Stem Cell Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis: Supporting Nerve Health and Quality of Life

In this episode, we explore how stem cell therapy may support people living with multiple sclerosis (MS) by calming disease activity, promoting nerve health, and improving daily function.

You’ll learn:

• What stem cell therapy is and how it complements standard MS care, including disease-modifying therapies (DMTs)
• How mesenchymal and umbilical cord–derived stem cells may support immune balance, reduce inflammation, and aid nerve repair
• Why therapy focuses on realistic goals like stability, improved energy, walking comfort, and reduced flare impact
• Who may benefit from stem cell treatments, and how careful screening ensures safety?
• What to expect during treatment, from preparation and IV administration to ongoing monitoring

While there is no cure for MS, structured stem cell programs can enhance supportive care, help manage symptoms, and strengthen the overall treatment plan when coordinated with your neurology team.

Blog Link: Stem Cell Treatments For Multiple Sclerosis

Transcript

SPEAKER_00 0:00

Welcome to the Serena Cell Podcast.

SPEAKER_01 0:02

Thank you. It's great to be here.

SPEAKER_00 0:03

So to start us off today, I want you to imagine the nervous system inside your body as um like the complex electrical wiring inside a house.

SPEAKER_01 0:13

Aaron Powell That's a really good way to visualize it.

SPEAKER_00 0:15

Right. I mean everything runs smoothly as long as those wires are properly insulated. You flip a switch, the signals travel fast, the appliances work, the lights stay on.

SPEAKER_01 0:24

Exactly. The system just works.

SPEAKER_00 0:26

Aaron Powell But then you look at multiple sclerosis or MS, and it is essentially a condition where the insulation around that vital wiring is, you know, it's fraying, it's stripping away.

SPEAKER_01 0:36

Aaron Powell Yeah, the protective layer is just degrading over time.

SPEAKER_00 0:39

Trevor Burrus Exactly. And so the signals start misfiring, the lights flicker, the power drops unpredictably.

SPEAKER_01 0:45

Aaron Powell This raises an important question. What happens when we stop trying to just suppress a disease and start trying to actively support the body's own native environment for repair?

SPEAKER_00 0:55

Aaron Powell Because for a long time, the medical approach to that uh that fraying electrical system has been entirely defensive.

SPEAKER_01 1:01

Aaron Powell Completely defensive, yeah. Just trying to stop further damage.

SPEAKER_00 1:04

Aaron Powell, which brings us to the mission of our deep dive today. We are exploring a really fascinating stack of sources to figure out if we are finally moving from defense to offense.

SPEAKER_01 1:15

Aaron Powell It's a huge shift in perspective.

SPEAKER_00 1:17

Aaron Powell It really is. And our goal here is to separate the actual clinical science from all the internet hype, right? Specifically when it comes to regenerative medicine and stem cell treatments for MS. Aaron Ross Powell, Jr.

SPEAKER_01 1:27

Which is so necessary right now. The hype is everywhere.

SPEAKER_00 1:31

Oh, absolutely. And we're going to see how these therapies are being applied at Cerona Cell, which is this specialized regenerative medicine center based over in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

SPEAKER_01 1:40

Aaron Powell And people are really traveling for this, aren't they?

SPEAKER_00 1:43

Trevor Burrus, Jr. Yeah, that's the wild part. People are flying in from all over the world to access these therapies. The sources specifically mention patients coming in from Australia and the Middle East.

SPEAKER_01 1:53

Aaron Powell That's a massive commitment.

SPEAKER_00 1:54

Aaron Ross Powell Right. So we really need to unpack what is driving that kind of global medical travel.

SPEAKER_01 1:59

Aaron Ross Powell Well, it is a crucial time to have this conversation, honestly. The sheer volume of information surrounding stem cells online is um it's just overwhelming.

SPEAKER_00 2:08

Aaron Powell It's like drinking from a firehouse.

SPEAKER_01 2:10

Exactly. And unfortunately, a lot of it leans heavily into science fiction. Patients with chronic conditions are often just bombarded with claims of absolute miracles.

SPEAKER_00 2:20

Oh, yeah. The cure all marketing is everywhere.

SPEAKER_01 2:22

Right. So by looking at a specific structured clinic like Cyornocel, we can really ground this discussion in reality. We can look at what happens when these cellular therapies are used not as magical cures, but as highly structured doctor-led adjuncts to standard neurology care.

