body":"this could be huge for"},{"startTime":805.394,"endTime":807.224,"body":"environmental cleanup."},{"startTime":807.304,"endTime":809.453,"body":"imagine if we could go to"},{"startTime":807.304,"endTime":809.453,"body":"Chernobyl right now, right?"},{"startTime":809.453,"endTime":811.591,"body":"There's a lot of, radioactively"},{"startTime":809.453,"endTime":811.591,"body":"contaminated material"},{"startTime":811.591,"endTime":812.591,"body":"buried under the soil."},{"startTime":812.861,"endTime":814.721,"body":"What if you could drop a"},{"startTime":812.861,"endTime":814.721,"body":"bunch of nanobots on that?"},{"startTime":815.001,"endTime":818.211,"body":"They go through, identify what's"},{"startTime":815.001,"endTime":818.211,"body":"radioactive and what's not on a,"},{"startTime":818.211,"endTime":818.421,"body":"like,"},{"startTime":818.598,"endTime":820.431,"body":"almost molecular scale, and then"},{"startTime":820.431,"endTime":820.681,"body":"they,"},{"startTime":820.71,"endTime":824.628,"body":"collect all the contaminated stuff, and"},{"startTime":820.71,"endTime":824.628,"body":"once they're full, they maybe migrate to"},{"startTime":824.628,"endTime":824.718,"body":"a,"},{"startTime":824.728,"endTime":827.568,"body":"a certain collection point, and you"},{"startTime":824.728,"endTime":827.568,"body":"just scoop them all up in a blob."},{"startTime":827.588,"endTime":831.158,"body":"They've concentrated all this contaminated"},{"startTime":827.588,"endTime":831.158,"body":"material, uh, and then you can take"},{"startTime":831.158,"endTime":834.348,"body":"them on to dispose of, whether that's"},{"startTime":831.158,"endTime":834.348,"body":"through disposing of them or maybe"},{"startTime":834.348,"endTime":837.738,"body":"the nanobots can excrete this material"},{"startTime":834.348,"endTime":837.738,"body":"and, uh, go back and be used again."},{"startTime":837.889,"endTime":840.999,"body":"that would be massive for us, and it's"},{"startTime":837.889,"endTime":840.999,"body":"a technology that's probably a little"},{"startTime":840.999,"endTime":844.029,"body":"bit closer than you think because"},{"startTime":840.999,"endTime":844.029,"body":"we're already using a technology"},{"startTime":844.029,"endTime":848.129,"body":"like that as a film in a lot of"},{"startTime":844.029,"endTime":848.129,"body":"smokestacks now that actually collect"},{"startTime":848.129,"endTime":849.779,"body":"contaminants from said smokestacks."},{"startTime":849.799,"endTime":851.219,"body":"Not on nuclear facility because"},{"startTime":851.219,"endTime":851.391,"body":"that's,"},{"startTime":851.422,"endTime":852.262,"body":"steam, of course."},{"startTime":852.262,"endTime":855.972,"body":"But on these ones that are pumping"},{"startTime":852.262,"endTime":855.972,"body":"out deadly chemicals, things like that"},{"startTime":855.972,"endTime":859.35,"body":"into our atmosphere, these films on"},{"startTime":855.972,"endTime":859.35,"body":"smokestacks are actually able to collect"},{"startTime":859.36,"endTime":863.06,"body":"a lot of that contaminant, and then"},{"startTime":859.36,"endTime":863.06,"body":"it's able to essentially scrape itself,"},{"startTime":863.09,"endTime":864.57,"body":"and then you can reapply another film."},{"startTime":864.61,"endTime":865.69,"body":"really cool technology."},{"startTime":865.71,"endTime":869.16,"body":"Really cool technology, but the difference"},{"startTime":865.71,"endTime":869.16,"body":"between that and what the next step"},{"startTime":869.16,"endTime":869.31,"body":"is"},{"startTime":869.31,"endTime":871.91,"body":"is actually adding some intelligence"},{"startTime":869.31,"endTime":871.91,"body":"to it so you can release it"},{"startTime":871.93,"endTime":873.61,"body":"on already contaminated areas."},{"startTime":873.64,"endTime":873.98,"body":"Mm-hmm."},{"startTime":873.99,"endTime":875.648,"body":"And it can basically go"},{"startTime":873.99,"endTime":875.648,"body":"through and clean it up."},{"startTime":875.793,"endTime":879.543,"body":"how many industrial waste sites are"},{"startTime":875.793,"endTime":879.543,"body":"gonna be unusable for centuries,"},{"startTime":879.685,"endTime":882.526,"body":"that we have no way to clean that"},{"startTime":879.685,"endTime":882.526,"body":"this could go through and do on,"},{"startTime":882.526,"endTime":882.756,"body":"like,"},{"startTime":882.806,"endTime":884.346,"body":"almost, like I said, that molecular scale?"},{"startTime":884.396,"endTime":884.646,"body":"mean-"},{"startTime":884.646,"endTime":884.676,"body":"I mean,"},{"startTime":884.676,"endTime":885.156,"body":"it's amazing."},{"startTime":885.276,"endTime":886.134,"body":"it really is."},{"startTime":886.164,"endTime":890.844,"body":"Imagine you just dump it on a landfill"},{"startTime":886.164,"endTime":890.844,"body":"and it reduces the footprint, both of"},{"startTime":890.844,"endTime":895.208,"body":"the runoff and also just the amount"},{"startTime":890.844,"endTime":895.208,"body":"of mass in that landfill, and it"},{"startTime":895.208,"endTime":897.678,"body":"just breaks it down and pulls all of"},{"startTime":897.678,"endTime":897.868,"body":"that"},{"startTime":897.878,"endTime":899.218,"body":"that can be recycled out of it."},{"startTime":899.298,"endTime":901.768,"body":"That's another one, actually, I'm"},{"startTime":899.298,"endTime":901.768,"body":"glad you talked about, too, because"},{"startTime":901.768,"endTime":904.528,"body":"it's not just about cleaning up"},{"startTime":901.768,"endTime":904.528,"body":"contaminated areas in terms of,"},{"startTime":904.62,"endTime":906.609,"body":"chemical spill or something"},{"startTime":904.62,"endTime":906.609,"body":"like that, but also disposing"},{"startTime":906.609,"endTime":907.899,"body":"of our waste in a better way."},{"startTime":908.209,"endTime":911.189,"body":"Because, like you said, we have these"},{"startTime":908.209,"endTime":911.189,"body":"landfills, and what do you do with them?"},{"startTime":911.489,"endTime":913.549,"body":"A lot of them are made up of"},{"startTime":911.489,"endTime":913.549,"body":"material that will never biodegrade."},{"startTime":914.089,"endTime":916.427,"body":"The key word there is"},{"startTime":914.089,"endTime":916.427,"body":"biodegrade, because we do."},{"startTime":916.437,"endTime":919.507,"body":"We rely on bacteria to get rid of a lot"},{"startTime":916.437,"endTime":919.507,"body":"of our waste, but of course, bacteria"},{"startTime":919.507,"endTime":921.157,"body":"can't break down certain objects."},{"startTime":921.217,"endTime":921.537,"body":"Mm-hmm."},{"startTime":921.537,"endTime":923.037,"body":"And this is where nanotechnology comes in."},{"startTime":923.047,"endTime":926.16,"body":"You effectively can make, from the"},{"startTime":923.047,"endTime":926.16,"body":"ground up, your own bacterium that"},{"startTime":926.16,"endTime":930.82,"body":"can handle synthetic materials like"},{"startTime":926.16,"endTime":930.82,"body":"plastics and can break them down into,"},{"startTime":930.891,"endTime":934.121,"body":"potentially a more inert form or, at"},{"startTime":930.891,"endTime":934.121,"body":"the bare minimum, a more useful form."