History for Kids / History's Not Boring: The Kids History Podcast

How do fighter jets work?

SCL Season 1 Episode 132

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0:00 | 12:02

Get ready for takeoff! We're blasting off into the wild world of fighter jets! Did you know planes used to spin giant blades called propellers? Imagine the noise! Then, BAM! World War II changed everything when Germany shocked the world with the Me 262—a jet that flew 100 miles per hour faster than anything else! 🚀 That's like a super-fast snail racing a cheetah! Hear how the British quickly built their own speedster, the Gloster Meteor! We'll zoom into 1947 when Chuck Yeager dared to break the sound barrier—what does that even sound like?! From loud propeller planes to super-secret stealth fighters today, join Mira and Finn as we explore how humans learned to fly faster than sound! It’s history, and it’s definitely not boring!

SPEAKER_00

Welcome to History's Not Boring by Kidopoly.com. I'm Mira.

SPEAKER_01

And I'm Finn.

SPEAKER_00

And this episode is super special because it's for Kai all the way in Costa Rica. Hi Kai! You asked for an episode on fighter jets.

SPEAKER_01

That is such a cool idea, Kai. Jets are like flying rockets.

SPEAKER_00

Today we are soaring from propeller planes to stealth fighters. We're talking about the moment humans figured out how to go faster than the speed of sound.

SPEAKER_01

Faster than sound? Is that like breaking a giant invisible wall?

SPEAKER_00

Exactly! And the first jet fighter was built way back in World War II. Imagine a propeller plane trying to race a jet that flew over a hundred miles per hour faster. Whoa! What made it so fast? It's all about the engine. We are talking about the jet engine. Buckle up, Kai, because this story is amazing. Okay Finn, so before jets, planes had big spinning propellers, right? Those plates push the air backward to move the plane forward, like a giant fan on the front.

SPEAKER_01

Like when I push water backward in the swimming pool to move forward.

SPEAKER_00

Perfect comparison. But by the late 1930s, World War II was starting, and engineers needed something way faster than propellers could manage.

SPEAKER_01

So how does a jet engine skip the propeller part?

SPEAKER_00

It sucks air in, squishes it super tight with spinning blades called compressors, mixes it with fuel, and then lights it. That hot, fast-moving air shoots out the back, giving a giant push. This idea was perfected by brilliant minds, like Sir Frank Whittle in Britain and Hans von Ohein in Germany.

SPEAKER_01

So suck, squish, burn, blow. That sounds simple for something that goes so fast.

SPEAKER_00

It is simple, but building it was incredibly hard. In Germany, a team led by Willi Messerschmidt finished their revolutionary plane, the Messerschmitt ME262, right around 1943. It looked sleek, almost like a small rocket with wings. A rocket with wings? Where did they test it? Mostly near Augsburg, Germany. When the Allies, like the Americans and British, first saw this thing flying in 1944, they were shocked. It could hit speeds over 540 miles per hour. That's like driving from New York City to Boston in under an hour.

SPEAKER_01

That's faster than almost any car. So why didn't they just use them right away?

SPEAKER_00

Great question. They didn't have many. Only about 1,400 were built. And the early engines needed a lot of maintenance. Plus, they needed a lot of special fuel. The Allies, however, immediately raced to build their own. The British were super quick. Just a few months after the ME-262 started flying, the Gloucester Aircraft Company flew their own jet fighter, the Gloucester Meteor, in July 1943. It had two jet engines slung under its wings.

SPEAKER_01

Did the Meteor fight the German ME-262s?

SPEAKER_00

Not really, Finn. The Meteor was kept secret, so the Germans wouldn't know they had jets too. It wasn't officially used in combat until 1944, mostly chasing German flying bombs called V-1s, and it was fast, hitting around 415 miles per hour.

SPEAKER_01

They kept it a secret. So the ME-262 was the first real jet fighter duel.

SPEAKER_00

It was the first operational jet fighter. But even with the German advantage of 100 miles per hour extra speed, the Allies had way more propeller planes. The war ended before the jet fighters really changed things.

SPEAKER_01

That's a long time to wait for the next big speed jump. What happened right after the war ended in 1945?

SPEAKER_00

The race for supersonic speed began. That means going faster than the speed of sound, which is about 767 miles per hour at sea level. That invisible wall Finn mentioned is called the sound barrier.

SPEAKER_01

That sounds super dangerous. Who even tried to break it first?

SPEAKER_00

A true American hero named Chuck Yeager. He was a former World War II pilot. He flew a special rocket plane called the Bell X-1, which was painted bright orange. A rocket plane? How did he launch it? He was carried up high, above 20,000 feet, inside a giant B-29 bomber. Then, on October 14th, 1947, over the Mojave Desert in California, he dropped the X-1, fired its rocket engine, and boom! He shot right through the sound barrier. He flew at 700 mph, then kept going faster. He officially hit Mach 1.06, which is 1.06 times the speed of sound. When he got back, people didn't even know he did it until days later.

