WEBVTT 00:00:28.480 --> 00:00:35.520 Hello, everybody, and welcome to Lambda, the LGBT and Antiquity Podcast, your home for all things LGBT in the ancient world. 00:00:35.679 --> 00:00:40.640 I'm your host, Dominica Raven, episode 15, Zeus the Pansexual. 00:00:41.200 --> 00:00:43.759 Once there was a niad named Io. 00:00:44.240 --> 00:00:46.640 She was the daughter of the river Inachus. 00:00:47.119 --> 00:00:51.280 Io played in the shallow, cool waters beneath the shade of the trees. 00:00:51.520 --> 00:00:59.039 Niads are not simply beautiful young women, they're immortal nymphs who manifested the power of the water themselves. 00:00:59.280 --> 00:01:03.520 Sometimes they were springs or waterfalls, fountains or wells. 00:01:03.759 --> 00:01:09.359 Each niad is tied to their progenitor, generally represented in familial relationships. 00:01:09.599 --> 00:01:12.400 The river is the father, the niad the daughter. 00:01:12.640 --> 00:01:20.799 However, nymphs were also brides for human heroes and preternatural beings like Satyrs and even the gods from Olympus. 00:01:21.200 --> 00:01:26.159 In fact, the word nymphi actually means brides. 00:01:26.719 --> 00:01:29.920 So one day Zeus came to the river and spied Ayo. 00:01:30.079 --> 00:01:33.439 He was immediately infatuated and started wooing her. 00:01:33.680 --> 00:01:40.480 While the two lay together on a grassy field, Zeus threw up a great dark cloud for a little privacy. 00:01:40.719 --> 00:01:45.280 Hera spied this unusual ground cloud and guessed what was going on. 00:01:45.519 --> 00:01:49.840 Furious at Zeus' infidelity, Hera entered the cloud. 00:01:50.079 --> 00:01:55.599 When she came to Zeus, all she saw was Zeus lying with a beautiful white heifer. 00:01:55.920 --> 00:02:00.879 Hera asked Zeus what was going on, and he said he was just enjoying the beautiful animal. 00:02:01.040 --> 00:02:05.519 But Hera asked for the heifer as a prize, and Zeus was in a bind. 00:02:05.760 --> 00:02:12.960 If he consented, he would lose his new girlfriend, but if he refused Hera, it would be all but admitting his infidelity. 00:02:13.360 --> 00:02:23.199 So he decided on a little trick of his own, letting Hera take Ao, who placed it under the watch of Argus, a monster with a hundred eyes spread all around his head. 00:02:23.439 --> 00:02:26.879 Eventually Zeus deployed Hermes to release Io. 00:02:27.360 --> 00:02:34.400 Hermes sang until the Argus monster was fast asleep, then returned Io to her family. 00:02:34.719 --> 00:02:39.280 Zeus restored her body as a manifestation of the river herself. 00:02:39.520 --> 00:02:49.280 Thus, in a very short period of time, Zeus had been attracted to a spring in the river, a human-like shape of a nymph, and a beautiful heifer. 00:02:49.439 --> 00:02:52.879 Sometime later there was a young Phoenician princess named Europa. 00:02:53.599 --> 00:02:55.360 She was the daughter of Agenor. 00:02:55.919 --> 00:03:00.560 One day as she was playing on the seashore, a majestic bull appeared. 00:03:00.800 --> 00:03:04.879 Europa was immediately stricken with love for the mighty animal. 00:03:05.039 --> 00:03:12.159 She climbed upon the bull and rode it across the beach, but then the bull turned and started running on the sea itself. 00:03:12.400 --> 00:03:18.000 Fishermen saw this strange miracle and marveled as if the sea had become pasture land. 00:03:18.479 --> 00:03:22.080 But Ajanor went into mourning for the loss of his daughter. 00:03:22.319 --> 00:03:35.520 He sent out his sons, including the blind seer Phineas, and Cadmus the dragonslayer, to locate their sister, but they were unable to find Europa, and so they were exiled from Ajanor's house. 00:03:35.759 --> 00:03:43.919 So in this story we have a female human who falls in love with a bull, who is, of course, Zeus, in disguise. 