},{"startTime":934.421,"endTime":937.011,"body":"Even if they don't turn it into"},{"startTime":934.421,"endTime":937.011,"body":"something more useful, perhaps just"},{"startTime":937.011,"endTime":938.951,"body":"turning all of the free chemicals into,"},{"startTime":939.031,"endTime":940.498,"body":"Carbon, so you basically just end up with"},{"startTime":940.515,"endTime":944.135,"body":"a more concentrated pit of things"},{"startTime":940.515,"endTime":944.135,"body":"like coal, uh, could be super useful,"},{"startTime":944.135,"endTime":945.205,"body":"as long as we don't burn it again."},{"startTime":945.305,"endTime":947.833,"body":"that would be amazing because at"},{"startTime":945.305,"endTime":947.833,"body":"least… If even if we do burn it"},{"startTime":947.833,"endTime":950.123,"body":"again, it's still a useful resource."},{"startTime":950.143,"endTime":951.153,"body":"Yeah, at the bare minimum,"},{"startTime":951.153,"endTime":951.363,"body":"you know,"},{"startTime":951.363,"endTime":955.433,"body":"if you were using the nanobots to"},{"startTime":951.363,"endTime":955.433,"body":"turn, released CO2 back into coal"},{"startTime":955.633,"endTime":959.053,"body":"to then re-burn it, which would"},{"startTime":955.633,"endTime":959.053,"body":"probably be a net energy sink."},{"startTime":959.053,"endTime":961.263,"body":"You would probably lose more energy"},{"startTime":959.053,"endTime":961.263,"body":"in that process, but whatever."},{"startTime":961.583,"endTime":962.628,"body":"Let's say you did do that."},{"startTime":962.633,"endTime":965.663,"body":"It actually, funny enough, still is"},{"startTime":962.633,"endTime":965.663,"body":"carbon neutral because you harvested"},{"startTime":965.673,"endTime":969.13,"body":"the carbon from your atmosphere to"},{"startTime":965.673,"endTime":969.13,"body":"then re-release into the atmosphere."},{"startTime":969.13,"endTime":969.65,"body":"So"},{"startTime":969.79,"endTime":970.1,"body":"it's a,"},{"startTime":970.11,"endTime":971.38,"body":"it's a weird case where burning"},{"startTime":971.38,"endTime":971.51,"body":"a,"},{"startTime":971.51,"endTime":972.99,"body":"a hydrocarbon is carbon neutral."},{"startTime":973.31,"endTime":974.56,"body":"Those are rare, but they do happen."},{"startTime":974.659,"endTime":978.619,"body":"it might even be worth the energy if we"},{"startTime":974.659,"endTime":978.619,"body":"have a Dyson sphere and we just wanna,"},{"startTime":978.703,"endTime":980.313,"body":"energy storage perhaps."},{"startTime":980.563,"endTime":980.943,"body":"Yeah, you could."},{"startTime":982.133,"endTime":982.153,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":982.153,"endTime":985.143,"body":"And, um… it is a super cool idea,"},{"startTime":982.153,"endTime":985.143,"body":"just being able to break down all"},{"startTime":985.143,"endTime":988.973,"body":"those materials and just put them into"},{"startTime":985.143,"endTime":988.973,"body":"a denser structure that can be stored"},{"startTime":989.163,"endTime":992.869,"body":"and at least not, leak and contaminate"},{"startTime":989.163,"endTime":992.869,"body":"like a lot of landfills do now."},{"startTime":992.899,"endTime":996.349,"body":"And it also would take up a lot"},{"startTime":992.899,"endTime":996.349,"body":"less space, which is, going into the"},{"startTime":996.349,"endTime":997.359,"body":"future, going to be something that's"},{"startTime":997.359,"endTime":997.609,"body":"very,"},{"startTime":997.609,"endTime":998.299,"body":"very important."},{"startTime":998.339,"endTime":1002.119,"body":"speaking of space, of course,"},{"startTime":998.339,"endTime":1002.119,"body":"nanoparticles can help us, reach our goals"},{"startTime":1002.129,"endTime":1003.619,"body":"of being an interstellar civilization."},{"startTime":1003.746,"endTime":1006.116,"body":"And I think this is a use case"},{"startTime":1003.746,"endTime":1006.116,"body":"we see in science fiction a lot."},{"startTime":1006.116,"endTime":1006.906,"body":"This is the dream,"},{"startTime":1006.906,"endTime":1007.136,"body":"right,"},{"startTime":1007.136,"endTime":1007.526,"body":"of taking"},{"startTime":1007.526,"endTime":1007.666,"body":"a,"},{"startTime":1007.715,"endTime":1010.243,"body":"vial of nanobots and then"},{"startTime":1007.715,"endTime":1010.243,"body":"turning them over on the surface"},{"startTime":1010.243,"endTime":1011.983,"body":"of Mars and then coming back"},{"startTime":1011.988,"endTime":1013.099,"body":"to a new Eden, right?"},{"startTime":1013.209,"endTime":1013.479,"body":"Mm-hmm."},{"startTime":1013.499,"endTime":1015.059,"body":"I know that's been"},{"startTime":1013.499,"endTime":1015.059,"body":"explored in science fiction"},{"startTime":1015.059,"endTime":1015.259,"body":"many,"},{"startTime":1015.259,"endTime":1015.959,"body":"many times."},{"startTime":1016.023,"endTime":1020.159,"body":"now, we're talking about essentially"},{"startTime":1016.023,"endTime":1020.159,"body":"s- and super intelligent, well"},{"startTime":1020.159,"endTime":1024.713,"body":"designated, almost conscious-driven"},{"startTime":1020.159,"endTime":1024.713,"body":"nanobots at this point that have,"},{"startTime":1024.713,"endTime":1026.063,"body":"A mission to create"},{"startTime":1026.206,"endTime":1026.986,"body":"livable planet."},{"startTime":1027.126,"endTime":1031.076,"body":"And they would self-replicate, harvest"},{"startTime":1027.126,"endTime":1031.076,"body":"resources, things like that, so that"},{"startTime":1031.076,"endTime":1032.626,"body":"they could spread and do it faster."},{"startTime":1032.812,"endTime":1035.592,"body":"and that idea is very cool,"},{"startTime":1032.812,"endTime":1035.592,"body":"especially for terraforming"},{"startTime":1035.672,"endTime":1036.122,"body":"It is."},{"startTime":1036.162,"endTime":1039.669,"body":"I do think people still underestimate how"},{"startTime":1036.162,"endTime":1039.669,"body":"long that's going to take, though, people"},{"startTime":1039.669,"endTime":1041.199,"body":"imagine you dump these nanobots, right?"},{"startTime":1041.199,"endTime":1043.289,"body":"And then they just zoom off,"},{"startTime":1041.199,"endTime":1043.289,"body":"and they completely cover the"},{"startTime":1043.289,"endTime":1046.302,"body":"planet in a few, months to years,"},{"startTime":1043.289,"endTime":1046.302,"body":"and then they start working."},{"startTime":1046.302,"endTime":1046.422,"body":"But"},{"startTime":1046.422,"endTime":1046.432,"body":"the,"},{"startTime":1046.432,"endTime":1049.412,"body":"the reality of the situation is it"},{"startTime":1046.432,"endTime":1049.412,"body":"could still take centuries for them to"},{"startTime":1049.412,"endTime":1053.196,"body":"actually out far enough and seed the"},{"startTime":1049.412,"endTime":1053.196,"body":"whole planet, if not thousands of years."},{"startTime":1053.576,"endTime":1054.226,"body":"And that's just to,"},{"startTime":1054.246,"endTime":1057.506,"body":"fully infect the planet, and then"},{"startTime":1054.246,"endTime":1057.506,"body":"they have to start doing the work"},{"startTime":1057.506,"endTime":1059.036,"body":"of fixing whatever issue you have."