{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.64,"endTime":3.37,"body":"Today we talk about vitrification."},{"startTime":4.51,"endTime":7.34,"body":"I'm, Doctor Mark Ammels, and this"},{"startTime":7.72,"endTime":10.58,"body":"is taco. About fertility Tuesday."},{"startTime":23.08,"endTime":25.984,"body":"In the world of science, there are some amazing"},{"startTime":26.032,"endTime":28.574,"body":"things that have been discovered. Well, one of those"},{"startTime":28.622,"endTime":31.39,"body":"amazing things that wasn't originally created"},{"startTime":31.51,"endTime":34.49,"body":"for the fertility world is vitrification."},{"startTime":35.15,"endTime":37.678,"body":"Vitrification is the flash"},{"startTime":37.734,"endTime":40.614,"body":"freezing of cells without"},{"startTime":40.702,"endTime":43.59,"body":"forming crystallization, which occurs when water"},{"startTime":43.63,"endTime":46.326,"body":"freezes. What's important about this process"},{"startTime":46.438,"endTime":49.422,"body":"is it allows us to do things such as freezing foods and"},{"startTime":49.446,"endTime":52.342,"body":"still keep the taste and the texture normal and"},{"startTime":52.366,"endTime":55.356,"body":"allows us to freeze cells without damage to"},{"startTime":55.388,"endTime":58.04,"body":"them. The term vitrification"},{"startTime":58.46,"endTime":60.956,"body":"itself comes from the latin word vitrum,"},{"startTime":61.028,"endTime":63.98,"body":"meaning glass, and originally"},{"startTime":64.02,"endTime":66.932,"body":"referred to the process of turning materials into a"},{"startTime":66.956,"endTime":69.692,"body":"glass like state. The original reason for"},{"startTime":69.716,"endTime":72.636,"body":"vitrification was to preserve tissues such"},{"startTime":72.668,"endTime":75.148,"body":"as cells. However, after"},{"startTime":75.204,"endTime":78.14,"body":"fertility and research has taken over,"},{"startTime":78.3,"endTime":80.9,"body":"it now allows us to do things such as freeze"},{"startTime":80.94,"endTime":83.86,"body":"eggs, freeze embryos, and freeze stem"},{"startTime":83.9,"endTime":86.828,"body":"cells. Now, to truly understand vitrification,"},{"startTime":86.964,"endTime":89.796,"body":"you have to understand what came before it, and that was"},{"startTime":89.828,"endTime":92.796,"body":"slow freezing. Slow freezing was where"},{"startTime":92.828,"endTime":95.3,"body":"you very slowly would freeze"},{"startTime":95.34,"endTime":98.156,"body":"tissues by making the temperature colder"},{"startTime":98.308,"endTime":100.76,"body":"and colder very slow."},{"startTime":101.26,"endTime":104.108,"body":"And the purpose of that was to reduce the crystalline"},{"startTime":104.244,"endTime":106.68,"body":"structure of water when it freezes."},{"startTime":107.03,"endTime":109.318,"body":"See, water has these things called hydrogen"},{"startTime":109.374,"endTime":112.254,"body":"bonds. And when it freezes, these hydrogen bonds"},{"startTime":112.302,"endTime":115.078,"body":"cause the water molecules to range in"},{"startTime":115.134,"endTime":118.006,"body":"a hexagonal crystal structure that"},{"startTime":118.038,"endTime":121.006,"body":"takes up more space in the actual liquid form, which then"},{"startTime":121.038,"endTime":123.726,"body":"causes it to become less dense, which is why"},{"startTime":123.838,"endTime":126.526,"body":"ice floats on water. But more important, it"},{"startTime":126.558,"endTime":129.422,"body":"expands. And so if you imagine when you put a"},{"startTime":129.446,"endTime":132.246,"body":"soda in the freezer or some other drink cause you want to get cold"},{"startTime":132.278,"endTime":135.208,"body":"fast, sometimes you forget about it. Sure. That's happened"},{"startTime":135.224,"endTime":137.816,"body":"to all of us. What happens? The"},{"startTime":137.848,"endTime":140.536,"body":"container ruptures, just like"},{"startTime":140.568,"endTime":143.432,"body":"foods. Foods. When the water molecules in the"},{"startTime":143.456,"endTime":146.176,"body":"foods freezes too fast,"},{"startTime":146.288,"endTime":149.152,"body":"what happens is it expands and kills the cells in the"},{"startTime":149.176,"endTime":152.0,"body":"food. That crystalline structure is what is"},{"startTime":152.04,"endTime":154.88,"body":"killing the cells. Now, with slow"},{"startTime":154.92,"endTime":157.704,"body":"freezing, they're able to reduce it down."