00:03:44.319 --> 00:03:48.639 We have already discussed Zeus' sexuality in several contexts. 00:03:48.960 --> 00:03:58.400 Zeus is famous for his amorous escapage, which include masculine figures, feminine figures, and characters who defy traditional gender norms. 00:03:58.639 --> 00:04:04.400 It is important to be clear here that Zeus is the king and reigning sovereign of the entire universe. 00:04:04.719 --> 00:04:15.520 This means that Zeus is able to engage in all sorts of sexual experiences which would have otherwise been unacceptable or unattainable for anybody else. 00:04:15.759 --> 00:04:26.480 There are some stories which are somewhat jarring, where Zeus, as the king, feels entitled to the bodies of people, regardless of their reluctance or active refusal. 00:04:26.800 --> 00:04:34.399 Zeus can also change forms and thus have intercourse in ways which are not available to anybody of lesser power. 00:04:34.639 --> 00:04:42.959 Many of these stories show Zeus engaging in powerful romantic connections, which, being a great deity, after all, tend to end in tragedy. 00:04:43.120 --> 00:04:50.639 There are numerous examples we could explore, far too numerous actually for us to get into in a single or even multi-part episode. 00:04:50.879 --> 00:04:59.279 So for the purposes of this episode, we are going to be exploring a representative sample of Zeus' attractions across the generations. 00:04:59.839 --> 00:05:08.800 I also want to make it clear that Zeus's real body is not technically a male or even vaguely human looking at all. 00:05:09.279 --> 00:05:21.920 When Zeus has relationships disguised as a bull, it's just that, a disguise, a false body he puts on so that the brilliance of his true form does not destroy the beloved. 00:05:22.319 --> 00:05:30.000 Nothing duplicitous like bestiality is going on here, any more than when Zeus puts on the body of a human-looking man. 00:05:30.399 --> 00:05:41.600 The argument we are making here is that the abstraction, known as Zeus, is a pansexual, not trying to equate pansexuality with bestiality or anything like that. 00:05:41.839 --> 00:05:49.040 Sometimes outsiders try to cut at queer identities using this type of comparison, but that is not what we're doing here. 00:05:49.279 --> 00:05:51.920 I just wanted to make that clear before we get going. 00:05:52.240 --> 00:05:55.040 So then, what is Zeus's real form? 00:05:55.360 --> 00:06:00.879 Zeus' true body is a manifestation of lightning itself. 00:06:01.120 --> 00:06:03.360 And that brings us to the story of Semele. 00:06:03.680 --> 00:06:13.680 Cadmus, that Phoenician prince exiled by his father Agenor during the story of Europa, traveled the Mediterranean and founded the city of Thebes in Boeotia. 00:06:13.920 --> 00:06:17.519 He had several daughters, each of whom is the center of a Greek tragedy. 00:06:17.759 --> 00:06:24.079 Autonoe was the mother of Action, the tragic hunter transformed into a stag and ripped apart by dogs. 00:06:24.399 --> 00:06:40.800 Aino became the white goddess after her husband Athamas was driven mad by Hera, and Agave, whose son Pentheus was a monstrously homophobic tyrant, so arrogant, Agave eventually killed her own son with her own hands. 00:06:41.120 --> 00:06:46.720 But Semile is the one who caught Zeus's eye, and she became Zeus's consort. 00:06:47.040 --> 00:06:52.720 Zeus loved Semile so much she was selected to rebirth Dionysus. 00:06:52.879 --> 00:07:01.439 The original Dionysus, named Zagreus, was killed by Hera and the Titans, so Zeus decided to recreate Dionysus with Semile. 00:07:01.839 --> 00:07:13.439 By combining the remains of Zagreus with the agendered creation deity Phanes, he created this beloved queer offspring by way of Semile. 00:07:14.000 --> 00:07:22.720 This was a unique honor for Semile to help Zeus recreate his chosen heir to the throne of Olympus. 