},{"startTime":1059.185,"endTime":1059.845,"body":", But once they do"},{"startTime":1059.845,"endTime":1060.135,"body":"that,"},{"startTime":1060.145,"endTime":1062.115,"body":"that's where it starts getting"},{"startTime":1060.145,"endTime":1062.115,"body":"interesting 'cause they might start"},{"startTime":1062.445,"endTime":1066.588,"body":"digesting that soil and making it useful"},{"startTime":1062.445,"endTime":1066.588,"body":"for things like our plants, kind of"},{"startTime":1066.588,"endTime":1069.418,"body":"working like a nitrogen-fixing"},{"startTime":1066.588,"endTime":1069.418,"body":"bacteria, just being able to fix"},{"startTime":1069.808,"endTime":1072.188,"body":"tons of other things like the"},{"startTime":1069.808,"endTime":1072.188,"body":"Martian regolith, which right now"},{"startTime":1072.188,"endTime":1073.408,"body":"is full of things like perchlorates"},{"startTime":1073.488,"endTime":1073.858,"body":"and,"},{"startTime":1074.028,"endTime":1075.018,"body":"and aren't very habitable."},{"startTime":1075.023,"endTime":1078.721,"body":"perhaps they're absorbing things from"},{"startTime":1075.023,"endTime":1078.721,"body":"the atmosphere and, uh, breaking them"},{"startTime":1078.731,"endTime":1081.591,"body":"down or sequestering them to make the"},{"startTime":1078.731,"endTime":1081.591,"body":"atmosphere more friendly for humans."},{"startTime":1081.611,"endTime":1084.381,"body":"But it is definitely a"},{"startTime":1081.611,"endTime":1084.381,"body":"fascinating concept to be able"},{"startTime":1084.381,"endTime":1084.681,"body":"to,"},{"startTime":1084.971,"endTime":1086.711,"body":"to manipulate a planet on such"},{"startTime":1086.711,"endTime":1086.891,"body":"a,"},{"startTime":1086.949,"endTime":1087.748,"body":"fundamental level."},{"startTime":1087.988,"endTime":1088.978,"body":"it definitely is."},{"startTime":1089.018,"endTime":1093.358,"body":"And even though that would take some"},{"startTime":1089.018,"endTime":1093.358,"body":"time, that technology of being so"},{"startTime":1093.368,"endTime":1096.688,"body":"versatile is something that we can"},{"startTime":1093.368,"endTime":1096.688,"body":"apply to almost everything around us."},{"startTime":1096.708,"endTime":1101.058,"body":"And another concept that we see in"},{"startTime":1096.708,"endTime":1101.058,"body":"science fiction a lot is n-using nanobots"},{"startTime":1101.068,"endTime":1103.478,"body":"for the creation of other things."},{"startTime":1103.518,"endTime":1108.358,"body":"As aside from just rebuilding a planet,"},{"startTime":1103.518,"endTime":1108.358,"body":"nanobots can be used to repair ships"},{"startTime":1108.358,"endTime":1109.828,"body":"the same way that we talked about them,"},{"startTime":1109.866,"endTime":1111.535,"body":"doing quick repairs on tissue."},{"startTime":1111.572,"endTime":1112.745,"body":"a ship that takes damage,"},{"startTime":1112.795,"endTime":1116.165,"body":"A nano swarm can form into it and"},{"startTime":1112.795,"endTime":1116.165,"body":"essentially, as a living metal,"},{"startTime":1116.165,"endTime":1119.215,"body":"reform itself into whatever"},{"startTime":1116.165,"endTime":1119.215,"body":"that ship needs at that moment."},{"startTime":1119.391,"endTime":1123.881,"body":"Now, imagine we use these self-replicating"},{"startTime":1119.391,"endTime":1123.881,"body":"nanobots that are able to form structures"},{"startTime":1123.959,"endTime":1129.655,"body":"to build cities, to build materials, and"},{"startTime":1123.959,"endTime":1129.655,"body":"it's something that is being dived into"},{"startTime":1129.655,"endTime":1133.646,"body":"slightly right now with self-repairing"},{"startTime":1129.655,"endTime":1133.646,"body":"concrete, which is a really cool"},{"startTime":1133.646,"endTime":1135.746,"body":"concept that- Is currently being,"},{"startTime":1135.872,"endTime":1136.642,"body":"looked into."},{"startTime":1136.692,"endTime":1137.712,"body":"But it's essentially,"},{"startTime":1137.732,"endTime":1140.082,"body":"These nanobots are laid"},{"startTime":1137.732,"endTime":1140.082,"body":"within the concrete."},{"startTime":1140.082,"endTime":1144.856,"body":"Whenever it splits, they essentially,"},{"startTime":1140.082,"endTime":1144.856,"body":"break off the oxygen that's going into"},{"startTime":1144.856,"endTime":1148.836,"body":"the concrete, allow the concrete to break"},{"startTime":1144.856,"endTime":1148.836,"body":"down, and then reform it into the cracks."},{"startTime":1148.912,"endTime":1152.132,"body":"this technology can be furthered"},{"startTime":1148.912,"endTime":1152.132,"body":"into building whatever we"},{"startTime":1152.132,"endTime":1153.162,"body":"would want in the future."},{"startTime":1153.202,"endTime":1156.172,"body":"And l- like I said before,"},{"startTime":1153.202,"endTime":1156.172,"body":"it would essentially give us,"},{"startTime":1156.226,"endTime":1157.566,"body":"the physical world around us."},{"startTime":1157.616,"endTime":1158.916,"body":"Could be mended to our will."},{"startTime":1159.032,"endTime":1162.672,"body":"Yeah, Alastair Reynolds covers the"},{"startTime":1159.032,"endTime":1162.672,"body":"idea , in his Revelation Space series."},{"startTime":1162.862,"endTime":1166.242,"body":"But in both his sh- spaceships"},{"startTime":1162.862,"endTime":1166.242,"body":"and the actual cities, Chasm City"},{"startTime":1166.242,"endTime":1168.942,"body":"being the main example, they're"},{"startTime":1166.242,"endTime":1168.942,"body":"made of smart material that can"},{"startTime":1168.942,"endTime":1170.112,"body":"reorientate"},{"startTime":1170.132,"endTime":1172.252,"body":"themselves depending on"},{"startTime":1170.132,"endTime":1172.252,"body":"the needs of whomever."},{"startTime":1172.358,"endTime":1174.796,"body":"for the city it was interesting,"},{"startTime":1172.358,"endTime":1174.796,"body":"because the actual buildings"},{"startTime":1174.796,"endTime":1178.786,"body":"themselves could change as"},{"startTime":1174.796,"endTime":1178.786,"body":"architectural styles changed, I mean,"},{"startTime":1178.786,"endTime":1181.596,"body":"we all know you can tell a building"},{"startTime":1178.786,"endTime":1181.596,"body":"was built in the '80s versus a"},{"startTime":1181.596,"endTime":1184.636,"body":"building being built now, and it"},{"startTime":1181.596,"endTime":1184.636,"body":"looks out of date, and it looks odd."},{"startTime":1184.876,"endTime":1188.446,"body":"So in, in his books, he explores the"},{"startTime":1184.876,"endTime":1188.446,"body":"idea of these cities being made of smart"},{"startTime":1188.446,"endTime":1190.926,"body":"materials, where you can change it to fit"},{"startTime":1190.979,"endTime":1191.849,"body":"the designs"},{"startTime":1191.906,"endTime":1192.966,"body":"of the current,"},{"startTime":1192.987,"endTime":1193.322,"body":"people."},{"startTime":1193.452,"endTime":1193.802,"body":"Mm-hmm."},{"startTime":1193.837,"endTime":1194.786,"body":"did that go well?"},{"startTime":1194.876,"endTime":1196.156,"body":"I'll let you read the books for yourself."},{"startTime":1196.186,"endTime":1198.096,"body":"But it is definitely"},{"startTime":1196.186,"endTime":1198.096,"body":"an interesting thought"},{"startTime":1198.133,"endTime":1199.506,"body":"and one fun to think about."