},{"startTime":157.832,"endTime":160.416,"body":"So the crystalline structure still formed,"},{"startTime":160.608,"endTime":163.504,"body":"but it didn't form as well, and"},{"startTime":163.512,"endTime":166.488,"body":"so allowed the structure to be less damaged. And"},{"startTime":166.504,"endTime":168.864,"body":"so we were able to have fairly decent thaw"},{"startTime":168.912,"endTime":171.46,"body":"rates. But then came vitrification."},{"startTime":171.96,"endTime":174.354,"body":"And vitrification is a, flash"},{"startTime":174.442,"endTime":177.146,"body":"freezing. You are taking the tissue and"},{"startTime":177.178,"endTime":180.13,"body":"plunging it into liquid nitrogen,"},{"startTime":180.25,"endTime":183.21,"body":"and it's freezing immediately. This prevents the"},{"startTime":183.25,"endTime":186.058,"body":"water to create that hexagonal shape with a"},{"startTime":186.074,"endTime":189.058,"body":"crystallization. And instead, the material becomes more"},{"startTime":189.114,"endTime":192.082,"body":"amorphous, like glass. So it's not in"},{"startTime":192.106,"endTime":193.75,"body":"this perfect arranged,"},{"startTime":194.85,"endTime":197.418,"body":"but instead, it's in an"},{"startTime":197.514,"endTime":200.474,"body":"amorphous phase. This then"},{"startTime":200.522,"endTime":203.482,"body":"leads to less crystallization and less damage to the"},{"startTime":203.506,"endTime":206.282,"body":"cells. So why do we say it's a glass state?"},{"startTime":206.426,"endTime":209.154,"body":"Well, because that's actually what happens with glass."},{"startTime":209.322,"endTime":211.802,"body":"Glass, when it becomes a"},{"startTime":211.826,"endTime":214.272,"body":"solid, actually more like a"},{"startTime":214.296,"endTime":217.152,"body":"liquid, because it doesn't make those structures in a"},{"startTime":217.176,"endTime":219.992,"body":"uniform way versus, like, a"},{"startTime":220.016,"endTime":222.888,"body":"diamond. But because"},{"startTime":222.984,"endTime":225.88,"body":"glass is technically not a solid, over"},{"startTime":225.96,"endTime":228.92,"body":"years and years and years, it will start to move, but it moves"},{"startTime":228.96,"endTime":231.744,"body":"so slow, you don't see it. That's kind of what's going"},{"startTime":231.792,"endTime":234.232,"body":"on with an embryo or eggs that are"},{"startTime":234.256,"endTime":237.128,"body":"frozen. I would make the argument that"},{"startTime":237.224,"endTime":240.064,"body":"egg freezing probably benefited much more"},{"startTime":240.112,"endTime":243.032,"body":"than even embryo freezing, because eggs have a"},{"startTime":243.096,"endTime":245.8,"body":"huge water volume. So with slow"},{"startTime":245.84,"endTime":248.472,"body":"freezing, they had a very poor thaw"},{"startTime":248.536,"endTime":251.472,"body":"rate. Matter of fact, you didn't see things like egg banks in the"},{"startTime":251.496,"endTime":254.112,"body":"past, but now you see them all the time. And that's"},{"startTime":254.136,"endTime":256.22,"body":"because with vitrification,"},{"startTime":256.84,"endTime":259.416,"body":"things got better. So, in"},{"startTime":259.448,"endTime":261.66,"body":"summary, think of the vitrified state"},{"startTime":262.04,"endTime":265.036,"body":"as the molecules of the embryo. are not arranged"},{"startTime":265.052,"endTime":267.46,"body":"in a regular repeating pattern like you would find in a"},{"startTime":267.484,"endTime":270.068,"body":"crystal. Instead, they are"},{"startTime":270.108,"endTime":272.688,"body":"disordered amorphous state,"},{"startTime":274.028,"endTime":276.088,"body":"similar to how glass is structured."},{"startTime":276.668,"endTime":278.608,"body":"Imagine a piece of glass in your window."