All Your Favorite Landmarks Are Built on Swamps

I knew nothing about "land reclamation" two weeks ago. Turns out we've been quietly MAKING land — out of swamps, mudflats, and open ocean — for centuries. The Lincoln Memorial, Ellis Island, LaGuardia, and roughly a third of Manhattan are all built on filled-in muck. This week i kept going down this rabbit hole to find out how the Mississippi built Louisiana and how we broke it, why America basically stopped building land in the 1970s, the Dutch magic of polders, why indonesia's capitol is sinking so fast it's building a whole new capital, Tokyo making fresh ground out of its own burned trash, and — yes — the real-life sand mafias who disappear people over one of the most-mined resources on Earth. Plus: garden updates from a punishing July heat wave, and a very sad night at Subway. 

00:00 Intro: what is land reclamation? 

00:26 Garden life & a brutal July heat wave 

03:00 Comedy update (+ a sad night at Subway) 

05:38 The rabbit hole: New Orleans 

06:16 Making land 101: Ellis Island, LaGuardia, DC 

07:58 How the Mississippi built Louisiana — and how we broke it 

11:45 Why America basically stopped building land 

14:14 The Netherlands & the magic of polders 

15:39 Asia goes big: China & the South China Sea 

17:27 Dubai, desert sand & the sand mafias 

18:33 Buying a country's land by the boatload 

19:41 America's made land, recapped 

21:11 Jakarta is sinking — and just giving up 

24:47 Tokyo: built on filled swamp and its own burned trash 

25:41 The Louisiana fix we canceled 

27:55 Building with nature: the Marker Wadden 

29:39 Wrap-up & upcoming shows 

Transcript

SPEAKER_00 0:00

Hey, welcome back. It's the Connor Larson Show. This is episode 13, I think. I'm excited. I got a fun episode today. It's about land reclamation, which is not anything I knew anything about, but basically people taking areas that were full of water and making land, which is a lot uh a lot more common than I realized and a lot more interesting than I thought. But um first, just uh, you know, I hope you're doing good out there. I hope it's I hope you're having a fun time. It's July here. We're in the middle of a heat wave. And it's crazy. I'm really, if I'm gonna get heat stroke, this is the year because I'm out in the garden and it is hot. It is so, it's it makes me all I think these days is how much I admire like farmers of the past, because my God, being out there, I'm like planning my day around it. I go, if I get up early, I can go out and water everybody, and then if I gotta do something else in the art, I'll do it at sunset because it is just tough, tough out there in the heat. But uh, you know what? The heat's alright. I don't mind the heat, it's the it's the bugs, it's just getting bit up while you're sweating and all your uh all your senses are just like, get out of here. You know, for a long time it was real pleasant in the garden. I'd be like, this is nice, you know? It's a little hot, but I'm reconnecting with nature. And now my brain just goes, like, we're dying. We gotta, we gotta get out of here. But um, we're still out there, we're still weeding, we're still taking care of everybody. I finally posted the Yakasugi bed video. I hope you like that. That was a lot of fun. That bed is man, it's doing good, but I didn't realize this. Uh the vining crops, you know, the squashes, your melons, your watermelons, whoo, they are they're huge. They're like 10 feet. And I didn't really, I just didn't think about that. And I knew they were gonna grow out of the bed a little, but man, I'm having to, every day I'm having to reroute the watermelon because he just wants to, it's a he. I don't know, I don't know why I've decided that. He just wants to grow over everybody. And I got a that's what's fun about you wait all year, and then everybody gets into bloom time, and it's like, oh wow, stuff happens. Like all the strawberries have runners. Some of them I want them there, some of them I don't. All the all the okras coming in, all the uh we got a ton of honey nut squashes that have not fully ripened, but they're close, and you know, the the watermelons are getting big, so I gotta put hardware cloth over them to keep away from the squirrel. It's a lot of stuff, it's a lot of fun stuff, none of it's uh difficult, but you know, I feel some uh some responsibility to to make sure that we land the plane, you know, we put a lot of prep in, and uh I don't want my wife to be like, remember that thing you tried to grow that didn't work? I wanted to be like, damn, you grew that thing. So having a lot of fun out there. Um doing a lot of shows in town right now, having a ton of fun. The Xanies is, you know, whatever. I'm I'm massively biased, but I love I love that club. I love uh I love knowing all the other comics. I love knowing sort of the differences in the two rooms and and what the different types of crowds are. It's just I don't know. It's I think the I think what it really is is when you go on the road to do comedy, the part that sucks is all the parts that aren't the comedy. Doing comedy is always fun. Traveling sucks. It's like you got to go to Subway, which is like Subway is like urgent care where you're only you only go to Subway because you're like, I didn't have the money or time to make a better