Restorative Series - The Single Crown Part 1

 Q : Are your single crowns delivering the level of predictability you expect?
 Q : Are your contacts and margins as precise as they could be? 

This is the first episode in our 2026 Restorative Series, where our host Dr Jill Fisher, and guest host Dr Liam White, sit down with Michael to uncover his key tips, techniques, and clinical insights for achieving predictable results with single crown restorations. 

Show Notes:

For information about products Michael uses in his practice, click here

For information about CeoDental's upcoming course PERFECT PORCELAIN VENEERS on 12th & 13th June 2026 in Brisbane, click here

This podcast is brought to you by CORRECT DENTISTRY

Transcript

Dr Jill Fisher 0:01

Hi there. Before we get into today's topic, I wanted to briefly hop on and talk about Dr. Michael Mandikos' Perfect Porcelain Veneers two-day hands-on program that will be held in Brisbane on Friday the 12th and Saturday the 13th of June 2026. It's the tenth year of running this program. It's definitely Michael's favourite to teach, and resoundingly, it's the program that we get the most positive feedback about. There's a lot of hands-on and lecture content delivered on the two days. There will be theory on how veneers work, how to plan the case, how to take excellent records, how to communicate with the laboratory, how to choose the materials for the case, how to temporize impression, and how to cement the veneers at the end as well. It's supported by Solventum, and a lot of the products that Michael has been using in his clinic for nearly 20 years are the products that we will be showcasing on the day. We hope to see you there. Please visit www.ceodental.com.au to register, and any questions, please email info atceodental.com.aucome back to the Correct Dentistry Podcast. And we're beginning with what will be our restorative series, and tonight we're going to be speaking on the humble single crown. I'm joined by Dr. Michael Mandikos, specialist prosthodontist, and we also have Dr. Liam White. He's a first-year postgrad student at the University of Queensland. And we've invited Liam here today because he's come to our courses before and he just asked the best questions, so we thought he was the guy for the job tonight. So, Michael, I'd like to start in thinking about the humble single crown. I think when we're a recent grad, we find that really challenging. And as we get a little bit of experience, a single crown doesn't stress us as much as it used to. And it should be a fairly straightforward procedure that we're offering to our patients. And you might think that the more experience you get, the quicker that process should be. But I understand it's not a quick process for you. You're methodical in everything you do, you're doing everything to the best standard that you possibly can. And your crown fit appointment is not a particularly quick or low stress appointment for you. Is that right?

Dr Michael Mandikos 2:29

Yeah, that's right, Jill. It's uh my Crown Fit appointment's an hour. And I know sometimes I say that, and some of my colleagues sort of have a bit of a chuckle or they look a little bit stunned. But the reality is it it you know it can take up to an hour to fit a crown. I mean at that appointment there's lots of things to check. There's adjustments that need to be made, and if adjustments are made, you've got to make sure that you leave the crown smooth and perfectly polished. And ultimately, some of those crowns that we're talking about might be all ceramic, so there's a complicated bonding process that goes with that, and you want to be careful and meticulous in each step so that you don't get bonding complications, and we've talked about that before. Other crowns are metal-based, and so maybe the delivery is a little bit easier when it comes to cement them. And so, you know, sometimes I'll save a bit of time, but just as a standard, we we book an hour and we try to check everything.

Dr Jill Fisher 3:25

So, for the purpose of this first part of the restorative series, I wanted to really get your focus on not the cementing of the crown. We don't want to get that far ahead. We just want to talk about those methodical steps that you take from the minute the lab job comes back through the door to see you till when you're ready for your um cement part of the appointment. So can you share with us how you start the checks? And I know how methodical you are, so this will be a nice stepwise process that you can spell out to us. But but how do you start? What what are the checks that you make as soon as the crown comes back from the laboratory? And then Liam will take it away asking the more nitty-gritty technical questions.