00:07:23.199 --> 00:07:25.600 But Hera could not let this stand. 00:07:25.759 --> 00:07:31.199 She tricked Semile into asking Zeus to behold him in his true form. 00:07:31.600 --> 00:07:46.000 Zeus swore a great oath he would honor any request she made, but when Semile revealed that she desired for Zeus to come to her bedroom as he came to Hera's, Semile sealed her own fate. 00:07:46.240 --> 00:07:53.360 Zeus knew that Hera had set Semile up to be killed, but could not refuse right after he'd just made his oath. 00:07:53.600 --> 00:07:58.959 So he revealed that his body, whatever body he was in, was just a shell. 00:07:59.279 --> 00:08:01.759 The true form was lightning. 00:08:02.079 --> 00:08:15.120 He put on a magnificent lightning show for his doomed bride, dancing around the bridal chamber, causing the whole room to glisten and the city of Thebes itself seemed to twinkle. 00:08:15.279 --> 00:08:21.839 Semele was later apotheost to Olympus, where the true honor she had achieved was revealed. 00:08:22.079 --> 00:08:31.439 Semile said she was even greater than Hera, because her child, Dionysus, was greater than any child Hera bore to Zeus. 00:08:31.680 --> 00:08:38.000 Dionysus was Zeus's chosen successor and heir, not Hera's son Ares. 00:08:38.480 --> 00:08:43.759 This is why Semile considered herself the happiest of all the consorts of Zeus. 00:08:44.960 --> 00:08:52.320 So in the story of Semile, we can see Zeus's romantic attachments are never simple flings or short-term affairs. 00:08:52.559 --> 00:08:58.879 Semele was chosen to bring the greatest of a new generation of gods back to life. 00:08:59.120 --> 00:09:12.559 With other stories like Io and Europa, the result was generally a hero or a family of heroes, but with Semile, Zeus begot the second greatest god in the Olympian pantheon. 00:09:12.799 --> 00:09:17.039 Zeus's official wife and the reigning queen of the universe is Hera. 00:09:17.360 --> 00:09:26.960 Now, being the archetypal image of a husband and dutiful wife, Hera is required by social custom to be bound to Zeus to the exclusion of all others. 00:09:27.200 --> 00:09:41.600 A few weeks ago, when discussing Athena, we noted how Hera grew fed up with Zeus's extramarital affairs, so she tried to procreate, and the result was the only Olympian with a bodily deformity, the craftsman Hephaestus. 00:09:41.840 --> 00:09:50.559 But whenever Hera did learn of Zeus's many affairs, she often took her fury out on the woman or nymph and the children born. 00:09:50.799 --> 00:09:55.440 Narratives like this are ubiquitous in stories of Greek heroes from the ancient world. 00:09:55.679 --> 00:10:01.360 An iconic example is Heracles, whose entire life was shaped by Hera's wrath. 00:10:01.519 --> 00:10:08.799 It literally begins even before he was born, when Hera conspired to have Eurystheus born a few minutes before Heracles. 00:10:09.200 --> 00:10:14.000 So the blessings of kinship were bestowed upon Eurystheus, not Heracles. 00:10:14.320 --> 00:10:20.000 Thus was Heracles enslaved to a far lesser man for his twelve trials. 00:10:20.159 --> 00:10:27.200 The irony of this is that by doing so, Hera actually made Heracles the most impressive hero of all time. 00:10:27.440 --> 00:10:37.600 Because Hera tried to destroy Heracles in so many different ways and with so many different monsters, Heracles' strength and legendary feats grew. 00:10:37.919 --> 00:10:46.320 This example is archetypal for how Hera and for other heads of household's wives are to treat their stepchildren. 00:10:46.559 --> 00:10:53.759 Every one of these stepchildren is a fundamental threat to her own role as Zeus's wife. 00:10:54.000 --> 00:10:59.360 Hera is the evil stepmother to so many people spread across time. 00:10:59.679 --> 00:11:01.919 This trend is important to bear in mind. 00:11:02.159 --> 00:11:17.039 While we know of many cases where the head woman in the house was able to engage in extramarital affairs with prostitutes, concubines, eunuchs, and even other women at her discretion, such actions carried significant social censure. 