decision. And then I know I've complained about this before, but Subway just really it, you know, they disappear every employee after every shift. I'm convinced of that. That's why every employee is new. I went to Subway recently and one of the employees said, I lost the knife. I I swear to God, I was at a gas station like two in the morning. And uh I mean I guess it wasn't two, it was sometime where Subway was open, but it was still like nighttime. And I go, Hey, can I get a you know, whatever, a sandwich that you uh make while you look sad? And he was like, I lost the knife. And the way he said it, I was like, Am I your supervisor now? Like, do I am I managing this subway? Because that's how you're that's how you said it. Um and I just bailed. I was like, all right, I'll go eat a I'll go eat a I'll go eat a banana that's been here since 1998. But uh yeah, I don't oh yeah, so when you're at home doing it, it's just fun, man. And I'm I'm having uh I don't know. I have a lot of good community feelings right now. A lot of people have uh been real nice to me as of late or done stuff for me or gone out of their way to help me. And I appreciate it. It's a nice, it's a nice way to live when you uh can kind of feel that gratitude for people and uh comedy's going great. So uh my special I taped. We're gonna work on editing that soon, get that posted. That'll be coming out pretty soon. I'm excited about that. I got some new jokes, and yeah, life is uh uh very good. So thanks to everybody who's uh you know been at a show recently and made me feel this good about comedy. Um also the sunflower, I got a sunflower video coming out later this week because we we cleared out a hole. I dug out a tree that was like covered in poison ivy and that wrecked me. And anyway, we cleared it out and then put compost down. This is back in April, and there was nothing, and now we have just awesome, like I think seven types of sunflowers. Some of them are like 12 feet, some of them are six feet. It's it's it was very fun. I'm excited. I hope you like that video. But okay, so for today, I got here's what happened. I was uh learning about Louisiana for this. I just watched a fun video about Louisiana, and it was basically about like why New Orleans is uh doomed from a uh flood standpoint. And I know a little bit about New Orleans. I had cousins growing up there, and I know that it's like built below sea level or all that stuff, but I didn't, I was, you know, again, I'm I'm pretty dumb. I didn't know a lot of stuff. And uh so I was I was going down this road and I read there was uh they were talking about land reclamation, which I had never heard of, but land reclamation is when they basically take areas that are swamps or full of water, sometimes just straight up ocean or you know, waterway, and they make it, they just make land. I didn't realize that people have been doing this forever. The the here's a list of uh here's a list of places that used to be like swamp or underwater that we just turned into land. Uh Ellis Island, LaGuardia Airport, uh, all of like the Lincoln Memorial, the reflecting pool, all the stuff in DC all used to be underwater and swamp. There's a lot of great quotes of old people in America being like DC's a swamp and no one should ever live there. And then now uh they just the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in a lot of cases, and a lot of different. I mean, the in in LaGuardia's case, they Rikers Island was a garbage dump and they took all the garbage and filled it in, and that's how you got the airport. I mean, there's a lot of really fascinating stuff that I had no idea um people were doing. And in the Netherlands, they have the Netherlands and Japan are like, which stereotypically I would have told you they'd be good at this, they're great at it. They the Netherlands like built 20% of their land from uh the sea. You know, it's like I, you know, in in my head I always had some vague uh I go, I know the Netherlands have, you know, whatever that that they got uh the kid with they got dikes and they got uh windmills and stuff like that. And it's yeah, I knew they had something going on, but I didn't realize the extent of they're fully just reclaiming land. So anyway, the Louisiana thing, before I get off topic, um so they got you know the Mississippi River, big river, uh one of the top rivers, and it flows all the way in you know from Wisconsin down to uh the the Gulf of Mexico. And they have I didn't realize this, rivers will just naturally every couple of hundred years reroute themselves. So for a long time, since America's been a country, it's been coming out where it comes out now, where you know, New Orleans, all that stuff. That's why New Orleans is such a big port city. That's why all the trade's there. But they want it wanted to reroute itself. It was trying to reroute itself to this new what was the name of the river? There's a river in Louisiana, and it's a lot more west, essentially. And it was trying to reroute itself that way, and they could tell, right? So if it goes like this right now through New Orleans, it was trying to go straight down. And they were like, well, we don't want that. You know, we've planned all this stuff around New Orleans. So let's just mess with the river, essentially. And I also didn't realize