Dr Michael Mandikos 4:11

Yeah, well, I mean it's thank you for for the invite to talk about that. It's I think with crowns, you're doing a fairly significant procedure to a tooth. So if it has to be done again, there's a lot of tooth structure missing, and if it has to be done a third time, you know, it's it's pretty compromising to a tooth. And also with a crown, you're working with materials that can be very durable. So if we do things well, we've got the chance to place crowns that last a long time. And I think that's that's the name of the game. So we try to do everything carefully. It starts at the beginning. I mean, once that lab job comes in, I think the thing I try to tell Nedis as much as possible is to make sure that the case comes in in advance of the patient. So I know that sounds so simple, but I've been in so many practice situations over the years where there's a two-week turnaround time for the lab. And the crown is arriving that morning by courier. You know, and of course every now and then it doesn't arrive and the patient has to be deferred and that creates headaches. But just by bringing the crown in a day before or the morning of, you limit your opportunity to just assess the crown. So it's really important to do that. We we have a four-week turnaround as standard. Sometimes the lab calls us and asks for more, and then that opens up discussions on provisionals and how long they have to last. But mostly we can work to four weeks, and the lab will usually return it in that fourth week. So normally the crown comes in two, three, four days, a week before the case is due. So there's ample time to have a look. In our practice, um, it doesn't come to me, it comes to one of the staff members, say it's put on my desk. That's their responsibility. And it's, you know, two or three might come in together, they're lined up on my desk, they block my view of my computer. I've got to do something, you know, I can't ignore them. So i t just means that lunch hour I'll sit down, I'll put my loops on, I'll have a look at the case. So generally it sort of starts with just unpacking and looking at the finish quality. When when implant components come in, that's it's a different story, but you know, you look at the screws, and the screws might be gummed up with polishing compound and stuff. Um that's not ideal. It happens, it doesn't happen a lot. But you could look at a crown and you might just first of all take the crown out of the packaging and look inside it and see some of the dice spacer on the inside of the crown or some if it's metal or maybe some polishing rouge or something in there, you know, if that just happens once in a blue moon, it's not a big deal. If you're seeing it a lot, it gives you some idea of what's happening in the lab and how fast they're moving to produce your crown and send it off to you, and they're not doing their part, they're not doing all their little checks and cleans because if they were they wouldn't have sent you a nice clean crown. You look at the quality of the porcelain. Um, today, of course, we're moving more to machined crowns. So there's, you know, it's machine made. But when there's some hand layering on a PFM or on top of an Emax core or even Zirconia, you know, if it's not condensed well, you can see it. When it's really bad, you can see it. You can see porosity. If there's layering on a coping, you look to see if the layering feldspathic has gone underneath and upsets the fit of the coping. So there's little things like that that you just look at before you're even really checking dies. So that'd be the first thing. The second thing would be to look at how the case is articulated, see whether it's articulated the way you've asked for it. And that might be literally just hand articulation. It might be on a little sort of disposable model, it might be on a semi-adjustable articulator. So you want to see that the cast and everything fit together, and then we start checking the crowns on those models that are articulated.

Dr Liam White 7:45

So , in some cases, even with single, would you actually ask the lab to send you like a full semi-adjustable articulator, or do you mount the models in your practice?

Dr Michael Mandikos 7:56

Oh, that's that's a good question. I'd like to say that I mount the models in my practice. But I have not done that since since maybe the first year or two that I I was in specialist practice when my practice was really quiet and I had plenty of time to do it. I bought die stone, I'd pour it up and I mount it. But I'd you know, I'd like to say I'd I did that, and historically in Prosthodonics, that's what the specialist did. I mean, part of the reason the specialist fee was more than a general practice fee was the amount of time they were doing all these other things, even to the point of doing their own waxing and casting with gold, you know, and we're going back a long time now. So, I think bit by bit that's dropped off. But the quality of lab technicians, you know, the potential for great lab techs means you you don't have to actually do that part.

Dr Liam White 8:41

So when you're saying you're talking about good lab technicians, what are you looking for? Like is it is a is it like a Facebook marketplace or anything for lab techs you look up? I don't know, I don't know. But you know, because I like I've found that since Brisbane Gold and Ceramics has shut, like there's not many labs that do much analog now. So how do you how do you go about finding it? Is it word of mouth or how do you do it?

Dr Michael Mandikos 9:05

You know, I if I could actually offer a a real answer, I'd tell you, and hopefully that would help the audience, because I've been just blessed to work with the same lab for a really long time. And the other lab that I did a fair bit of work with, the two guys there, Michael Slater and Tony Pigay, t hey retired some years ago. So their lab's gone, and the other lab is is Artisan with Mark Terry and Darren Deere, and those guys are awesome. So, you know, I've just been working with them for so long, I haven't had to have a look for somebody else. So I guess if you came knocked on the door and said, you know, can you tell me someone? I'd say, well, look, you know, this is the lab I work with, but how about I call them, you know, and say who else is still working in a in a slightly more analogue workflow who, you know, are your peers that you think does a good job. So it probably does come back down to word of mouth. I don't know if there's a real forum. You know, anyone can promote, anyone can send a glossy brochure to you with two or three nice looking crowns on it and say, we do great stuff. Yeah. But until you try them, you wouldn't know.