SPEAKER_00 2:40

I love that. But before we get into the actual cellular treatments, we really need to survey the battlefield of MS. Yeah, we have to understand what this disease actually does to the body and why looking for a magic cure is, well, it's just the wrong framework entirely.

SPEAKER_01 2:56

It really is.

SPEAKER_00 2:57

Because MS is fundamentally an autoimmune condition. For reasons we still don't completely understand, the body's immune system just gets confused.

SPEAKER_01 3:05

It's friendly fire, essentially.

SPEAKER_00 3:06

Exactly. It stops recognizing the myelin, that's the protective coating around the nerves and the brain and spinal cord, and it just starts actively attacking it like it's a foreign invader.

SPEAKER_01 3:17

Aaron Powell And the downstream effects of that immune system attack are incredibly varied, which is what makes MS such a difficult disease to manage in the first place.

SPEAKER_00 3:24

Aaron Powell Because it's different for everyone, right?

SPEAKER_01 3:26

Completely different. Because the central nervous system controls literally everything you do, the symptoms depend entirely on which specific nerves are losing their insulation at any given time.

SPEAKER_00 3:37

That makes sense.

SPEAKER_01 3:38

So for you, it might manifest as profound debilitating fatigue. Like the kind of fatigue where just waking up feels like you've already run a marathon.

SPEAKER_00 3:47

Oh wow. That sounds exhausting.

SPEAKER_01 3:49

It is. Or it could be severe brain fog, where just trying to hold a normal conversation feels like uh like wading through molasses. Yeah. But for someone else, it might be numbness in their extremities, sudden vision issues, or even a gradual, terrifying loss of the ability to walk comfortably.

SPEAKER_00 4:07

The sources actually outline two main forms that people typically deal with, which drastically change what that patient experience looks like. Aaron Powell Right.

SPEAKER_01 4:14

The progression pathways.

SPEAKER_00 4:16

Yeah. So first, there is relapsing remitting MS. And that is categorized by these intense, unpredictable symptom flares. You might lose your vision for a few weeks or lose coordination, but then that flare subsides.

SPEAKER_01 4:29

You get a break, essentially. Trevor Burrus, Jr.

SPEAKER_00 4:31

Right. You have these periods of relative calm and functional recovery, but then there is secondary progressive MS.

SPEAKER_01 4:38

Aaron Powell, which is a very different reality.

SPEAKER_00 4:40

Exactly. In this stage, the disability just increases steadily over time. The baseline of what you can physically do shrinks month by month without those clear periods of remission.

SPEAKER_01 4:50

And that relentless progression is what conventional neurology fights against every single day. The current standard of care relies really heavily on DMTs or disease modifying therapies.

SPEAKER_00 5:01

Okay, so what do those actually do?

SPEAKER_01 5:03

Well, they are powerful medications designed to basically suppress the immune system. The logic is straightforward. If the immune system is doing the damage, we need to turn down the immune system to reduce the frequency of those debilitating relapses.

SPEAKER_00 5:16

That makes logical sense. Stop the attack.

SPEAKER_01 5:18

Exactly. And these drugs are absolutely crucial for patients. But um we also have to acknowledge their limitations. They are primarily focused on stopping the damage from getting worse. They aren't designed to repair the myelin that has already been stripped away.

SPEAKER_00 5:34

So if the immune system is like a home security system that has gone completely rogue and is just attacking the house's own walls.

SPEAKER_01 5:41

All right, great analogy.

SPEAKER_00 5:42

Then the standard DMT medications are basically trying to just unplug the alarm system. It stops the immediate destruction, but it leaves you with a damaged house and a completely compromised security setup.

SPEAKER_01 5:52

That's spot on, it leaves the environment battered.

SPEAKER_00 5:55

Which is where Sarona Cell enters the picture. Their entire philosophy, and by the way, I found this interesting, the clinic is named after a Celtic goddess of health and protection.

SPEAKER_01 6:04

Oh, I didn't know that. That's a nice touch.

SPEAKER_00 6:06

Yeah, it's pretty cool. But their whole approach is grounded in safe, science-led care without all those exaggerated claims we talked about. They explicitly state in all their literature that stem cells are not a guaranteed cure.

SPEAKER_01 6:20

Which is so important to hear from a clinic.

SPEAKER_00 6:22

Right. They position their treatments as supportive therapies meant to be used alongside your existing neurologist's plan.