this, you know, Louisiana has all these barrier islands, and it was sediment. So at the, you know, as the river flows, it gathers dirt and sediment and land and it deposits it in the delta, right, where the river comes into the ocean, and that's what all those barrier islands were. That's what all that stuff is, and that's why so for that's why they grew it, and that was just a natural process. And then we messed with the river. We just we built levees and dams and stuff, and now the sediment doesn't deposit, like it used to flood, right? So mud would get deposited, and that's what made all the soil good, and that's what built up Louisiana over all this time. And I think they used to build like a, as they said, a mile or two a year of land would be created. And now we've lost like 3,000 miles or something crazy. All the barrier islands in Louisiana are disappearing, it makes the hurricanes worse because that sediment, all that stuff, it just goes straight into uh it goes straight into the ocean now, right? All the sediment, it because it can't. We build levees, which are basically walls so the river doesn't overflow and damn. So all this uh dirt that used to make its way there and settle and become what you think of Louisiana as, you know, having all these barrier islands, it's all gone. And so that's one of the ways that they mess with um that's like the opposite, you know, the the rest of these people are reclaiming land, but Louisiana is giving up land. But it that was my gateway into finding out about all this stuff. And uh that's the other problem, too, where it's like a lot of these things, man, we're just too far down the road to I mean, if you if you let the river do what it wanted to do now, it would just completely disrupt basically the whole plan for what Louisiana is. You know, that's all that's where all their business is, that's where all the commerce is. But uh it might arguably heal the the problem with New Orleans, which is, you know, it's every also when you build a levee as the as the so the water can't overflow, so that just like it normally would overflow and settle mud on the surrounding land by the river, it just settles, which raises the floor of the river. So you've got to keep building the levees higher and higher and higher, which is just a you know, eventually the bill comes due. That's that's sort of the when you mess with nature eventually, it um it doesn't work out so good. So that was when that was my first uh I started being like, oh, I guess you can mess with you know, I look at bodies of water and I go, you can't just build an island, but you can, and we have. Um so that led me to they were talking about up until about the 1970s, which is when a lot of environmental uh laws came in, and that's its own, that's its own thing, because sometimes they're good, but sometimes like America has a tendency to have really strict uh laws where people can keep suing and keep appealing. So there's just any time you like. If you're a guy and you want to build an island, you're just gonna get sued forever, and the project will never start, and then it'll, you know. You've if you've ever worked with like a contractor or somebody where it's like anytime there's a delay, it costs you money. It's just that on steroids, and America has a lot of uh freedom to sue, shall we say? So you can just, you know, you can really delay a project forever. Um on the one hand, it's good to have a country that you know can be like, hey, I'm you can't build this building because it's gonna uh destroy this bird habitat. But then people can also misuse that same mechanism to just be like, I'm just gonna sue you forever, so you can't ever build this, even if there's not a real legit argument for it. Um so if you actually look at charts, I'll see if I can put one in the video here. There's there's a lot of we used to build stuff, we used to do stuff, and then all these environmental review laws came in, and now it's like nothing. And because it's it's not even that it's not it's not that there's never a good scenario to build land. Like a lot of this stuff, you know, like I all those landmarks I mentioned, there are places where you'd want to build land, right? Like New York City, a lot of all of Battery City Park, all of this stuff is reclaimed land. They used to reclaim land and it's all beloved stuff now. It's not like people can tell and have a problem with it. And New York City's whole problem is you know, no housing, it's too crowded, all that stuff. So they could reclaim a lot of the land, but that's you're never gonna, you'd be sued into oblivion if you tried. Um so it's not that there's never a good reason to do it, but it is now, you know, as if any one person doesn't want you to do it, you're not gonna be able to do it. So we just stopped completely uh building reclaimed land, which is, you know, I'm not saying whether or not it's good or bad. I I'm coming at this from the perspective of I'm dumb, I didn't even know we were doing any of this. And it's pretty fascinating because it's a it's a lot of uh it's a lot more stuff than you think. Like so, okay, the Netherlands was an interesting one. They they do what's called they built 20% of their land, they just took it out of the water, essentially. And the way they do it is pretty fascinating. They