00:11:17.360 --> 00:11:24.639 A famous example of this dynamic is found in Lysaeus I, a legal speech written by one of Athens' great legal minds. 00:11:24.879 --> 00:11:29.440 In the speech, a woman has relations with another man outside of her marriage. 00:11:29.600 --> 00:11:36.080 Eventually the cuckold comes in and kills the adulterer in cold blood, leading to charges of murder. 00:11:36.320 --> 00:11:50.080 The case argues effectively that as an Athenian citizen, a man has a right, nay, an obligation, to protect his city, his family line, and his household from being interloped upon. 00:11:50.320 --> 00:12:01.919 Lysae states explicitly that all of Greece has a comparable law that if a man catches his wife in the act of adultery, he has every right to slaughter the adulterer. 00:12:02.240 --> 00:12:14.879 While it may have been acceptable for a Greek man to take on other lovers and visit prostitutes, there was a level of moral hectoring directed from philosophers and religious authorities on the subject. 00:12:15.120 --> 00:12:22.320 Meanwhile, ancient society viewed women who did the same with much more harsh language and suspicion. 00:12:22.559 --> 00:12:30.159 I guess the same thing is true today, where people demean women who play the field much more harshly than men who do the same. 00:12:30.399 --> 00:12:31.919 But now back to Zeus. 00:12:32.159 --> 00:12:38.159 Zeus was not only interested in female forms, but abstract entities as well. 00:12:38.399 --> 00:12:49.600 Nemnosini is a sweet and vigilant being who gives coherence to our minds and helps humans think by storing our thoughts forever in our hearts. 00:12:49.919 --> 00:12:56.879 Nemnosini is not a body or a goddess, but the abstract concept of memory. 00:12:57.120 --> 00:13:02.879 She was the child of the sky, Orenos, who was called upon to remember everything. 00:13:03.200 --> 00:13:12.159 Memory is a powerful being that allows us to name the things we see, express ideas, and even carry on basic conversation. 00:13:12.399 --> 00:13:16.399 Without memory, none of us could communicate with one another. 00:13:16.639 --> 00:13:24.559 Plato takes this even one step further, saying that without memory, we literally could not learn or even think. 00:13:25.279 --> 00:13:40.639 Additionally, the underworld is a difficult and confusing place to navigate, so the spirits of mystics and initiates often call upon Memnosini to remind them of the topography and guide them to the blessed heroic afterlife. 00:13:40.879 --> 00:13:48.240 Most profoundly of all, memory is what allows humans to stave off oblivion when we die. 00:13:48.799 --> 00:13:52.559 Eventually Memnose became Zeus' consort. 00:13:52.879 --> 00:13:58.559 They had relations in the hills of Pieria every night for nine days straight. 00:13:58.879 --> 00:14:09.120 Then, memory bore the nine crowned muses, goddesses of the arts and proclaimers of heroes, heroes like Hercules. 00:14:09.759 --> 00:14:19.519 So we can see that Zeus is open to having relationships and bearing children even with the abstract concept of memory. 00:14:19.759 --> 00:14:22.080 One final example is Ganymedes. 00:14:22.480 --> 00:14:27.519 We have discussed Ganymede in the context of being an example of homosexuality. 00:14:27.840 --> 00:14:38.320 While many men interested in other men were also interested in women, often being married to Boot, Ganymede is only ever shown in homosexual interactions. 00:14:38.559 --> 00:14:46.720 In fact, with Ganymedes, we have a story of someone who has basically only ever had intercourse with Zeus. 00:14:47.200 --> 00:14:51.200 But this time, we're approaching the story from the perspective of Zeus. 00:14:51.600 --> 00:14:56.000 Zeus saw the most beautiful human male ever to walk the earth. 