SPEAKER_01 6:28

That transparency is vital. When dealing with a chronic progressive illness like MS, hope is a really powerful force. But it can also make people very vulnerable to, you know, predatory marketing.

SPEAKER_00 6:41

Absolutely. People are desperate for good news.

SPEAKER_01 6:44

Yeah. So seeing a clinic emphasize realistic outcomes and strict medical screening is a necessary anchor in a field that can sometimes feel pretty unregulated. They are setting the expectation that we are managing a complex environment, not just flipping a magical switch.

SPEAKER_00 6:59

I have to play devil's advocate here, though.

SPEAKER_01 7:01

Go for it.

SPEAKER_00 7:02

If we are explicitly not talking about a cure and we know these cells aren't magic, what is the actual goal here? Why are patients flying across the globe to receive this therapy?

SPEAKER_01 7:11

That's the million-dollar question.

SPEAKER_00 7:13

Right, because if standard medications just suppress the immune system, what exactly are the stem cells trying to do in that scenario? Are patients just paying for a very sophisticated, expensive placebo, or are these cells actually rebuilding the walls of that damaged house?

SPEAKER_01 7:28

That cuts right to the core of the biology. The way the general public thinks stem cells work and the way they actually function in a clinical setting are often two very different realities.

SPEAKER_00 7:39

Okay, lay it on me.

SPEAKER_01 7:40

The treatments we are discussing focus on a specific type of cell called misenchymal stem cells or MSCs. More specifically, Cyreno cell utilizes Wharton's jelly MSCs.

SPEAKER_00 7:51

Okay, let's pause and clarify exactly where those come from. Because the sources note these are sourced from the umbilical cords of healthy full-term deliveries, right?

SPEAKER_01 7:59

Correct, with standard medical donor consent.

SPEAKER_00 8:01

Right. It is just the cord tissue itself, which is normally discarded after birth anyway. Cyreno cell strictly does not use embryonic stem cells, and they do not use experimental pluripotent stem cells.

SPEAKER_01 8:13

And that distinction is critical from a biological standpoint. Wharton's jelly is the gelatinous substance inside the umbilical cord, and it is incredibly rich in these mesenchymal stem cells.

SPEAKER_00 8:25

So they're like fresh, high-quality cells.

SPEAKER_01 8:28

Exactly. Because these cells are essentially day zero cells, they are highly robust, and crucially, they are immune-privileged.

SPEAKER_00 8:36

Wait, what does a immune-privileged mean?

SPEAKER_01 8:39

It means that when they are introduced into a patient's body, they don't trigger the massive rejection response you would typically see if you try to transplant adult tissue from one person to another.

SPEAKER_00 8:49

Oh wow. So your body doesn't just immediately attack them.

SPEAKER_01 8:53

Right. But what's fascinating here is the mechanism of action. For decades, the public assumption was that if you inject stem cells into a patient, those cells travel to the damaged spinal cord, settle in, and physically transform into new nerve cells.

SPEAKER_00 9:07

Yeah, that's exactly what I picture. Like spackle for nerves.

SPEAKER_01 9:10

Exactly. Yeah. We thought they were literally replacing the damaged tissue brick by brick. But the latest science shows us that is not the primary way they function at all. Instead, they operate through profound signaling effects.

SPEAKER_00 9:22

Okay, let's unpack this because that is a massive paradigm shift.

SPEAKER_01 9:26

It changes everything we thought we knew.

SPEAKER_00 9:28

You are saying they aren't replacing the cells. So if the stem cells aren't like new bricks being shoved into a broken wall to patch the holes, what are they actually doing when they enter the body?

SPEAKER_01 9:38

They are acting as communicators.

SPEAKER_00 9:40

To me, based on the mechanisms described in the research, they sound much more like highly trained project managers walking onto a chaotic, dust-filled construction site.

SPEAKER_01 9:52

I like where you're going with this.

SPEAKER_00 9:53

Right. They walk in with a megaphone and they start giving orders. First, they tell the overly aggressive demolition crew, which is the patient's overactive immune system, to calm down and stop smashing the drywall. Yes. And simultaneously, they are signaling the local dormant repair crew that was already living in the house to finally wake up and get to work.

SPEAKER_01 10:13

That perfectly encapsulates the biological process we call paracrine signaling. When these Wardens' jelly MSEs are infused into a patient, they do not just sit there, they act as dynamic chemical factories.