},{"startTime":1199.76,"endTime":1202.22,"body":"And like you said, you could use"},{"startTime":1199.76,"endTime":1202.22,"body":"it as a self-repairing mechanism."},{"startTime":1202.44,"endTime":1205.78,"body":"Something else that's interesting to"},{"startTime":1202.44,"endTime":1205.78,"body":"think about too is how the nano scale"},{"startTime":1206.05,"endTime":1207.45,"body":"can interact with the macro scale."},{"startTime":1207.53,"endTime":1208.37,"body":"Thinking about"},{"startTime":1208.41,"endTime":1208.63,"body":"a,"},{"startTime":1208.64,"endTime":1213.986,"body":"a future ship or robot or whatever made"},{"startTime":1208.64,"endTime":1213.986,"body":"of nanobots can actually distribute"},{"startTime":1214.006,"endTime":1217.666,"body":"its computation throughout all of the"},{"startTime":1214.006,"endTime":1217.666,"body":"nanobots, so it doesn't have any one"},{"startTime":1217.666,"endTime":1221.54,"body":"core computational center, Each one of"},{"startTime":1217.666,"endTime":1221.54,"body":"the little nanobots are just pitching in"},{"startTime":1221.54,"endTime":1221.79,"body":"just,"},{"startTime":1221.88,"endTime":1224.18,"body":"just a slight amount of computation,"},{"startTime":1221.88,"endTime":1224.18,"body":"but when you have millions and"},{"startTime":1224.18,"endTime":1227.017,"body":"billions of them, you could end up"},{"startTime":1224.18,"endTime":1227.017,"body":"with quite a smart material, maybe"},{"startTime":1227.017,"endTime":1228.974,"body":"even well beyond human intelligence."},{"startTime":1228.974,"endTime":1232.014,"body":"And pairing that with something"},{"startTime":1228.974,"endTime":1232.014,"body":"like AI could end up being, um,"},{"startTime":1232.271,"endTime":1233.101,"body":"well, quite a,"},{"startTime":1233.163,"endTime":1233.701,"body":"hard foe"},{"startTime":1233.777,"endTime":1234.604,"body":"to encounter, right?"},{"startTime":1234.634,"endTime":1234.924,"body":"This is,"},{"startTime":1234.924,"endTime":1235.944,"body":"this is gonna be like the, what is it?"},{"startTime":1235.944,"endTime":1238.484,"body":"The T-2 in Terminator, the one"},{"startTime":1235.944,"endTime":1238.484,"body":"that's made of the liquid metal."},{"startTime":1238.544,"endTime":1239.014,"body":"Oh, yeah."},{"startTime":1239.094,"endTime":1239.754,"body":"it's just like"},{"startTime":1239.754,"endTime":1240.044,"body":"the,"},{"startTime":1240.067,"endTime":1242.421,"body":"alien that you see in The Expanse as well."},{"startTime":1242.521,"endTime":1244.417,"body":"Aren't they a broad, nano"},{"startTime":1244.664,"endTime":1244.944,"body":"creature?"},{"startTime":1245.014,"endTime":1245.504,"body":"I actually don't remember."},{"startTime":1245.504,"endTime":1245.884,"body":"Yeah, I don't…"},{"startTime":1245.904,"endTime":1246.094,"body":"I,"},{"startTime":1246.094,"endTime":1246.704,"body":"I can't remember."},{"startTime":1246.704,"endTime":1248.219,"body":"I do know they use a lot of nanotech once-"},{"startTime":1248.219,"endTime":1250.134,"body":"Mm …you get through, um,"},{"startTime":1248.219,"endTime":1250.134,"body":"spoilers for something that's"},{"startTime":1250.134,"endTime":1250.854,"body":"been out for quite a while now."},{"startTime":1250.864,"endTime":1250.874,"body":"Oh,"},{"startTime":1250.874,"endTime":1251.104,"body":"g- oh, God,"},{"startTime":1251.104,"endTime":1251.644,"body":"I'm sorry."},{"startTime":1251.664,"endTime":1251.854,"body":"I,"},{"startTime":1252.434,"endTime":1252.564,"body":"I'm,"},{"startTime":1252.564,"endTime":1252.914,"body":"reading"},{"startTime":1252.954,"endTime":1254.931,"body":"the new books actually,"},{"startTime":1252.954,"endTime":1254.931,"body":"by the same author."},{"startTime":1254.974,"endTime":1255.317,"body":"he's got"},{"startTime":1255.377,"endTime":1257.297,"body":"A new work going out, and the second,"},{"startTime":1257.307,"endTime":1257.716,"body":"like,"},{"startTime":1257.716,"endTime":1258.957,"body":"book in the series…"},{"startTime":1259.307,"endTime":1259.387,"body":"Well,"},{"startTime":1259.387,"endTime":1259.487,"body":"it's"},{"startTime":1259.487,"endTime":1259.857,"body":"like a,"},{"startTime":1259.857,"endTime":1260.337,"body":"a mini,"},{"startTime":1260.377,"endTime":1260.577,"body":"like,"},{"startTime":1260.577,"endTime":1261.977,"body":"book between the first and second one."},{"startTime":1261.977,"endTime":1262.127,"body":"It's"},{"startTime":1262.127,"endTime":1262.397,"body":"the,"},{"startTime":1262.397,"endTime":1263.867,"body":"the Captive's War series."},{"startTime":1263.877,"endTime":1266.727,"body":"They also use a lot of"},{"startTime":1263.877,"endTime":1266.727,"body":"nanotech for, uh, suits."},{"startTime":1266.757,"endTime":1268.687,"body":"It's… There's a… It's…"},{"startTime":1266.757,"endTime":1268.687,"body":"The book is called Live Suit."},{"startTime":1268.867,"endTime":1269.287,"body":"Mm-hmm."},{"startTime":1269.352,"endTime":1271.432,"body":"I don't wanna give any major"},{"startTime":1269.352,"endTime":1271.432,"body":"spoilers, but this one's been out"},{"startTime":1271.432,"endTime":1274.376,"body":"for a while, and it's not ke- keyly"},{"startTime":1271.432,"endTime":1274.376,"body":"important for the main series."},{"startTime":1274.426,"endTime":1278.519,"body":"that's what they have is effectively"},{"startTime":1274.426,"endTime":1278.519,"body":"a nanobot suit that completely entraps"},{"startTime":1278.562,"endTime":1282.069,"body":"the soldier and enhances them in every"},{"startTime":1278.562,"endTime":1282.069,"body":"way and offers a bunch of the abilities"},{"startTime":1282.069,"endTime":1286.109,"body":"we were talking about before, like smart"},{"startTime":1282.069,"endTime":1286.109,"body":"repair, wound addressing, and it can,"},{"startTime":1286.159,"endTime":1288.499,"body":"uh, adapt reactively to a situation."},{"startTime":1288.499,"endTime":1291.749,"body":"Say, if you lose your leg, it"},{"startTime":1288.499,"endTime":1291.749,"body":"can then expand out and give you"},{"startTime":1291.749,"endTime":1292.079,"body":"a,"},{"startTime":1292.079,"endTime":1294.759,"body":"a prosthetic leg on the"},{"startTime":1292.079,"endTime":1294.759,"body":"spot so that you can escape"},{"startTime":1294.829,"endTime":1295.029,"body":"a,"},{"startTime":1295.029,"endTime":1295.699,"body":"a battle zone."},{"startTime":1295.869,"endTime":1299.139,"body":"I feel like that's something that it's,"},{"startTime":1295.869,"endTime":1299.139,"body":"is explored a lot in science fiction as"},{"startTime":1299.139,"endTime":1299.299,"body":"well."},{"startTime":1299.299,"endTime":1299.554,"body":"Absolutely."},{"startTime":1299.554,"endTime":1302.299,"body":"And something that I don't think I've"},{"startTime":1299.554,"endTime":1302.299,"body":"seen explored in science fiction,"},{"startTime":1302.299,"endTime":1306.189,"body":"but basically the same technology"},{"startTime":1302.299,"endTime":1306.189,"body":"is instead of coding your soldiers"},{"startTime":1306.189,"endTime":1309.602,"body":"in nanotechnology, imagine that you"},{"startTime":1306.189,"endTime":1309.602,"body":"have a disaster relief area, right?"