Dr Jill Fisher 10:06

So going back to your fitment protocol, you've talked to us about how you inspect the crown when it comes back from the laboratory. So now it's time for trying it into the patient's mouth. So can you speak to us a little bit about what's going on in your mind as you methodically take those next steps? Yep. What's your first step and what are you checking and how are you checking?

Dr Michael Mandikos 10:29

Okay. So the the first step still starts on the model. And i f we're talking about a single unit today mostly, but you know, obviously this applies to multiple units, and if I'm looking at a multiple unit case of upper anteriors you get a really strong gut feel. You put the the crowns on the actual model, and sometimes they just look good. And then there's a lot to be said for that. Other times something doesn't look right, and if something doesn't look right, now we're going off into aesthetics, and I don't want to go too far down that path, but if something doesn't look right, it's it's tooth form related, and if the tooth form's wrong, you think, well, what is it? Well, sometimes they're too rectangular, that means they're too long. And you think to yourself, oh my gosh, I'm you know, I'm potentially going to try in crowns that are all a millimeter too long or a millimeter and a half, and the patient's gonna look like a horse. That's you know, I do look at things on a model and say, Do they look okay? Just like I was kind of looking at the quality. The next thing is on the model, you can take the individual die and you can seat the crown and actually just see if it marginates. Does it actually close? Has it got a good margin all the way around? And in doing that, you probe the margin as well. You don't just optically look, you feel for an overhang. So sometimes you can have nicely closed margins, but they're positive margins and you can really feel the overhang. And so what goes through my mind is almost certainly the die is accurate. It hasn't been over-trimmed by the lab. So when I fit this in the mouth, I'm probably going to spend some time trying to rubber down those margins so they're more flush. So I'm anticipating that from the beginning if that's what I can feel. Once I've checked that on the die, the other thing I can check on the die is this there's two pores of the model. There's the one the crown was made on that's sectioned and the margins being exposed. And I can you know check the marginal fit there, but I'll go back to the second pore of the model, which hasn't been sectioned because the contact points are intact, and we can check the contacts. And in a perfect world, I go to seat the crown on that model and it kind of binds just before it seats. Now, to me, that's fulfilling my lab sheet request of a tight margin. When it doesn't bind, because I've got good experience with this lab, I know that nine and a half times out of ten, it's just going to be pretty good fit in the mouth. But a half time out of ten, it could be an open contact. So that that troubles me a bit. But if I can just sit sit it back on that model and it's a it's a solid press fit and almost to the point where it just doesn't fully seat, the margins are tight on the model, that's what I want to carry to the mouth.

Dr Jill Fisher 13:00

When you said before that when you're looking at the crown on the individual die and you notice a positive margin, and you said that you're most nearly certainly going to be adjusting that in the mouth. Is there ever a time when you would just do it at that stage in the lab?

Speaker 1 13:17

Yeah. See when I'm looking at that in the lab, you have to understand what the lab's done. They've taken a pore of the impression and then they've used a little fine saw and they've cut through between the adjacent teeth and this particular one that you've prepped to separate it. And then they look at that little individual die and they can see the sulcus that was where the impression cord was sitting, and they'll trim away all of the gingiva that's made of stone until there's just the margin and basically, I guess, the beginning of root surface of tooth left behind. But they could also kind of rub a wheel it a little bit inadvertently and maybe not be aware of it, and maybe that's happened during the finishing pro, you know, it could have happened somewhere along the line. I'm just trying to say maybe the die's different. So you could go back to your other model, which is the uncut one, and see if you can see the margin there and see if you can feel it, but often you can't because they haven't ditched it, they haven't trimmed away the gingiva. So back to answering your question, no I generally don't do it on the die. But if I've tried it in in the mouth and the mouth feels the same, then I'll come back to the die chair side and make the adjustment.

Dr Liam White 14:25

So you validate what you feel in the die. So you might probe that positive overhang. You'll take it to the patient. I want to feel it in the duplicate it. What if that duplication's not there?