they do what are called polders, which is you take a wall and you build it around an area that's currently full of water, and then you pump all the water out. They used windmills that's why they got all those windmills, they're not just dorks, they're doing stuff with it. I didn't know that either. I thought they were just like Dutch. Um, so they got the they pump all the water out, and then they you it's all, you know, so now the land is just covered in salt, so you got to wait for it to rain for years, but eventually all the salt's gone and you can grow crops there. And then you just keep pumping uh the water out. Like a lot today, a ton of the Netherlands land is continuously pumped out, and if they stopped, like if humans, you know, those shows that are like if humans disappear, like 20% of the Netherlands would be underwater, like pretty quick. Um but they make it, they make it work. I'll put up a there's a really cool chart I saw, I'll put it up in this video, but it was uh basically you have like Amsterdam kind of hanging off like this, and then all the land here is stuff they created. And I don't know. I mean, listen, I'm a I'm usually a pretty nature pro-nature guy, but like I was describing with the river, this stuff naturally does occur. You know, that's how islands are created. That's you know, land erodes away, and then land also accumulates other places. So it pretty fascinating to me. Um and I just never realized the extent of people doing this. And then here's where it gets crazy. So that's like, you know, whatever, that's pretty normal. There are some absolutely wild cases of people doing this, especially in uh Asia. And Asia is always doing like I I don't maybe it's just because China's like whatever America's doing, China's doing an insanely ramped up version of kind of because what I described earlier, where like in America, anybody can sue you if you try to build something. In China, the government will like take your house and just destroy it, and then they'll send you a letter that goes, We destroyed your house, you're welcome. Like, there's just no, you have much less uh individual voices matter a lot less, which is bad, but it lets them do stuff like build 40 power plants in the time it takes us to build one. Um so I was reading about uh all these places in so they're they they do what's uh in like the South China Sea, there's a lot of what they do is they dredge, they take a boat with a spinning blade and they like rip up the seafloor, right? All the ground, then they pump that sand out and dump it somewhere, and they just keep doing it till they have an island. And it's terrible for the environment. It all that uh stuff getting ripped up like that gets into uh coral seabeds and all this stuff, but it um it works as far as building an island. So they just do it, they just build islands in the middle of the place, and then a lot of I didn't realize this too. They just import sand from people who have it and they build land that way. And like Dubai, and you ever seen that big palm tree that they're building in the ocean? That like crazy it looks like a meme, but it's a real island they're building. They just imported sand and built that, and that's a uh yeah, I didn't realize desert sand doesn't work. So it's these desert countries importing sand from places like Australia, and there are sand mafias, like a like cartels of sand, especially in India. And you can look into it, they've like intimidated journalists and killed witnesses, but a lot of the sand the sand trade is run by sand mafias in these a lot of these places, and I think they said sand is like the third largest trade in the world, like as far you know, it's like salt and then sand or something crazy. And uh, yeah, a lot of it's illegal. It's like the wild, wild west, which again, you know, I just love finding out about stuff. I had no idea. And that's I never heard one thing about this. I never heard people building land, I never heard about sand mafias. Um but yeah, I guess the desert sand's too loose, the grains don't stick together, but you gotta so you gotta get it from like Australia or places where it's it's just more packed. Um but places like Singapore are just building islands, and in a lot of cases it's like rich countries like Singapore basically importing sand from like poorer places like Indonesia, and then when you rip sand out of an island, you know, it you you're degrading the integrity of the coastline, so it all falls apart. So these so you're basically you're basically buying this country's land because they pull the sand out of this island, that island washes away now, and you build an island, and that's technically, you know, Singaporean uh territory. So now you have you just bought their land. I mean, these countries are selling their land, or not even these countries, these cartels are selling like territory. It's a pretty wild, uh, pretty wild thing that they're doing. And a lot of it's like I was watching, I think Vietnam is building these islands in the South China Sea so they can um have a base to fight if they need to, you know, control the shipping lanes, and China's getting mad at them for that because China wants to control everything. I mean, the whole thing was was crazy. And I'm you know, I feel I'm sorry if this