},{"startTime":279.548,"endTime":282.532,"body":"In this glass state, the molecular movement is"},{"startTime":282.58,"endTime":285.476,"body":"extremely slow, almost like hitting the pause button on the"},{"startTime":285.492,"endTime":288.332,"body":"cell's activity. And this is crucial because"},{"startTime":288.38,"endTime":291.316,"body":"this is what prevents the formation of ice crystals, which can damage the"},{"startTime":291.332,"endTime":293.744,"body":"cells. And just like glass, the"},{"startTime":293.776,"endTime":296.776,"body":"molecules in a vitrified embryo are locked in"},{"startTime":296.792,"endTime":299.224,"body":"place. But if we looked over an"},{"startTime":299.256,"endTime":302.104,"body":"incredibly long period of time, we see"},{"startTime":302.176,"endTime":305.176,"body":"some minimal movement. This state keeps"},{"startTime":305.192,"endTime":307.784,"body":"the embryo safe and viable for future use,"},{"startTime":307.936,"endTime":310.234,"body":"making vitrification a, revolutionary"},{"startTime":310.338,"endTime":313.274,"body":"advancement over the older, slow freezing methods"},{"startTime":313.298,"endTime":316.178,"body":"we used to use. Let's just talk about the"},{"startTime":316.21,"endTime":319.098,"body":"survival rates. So using slow freezing in the"},{"startTime":319.13,"endTime":321.906,"body":"past, we would be happy if we saw"},{"startTime":321.954,"endTime":324.234,"body":"survival rates of around 55% to"},{"startTime":324.258,"endTime":327.25,"body":"65%. The best clinics in"},{"startTime":327.266,"endTime":330.218,"body":"the country were getting close to"},{"startTime":330.25,"endTime":333.034,"body":"90% survival rate, but even that wasn't"},{"startTime":333.058,"endTime":335.682,"body":"very common, and that was only when they would freeze it as"},{"startTime":335.722,"endTime":338.314,"body":"a PN, which is the very"},{"startTime":338.418,"endTime":340.69,"body":"first cell structure after it"},{"startTime":340.706,"endTime":343.298,"body":"fertilizes. And this is because of those"},{"startTime":343.37,"endTime":346.344,"body":"crystal formations that occurred to versus."},{"startTime":346.448,"endTime":349.168,"body":"Vitrification has a much higher"},{"startTime":349.2,"endTime":352.016,"body":"survival rate after the thaw, exceeding well above"},{"startTime":352.064,"endTime":354.824,"body":"90%. Most clinics can boast around a"},{"startTime":354.848,"endTime":357.824,"body":"98 99% chance of the embryo"},{"startTime":357.848,"endTime":360.704,"body":"surviving the thaw. Even at our clinic, we"},{"startTime":360.728,"endTime":363.56,"body":"usually go six months between having an"},{"startTime":363.576,"endTime":366.552,"body":"embryo and not survive the thaw. Once a while, we'll get two"},{"startTime":366.592,"endTime":369.392,"body":"in a row, but then we don't see it again for many, many months,"},{"startTime":369.432,"endTime":372.378,"body":"because it's just very unlikely."},{"startTime":372.41,"endTime":375.146,"body":"The embryo is not going to survive the thaw because"},{"startTime":375.234,"endTime":378.194,"body":"of crystal formation. Now, embryos could not survive"},{"startTime":378.218,"endTime":380.738,"body":"the thaw for other reasons, such as"},{"startTime":380.85,"endTime":383.514,"body":"mechanical failure in the straws"},{"startTime":383.658,"endTime":386.53,"body":"or a nature of popping, where sometimes when they go the"},{"startTime":386.546,"endTime":389.394,"body":"thaw, the embryo, it can pop. But the point is,"},{"startTime":389.538,"endTime":392.482,"body":"it's still very, very rare. And this was a"},{"startTime":392.522,"endTime":395.378,"body":"huge advancement because now we weren't scared"},{"startTime":395.41,"endTime":397.762,"body":"to freeze them. See, prior to"},{"startTime":398.302,"endTime":401.286,"body":"vitrification, everyone had the fresh transfer because everyone"},{"startTime":401.334,"endTime":404.254,"body":"was afraid to freeze them. You froze embryos, but the"},{"startTime":404.278,"endTime":407.134,"body":"chances weren't that good in the past, but when"},{"startTime":407.238,"endTime":410.086,"body":"vitrification occurred, now"},{"startTime":410.254,"endTime":412.902,"body":"we