National Home Inspector Exam Prep Podcast

10 - Smoke and Carbon Monoxide Alarms: Types, Locations, Service Life

Season 1 - Electrical Systems ⚡ Season 1 Episode 10

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Episode Overview

Smoke and carbon monoxide alarms save lives—but only if properly installed and functioning. Standards of practice usually require reporting presence/absence only, but understanding these devices helps home inspectors educate clients.

Fire Types and Smoke Alarm Types

Two Fire Types:

  1. Flaming fires: Lots of flame, little smoke
  2. Smoldering fires: Lots of smoke, little flame

Two Smoke Alarm Types:

Ionization Alarms (Most Common):

  • Uses radioactive material to ionize air between sensors
  • Smoke disrupts electricity flow, triggers alarm
  • Slightly better at detecting flaming fires
  • Significantly less responsive at detecting smoky/smoldering fires
  • May not activate until too late for smoldering fires
  • Higher false alarm rate (cooking, candles)

Photoelectric Alarms (Less Common, Better):

  • Shines light above sensor at 90° angle
  • Smoke reflects light toward sensor, triggers alarm
  • Good at detecting smoky (smoldering) fires
  • Slightly less responsive than ionization for flaming fires
  • Lower false alarm rate

Smoke Alarm Testing Limitations

Test Button Method:

  • May only test sound-producing device
  • May NOT test sensor functionality
  • Sensor can fail while test button still works
  • UL-listed aerosol smoke products available (out of scope for home inspection)
  • Do NOT use smoke pens or unlisted devices (may damage alarm)

Alarm Service Life

Smoke Alarms:

  • Manufacturers recommend replacement after ≈10 years
  • Sensors degrade over time and fail
  • Failed sensor = useless alarm (false sense of security)
  • Original alarms in older houses may be useless

Carbon Monoxide Alarms:

  • Service life: ≈5-7 years (shorter than smoke alarms)
  • Combination smoke/CO alarms: CO part may fail before smoke part
  • Creates partially functional device
  • Alert clients to different service lives

Smoke Alarm Location Requirements

Minimum Locations:

  • Each bedroom
  • Hallway near bedrooms (interpretation: 10-40 feet)
  • Each story (including basements and habitable attics)
  • NOT in crawlspaces or uninhabitable attics

Split-Level Houses:

  • Alarm required on upper level only if: no door between levels AND upper level <1 full story above lower
  • Some jurisdictions require alarm on each level regardless
  • Manufacturers usually recommend alarm on each level

Carbon Monoxide Alarm Location Requirements

When Required (New Construction):

  • Houses with fuel-burning appliances (includes fireplaces)
  • Houses with attached garages

Minimum Locations:

  • Near bedrooms
  • If bedrooms widely separated or on different stories: Multiple alarms required

Key Takeaways

  • Photoelectric alarms better than ionization for most home fires
  • Test button may NOT test sensor functionality
  • Smoke alarms: 10-year service life; CO alarms: 5-7 years
  • Each bedroom + hallway + each story minimum
  • Interconnection required (hardwired or wireless)
  • False alarms lead to disconnected alarms (useless)

IRC Code References

IRC 2018: R314 (smoke alarms), R315 (carbon monoxide alarms)

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