episode's jumping all over. This was a crazy uh topic, and I it could it could all be its own episode. But um yeah, so the uh the I'm gonna just go over the things that we've built so far that in America that were all underwater or swamps before. It was uh the all the DC monuments, Lincoln Memorial, reflecting pool, uh all the the World War II, Jefferson FDR, and M OK Memorials, it was all on mud, and then they dredged it up and filled it in. Uh the Ellis Island was a s was a three-acre oyster sandbar that they filled in with uh the dirt that they they used dirt, they dug out the subways, and then they took that dirt and they just dumped it there, and that's how we got Ellis Island, which is nuts. Um San Francisco's financial district, uh roughly one-third of Manhattan is just made up, they just built it, and it's I mean, I you know, to me that's pretty fascinating. Uh so the Netherlands, they were doing that, they were big. Oh, this is the craziest one. So, so Jakarta, which is uh Indonesia, which is that's always one of those countries that like you don't really hear about, but there's so many people. If you look up like uh I think more people live on the island of Java than in like all of Western Europe, or there's some crazy stat about just how densely populated it is. There's a ton of uh Indonesian people, and it it's for whatever reason, they're not you know, it's not a big news country, for at least the news I get, but um pretty interesting. So Jakarta is their capital city and it's an island. I yeah, it's an island. Uh and they they have no uh they don't have a lot of the people there don't have running water, right? There's like 30 million people and like 10 million people don't have access to running water. So what they do is they just dig their own wells and pump up water that way. It's I mean, this is one of those like cities like Mexico City where LA where it's just you look out and it's like everything for miles is technically the city. So they're all all these people are pumping out the groundwater. And because of that, the city is sinking slowly. And that I not that slowly, like a 25 centimeters a year, which is, I don't know, 12 inches, a foot, a foot a year, something like that. Um, and uh so they're they're the city's starting to go underwater to the point where Indonesia is just building a new capital. They've they basically just gave up. They go, we're we're this is not gonna, we're not gonna save this. We're gonna build a new city uh called Nisantra. Um yeah, so 40% of Jakarta is under sea level now, and it just keeps sinking every year, and they're building levees, they're building walls to keep the water out. But it doesn't, that doesn't help if you if the city keeps sinking, if you build a wall and then the wall sinks, you've got to build the wall high. It's just a terrible system. So basically, they if they could if they just stopped pumping out the groundwater, they could you could stop the sinking. A lot of cities have dealt with this. Tokyo dealt with this where they were sinking and then they fixed all this stuff and um started working sort of with nature as opposed to, you know, against nature. And uh so there's there's you could do it, but the problem is these people don't have water, and they're not gonna be like, oh, I'll wait to get water until you figure it out. So yeah, it's they have an $80 billion seawall project, and everybody is saying, like, well, that doesn't, that's stupid because you're treating the symptom, not the cause. Um yeah, so they're just building a brand new capital in the jungle, and it's no one wants to live there. There's a few of these like countries that have just built new capitals. I think Brazil did this with Brazilia, and it's just like I don't know, man. It's like a it's like a nickname. You can't give yourself a nickname. You know what I mean? People gotta be like, I want to live here, and then you go, man, a lot of people live there. That should be our capital. But but these uh these capitals they just pick, they never seem to, they never seem to work. That's what I went to school in Tallahassee. I think Tallahassee was like that. They just said we're gonna split the difference between this city and this city and just build it right here. Tallahassee's cool, but it's never gonna be uh one of the bigger cities in Florida. You know what I mean? It's like you kind of just gotta let people live where they want to live, but I don't know. It's fascinating to me that people are uh building cities out of all this. Um the sand trade being like drugs, you know, in terms of like cartels are running, all that stuff. I thought that was uh pretty fascinating. The sand mafias in India protect the trade by killing people who expose it. Uh they use gunmen on motorcycles, and they they say you they say like you can't investigate it because they have like infiltrated politics over there. So if you try to, it's like the mob where it's like they got them in their pocket and stuff. And this is about sand. That's a cra- I never even I don't know. I just thought that was a fascinating thing that sand is a like massively traded commodity that uh influences the world that I never I never knew. Um so Tokyo is another example. They have they basically built about 40% of their city by just filling in