could freeze embryos. And that made so many"},{"startTime":412.942,"endTime":415.854,"body":"changes. For example, when people used"},{"startTime":415.878,"endTime":418.83,"body":"to have ovarian hyperstimulation, you would have to"},{"startTime":418.846,"endTime":421.362,"body":"do a freeze all. But you were always worried about it because"},{"startTime":421.662,"endTime":424.52,"body":"it wouldn't thaw as well. There"},{"startTime":424.536,"endTime":427.176,"body":"was a higher rate of ovarian hyperstimulation"},{"startTime":427.264,"endTime":429.92,"body":"syndrome because you had to either just"},{"startTime":429.976,"endTime":432.768,"body":"cancel patients or you had to take the risk of them getting ovarian"},{"startTime":432.8,"endTime":435.528,"body":"hyperstimulation. Now, with ventrification, we just"},{"startTime":435.56,"endTime":438.192,"body":"freeze everything, and we reduce the risk of them"},{"startTime":438.232,"endTime":441.176,"body":"developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome as well"},{"startTime":441.184,"endTime":444.056,"body":"as secondary ovarian hyperstimulation. Once again, pregnant,"},{"startTime":444.184,"endTime":445.612,"body":"the donor pool"},{"startTime":446.072,"endTime":449.064,"body":"exploded. In the past, if you wanted to use"},{"startTime":449.088,"endTime":452.05,"body":"a donor egg, you basically had to have someone who would go through the"},{"startTime":452.066,"endTime":454.938,"body":"ivf cycle for you, and then you would take those"},{"startTime":454.97,"endTime":457.762,"body":"eggs and fertilize them with the sperm and then do a fresh"},{"startTime":457.802,"endTime":460.762,"body":"transfer. That meant the donor had to be available"},{"startTime":460.922,"endTime":463.898,"body":"whether they were in school or not, you had to be available. It"},{"startTime":463.93,"endTime":466.594,"body":"was literally a nightmare. And that's how"},{"startTime":466.698,"endTime":469.194,"body":"all donors had to be done. But"},{"startTime":469.218,"endTime":471.994,"body":"then once we were able to freeze eggs, then we"},{"startTime":472.018,"endTime":474.914,"body":"realized we could put donors through and build"},{"startTime":474.978,"endTime":477.808,"body":"up these large reservoirs of"},{"startTime":477.84,"endTime":480.32,"body":"donor eggs, and then people could pick them, making it"},{"startTime":480.456,"endTime":483.44,"body":"first much faster, because now you don't have to wait for someone to"},{"startTime":483.456,"endTime":486.304,"body":"go through a process. But two have"},{"startTime":486.328,"endTime":487.972,"body":"a broader"},{"startTime":489.112,"endTime":491.938,"body":"span of, donors that you can look at that maybe have"},{"startTime":491.978,"endTime":494.802,"body":"different cultural aspects or physical"},{"startTime":494.85,"endTime":497.77,"body":"characteristics that you want, whereas before, you just found the"},{"startTime":497.794,"endTime":500.29,"body":"person who'd be willing to do it for you. But even beyond"},{"startTime":500.354,"endTime":503.078,"body":"that, the implantation rates"},{"startTime":503.398,"endTime":506.302,"body":"became much higher. With slow freezing,"},{"startTime":506.35,"endTime":508.718,"body":"we were seeing implantation rates as low as"},{"startTime":508.758,"endTime":510.894,"body":"18%, but with"},{"startTime":510.926,"endTime":513.494,"body":"vitrification, we were seeing 40% and"},{"startTime":513.526,"endTime":516.526,"body":"above even. Pregnancy rates were only"},{"startTime":516.582,"endTime":518.83,"body":"23% with slow freezing, but with"},{"startTime":518.854,"endTime":521.258,"body":"vitrification, we're seeing 50%."},{"startTime":521.798,"endTime":524.47,"body":"Now, some of that could be due to when the embryo was"},{"startTime":524.494,"endTime":527.468,"body":"frozen versus, day three versus day five."},{"startTime":528.098,"endTime":530.674,"body":"But the point is, it really advanced our"},{"startTime":530.706,"endTime":533.474,"body":"field. It allowed transfers now to be"},{"startTime":533.506,"endTime":536.378,"body":"done at the right time for the patient versus"},{"startTime":536.418,"endTime":538.658,"body":"having to do fresh, because with a fresh"},{"startTime":538.698,"endTime":541.322,"body":"transfer, the lining wasn't perfect."