SPEAKER_01

He was the first! Did the plane survive the wall? I heard it can shake really bad.

SPEAKER_00

It got really bumpy right before breaking through. A phenomenon called buffeting. But the X1 was built strong, with thin straight wings, unlike the curved wings of older planes. That design helped it slice through the airwave. If the wings were too wide, the air pressure could crush them.

SPEAKER_01

Oh man, that sounds scary. Was it loud when he broke the barrier?

SPEAKER_00

Jaeger said he didn't hear a thing from the plane itself because he was moving faster than the sound wave he created. But the sonic boom on the ground? Super loud. We're talking about sounds over 140 decibels. That's louder than a rock concert.

SPEAKER_01

So after Jaeger did it, everyone started making supersonic jets right away.

SPEAKER_00

Slowly, it took until the 1950s for jets like the US Air Force's F-100 Super Sabre to officially enter service designed for sustained supersonic flight. Then came the Cold War, and everyone wanted the fastest, highest flying jet.

SPEAKER_01

And what about those really cool-looking ones, like the ones in Top Gun?

SPEAKER_00

Ah, the F-14 Tomcat and the F-A-18 Hornet. Those are from the 1970s and 80s. They are way more advanced, with super powerful engines and amazing radars. The F-14, for example, could change the angle of its wings while flying, which helped it handle better at different speeds.

SPEAKER_01

Wings that move? That's like having two kinds of plane in one.

SPEAKER_00

Exactly. And today the cutting edge is stealth. Fighters like the F-22 Raptor or the F-35 Lightning 2 are designed to look like less than they are on radar, using weird angles and special paint to bounce radar waves away. They are practically invisible to some early warning systems. So, Kai, think about it. The ME-262 in 1944 was maybe 540 mph, and Chuck Jaeger hit 767 miles per hour in 1947. That's a jump of over 220 miles per hour in just three years.

SPEAKER_01

Wow, that's faster progress than my new video game console updates. Totally!

SPEAKER_00

The impact was huge. Jet engines power everything now, from giant passenger planes to the fastest jets. Passenger planes used to take 18 hours to fly across the Atlanta. Now they take about six or seven hours.

SPEAKER_01

Do they still use the suck, squish, burn, blow engine?

SPEAKER_00

They do, but they've gotten way more efficient. Here's a weird fact. The first operational jet fighter, the ME-262, was so fast that the propeller planes of the time couldn't even catch it to shoot it down.

SPEAKER_01

Haha, so it was like bringing a super speedy race car to a tractor. Perfect.

SPEAKER_00

Another cool one. Chuck Yeager's X1 plane that broke the sound barrier was only about 33 feet long. That's shorter than one of our classrooms. But it could go faster than any car on Earth.

SPEAKER_01

Only 33 feet? That seems small for such a big job.

SPEAKER_00

And finally, the sound barrier wasn't a solid wall. It's just the point where the air starts to act very differently. When Jaeger broke it, he proved that metal structures could survive the extreme pressure changes.

SPEAKER_01

Cool. So from 1943 to 1947, they jumped from an amazing new idea to breaking the speed limit of nature.

SPEAKER_00

Exactly! What a story of human engineering, Kai! Ready to test your speed knowledge? Alright, Finn, time for the quiz! Are you ready to test your sonic knowledge, Kai?

SPEAKER_01

Okay, I'm ready. But the supersonic stuff is hard to remember.

SPEAKER_00

First question. What was the name of the world's first operational jet fighter plane built by Germany? Next one, this is about speed. What is the approximate speed in miles per hour for the speed of sound, Mach 1? Question 3. Which American pilot became the first person to officially fly faster than the speed of sound in 1947? Here's number four. What was the name of the special rocket plane Chuck Yeager flew to break the sound barrier? Last question! What modern fighter jet feature is used to make planes hard to see on radar? Great job! Let's see how you did. Here are the answers. The first answer is the Messaschmid ME262. For question two, the speed of sound is about 767 miles per hour. Number three, the amazing pilot was Chuck Jaeger. Question 4's answer is the Bell X1. And the last answer is Stealth Technology.

SPEAKER_01

Wow, I never thought about how fast planes had to change from using propellers to needing those massive jet points.

SPEAKER_00

It's incredible! And all that work just so Chuck Jaeger could fly over 767 miles per hour. That's a huge leap.

SPEAKER_01

If you love learning about speed and history today, please ask a grown-up to give us a five-star review wherever you hear podcasts.

SPEAKER_00

That helps other history adventurers like Kai find us. Just scroll down and tap those five stars for us.

SPEAKER_01

Oh, and don't forget to check out our site kidopoly.com. We have tons of fun learning games and activities there to go with all these incredible stories.

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If you want to shout out on the show next time, or just want to say hi about our flying machines, send an email to hello at kidopoly.com.

SPEAKER_01

Bye everyone. See you next time on History's Not Boring. Bye bye.