00:14:56.320 --> 00:14:58.720 He was immediately infatuated. 00:14:59.039 --> 00:15:04.000 Zeus took the form of an eagle this time and swooped in to carry him off. 00:15:04.159 --> 00:15:09.759 Though Ganymede was initially terrified, the two became close lovers ever after. 00:15:10.000 --> 00:15:19.039 It was common in ancient society for wealthy or powerful men to employ young, beautiful looking men as cupbearers during their meals and parties. 00:15:19.279 --> 00:15:28.399 Sometimes they were slaves or servants or paid employees of the household, but they were always beautiful young men, pouring cups for them. 00:15:28.639 --> 00:15:32.879 Before Ganymedes was brought to Olympus, Hermes played this role. 00:15:33.120 --> 00:15:38.559 Once Ganymede was made a deity, he was the cupbearer for Zeus for all time. 00:15:38.799 --> 00:15:41.120 The story leaves no room for ambiguity. 00:15:41.360 --> 00:15:48.399 Zeus loved Ganymede and made sure he was given a proper role in the divine household that was Olympus. 00:15:49.120 --> 00:16:03.519 So in these stories we see Zeus having numerous relationships with nymphs like Io, human women like Europa, heroines like Semile, human men like Ganymedes, and even abstract concepts like memory. 00:16:03.759 --> 00:16:08.720 Yet it's kind of hard to find any gendered pattern of attraction in them. 00:16:08.960 --> 00:16:16.639 What's even more important is that Zeus' body is an abstraction, lightning manifested in the corporal form. 00:16:17.039 --> 00:16:26.080 Yet the human form is just one Zeus' body could take on, opening up a world of possibilities for Zeus to explore. 00:16:26.320 --> 00:16:28.720 The same is somewhat true of his loves. 00:16:28.960 --> 00:16:42.960 Nymphs are not simply young women who live in a spring, rather their bodies are elemental, made up of spring water, or sea surf, or ether, or wood, depending upon the type of nymph we're talking about. 00:16:43.200 --> 00:16:48.480 So we get to say Zeus with gods and nymphs, abstractions and humans. 00:16:48.720 --> 00:16:54.000 It's also important to note that Zeus does not always have a quick fling and move on. 00:16:54.320 --> 00:16:58.320 Io was protected and saved from the Argus monster. 00:16:58.559 --> 00:17:06.000 Zeus ran across the water to his birthplace in Crete and set Talus, the bronze giant, to protect Europa. 00:17:06.559 --> 00:17:16.319 Memory is a titan, an immortal abstraction whose glory was made far greater by her association with Zeus and the wonderful daughters they bore together. 00:17:16.640 --> 00:17:22.960 Semele and Ganymedes were both humans who were made immortal and given divine honors on Olympus. 00:17:23.359 --> 00:17:29.920 Zeus may move on to his next affair, but he does not forget his previous loves. 00:17:30.240 --> 00:17:44.559 It's also important to bear in mind that many of these stories were later respun and had certain plot elements emphasized, particularly by later Christian authors, to show promiscuity and depravity with respect to the Olympian gods. 00:17:44.799 --> 00:17:53.920 Stories involving infidelity and sexual assault are often played up in later years out of an effort to downplay what is actually going on. 00:17:54.160 --> 00:18:03.039 Each one of these stories reflects a miraculous birth of a goddess or a nymph, a great hero, or a future deity. 00:18:03.519 --> 00:18:12.160 Therefore, each of these narratives of Zeus having intercourse with somebody else is in fact a story of immaculate conception. 00:18:12.480 --> 00:18:25.440 Far from the Nazarene being a unique occurrence, this story is simply one of hundreds involving the most high sky god using all sorts of powers to impregnate human beings. 