},{"startTime":1309.602,"endTime":1309.712,"body":"Like,"},{"startTime":1309.712,"endTime":1310.262,"body":"you just had"},{"startTime":1310.272,"endTime":1310.342,"body":"a,"},{"startTime":1310.342,"endTime":1312.222,"body":"a building collapse"},{"startTime":1310.342,"endTime":1312.222,"body":"maybe due to a hurricane."},{"startTime":1312.832,"endTime":1313.852,"body":"If you could dump a bunch of,"},{"startTime":1313.852,"endTime":1314.012,"body":"like,"},{"startTime":1314.012,"endTime":1318.032,"body":"this nano material on it, it could work"},{"startTime":1314.012,"endTime":1318.032,"body":"its way through the cracks, identify"},{"startTime":1318.032,"endTime":1321.666,"body":"survivors, maybe start applying medical"},{"startTime":1318.032,"endTime":1321.666,"body":"treatment sealing wounds, and then"},{"startTime":1321.666,"endTime":1324.906,"body":"also lighting up a beacon so that"},{"startTime":1321.666,"endTime":1324.906,"body":"rescue crews could find them faster."},{"startTime":1325.106,"endTime":1328.722,"body":"Just yet another example of how"},{"startTime":1325.106,"endTime":1328.722,"body":"nanotechnology could be beneficial."},{"startTime":1328.922,"endTime":1331.282,"body":"the sky really is the limit, and, um-"},{"startTime":1331.282,"endTime":1331.782,"body":"And beyond"},{"startTime":1332.032,"endTime":1332.682,"body":"…"},{"startTime":1332.032,"endTime":1332.682,"body":"and beyond."},{"startTime":1332.742,"endTime":1333.312,"body":"That's right."},{"startTime":1333.379,"endTime":1334.319,"body":"a book that really,"},{"startTime":1334.439,"endTime":1338.189,"body":"Dives into this is The Forthcoming"},{"startTime":1334.439,"endTime":1338.189,"body":"of Nanotechnology by Drexler."},{"startTime":1338.29,"endTime":1339.558,"body":"he goes into,"},{"startTime":1339.568,"endTime":1339.868,"body":"like,"},{"startTime":1339.968,"endTime":1344.652,"body":"something that we see a lot in- current"},{"startTime":1339.968,"endTime":1344.652,"body":"sci-fi, which is like the 3D printer,"},{"startTime":1344.71,"endTime":1348.52,"body":"using those nanotechnologies to"},{"startTime":1344.71,"endTime":1348.52,"body":"essentially create Anything, but not"},{"startTime":1348.52,"endTime":1353.26,"body":"just create it, but also break it down"},{"startTime":1348.52,"endTime":1353.26,"body":"into its base materials to then reproduce"},{"startTime":1353.26,"endTime":1355.593,"body":"it as whatever you could possibly want."},{"startTime":1355.773,"endTime":1355.903,"body":"And-"},{"startTime":1355.903,"endTime":1357.183,"body":"Yeah, at that point you're"},{"startTime":1355.903,"endTime":1357.183,"body":"really getting into,"},{"startTime":1357.183,"endTime":1357.313,"body":"like,"},{"startTime":1357.313,"endTime":1358.863,"body":"a post-scarcity society."},{"startTime":1359.039,"endTime":1363.139,"body":"Literally imagine you take an asteroid and"},{"startTime":1359.039,"endTime":1363.139,"body":"you build one of these on a massive scale."},{"startTime":1363.139,"endTime":1365.679,"body":"You throw it into there, and then in,"},{"startTime":1365.729,"endTime":1366.029,"body":"you know,"},{"startTime":1366.029,"endTime":1369.929,"body":"moments you can then on the other"},{"startTime":1366.029,"endTime":1369.929,"body":"side build a ship completely stocked"},{"startTime":1369.929,"endTime":1372.719,"body":"with all the food that you would"},{"startTime":1369.929,"endTime":1372.719,"body":"ever need because it's all just"},{"startTime":1372.779,"endTime":1373.279,"body":"carbon."},{"startTime":1373.639,"endTime":1373.989,"body":"You know?"},{"startTime":1373.989,"endTime":1378.469,"body":"All of organics are made out of carbon, so"},{"startTime":1373.989,"endTime":1378.469,"body":"you just feed it a bunch of carbon, micro"},{"startTime":1378.469,"endTime":1383.979,"body":"minerals, things like that, and it's able"},{"startTime":1378.469,"endTime":1383.979,"body":"to pop out just insanely usable materials,"},{"startTime":1384.049,"endTime":1385.889,"body":"organic materials, things like that."},{"startTime":1385.939,"endTime":1388.189,"body":"at that point you're in a, you're"},{"startTime":1385.939,"endTime":1388.189,"body":"at a post-scarcity society."},{"startTime":1388.199,"endTime":1388.449,"body":"Mm-hmm."},{"startTime":1388.729,"endTime":1391.449,"body":"You have everything you could"},{"startTime":1388.729,"endTime":1391.449,"body":"ever possibly need in an abundance"},{"startTime":1391.449,"endTime":1394.009,"body":"if you can just turn any raw"},{"startTime":1391.449,"endTime":1394.009,"body":"material into anything else."},{"startTime":1394.299,"endTime":1394.629,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":1394.799,"endTime":1398.469,"body":"Now, there are some interesting, uh,"},{"startTime":1394.799,"endTime":1398.469,"body":"challenges of course with nanotechnology."},{"startTime":1398.709,"endTime":1399.859,"body":"For one, how do you power them?"},{"startTime":1400.119,"endTime":1401.239,"body":"That's always very tricky."},{"startTime":1401.819,"endTime":1404.869,"body":"With cellular mechanisms it's"},{"startTime":1401.819,"endTime":1404.869,"body":"maybe not that hard to imagine."},{"startTime":1404.869,"endTime":1407.229,"body":"They could utilize something like"},{"startTime":1404.869,"endTime":1407.229,"body":"a mitochondria, especially if"},{"startTime":1407.229,"endTime":1408.319,"body":"they're doing low energy stuff."},{"startTime":1408.319,"endTime":1412.172,"body":"But if you're really talking about some of"},{"startTime":1408.319,"endTime":1412.172,"body":"these high energy, nanoparticles that are"},{"startTime":1412.172,"endTime":1415.375,"body":"doing some pretty high level computation"},{"startTime":1412.172,"endTime":1415.375,"body":"where does that power come from?"},{"startTime":1415.71,"endTime":1417.03,"body":"is a difficult concept, right?"},{"startTime":1417.03,"endTime":1420.69,"body":"Because of course it's not going"},{"startTime":1417.03,"endTime":1420.69,"body":"to be able to produce more energy"},{"startTime":1420.69,"endTime":1422.38,"body":"than it's consuming while it moves."},{"startTime":1422.38,"endTime":1422.58,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":1422.62,"endTime":1422.82,"body":"It,"},{"startTime":1422.87,"endTime":1424.61,"body":"it would not be really possible."},{"startTime":1424.67,"endTime":1428.16,"body":"Maybe we think of it as"},{"startTime":1424.67,"endTime":1428.16,"body":"it moves within itself."},{"startTime":1428.16,"endTime":1429.77,"body":"It doesn't actually break off."},{"startTime":1429.79,"endTime":1432.49,"body":"It would move more like a"},{"startTime":1429.79,"endTime":1432.49,"body":"living magnetic metal, sort of"},{"startTime":1432.5,"endTime":1433.12,"body":"moving as,"},{"startTime":1433.13,"endTime":1433.27,"body":"like,"},{"startTime":1433.27,"endTime":1434.14,"body":"a ferrofluid."},{"startTime":1434.54,"endTime":1436.97,"body":"And then at the end of it, it"},{"startTime":1434.54,"endTime":1436.97,"body":"would be attached to a power"},{"startTime":1436.97,"endTime":1438.35,"body":"source that could charge itself."