Dr Michael Mandikos 14:36

Right. So that's the troubleshooting part, right? So that's where we've got an hour. So then you try to work out which one's wrong, right? Well, ultimately the tooth's correct. But if the tooth's correct, how did that happen on the model? So you've got to go back and say, did I not impression it properly? You know, so is my impression where the fault is. Or when the lab poured the model, did they identify a squiggly margin and they picked the wrong part of a squiggly margin to finish your case on? So you start trying to troubleshoot back and forth. It's hard to discuss that in an abstract way, you know, like like we are today, but it's where you need that couple of minutes to be able to see and feel something in the mouth and see if you can replicate it back on the model, because then you can see on the model what that issue is in the mouth. It helps you to make your adjustment.

Dr Liam White 15:28

You're saying with checking the contacts too, what exactly do you do? Like do you use would do you use like a floss with a bit of articulating paper on it, or how do you check the contacts in the mouth?

Dr Michael Mandikos 15:39

Okay, yeah so if I check the contacts on the model, I almost always just press to see if see if it feels tight and see if those margins close. And if the margins don't close on the model, the contacts tight. And that's fine because I want to do the adjustment in the mouth. But when I get to the mouth, I want that to be pretty precise. So I use an articulating film, which I believe is Acufilm. It's Accufilm, isn't it? I just I think it changed name at one point it was Exactofilm or something, but it's Accufilm. It's a whip mix product and it's 21 microns in thickness. And it's a mylar-based material, so it's pretty thin, and it marks, it's got a red side and a black side. You can buy it with just red, you can buy it with just black, or you know, for whatever reason, we've got the one that's one on each. So we cut a little piece of that which is about as wide as the contact point would be, so probably about four millimeters, three millimeters sometimes, and put it on an articulating paper force it, and that way I can have this little tiny bit of paper sticking out, and I can seat the crown. And before I fully seated the crown, I drop that articulating foil between the crown and the natural tooth, and then I press the crown down in the mouth. And once I press the crown down the mouth, I try to withdraw that articulating film. And based on what I feel is going to determine what I adjust. So if it doesn't want to pull out, clearly the contact point is tight, like there's no space whatsoever, it's grabbing the film, so I've got to start adjusting. And the beauty is you take the crown out and you can see a little mark that was the binding point, and that's the only part that you adjust.

Dr Jill Fisher 17:23

So I've I've watched you do this many times, and I think the part that is important to me when I try and replicate what you do, is it's very fiddly. And if you don't have a good assistant that's helping you, that is a really tricky thing to do, and I feel like I'm trying to do it all myself. Can you tell us how your assistant supports you in that part of the appointment and back one step further? Is this the first intra-oral check that you're doing? Is the margins the first thing you're checking? Uh the contacts, sorry, the first thing you're checking when the crown comes into the mouth.

Dr Michael Mandikos 17:54

Yeah, all right. So that that's good because that's that's an exam viber question, you know. If you say to a dental student, you say here's a crown, what are you going to check first? You know, and they look at you all puzzled, and of course the next thing is, well, what's important to them, right? Margins, margins. It's like, oh, you can check the margins, eh? Yeah, yeah, yeah. All right, well, what if the margin's open? the crown doesn't fit, yeah. Send it back, and it's like, well, what could keep the margin open? So the first thing you always check is a contact point. And once you've checked the contact points, then you can move on to margins to see if the casting or the or the pressed ceramic or whatever it is actually fits. yeah, you're right, it's fiddly. If you use one hand to hold the forceps with the paper, we'll call it the Mylar film, and the other hand is pressing down on the crown, you can do that, but sometimes you also need some good retraction. And depending on which quadrant of the mouth I'm in, my assistant might retract, I might press on the crown, I might hold the forcep. Other times I might retract and press the crown down because just because it's fiddly and I want to make sure the crown's perfectly down, I don't want someone else retracting, and she'll put the forcep in. So you kind of like if you can work with an assistant for a period of time, you know, and then months go by, a year goes by, two years go by, it's the same assistant. Obviously, you learn each other's cues, and that's a skill that they learn. You know, they can learn to put it there and withdraw the film and tell you, I think it's tight, I think it's grabbing just a little bit, I think it's perfect. They'll learn that by you doing it and showing them what it feels like.

Dr Jill Fisher 19:29

And perfect feels like what?