},{"startTime":541.45,"endTime":544.038,"body":"Too bad. You were still doing the transfer."},{"startTime":544.618,"endTime":547.45,"body":"But with vitrification, we can now freeze the embryo"},{"startTime":547.474,"endTime":550.474,"body":"with no fear and then do the transfer"},{"startTime":550.546,"endTime":553.346,"body":"and we can make sure the lining is perfect. I just had a"},{"startTime":553.362,"endTime":555.438,"body":"recent patient who only had one embryo."},{"startTime":556.178,"endTime":559.114,"body":"That was their only chance, and I would see them"},{"startTime":559.186,"endTime":562.106,"body":"and their lining was good. It wasnt great, it was good. And id tell"},{"startTime":562.122,"endTime":565.026,"body":"them, listen, we get one shot at this. I think"},{"startTime":565.042,"endTime":567.914,"body":"we should cancel the cycle. Lets wait till next month. So we did,"},{"startTime":568.066,"endTime":570.77,"body":"and eventually that lining looked perfect and we did the"},{"startTime":570.794,"endTime":573.714,"body":"transfer. Im happy to say. I just spoke to them"},{"startTime":573.746,"endTime":576.618,"body":"about a week or two ago, and they told me that they had their baby"},{"startTime":576.778,"endTime":578.962,"body":"that wouldnt have been possible without"},{"startTime":579.01,"endTime":581.804,"body":"vitrification. When my wife and I went"},{"startTime":581.836,"endTime":584.484,"body":"through, we had at best,"},{"startTime":584.636,"endTime":587.508,"body":"a 30% to 40% chance putting back two embryos"},{"startTime":587.548,"endTime":590.524,"body":"that were fresh. Today, a single"},{"startTime":590.596,"endTime":593.444,"body":"vitrified embryo being thawed and transferred into"},{"startTime":593.476,"endTime":596.42,"body":"your body has a higher rate than two embryos did"},{"startTime":596.444,"endTime":598.648,"body":"when we did it. Another area"},{"startTime":599.388,"endTime":601.964,"body":"is egg freezing. For lecta"},{"startTime":601.996,"endTime":604.972,"body":"purposes, prior to vitrification, you"},{"startTime":604.98,"endTime":607.66,"body":"could freeze your eggs, but the chances that you would actually thaw them and be"},{"startTime":607.684,"endTime":610.594,"body":"usable were almost zero. But"},{"startTime":610.626,"endTime":613.148,"body":"now with, vitrification, we have people"},{"startTime":613.608,"endTime":616.224,"body":"freezing their eggs when they're young or freezing their eggs"},{"startTime":616.256,"endTime":619.16,"body":"maybe when they're dealing with cancer and able to"},{"startTime":619.184,"endTime":622.0,"body":"postpone having a child later in life. It"},{"startTime":622.024,"endTime":624.92,"body":"also allows people to synchronize cycles. So"},{"startTime":624.944,"endTime":627.68,"body":"if a donor can only go through at one point, but the"},{"startTime":627.704,"endTime":630.704,"body":"recipient can only go through another time, things can be frozen until"},{"startTime":630.736,"endTime":633.72,"body":"they're ready. Even beyond human fertility, it is"},{"startTime":633.744,"endTime":636.626,"body":"loud, the animal world, to be able"},{"startTime":636.642,"endTime":639.594,"body":"to have better breeding programs, because"},{"startTime":639.666,"endTime":642.61,"body":"now they can preserve the genetic materials of some of the"},{"startTime":642.634,"endTime":644.962,"body":"best animals. And as I mentioned in the"},{"startTime":644.97,"endTime":647.354,"body":"beginning, even beyond the medical"},{"startTime":647.426,"endTime":650.138,"body":"industry, it has allowed the food"},{"startTime":650.178,"endTime":653.114,"body":"industry to improve quality of the food and extend"},{"startTime":653.146,"endTime":656.122,"body":"its shelf life. Even some of"},{"startTime":656.13,"endTime":658.842,"body":"the drugs and vaccines that are sensitive to temperature"},{"startTime":658.89,"endTime":661.594,"body":"changes are preserved