what used to be kind of swampy water areas. They just filled it in, and then over time it just becomes part of the city of Tokyo. This is the most Japanese thing about this episode. Tokyo is so cool. They they burn all their trash because there's not all they you know, they don't have room, everything's packed in Tokyo. Um, so they burn a lot of their trash and make ashes, and then they dump that and they use that to make more land, which I just think is like uh yeah. I mean, I know I keep saying this, but all this stuff blew my mind. I never once thought of any of this, and it was yeah, pretty fun. Um so what are the other ones? Tokyo stops sinking. That's proof that you can you can do it. Uh, they could there was a plan in Louisiana to let the river do what it wanted to do and just flow out and sort of fix uh the problem we had, the problem we do have. And then last year they were like, no. And as far as I can tell from doing research, it's sort of just the classic politician stuff where it's like everyone realizes there's a problem, but there's money, like certain people will make money by delaying the solution, so they just go like no, and then the problem gets worse, and they're like, Yeah, but by the time it's a real problem, it won't be my problem. So it's yeah, I guess I don't know. They're just gonna keep uh keep letting New Orleans get deeper underwater, and we will instead of building land that could be put to use, we'll just let the sediment go into the ocean and all that stuff. And I mean, I you know, this is kind of a bummer of an episode a little bit because it's it all sounds like it's bad, but there's some cool I guess it's not a bummer. The Netherlands stuff is cool, all the parts of the country you've built are cool. Uh it's a mixed bag as far as like it's a bummer, you can't build stuff anymore that that could be interesting and cool. That's obviously a problem. I think America should have less regulation. And uh, you know what? They said one of the key differences in Tokyo is there's a lot of regulation, but if you if you sue somebody to be like, you can't build this, and then they build, and then they you lose that lawsuit, you can't just keep appealing it forever. You can't just keep which you can do in America, you can just fight it forever and ever and ever and run up lawyer bills. And they said basically in Japan, it's like they go, listen, we heard both of you, yeah, you you can or you can't, and then it's done. Which I think, you know, just common sense stuff like that seems like it would be cool. Um, but yeah, I mean, I just thought this was such a cool thing to to learn about. There's a lot of different ways you can uh just make land, you know, you don't have to do the evil rip up the seabed and then shoot it into the water until you make an island. That's kind of the that's like the Batman villain approach of uh a building island. But a lot of the stuff is just, you know, if you let sediment build up or you slowly uh in the Netherlands and and uh Japan, they found like more sustainable ways to do it. Like they'll just dump a ton of sand, like a massive amount of sand, and then let the waves sort of organically spread it for 10, 20 years, and then it kind of makes it it ends up being a sustainable uh sort of like beach or or island that you know you kind of let nature dictate it so that you're not fighting nature all the time, which is one of the craziest, that's like the worst business strategy of all time. Um, but you're working with nature, and then uh a few places have built because a lot of this when you're ripping up the land to build islands, you're destroying natural habitat and you know, barrier islands and tidal flats, these areas that are like certain animals only live there. There's like they can't they can't just move to the forest, they're like adapted for that area. So now people have started recreating tidal flats and barrier islands so that the animals can live there, and a few of them have worked. There's a real cool one, if you want to Google it, called what was that one called? Markerwadden, which is uh an island they built out of mud just to bring back birds and fish. So that's I like that. That one was cool. Um yeah, maybe I'll do more on this because I think it's a very interesting uh topic that you know you can just build land, you can we could add to major American cities, you could just add a new neighborhood in Brooklyn, you could be like, hey, we got a six-burrow or whatever. But um, yeah, I hope you enjoyed that. I hope you found it interesting. I thought it was uh real fascinating. So if you know anything cool about it, send it to me and you know, send me a rabbit hole to go down. I I really enjoyed that. A few people have sent uh comments that made me go explore something, and that's half the fun of me having this podcast. So uh I got a bunch of shows coming up. I'll be in Janesville, Wisconsin, July 10th and 11th, whatever the Friday, Saturdays that weekend. I'm too stupid to learn. I don't know. I'm sorry about that. Um doing shows at the Comedy Cabin. I really like that. That's a fun club. I'm going with my buddy Marcus Lustig, very funny, great guy. So yeah, it's gonna be a blast. Uh thanks everybody for listening. I hope you have a great week, and uh, I will see you next week.