00:18:25.680 --> 00:18:35.039 Sometimes this is through the act of coitus or some variation therein, but other times it's through something so mystical that it's hard to wrap your head around. 00:18:35.200 --> 00:18:41.039 For an example, Zeus impregnated Danae by showering her with golden rain. 00:18:41.279 --> 00:18:44.720 The resulting child was the gorgon slayer Perseus. 00:18:45.039 --> 00:18:54.079 So you see, these are not necessarily stories of debauchery and promiscuity or basal lust, but miracles. 00:18:54.799 --> 00:19:11.039 So the resulting child is almost always a great hero or heroine, or a god, or goddess, or in the case of Dionysus, the most blessed gender queer offspring who will one day be seated at the right hand of the great Sky Father. 00:19:11.279 --> 00:19:17.440 When we consider all of this through a queer lens, Zeus could be best interpreted as pansexual. 00:19:17.680 --> 00:19:24.319 Zeus does not appear to have any overarching preference, rather he follows his heart to whatever bedroom it may lead. 00:19:24.559 --> 00:19:34.240 Being a divine entity, Zeus' actual body is not male but lightning, and similarly his consorts could be any number of abstractions as well. 00:19:34.480 --> 00:19:39.680 But there is one body Zeus could never partake in sex within. 00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:40.960 A female. 00:19:41.200 --> 00:19:47.279 Once Zeus and Hera squabbled over whether the male or female received the greater pleasure during Coitus. 00:19:47.920 --> 00:19:57.119 They eventually went to Tiresias, who had once been changed from male to female and back, at least once, but in some versions multiple times throughout their life. 00:19:57.440 --> 00:20:07.680 Tiresias sided with Zeus, but it is unclear whether they were taking the male's sexual pleasure as superior or simply siding with the king of the universe. 00:20:08.000 --> 00:20:15.599 In any case, Zeus could take on any form except female, so Zeus does not know the pleasure of sex as a woman. 00:20:15.839 --> 00:20:22.799 Other than that, there are no real boundaries on Zeus' celestial pansexuality. 00:20:23.279 --> 00:20:28.160 Next week we're going to explore Dionysus as a manifestation of demisexuality. 00:20:28.400 --> 00:20:38.400 Much like Apollo, Dionysus has decidedly bisexual orientation, but unlike Apollo, Dionysus' sexuality is often not on display. 00:20:38.640 --> 00:20:45.279 Whether in art or poetry, Dionysus is practically never showed having sex at all. 00:20:45.599 --> 00:20:52.079 Scholars have noted Dionysus' asexuality, but I think we could get a little more specific than that. 00:20:52.400 --> 00:20:57.359 Dionysus does form attachments, but they are very few and far between. 00:20:57.599 --> 00:21:00.480 When they do occur, they are eternal. 00:21:00.799 --> 00:21:09.440 Dionysus transforms their loves like Ampelos and Ariadne into immortal entities so they can be together forever. 00:21:09.759 --> 00:21:12.799 This is a description of demisexuality. 00:21:13.039 --> 00:21:14.880 We'll see in two weeks. 00:21:26.960 --> 00:21:28.559 Notes and comments. 00:21:29.680 --> 00:21:38.400 For the purposes of this episode, we have focused on stories involving consenting characters, leaving out stories involving sexual assault. 00:21:38.640 --> 00:21:46.880 I think that there are enough stories like this that we can make the case of Zeus as a pansexual without incorporating the use of violence. 00:21:47.200 --> 00:21:57.519 Technically speaking, Zeus's preferences do continue to follow no meaningful pattern if we do incorporate instances of violence. 00:21:57.680 --> 00:22:02.480 However, this is a distinct Distinct choice for our presentation. 00:22:02.720 --> 00:22:09.680 The story of Io is best preserved in Ovid's Metamorphosis, Book 1, verse 567 through 746. 