SPEAKER_00 10:25

So they are actively pumping things out.

SPEAKER_01 10:27

Exactly. They release a highly complex cascade of proteins, growth factors, and cytokines right into the bloodstream. They're actively changing the microenvironment of the nervous system.

SPEAKER_00 10:37

By just shouting orders through those chemicals.

SPEAKER_01 10:39

Right. By releasing these specific chemical signals, they support immune regulation. They actively help tone down the systemic inflammation that causes that chronic nerve irritation in MS patients.

SPEAKER_00 10:50

Which is huge for someone in the middle of a flare-up.

SPEAKER_01 10:53

Huge. They also support new blood vessel formation to improve blood flow to damaged areas. Over time, they encourage a calmer, more balanced overall immune response. Researchers often describe this process as helping to hit a biological reset button on the immune system's baseline behavior.

SPEAKER_00 11:09

So they're not becoming the nerve. They're creating the conditions necessary for the nervous system to survive and potentially heal itself using its own native mechanisms.

SPEAKER_01 11:18

That is exactly it.

SPEAKER_00 11:20

That makes so much more sense than the idea of microscopic replacement parts just floating around trying to find a tiny gap to fill.

SPEAKER_01 11:26

It's much more elegant, biologically speaking.

SPEAKER_00 11:29

But you know, understanding the biology on a molecular level is only half the battle. How do you actually get these microscopic project managers safely into a human being?

SPEAKER_01 11:38

That's where the clinical protocol comes in.

SPEAKER_00 11:40

Yeah. Like if you were to fly into Kuala Lumpur and walk through their clinic doors tomorrow, what does that physical reality actually look like? Reading through the operational side of Sarona Cell's protocol really dispels a lot of the sci-fi myths.

SPEAKER_01 11:55

Oh, completely. The clinical reality is incredibly rigorous and far removed from the sensationalized ideas of regenerative medicine. You cannot just harvest cells, put them in a syringe, and hope for the best.

SPEAKER_00 12:07

Right. There has to be quality control.

SPEAKER_01 12:09

Exactly. The sources emphasize that Sarona cell utilizes early passage, Wharton's jelly MSEs. And that term early passage is vital.

SPEAKER_00 12:18

What does that mean practically?

SPEAKER_01 12:19

Well, when you culture cells in a lab, they multiply. Every time they multiply, that is considered a passage. If you passage cells too many times, they experience cellular exhaustion.

SPEAKER_00 12:29

Oh, so they just get worn out.

SPEAKER_01 12:30

Yes, they lose their potency and their ability to send those strong signals. By using early passage cells, the clinic ensures the therapy is at its most biologically active.

SPEAKER_00 12:40

And they do all this in a very specific lab environment, right?

SPEAKER_01 12:44

Yes. They process these cells in BSL2 laboratories, which basically means they are using incredibly strict clean room environments designed to handle human biology safely, ensuring zero contamination.

SPEAKER_00 12:56

So it's not some back alley setup.

SPEAKER_01 12:58

Far from it. Everything operates under CGMP and ISO 9001 as certified quality systems, meaning the manufacturing standards rival the strictest pharmaceutical companies with rigorous identity, sterility, and viability checks on every single batch.

SPEAKER_00 13:12

So imagine walking into the clinic. Before they even think about an IV, you enter step one of their patient pathway, which is the medical evaluation.

SPEAKER_01 13:20

A crucial first step.

SPEAKER_00 13:22

You don't just walk up to a counter and order a stem cell treatment like a cup of coffee. The medical team sits down and reviews your specific MRI history. They look at your functional limits, your past responses to DMTs, and your overall disease progression.

SPEAKER_01 13:36

And they are very honest about it.

SPEAKER_00 13:38

Yeah. The doctors will honestly tell you if you are not a good fit for the therapy. They are looking for patients who still have some functional reserve and who are committed to a structured long-term plan.

SPEAKER_01 13:48

And honestly, a clinic turning patients away based on medical screening is a hallmark of ethical practice.

SPEAKER_00 13:54

It's a huge green flag.

SPEAKER_01 13:56

It really is. If a facility accepts every single person who walks through the door, regardless of their specific medical reality or the severity of their disease, that is a glaring red flag. Stem cell therapy requires a foundation of viable biology to work with. It cannot revive entirely dead tissue.