},{"startTime":1438.424,"endTime":1440.204,"body":"that's certainly one"},{"startTime":1438.424,"endTime":1440.204,"body":"interesting way to go about it."},{"startTime":1440.214,"endTime":1441.174,"body":"There are some others, right?"},{"startTime":1441.174,"endTime":1441.374,"body":"I mean,"},{"startTime":1441.374,"endTime":1444.814,"body":"they could potentially encapsulate"},{"startTime":1441.374,"endTime":1444.814,"body":"really small radioactive materials"},{"startTime":1444.854,"endTime":1446.104,"body":"and just harvest that energy."},{"startTime":1446.114,"endTime":1446.124,"body":"Mm."},{"startTime":1446.394,"endTime":1449.204,"body":"They could power themselves in"},{"startTime":1446.394,"endTime":1449.204,"body":"many of the same ways that a lot of"},{"startTime":1449.254,"endTime":1450.724,"body":"independent cells power themselves."},{"startTime":1451.044,"endTime":1453.524,"body":"Chemosynthesis,"},{"startTime":1451.044,"endTime":1453.524,"body":"photosynthesis, you name it."},{"startTime":1453.701,"endTime":1456.67,"body":"could power them externally perhaps,"},{"startTime":1453.701,"endTime":1456.67,"body":"uh, but that does get tricky, right?"},{"startTime":1456.67,"endTime":1460.07,"body":"Because you are limited by the"},{"startTime":1456.67,"endTime":1460.07,"body":"size of the actual nanoparticle."},{"startTime":1460.1,"endTime":1463.12,"body":"You can't shine it with energy"},{"startTime":1460.1,"endTime":1463.12,"body":"that's bigger than it, right?"},{"startTime":1463.14,"endTime":1463.28,"body":"Like,"},{"startTime":1463.28,"endTime":1466.73,"body":"if you try to s- power your"},{"startTime":1463.28,"endTime":1466.73,"body":"nanomaterials with things like radio"},{"startTime":1466.73,"endTime":1469.24,"body":"waves, that's not gonna work 'cause"},{"startTime":1466.73,"endTime":1469.24,"body":"the actual wavelength is bigger."},{"startTime":1469.48,"endTime":1470.39,"body":"So the smaller"},{"startTime":1470.39,"endTime":1470.66,"body":"your,"},{"startTime":1470.67,"endTime":1473.99,"body":"your material gets, the more high"},{"startTime":1470.67,"endTime":1473.99,"body":"energy, photons you need to use so"},{"startTime":1473.99,"endTime":1475.23,"body":"they can actually interact with it."},{"startTime":1475.308,"endTime":1479.474,"body":"that is certainly a prospect, is that"},{"startTime":1475.308,"endTime":1479.474,"body":"you could have an external power display"},{"startTime":1479.864,"endTime":1483.534,"body":"and it just shines energy through them"},{"startTime":1479.864,"endTime":1483.534,"body":"through, the electromagnetic force, and"},{"startTime":1483.634,"endTime":1485.834,"body":"you just need to tune them to absorb it."},{"startTime":1485.904,"endTime":1488.504,"body":"And you could even have the"},{"startTime":1485.904,"endTime":1488.504,"body":"nanostructures perhaps make larger"},{"startTime":1488.504,"endTime":1492.124,"body":"antennas, larger structures to harvest"},{"startTime":1488.504,"endTime":1492.124,"body":"lower energy photons if needed."},{"startTime":1492.364,"endTime":1495.284,"body":"you could literally just have them"},{"startTime":1492.364,"endTime":1495.284,"body":"form whatever is the most efficient"},{"startTime":1495.294,"endTime":1497.424,"body":"way to receive that energy, and then"},{"startTime":1497.684,"endTime":1498.034,"body":"they,"},{"startTime":1498.044,"endTime":1499.754,"body":"they could do it, and"},{"startTime":1498.044,"endTime":1499.754,"body":"then power each other-"},{"startTime":1499.827,"endTime":1500.777,"body":"Yeah, it would be interesting."},{"startTime":1500.777,"endTime":1504.247,"body":"Imagine that you yourself have nanobots"},{"startTime":1500.777,"endTime":1504.247,"body":"living in your body, and they actually"},{"startTime":1504.247,"endTime":1508.425,"body":"form inside of you, an antenna to"},{"startTime":1504.247,"endTime":1508.425,"body":"absorb microwaves from your environment"},{"startTime":1508.745,"endTime":1509.855,"body":"to keep them powered, and then"},{"startTime":1509.855,"endTime":1510.205,"body":"they,"},{"startTime":1510.235,"endTime":1513.615,"body":"Absorb that and transmit it to the"},{"startTime":1510.235,"endTime":1513.615,"body":"individual ones, and basically build like"},{"startTime":1513.615,"endTime":1515.495,"body":"a recharging station inside of your body"},{"startTime":1515.6,"endTime":1517.76,"body":", it's interesting to think about all"},{"startTime":1515.6,"endTime":1517.76,"body":"the different ways this could work."},{"startTime":1517.985,"endTime":1518.827,"body":"it definitely is,"},{"startTime":1518.827,"endTime":1523.285,"body":"and it's why it's so cool to think"},{"startTime":1518.827,"endTime":1523.285,"body":"about because when you're able to have"},{"startTime":1523.285,"endTime":1526.915,"body":"something that's able to manipulate"},{"startTime":1523.285,"endTime":1526.915,"body":"the physical world into whatever it"},{"startTime":1526.925,"endTime":1528.965,"body":"wants, the possibilities become endless."},{"startTime":1528.995,"endTime":1532.025,"body":"Yeah, imagine if they can migrate to"},{"startTime":1528.995,"endTime":1532.025,"body":"your skin and absorb the ultraviolet"},{"startTime":1532.025,"endTime":1535.935,"body":"radiation that is coming from the sun,"},{"startTime":1532.025,"endTime":1535.935,"body":"which kills two birds with one stone."},{"startTime":1535.945,"endTime":1539.215,"body":"Not only does it absorb it instead"},{"startTime":1535.945,"endTime":1539.215,"body":"of your cells, so it acts as a, an"},{"startTime":1539.215,"endTime":1542.895,"body":"anti-cancer agent, but then they fill"},{"startTime":1539.215,"endTime":1542.895,"body":"up and then migrate back to you and"},{"startTime":1542.905,"endTime":1545.945,"body":"go through your body and perform their"},{"startTime":1542.905,"endTime":1545.945,"body":"tasks until they run low on energy,"},{"startTime":1545.945,"endTime":1546.895,"body":"and they just rinse and repeat."},{"startTime":1547.135,"endTime":1547.385,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":1547.545,"endTime":1548.905,"body":"Protecting your body while,"},{"startTime":1548.915,"endTime":1549.205,"body":"you know,"},{"startTime":1549.205,"endTime":1550.145,"body":"feeding their energy."},{"startTime":1550.185,"endTime":1551.855,"body":"It's all a possibility."},{"startTime":1551.865,"endTime":1551.885,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":1552.225,"endTime":1553.455,"body":"It's just super cool to think about."},{"startTime":1553.635,"endTime":1554.665,"body":"It absolutely is."},{"startTime":1554.695,"endTime":1558.515,"body":"Um, I do think that we could probably"},{"startTime":1554.695,"endTime":1558.515,"body":"sit here and just ruminate on all"},{"startTime":1558.525,"endTime":1562.815,"body":"the possibilities of nanotechnology"},{"startTime":1558.525,"endTime":1562.815,"body":"for God knows how long, but the"},{"startTime":1562.815,"endTime":1565.635,"body":"only last one that I really wanted"},{"startTime":1562.815,"endTime":1565.635,"body":"to talk about, and this is probably"},{"startTime":1565.645,"endTime":1569.065,"body":"something that others have throughout"},{"startTime":1565.645,"endTime":1569.065,"body":"the episode considered, which is"},{"startTime":1569.065,"endTime":1571.465,"body":"The biggest fear of nanotechnology-"},{"startTime":1571.465,"endTime":1571.475,"body":"Mm-hmm"},{"startTime":1571.475,"endTime":1574.165,"body":"especially self-replicating"},{"startTime":1571.475,"endTime":1574.165,"body":"nanotechnology, is a"},{"startTime":1574.165,"endTime":1575.895,"body":"potential gray goo situation."