Dr Michael Mandikos 19:32

So, so let's say the you you put the articulating film in and you press the crown down as tight as you can, and you pull the film, and you don't feel a hint of resistance. Well, you've got an open contact. We'll talk about what to do with an open contact in a moment. But you put it in alternatively, you press down the crown, and it just you can't pull it out. As you try to pull it out, it stretches and rips the film. Well, you've got a tight contact where there's too much contact. So in my mind, what I want to try to do is get a gap between the contact point of my crown and the adjacent tooth, which is bigger than zero but less than 21 microns. And if it's less than 21 microns, then as you pull that mylar film out, you'll feel some resistance, but you won't distort the film. But you'll actually feel it. You as you pull the forcep out, and that film is at the end of the forcep, you can actually still feel that pulling out. Well, then you know you've got a gap, but the gap is so small it's somewhere between 21 microns and zero microns. And no food's going to get stuck in that. But as soon as your gap starts getting bigger, and maybe there's a paper on this, what the magic number is, I don't know. But as soon as you start getting bigger than that, I start to sweat on it. So now maybe you've got an open contact because the film pulled through. So the first thing we do is we double the film and put it back in. So now we're dealing with 42 microns. And if I can pull that through and feel a hint of resistance, I stop sweating and I say, Righto, well, you know, it's 40 micron opening, but you know, most people are happy if their crown margin closes to 40 microns, so you know I'll accept that that what you probably won't catch food. It's when you triple it and you've got three, and now you're up at 60 microns. At that point, you can normally blow dry and look straight down and actually see that you've got the beginning of an open contact. Now I start to think, oh, you know, if I cement that crown, this patient's gonna get food in there. As soon as the food gets in there and they don't get it out, they're going to get some tissue swelling, they're going to get some periodontal ligament inflammation, and the contact will open. And now they've got a permanently open contact. And so by skimping the step of saying, there's a problem, I'm going to have to send your crown back, you know, unless you've got an on site lab or you can do some lab work, you actually create a problem down the road. And then when you get that problem, how do you manage it? Well, you've got to be honest. Well, you know, it is the crown I put in.

Dr Liam White 21:56

So you're saying that even by having a slightly, slightly open contact like 60 microns. It can actually worsen over time. This is the the way you check this fit, does it vary for what material you use? Like will your procedure be different for say an Emacs versus a PFM versus a gold crown? Or is it pretty much standard for each one?

Dr Michael Mandikos 22:14

So what you've just described really it doesn't matter which which sort of crown it is. If it's a full crown, all of this part is common to all of them. It's just trying to get that as as good as it can possibly be. Once you confirm all the fit and you're happy with everything, now the Emax crown's different because I've got to cement it a certain way, you know, the the goal crown's different because I'm going to use a different cement.

Dr Liam White 22:38

You mentioned that just to trace back, if you have a positive overhang, you rubber it down. What exactly do you mean by that when you say rubber it down? And what do you mean by a positive defect in the crown?

Dr Michael Mandikos 22:50

So let's say you've got your contact points where you think they're quite ideal. At that point, you know, I know there's nothing that will impede the fit of this crown going onto the die. So I should be able to seat it all the way. So now I'm going to check the margins. And I take out you know a nice sharp explorer and start feeling the margin. And you just want somewhere to have your explorer just glide across the crown onto the root surface and barely feel it. And in fact you want everywhere to be like that but it's not not quite the case. You sort of feel it and then suddenly you start getting a bit of a catch. So if you're getting a catch to your explorer either you've got a gap or the margin is overhanging. The crown margin is overhanging the prep. So it's closed but it's overcontoured and it's that lip of porcelain or lip of gold or whatever it is that you're actually feeling. So that's the bit that I want to bring back in line with the tooth. I want to bring them back to the same plane. So when we do that with with classic gold restorations and I know you guys have been to the program with Randy and you've seen it and you've done it yourselves on on models and hopefully in the mouth you can rub well not rubber but you start by using abrasive discs and you you cut away gold and burnish the gold in the process and bring it to the same plane as the margin of the tooth and then it becomes indistinguishable. So you're sort of trying to do a version of that but without the same technique. With gold you can rub the gold against the tooth as you cut down the excess gold. But you can't put a porcelain crown on a tooth and get a diamond or something in there and expect to plane them back because you end up cutting porcelain and cutting root surface and everything else. You can't really do that. So what I have to do is see the area of the crown that I can feel that on, bring it back to the die and see if I can reproduce it on the die. If I can reproduce the area on the die now I can see it better. And you might back yourself to squeeze it down really hard on the die and gently adjust the porcelain but usually I kind of hold it and I I eyeball it and I guess and I do it in a few increments. So I take a bit away and check it back on the die, take a bit away check it on the die and keep going until I think I'm pretty close and then check it back in the mouth. And rubbering it I use that word because I use an abrasive rubber wheel so a wheel with with abrasive particles. So it could be aluminium oxide particles or diamond particles.

