National Home Inspector Exam Prep Podcast

07 - Modern Wiring Methods: NM, AC, MC Cable, Conduit Types

Season 1 - Electrical Systems ⚡ Season 1 Episode 7

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Modern wiring methods include various cable types and conduit systems, each with specific uses, limitations, and installation requirements. This episode covers the most common wiring methods home inspectors encounter and how to identify improper installations.

What You'll Learn

Nonmetallic Sheathed Cable (NM) and Underground Feeder (UF):

  • NM (Romex): Predominant wiring since 1940s
  • Early versions (late 1920s-1960s): Cloth sheathing
  • Modern NM: PVC sheathing
  • Color coding: White=#14, Yellow=#12, Orange=#10, Black=#8 and #6
  • Notation: 14/2 or 14-2 (gauge/quantity of insulated conductors, plus EGC)
  • UF: Similar to NM, designed for wet locations and burial
  • UF may NOT be embedded in concrete (but may be in conduit embedded in concrete)
  • UF jacket usually gray
  • UF may NOT be used for pool/hot tub/spa wiring (uninsulated EGC)

Armored Cable (AC):

  • Found from early 1900s to new construction
  • Sometimes called BX (brand name—General Electric)
  • Factory assembly with flexible interlocking metal covering
  • Conductors wrapped in paper
  • Should have anti-short bushing at terminations
  • AC jacket can serve as EGC (if manufactured after 1959)
  • Pre-1959 AC: Watch for rust/damage increasing resistance

Metal-Clad Cable (MC):

  • Found from early 1900s to new construction
  • Sometimes called Greenfield (early MC form)
  • Factory assembly with flexible metal covering (aluminum or steel)
  • NOT paper-wrapped (unlike AC)
  • Difficult to distinguish from AC and FMC visually
  • MC jacket can serve as EGC with appropriate fittings

Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT):

  • Sometimes called "thin wall"
  • Round pipe for routing/protecting conductors
  • Steel or aluminum
  • Common sizes: ½" to 4" diameter, 10-foot sections
  • May serve as EGC with appropriate fittings

Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC) and Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC):

  • Round pipes for routing/physical protection
  • IMC: Thinner wall, lighter weight alternative to RMC
  • Steel (including galvanized) or aluminum
  • Common sizes: ½" to 4" diameter
  • May serve as EGC with appropriate fittings

IMC/RMC Installation Requirements:

  • Support every 10 feet
  • Support within 3 feet from boxes/terminations

Flexible Metal Conduit (FMC):

  • Flexible tube of helically wound interlocking metal
  • Steel or aluminum (including galvanized/stainless)
  • Common sizes: ½" to 4" diameter

Liquidtight Flexible Metal Conduit (LFMC) and Liquidtight Flexible Conduit (LFC):

  • Flexible tubes for water-resistant applications
  • LFMC: Galvanized steel with water-resistant PVC jacket
  • LFC: PVC material
  • Common sizes: 3/8" to 4" diameter
  • LFMC may serve as EGC with appropriate fittings
  • Common locations: Exterior HVAC equipment, pools, hot tubs

Key Takeaways

  • NM is most common wiring method (color-coded jackets)
  • AC, MC, and NM have different allowed locations and limitations
  • Support spacing varies by wiring method (remember key intervals)
  • Flexible cords may NOT be used as permanent wiring
  • "Subject to physical damage" requires judgment and interpretation
  • Burial depths vary by wiring method
  • Metal conduit/tubing can serve as EGC with proper fittings

For complete training with visual materials, practice exams, and certification support, visit nhiexamprep.com

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