SPEAKER_00 14:15

Right. So if you pass the evaluation, step two is the preparation phase, where the lab tests the specific batch of cells allocated for your treatment to verify strength and purity one last time.

SPEAKER_01 14:25

Double checking the homework.

SPEAKER_00 14:26

Exactly. And then comes administration. Which, for all the dramatic, futuristic connotations of regenerative medicine, the actual delivery is profoundly, wonderfully boring.

SPEAKER_01 14:37

It really is anticlimactic in the best way.

SPEAKER_00 14:39

You are literally just relaxing in a comfortable treatment chair. It is a minimally invasive IV drip. There is no open brain surgery, no drilling into the spine, no highly invasive surgical theaters.

SPEAKER_01 14:52

And that seemingly simple delivery mechanism is actually a triumph of medical understanding.

SPEAKER_00 14:58

Wait, really? Just an IV?

SPEAKER_01 14:59

Yes. Because these cells are so adept at signaling, and because they naturally navigate toward the body's inflammatory pathways, a process called homing, a systemic intravenous delivery, is actually highly effective.

SPEAKER_00 15:13

Oh, so they know where to go on their own.

SPEAKER_01 15:15

Exactly. It allows the cells to circulate through the bloodstream and interact with the immune system at a fundamental systemic level. They send those calming signals precisely where the inflammation is most aggressive.

SPEAKER_00 15:25

That is wild. But the journey doesn't end when the IV drip stops. The final step is monitoring and follow-up.

SPEAKER_01 15:32

Which is arguably just as important as the infusion.

SPEAKER_00 15:35

Yeah, this isn't a situation where they send you to the airport and say, Well, good luck. They are actively tracking your energy levels over the coming months. They track your walking comfort, your balance, your daily cognitive function.

SPEAKER_01 15:47

They need data to see how you are progressing.

SPEAKER_00 15:50

Right. And they are doing this utilizing a multidisciplinary team. We are talking about internal medicine doctors, neurologists, rehabilitation specialists, and sports medicine experts. It is a very holistic wraparound approach to recovery.

SPEAKER_01 16:06

Aaron Powell And the follow-up is critical because of the very nature of pericrine signaling. Remember, we are talking about modifying a biological environment over time, not flipping a switch for instant relief.

SPEAKER_00 16:16

So it's a slow burn.

SPEAKER_01 16:18

Exactly. When the stem cells send out signals to calm the immune system, the patient might experience a slight reduction in spasticity or maybe a subtle increase in daily energy. Tracking those incremental changes in daily function and supporting them with physical therapy is how you measure and maximize the true efficacy of the treatment.

SPEAKER_00 16:36

Okay, so the lab is spotless, the doctors are rigorous, and the IV drip is painless. But none of that matters if the therapy doesn't actually work in a human body.

SPEAKER_01 16:46

That is the ultimate test.

SPEAKER_00 16:48

When we look at the clinical data, what do we actually see? The sources openly acknowledge that larger, multi-center global studies are still needed to standardize these treatments globally.

SPEAKER_01 16:59

Yes. Science is an ongoing process.

SPEAKER_00 17:01

But the current human data is incredibly compelling and is actively guiding clinical expectations today.

SPEAKER_01 17:07

Absolutely. We have two highly detailed human studies highlighted in our materials that prove this isn't just theory. The first comes from the University of Jordan.

SPEAKER_00 17:15

What did they find?

SPEAKER_01 17:16

They published a phase three dose finding clinical study using umbilical core-derived MSCs, specifically on multiple sclerosis patients. And what this study did was prove the absolute safety and viability of this approach.

SPEAKER_00 17:29

So establishing the baseline that it won't hurt you.

SPEAKER_01 17:32

Exactly. It demonstrated that controlled preparation, combined with structured long-term monitoring of outcomes, is a valid, safe, and effective pathway for managing MS patients without causing adverse events.

SPEAKER_00 17:44

Okay, that establishes the safety baseline. But then we have the research out of Peking Union Medical College, which is where things get truly remarkable.

SPEAKER_01 17:53

This study is fascinating.

SPEAKER_00 17:54

This was another human study looking at umbilical cord MSC transplantation in MS patients. And what they tracked was incredibly comprehensive. They weren't just asking patients if they felt a little better on a questionnaire.

SPEAKER_01 18:08

No, they went deep into the metrics.