00:22:10.079 --> 00:22:18.000 The best version of the story of Europa is found in Nonos Dionysia, Book 1, verses 46 through 157. 00:22:18.640 --> 00:22:28.319 We meet Phineas, the son of Aginor, who was attacked by the monstrous harpies while he was seeking his sister Europa, during the voyage of the Argonauts. 00:22:28.799 --> 00:22:37.359 Jason and the sons of the North Wind drove off the harpies and released Phineas in the second book of Apollonius of Rhodes Argonautica. 00:22:37.920 --> 00:22:46.880 The voyages of Cadmus the Dragonslayer and the tragedies of his children make up the first five books of Nonos Dionysia. 00:22:47.759 --> 00:22:52.640 We learn Zeus's true form as lightning during the fiery wedding of Semele. 00:22:53.039 --> 00:23:01.440 She asked to see Zeus in the same form he took with Hera in Dionysia, Book VII, verse 310 through 406. 00:23:01.920 --> 00:23:08.559 The story is also relayed in Ovid's Metamorphosis, Book 3, verse 287 through 315. 00:23:09.599 --> 00:23:15.599 Lisaus 1 is an iconic legal speech, often turned into a translation exercise for students. 00:23:15.839 --> 00:23:24.799 The blood-sucking, professional, bottom-feeding native criminal class known as the lawyer was technically invented by the Romans. 00:23:24.960 --> 00:23:32.000 In ancient Athens, everyone, every citizen, that is, was expected to represent himself in the law courts. 00:23:32.160 --> 00:23:47.519 Due to the overwhelmingly technical nature of Athenian law and the difficulty in interpreting often arcane and sometimes decades or even centuries old statutes, many citizens would turn to the services of a professional law speech writer. 00:23:47.759 --> 00:23:58.079 Figures such as Lysaeus were hired to compose the speech defending their actions against prosecution, but it was up to the citizen himself to speak on his own behalf. 00:23:58.319 --> 00:24:08.559 In the event that the defendant was female, it was practically always expected that her patrifamilius or another male relative would take charge and speak on her behalf in the court. 00:24:08.799 --> 00:24:18.000 Slaves, eunuchs, and resident foreigners were rarely represented in courts, save when their injuries related to damages incurred by their masters. 00:24:18.240 --> 00:24:24.880 Many scholars believe that Lysaus was a sort of sample speech, not actually a real legal defense. 00:24:25.119 --> 00:24:33.039 The details of Lysaus I presented a narrative a little too neatly aligned with the details of the law to be an actual case. 00:24:33.279 --> 00:24:38.880 Many say that Lysaus wrote this speech to attract clients for his speech writing business. 00:24:39.039 --> 00:24:48.400 In any case, it remains a very clear instance of how a woman having an affair with another man represented damage to her husband's household. 00:24:48.640 --> 00:24:54.319 A key source of information about Nemnosony is found in the Orphic Hymn No. 00:24:54.480 --> 00:24:56.079 77 to Memory. 00:24:56.240 --> 00:25:00.720 There are lines which tell about the power to recall what is in our hearts. 00:25:00.960 --> 00:25:09.920 Memory, allowing us to communicate, comes from Deodorus of Sicily's Library of History, Book 5, section 67. 00:25:10.720 --> 00:25:17.680 Plato's line about memory allowing us to think comes from Theatius, section 191c. 00:25:18.240 --> 00:25:22.960 Memory as the key to navigating the afterlife is found in Orphic Hymn No. 00:25:23.119 --> 00:25:27.200 77 and manifested in the Bacchic Gold Tablets. 00:25:27.599 --> 00:25:34.400 The story about Zeus and Memnostone creating the muses comes from Hesiod's Theogony, verse 55. 00:25:34.799 --> 00:25:42.480 The judgment of Tiresias is found in Ovid's Metamorphosis, Book 3, verse 316 through 358. 00:25:43.119 --> 00:25:44.720 That's all for this week, folks. 00:25:44.880 --> 00:25:49.519 We'll see in two weeks for our discussion of Dionysus the Demisexual.