},{"startTime":1576.125,"endTime":1577.025,"body":"Ah, yes."},{"startTime":1577.165,"endTime":1578.245,"body":"The all-consuming."},{"startTime":1578.265,"endTime":1578.745,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":1578.785,"endTime":1582.155,"body":"There's always this fear that if you"},{"startTime":1578.785,"endTime":1582.155,"body":"make these self-replicating nanobots,"},{"startTime":1582.605,"endTime":1586.385,"body":"what happens if they just break down"},{"startTime":1582.605,"endTime":1586.385,"body":"everything in your environment to make"},{"startTime":1586.385,"endTime":1590.715,"body":"more self-replicating nanobots, and"},{"startTime":1586.385,"endTime":1590.715,"body":"you just end up with this planet that's"},{"startTime":1590.715,"endTime":1592.555,"body":"just nothing but nanobots anymore?"},{"startTime":1592.555,"endTime":1595.355,"body":"All organic material or anything"},{"startTime":1592.555,"endTime":1595.355,"body":"that can be consumed is consumed."},{"startTime":1595.585,"endTime":1600.162,"body":"it really is the worst case of mission"},{"startTime":1595.585,"endTime":1600.162,"body":"was unclear- … consumed everything meme,"},{"startTime":1600.694,"endTime":1600.934,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":1603.214,"endTime":1604.184,"body":"Yes, exactly."},{"startTime":1604.213,"endTime":1606.113,"body":"please produce paperclips."},{"startTime":1606.714,"endTime":1610.434,"body":"Uh, yes, sir. Produces paperclips"},{"startTime":1606.714,"endTime":1610.434,"body":"out of literally everything"},{"startTime":1610.434,"endTime":1611.723,"body":"in the observable universe."},{"startTime":1611.754,"endTime":1613.244,"body":"It's a famous example, and,"},{"startTime":1613.264,"endTime":1615.77,"body":"Not to diminish it because it is"},{"startTime":1613.264,"endTime":1615.77,"body":"something you do need to be cognizant"},{"startTime":1615.91,"endTime":1617.47,"body":"of with self-replicating machines."},{"startTime":1617.47,"endTime":1619.65,"body":"You need to find some"},{"startTime":1617.47,"endTime":1619.65,"body":"way to implement stops."},{"startTime":1619.94,"endTime":1620.92,"body":"It's such an important thing."},{"startTime":1620.92,"endTime":1622.03,"body":"Biology does it too."},{"startTime":1622.03,"endTime":1622.25,"body":"I mean,"},{"startTime":1622.25,"endTime":1624.92,"body":"we have oncogenes that are"},{"startTime":1622.25,"endTime":1624.92,"body":"designed to keep our cells from"},{"startTime":1624.92,"endTime":1627.88,"body":"replicating out of control, and"},{"startTime":1624.92,"endTime":1627.88,"body":"when those fail, you get cancers."},{"startTime":1627.89,"endTime":1627.93,"body":"Mm-hmm."},{"startTime":1627.93,"endTime":1628.1,"body":"And,"},{"startTime":1628.1,"endTime":1631.0,"body":"and that's definitely a fear with"},{"startTime":1628.1,"endTime":1631.0,"body":"these self-replicating nanites is"},{"startTime":1631.0,"endTime":1634.03,"body":"even if you program them well, what"},{"startTime":1631.0,"endTime":1634.03,"body":"happens if they mutate over time,"},{"startTime":1634.44,"endTime":1637.56,"body":"and then they lose control, and they"},{"startTime":1634.44,"endTime":1637.56,"body":"start completely self-replicating"},{"startTime":1637.56,"endTime":1641.52,"body":"out of control, and you get a cancer"},{"startTime":1637.56,"endTime":1641.52,"body":"that can consume the entire world?"},{"startTime":1641.57,"endTime":1643.66,"body":"And that is genuinely"},{"startTime":1641.57,"endTime":1643.66,"body":"something to be concerned of."},{"startTime":1643.899,"endTime":1647.908,"body":"it really is just like with a cancer,"},{"startTime":1643.899,"endTime":1647.908,"body":", their prerogative would be to, fulfill"},{"startTime":1647.908,"endTime":1651.791,"body":"that mission of self-replication,"},{"startTime":1647.908,"endTime":1651.791,"body":"when the resources stop that they're"},{"startTime":1651.791,"endTime":1654.031,"body":"naturally feeding on what comes next."},{"startTime":1654.041,"endTime":1654.521,"body":"It's,"},{"startTime":1654.531,"endTime":1655.151,"body":"it's us."},{"startTime":1655.241,"endTime":1658.041,"body":"very possible, or even if not, they"},{"startTime":1655.241,"endTime":1658.041,"body":"could destroy the entire planet."},{"startTime":1658.061,"endTime":1660.722,"body":"So that, that's one to be concerned"},{"startTime":1658.061,"endTime":1660.722,"body":"of, really the only ways I can"},{"startTime":1660.722,"endTime":1664.852,"body":"think to limit it are, one, you can"},{"startTime":1660.722,"endTime":1664.852,"body":"limit it by introducing something"},{"startTime":1664.862,"endTime":1666.012,"body":"that they're not able to replicate."},{"startTime":1666.012,"endTime":1666.252,"body":"This was"},{"startTime":1666.252,"endTime":1666.482,"body":"kind of"},{"startTime":1666.502,"endTime":1669.492,"body":"the same thing we explored in our"},{"startTime":1666.502,"endTime":1669.492,"body":"von Neumann probe episode, where you"},{"startTime":1669.502,"endTime":1672.762,"body":"give them a power source that… no"},{"startTime":1669.502,"endTime":1672.762,"body":"ability to recreate that power source."},{"startTime":1673.042,"endTime":1675.512,"body":"So each time they replicate, for"},{"startTime":1673.042,"endTime":1675.512,"body":"example, if they're powered off of a"},{"startTime":1675.512,"endTime":1680.052,"body":"radioisotope, they then have to break that"},{"startTime":1675.512,"endTime":1680.052,"body":"radioisotope in half, so each successive"},{"startTime":1680.052,"endTime":1683.154,"body":"generation, has less and less energy until"},{"startTime":1680.052,"endTime":1683.154,"body":"they're not able to replicate anymore."},{"startTime":1683.714,"endTime":1686.054,"body":"Or you could explore the idea we"},{"startTime":1683.714,"endTime":1686.054,"body":"talked about before, which is you"},{"startTime":1686.054,"endTime":1689.344,"body":"power them from an external source so"},{"startTime":1686.054,"endTime":1689.344,"body":"that if they do get out of control,"},{"startTime":1689.344,"endTime":1690.934,"body":"you can externally cut the power,"},{"startTime":1691.231,"endTime":1693.401,"body":"much more of a fan of the"},{"startTime":1691.231,"endTime":1693.401,"body":"second one because that way,"},{"startTime":1693.451,"endTime":1695.641,"body":"They don't get to replicate 30 times- Yeah"},{"startTime":1695.671,"endTime":1700.841,"body":", And it gives us a fail-safe, on something"},{"startTime":1695.671,"endTime":1700.841,"body":"that could be a universe-ending event."},{"startTime":1700.871,"endTime":1704.071,"body":"and this also might not be as big"},{"startTime":1700.871,"endTime":1704.071,"body":"a- of a concern as you would think"},{"startTime":1704.101,"endTime":1707.751,"body":"because there is this idea that"},{"startTime":1704.101,"endTime":1707.751,"body":"cancers can only get so large because"},{"startTime":1707.751,"endTime":1709.651,"body":"by the very nature of"},{"startTime":1707.751,"endTime":1709.651,"body":"the cells are unstable."