Dr Liam White 25:12

When you're saying that you're not now talking about like the average rubber cup that you get on a slow speed. You've got a designated porcelain polishing disc. Yeah exactly that's actually in a straight slow speed like you use in a lab, is that correct?

Dr Michael Mandikos 25:25

Exactly. That's exactly what you do you use a straight handpiece with a lab wheel and you do that because one it's actually quite easy to handle but secondly it spins well it spins true. So it doesn't sort of wobble as it's spinning which means if you're making fine adjustments like at a margin as long as your hands are steady using a bit of magnification you can make those adjustments without the wobble of the wheel damaging the margin and overcutting things. So I use a lab instrument for that basically what the labs would use.

Dr Liam White 25:59

And like do you have different grits or or or or is there any way we could find out about what you use?

Dr Michael Mandikos 26:05

I should like to think that I know some of these off the top of my head I don't so there's three grits that we work to there's there's literally like a coarse medium and a and a fine. The coarse that we've used for about the last eight or ten years is really nice because as you use it and it disintegrates it doesn't create a lot of dust particle it's kind of like a cleaner cut. The one we used to use beforehand would disintegrate as you used it. Equally nice cut smooth finish but just a bit messier. And they're fairly cheap so I couldn't tell you the name of those but I would suggest that you ask the lab right we move on to a medium the medium is we've always used the same one as far back as I can remember it's called Galacto Gold. It's got a great name that's why I remember it. If they named the coarse one you know Darth Vader coarse or something I might remember that. But um so Galacto Gold it cuts the same sort of way and it doesn't break down as quickly. So you might get you know six months out of a Galacto gold but the first one you might only get two or three months out of depending on how many crowns you do. And then the super fine one can last you a couple of years or at least last me a couple of years but they're more expensive. They could be about $70 or $80 a wheel. So the best advice I can give you you can go to my dental practice website which is brisbaneprosthodontics.com .au and at the bottom of the page is a little link that says dentist information. You click that and you'll find burs and polishers and the the codes are there. Or you're working with the lab often just when you send your next case to them say when you send this back could you send me a few coarse and a medium and a fine polisher and um you know and if there's some expense to that you know I'm happy to just have that added to the lab bill. And then that way you've got the same instruments they use and takes the ordering out of it.

Dr Jill Fisher 27:54

So going back to your discussion on checking the contact and you mentioned if it's an open contact you're going to do something. What are you going to do?

Dr Michael Mandikos 28:07

Yes well you know there's there's obviously all the stuff that goes through your mind and you're looking at the time of how much appointment time's gone and you got to this point and you how many more times you have to read like there's all those permutations and and they might contribute to my mood afterwards. But if you put that aside the actual practical thing is to say well how how can I address this? I've done different things over the years. Occasionally there's a fairly unsatisfactory restoration on the tooth next to it. So I'll say to the patient look there's an issue with the contact here but you know in reality it's my fault. I hope it's the lab's fault not mine but you know it's my fault you know can I see you at some point and and restore that tooth and close the contact point. So then I can deliver the crown and as soon as possible get them back and do a restoration to essentially do them a bit of a service particularly if it's a dodgy old restoration. If it's a great new restoration that's a harder discussion to have and so then I fall back to the same thing. If it's a virgin tooth you know and there's a big gap you sort of say well you know I've got an on-site furnace can you wait a couple of hours we'll we'll bake a bit of porcelain on or alternatively you know you don't have an on-site furnace and I'm going to send this case back and I am very sorry but look you know I've checked the occlusion now as well everything's ready to go. When it comes back it's going to be one adjustment instead of an hour it's going to be half an hour you know try to make it more palatable for them but that's what I feel is the right thing to do.

Dr Jill Fisher 29:38

So I think it's clear why your crown fit appointment is an hour. We've spent over 20 minutes and we've talked about inspecting the crown as it comes back from the lab and we've spoken about checking the contacts. We're going to break here and come back for part two. The burs that Michael mentioned are available in the show notes so we will add a link to see those burs and also the accufilm that Michael uses to check the contacts. Please come back for part two and we're going to explore the next steps in fitting the single crown. So we'll see you back for part two.