SPEAKER_00 18:11

They used standardized disability scoring to track physical movement. They tracked physical changes on MRI scans. But crucially, how did they know the project managers were actually working? What did they see in the actual biology of these patients?

SPEAKER_01 18:25

If we connect this to the bigger picture, the peaking union study is really a masterclass in how to evaluate regenerative therapies. Right. By looking at the patient's blood work over time, they monitored the immune-related changes directly.

SPEAKER_00 18:38

So they could see the signals in action.

SPEAKER_01 18:40

Yes. They saw a measurable drop in pro-inflammatory markers. Those are the chemicals that drive the immune system to attack the myelin. And simultaneously, they observed a rise in regulatory T cells, which are the cells responsible for keeping the immune system calm and balanced. They established a direct causal link back to that peracrine signaling we discussed earlier.

SPEAKER_00 19:02

That is incredible.

SPEAKER_01 19:03

They literally watched the inflammation pathways change in the blood, which then correlated to the lack of new lesions on the MRI scans, which then correlated to the patient scoring better on their physical disability tests.

SPEAKER_00 19:15

So what does this all mean? It means the science is actively validating our project manager analogy.

SPEAKER_01 19:21

Down to the cellular level.

SPEAKER_00 19:23

The studies aren't just showing that people feel better, they are tracking those calming reparative signals in real time, proving that the cells are indeed telling the demolition crew to stand down. And that biological shift is translating into a patient being able to walk a little further or think a little clearer.

SPEAKER_01 19:40

It validates the entire clinical philosophy. It proves that when applied rigorously within a controlled environment, stem cell therapy is a powerful biological tool.

SPEAKER_00 19:49

Not magic, but biology.

SPEAKER_01 19:51

Right. It doesn't replace the need for your neurologists. It certainly doesn't replace the hard work of physical therapy. But it adds a profound layer of systemic internal support that traditional purely suppressive medications simply aren't designed to provide.

SPEAKER_00 20:06

It's a team effort.

SPEAKER_01 20:08

It is about moving the body from a state of chronic aggressive inflammation to a state that at least has the biological opportunity for stability and native repair.

SPEAKER_00 20:18

To synthesize all of this, what we are seeing at Cyrone Cell is a highly structured, scientifically rigorous medical program. They are utilizing robust Wharton's jelly MSCs not to magically replace damaged nerves overnight, but to send vital, calming signals to a nervous system that is under relentless siege.

SPEAKER_01 20:37

Exactly. It's a change in the environment.

SPEAKER_00 20:39

It is an adjunct therapy prioritizing safety, transparency, and realistic, measurable improvements to a patient's daily quality of life. We've been talking this whole time about stem cells acting as the project managers on a chaotic construction site using their megaphones to direct the immune system.

SPEAKER_01 20:54

It's been a very helpful analogy.

SPEAKER_00 20:56

But there's a frontier to the science detailed in the sources that goes even further, and I want to leave you with this final thought. Cyrona cell also offers something called exosome therapy.

SPEAKER_01 21:06

Ah, yes. Exosomes are fascinating. They are essentially nanovesicles like tiny microscopic lipid bubbles released by the stem cells.

SPEAKER_00 21:15

Exactly. So if the stem cells are the project managers, the exosomes are their emails and text messages.

SPEAKER_01 21:21

Oh, that's brilliant.

SPEAKER_00 21:22

Right. They are the actual physical messenger packets carrying the blueprints, the RNA, and the proteins that tell the immune system what to do. The cells produce them, pack them with instructions, and send them out into the bloodstream.

SPEAKER_01 21:34

They are the actual communication medium.

SPEAKER_00 21:36

And it poses such a lingering, tantalizing question for the future of medicine. If we can isolate, harvest, and deliver just the emails to calm inflammation and support repair without even needing the whole stem cell to be present in the body, what does that mean for how we treat complex diseases in the next decade?

SPEAKER_01 21:55

It opens up entirely new possibilities.

SPEAKER_00 21:57

Are we moving toward a future of entirely? Cell-free regenerative medicine where we just use the communication network itself. It is an incredible thought to explore on your own.

SPEAKER_01 22:07

It really is.

SPEAKER_00 22:08

But for now, as we think back to that fraying electrical wiring in the house, it is clear that stem cells aren't just a simple roll of electrician's tape patching a hole. They are the master electricians, calling the entire electrical grid back into balance one microscopic signal at a time.