},{"startTime":1709.791,"endTime":1710.081,"body":"Mm."},{"startTime":1710.091,"endTime":1712.351,"body":"They're trying to"},{"startTime":1710.091,"endTime":1712.351,"body":"out-replicate everything else."},{"startTime":1712.351,"endTime":1716.131,"body":"And so once the tumors get too large,"},{"startTime":1712.351,"endTime":1716.131,"body":"uh, they basically start cannibalizing"},{"startTime":1716.131,"endTime":1718.191,"body":"the tumor itself, and so you reach this,"},{"startTime":1718.191,"endTime":1718.341,"body":"like,"},{"startTime":1718.341,"endTime":1719.781,"body":"natural maximum size."},{"startTime":1719.791,"endTime":1723.071,"body":"And this is why things like blue"},{"startTime":1719.791,"endTime":1723.071,"body":"whales never die of cancer, because"},{"startTime":1723.071,"endTime":1725.211,"body":"it's very unlikely the tumor"},{"startTime":1723.071,"endTime":1725.211,"body":"gets big enough to kill them."},{"startTime":1725.311,"endTime":1725.771,"body":"I see."},{"startTime":1725.886,"endTime":1726.859,"body":"and it's interesting to think"},{"startTime":1726.859,"endTime":1726.879,"body":"that"},{"startTime":1726.879,"endTime":1728.539,"body":"that could happen with"},{"startTime":1726.879,"endTime":1728.539,"body":"nanobots too, right?"},{"startTime":1728.559,"endTime":1728.769,"body":"Like,"},{"startTime":1728.769,"endTime":1732.179,"body":"We're imagining these nanobots starting"},{"startTime":1728.769,"endTime":1732.179,"body":"to replicate out of control and consume"},{"startTime":1732.209,"endTime":1735.809,"body":"everything to make more nanobots,"},{"startTime":1732.209,"endTime":1735.809,"body":"but as they continue to drift further"},{"startTime":1735.809,"endTime":1739.322,"body":"and further, they might start to"},{"startTime":1735.809,"endTime":1739.322,"body":"also consume themselves or previous"},{"startTime":1739.322,"endTime":1740.787,"body":"generations to make new versions of"},{"startTime":1740.787,"endTime":1741.849,"body":"the newest generation."},{"startTime":1742.169,"endTime":1745.326,"body":"And so you might reach this maximum"},{"startTime":1742.169,"endTime":1745.326,"body":"size, where they just continue"},{"startTime":1745.336,"endTime":1746.556,"body":"fighting amongst themselves."},{"startTime":1746.743,"endTime":1750.443,"body":"if their prerogative was simply"},{"startTime":1746.743,"endTime":1750.443,"body":"consume the closest thing to produce"},{"startTime":1750.463,"endTime":1753.537,"body":"more, then it would get to a point"},{"startTime":1750.463,"endTime":1753.537,"body":"to where you would just end up with"},{"startTime":1754.107,"endTime":1758.353,"body":"these blobs of self-consuming nanobots"},{"startTime":1754.107,"endTime":1758.353,"body":"just continuously replicating."},{"startTime":1758.563,"endTime":1760.103,"body":"unless for some reason they had,"},{"startTime":1760.103,"endTime":1764.127,"body":"like, a self-preservation in them to"},{"startTime":1760.103,"endTime":1764.127,"body":"where they wouldn't eat each other, but"},{"startTime":1764.25,"endTime":1765.89,"body":"I feel like that wouldn't be implicated."},{"startTime":1766.03,"endTime":1766.3,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":1766.4,"endTime":1767.25,"body":"the real concern is,"},{"startTime":1767.31,"endTime":1771.31,"body":"blue whales don't die of cancer"},{"startTime":1767.31,"endTime":1771.31,"body":"because that critical size is too small"},{"startTime":1771.31,"endTime":1774.22,"body":"most of the time to cause them harm"},{"startTime":1771.31,"endTime":1774.22,"body":"'cause they're such large creatures."},{"startTime":1774.26,"endTime":1774.57,"body":"Right."},{"startTime":1774.82,"endTime":1776.66,"body":"How big is that for nanobots?"},{"startTime":1776.67,"endTime":1778.57,"body":"Is it a couple of miles?"},{"startTime":1778.79,"endTime":1780.25,"body":"Is it a couple of thousand miles?"},{"startTime":1780.25,"endTime":1781.5,"body":"Is it a solar system?"},{"startTime":1781.511,"endTime":1784.82,"body":"we might be talking about, swarms"},{"startTime":1781.511,"endTime":1784.82,"body":"of nanobots that consume several"},{"startTime":1784.82,"endTime":1787.78,"body":"solar systems before they start"},{"startTime":1784.82,"endTime":1787.78,"body":"competing amongst themselves in"},{"startTime":1787.78,"endTime":1788.98,"body":"significant numbers to stop it."},{"startTime":1788.98,"endTime":1791.475,"body":"So it is, still not something"},{"startTime":1788.98,"endTime":1791.475,"body":"I really wanna find out and it"},{"startTime":1791.495,"endTime":1794.985,"body":"I'd rather theorize about it than"},{"startTime":1791.495,"endTime":1794.985,"body":"to find out about it, in the world."},{"startTime":1795.055,"endTime":1795.975,"body":"Mm-hmm."},{"startTime":1795.975,"endTime":1796.305,"body":"Mm-hmm."},{"startTime":1796.305,"endTime":1796.495,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":1796.785,"endTime":1797.545,"body":"Absolutely."},{"startTime":1797.745,"endTime":1800.305,"body":"Nanobots are definitely going"},{"startTime":1797.745,"endTime":1800.305,"body":"to be a part of our future."},{"startTime":1800.365,"endTime":1802.865,"body":", I don't think they're at any point"},{"startTime":1800.365,"endTime":1802.865,"body":"where it's time for us to start"},{"startTime":1802.865,"endTime":1806.265,"body":"fearing them yet, but they are"},{"startTime":1802.865,"endTime":1806.265,"body":"always cool to think about- Yeah"},{"startTime":1806.275,"endTime":1808.395,"body":"because of just their"},{"startTime":1806.275,"endTime":1808.395,"body":"infinite possibility."},{"startTime":1808.668,"endTime":1808.858,"body":"Well,"},{"startTime":1808.858,"endTime":1811.966,"body":"with that being said, thank you"},{"startTime":1808.858,"endTime":1811.966,"body":"all so much for joining, And if you"},{"startTime":1811.966,"endTime":1814.656,"body":"found this topic interesting, please"},{"startTime":1811.966,"endTime":1814.656,"body":"consider subscribing on whatever your"},{"startTime":1814.666,"endTime":1818.646,"body":"podcast platform of choice is, and"},{"startTime":1814.666,"endTime":1818.646,"body":"also considering checking us out next"},{"startTime":1818.646,"endTime":1822.126,"body":"week, where we're gonna be exploring"},{"startTime":1818.646,"endTime":1822.126,"body":"how alien ecosystems could evolve"},{"startTime":1822.126,"endTime":1826.116,"body":"without any photosynthesis and what"},{"startTime":1822.126,"endTime":1826.116,"body":"that would do to the ecosystems and"},{"startTime":1826.116,"endTime":1827.496,"body":"the life that comes from those planets."},{"startTime":1827.906,"endTime":1830.596,"body":"So if that sounds interesting,"},{"startTime":1827.906,"endTime":1830.596,"body":"uh, I hope you tune in and enjoy."},{"startTime":1830.913,"endTime":1831.933,"body":"Thank you guys so much."},{"startTime":1832.155,"endTime":1832.565,"body":"Take care."},{"startTime":1832.755,"endTime":1833.135,"body":"Bye-bye."}]}