using vitrification techniques to"},{"startTime":661.626,"endTime":664.568,"body":"maintain their efficiency. Vitrification has truly"},{"startTime":664.608,"endTime":667.224,"body":"transformed the fertility industry, bringing about"},{"startTime":667.296,"endTime":669.592,"body":"remarkable improvements in access rate of ivf"},{"startTime":669.64,"endTime":672.536,"body":"treatments. The benefits of vitrification"},{"startTime":672.592,"endTime":675.448,"body":"extend beyond even fertility and has"},{"startTime":675.488,"endTime":678.48,"body":"revolutionized the way we preserve materials. It"},{"startTime":678.504,"endTime":681.144,"body":"truly is fascinating clinically,"},{"startTime":681.296,"endTime":684.272,"body":"but also as a scientist, it's quite amazing."},{"startTime":684.32,"endTime":687.024,"body":"It's, in my mind, one of the"},{"startTime":687.096,"endTime":689.668,"body":"greatest advancements in science."},{"startTime":690.418,"endTime":692.882,"body":"what's even crazier is that we haven't stopped"},{"startTime":692.922,"endTime":695.89,"body":"there. There are future techniques coming"},{"startTime":695.946,"endTime":698.182,"body":"out using nanotechnology,"},{"startTime":698.922,"endTime":701.842,"body":"magnetic freezing, and even high pressure"},{"startTime":701.882,"endTime":704.37,"body":"freezing to get the same results."},{"startTime":704.546,"endTime":707.514,"body":"By reducing crystal formation with the"},{"startTime":707.538,"endTime":710.074,"body":"nanoparticles, it would help enhance the"},{"startTime":710.098,"endTime":712.89,"body":"cryoprotective properties of the freezing materials."},{"startTime":713.066,"endTime":715.746,"body":"So then that way, it will protect the cells from being"},{"startTime":715.794,"endTime":718.476,"body":"damaged. With magnetic freezing,"},{"startTime":718.604,"endTime":721.268,"body":"what they'll do is, using magnetics, they"},{"startTime":721.3,"endTime":724.3,"body":"can adjust the mag fields of the water"},{"startTime":724.356,"endTime":727.34,"body":"molecules to reduce the crystallized"},{"startTime":727.436,"endTime":730.372,"body":"formation. And with the hydrostatic"},{"startTime":730.452,"endTime":733.34,"body":"pressure, they can build up the pressure that also prevent"},{"startTime":733.396,"endTime":736.172,"body":"ice crystal formulation from happening."},{"startTime":736.292,"endTime":739.092,"body":"As you can see, no one's stopping at just"},{"startTime":739.172,"endTime":741.66,"body":"vitrification. But we're always looking for better"},{"startTime":741.716,"endTime":744.608,"body":"ways to be able to improve"},{"startTime":744.8,"endTime":747.648,"body":"the freezing and thawing process. I know this"},{"startTime":747.68,"endTime":750.592,"body":"wasn't a clinical episode today, but I do love the sciences"},{"startTime":750.632,"endTime":753.344,"body":"of our field. And I thought many of you may wonder,"},{"startTime":753.488,"endTime":756.408,"body":"what is this whole vitrification thing? Because whenever most"},{"startTime":756.44,"endTime":759.346,"body":"of us think of freezing, we think, oh, they just put them in their freezer and then they take them"},{"startTime":759.362,"endTime":762.234,"body":"out later. But as you see, we don't do that. There's"},{"startTime":762.266,"endTime":764.93,"body":"actually a very specific scientific"},{"startTime":764.994,"endTime":767.898,"body":"method to be able to freeze these and be able to thaw"},{"startTime":767.938,"endTime":770.912,"body":"them with high efficiency, as usual. If"},{"startTime":770.92,"endTime":773.568,"body":"you like this episode, tell a friend about it. Maybe you have a kid"},{"startTime":773.608,"endTime":776.16,"body":"who's in science and might find this interesting."},{"startTime":776.344,"endTime":779.216,"body":"But if you like it, please give us a five star review on your"},{"startTime":779.232,"endTime":782.072,"body":"favorite medium. And as always, I look forward to talking to you"},{"startTime":782.08,"endTime":784.592,"body":"again next week on m talk about"},{"startTime":784.72,"endTime":785.368,"body":"fertility Tuesday."}]}