{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":4.35,"endTime":7.14,"body":"Hi everybody. My name is"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":4.35,"endTime":7.14,"body":"Greg Hancock and along with my"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":7.14,"endTime":11.16,"body":"formative Mode B friend Patrick"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":7.14,"endTime":11.16,"body":"Curran, we make a quantity food."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":11.28,"endTime":14.34,"body":"We're a podcast dedicated to all"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":11.28,"endTime":14.34,"body":"things quantitative, ranging"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":14.34,"endTime":17.4,"body":"from the irrelevant to the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":14.34,"endTime":17.4,"body":"completely irrelevant. In"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":17.4,"endTime":20.43,"body":"today's episode, we talk about"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":17.4,"endTime":20.43,"body":"partial least squares, a"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":20.43,"endTime":22.47,"body":"technique that resembles"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":20.43,"endTime":22.47,"body":"structural equation modeling,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":22.68,"endTime":26.4,"body":"but with a lot of flexibility,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":22.68,"endTime":26.4,"body":"including but not limited to its"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":26.4,"endTime":29.01,"body":"ability to accommodate both"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":26.4,"endTime":29.01,"body":"reflective and formative"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":29.01,"endTime":33.57,"body":"constructs. Along the way, we"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":29.01,"endTime":33.57,"body":"also mentioned dark red bubble,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":33.99,"endTime":39.27,"body":"sheepskin, snorting, SEM, the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":33.99,"endTime":39.27,"body":"Coors Light beer bong hotel"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":39.27,"endTime":44.1,"body":"rings ghost, Larry, the Cable"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":39.27,"endTime":44.1,"body":"Guy, the Marvel Metaverse, the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":44.1,"endTime":50.61,"body":"evil eye, bad luck, schlep rock"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":44.1,"endTime":50.61,"body":"fika, Abba, and pieces left on"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":50.61,"endTime":54.42,"body":"the table. We hope you enjoyed"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":50.61,"endTime":54.42,"body":"today's episode. Have you"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":54.42,"endTime":56.85,"body":"happened to check RedBubble and"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":54.42,"endTime":56.85,"body":"see all the cool stuff that we"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":56.85,"endTime":61.5,"body":"have? I have not, there's so"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":56.85,"endTime":61.5,"body":"much cool stuff that we have. I"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":61.5,"endTime":64.53,"body":"just thought I should take this"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":61.5,"endTime":64.53,"body":"opportunity to let you know,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":64.71,"endTime":67.17,"body":"obviously, you know, we have"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":64.71,"endTime":67.17,"body":"stickers and notebooks and all"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":67.17,"endTime":70.83,"body":"of that. I would like to thank"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":67.17,"endTime":70.83,"body":"the people out there, not just"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":70.83,"endTime":74.7,"body":"for posting your really cool"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":70.83,"endTime":74.7,"body":"pictures of you with the merch."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":75.06,"endTime":78.27,"body":"But as we mentioned in the tag,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":75.06,"endTime":78.27,"body":"all of the proceeds go to help"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":78.3,"endTime":81.27,"body":"donorschoose.org. And what that"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":78.3,"endTime":81.27,"body":"means is that the stuff that"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":81.27,"endTime":83.73,"body":"folks out there have bought have"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":81.27,"endTime":83.73,"body":"helped dozens and dozens of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":83.73,"endTime":88.17,"body":"classrooms through things like"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":83.73,"endTime":88.17,"body":"calculators for math classes,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":88.29,"endTime":91.74,"body":"hands on materials for teaching"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":88.29,"endTime":91.74,"body":"statistics, a whole variety of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":91.74,"endTime":94.38,"body":"things. And that's all due to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":91.74,"endTime":94.38,"body":"the folks who are listening out"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":94.38,"endTime":95.94,"body":"there. So thank you very much to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":94.38,"endTime":95.94,"body":"everybody."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":96.0,"endTime":99.03,"body":"I may have"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":96.0,"endTime":99.03,"body":"misunderstood something. I"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":99.03,"endTime":103.71,"body":"thought we were doing this whole"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":99.03,"endTime":103.71,"body":"podcast to become rich. I've"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":103.71,"endTime":107.16,"body":"been waiting for three years for"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":103.71,"endTime":107.16,"body":"the check from you. And I've"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":107.16,"endTime":110.19,"body":"just been trying to be patient."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":107.16,"endTime":110.19,"body":"I don't want to be a wiener"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":110.19,"endTime":114.42,"body":"about it. Did I misunderstand"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":110.19,"endTime":114.42,"body":"how this works?"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":114.48,"endTime":117.21,"body":"I think we can solve this"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":114.48,"endTime":117.21,"body":"if you just Google academia."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":120.72,"endTime":121.23,"body":"Sorry."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":122.01,"endTime":124.62,"body":"But thank you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":122.01,"endTime":124.62,"body":"everybody. And it is so fun."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":124.62,"endTime":128.19,"body":"Then my kid drew a couple of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":124.62,"endTime":128.19,"body":"things that are up there in the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":128.19,"endTime":129.81,"body":"corner, toyed and whatnot."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":129.84,"endTime":132.45,"body":"Now, there's some things"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":129.84,"endTime":132.45,"body":"up there that your daughter"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":132.45,"endTime":135.78,"body":"didn't draw, and that my"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":132.45,"endTime":135.78,"body":"daughter didn't draw and that I"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":135.78,"endTime":138.42,"body":"didn't draw and that none of us"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":135.78,"endTime":138.42,"body":"Drew."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":138.63,"endTime":141.24,"body":"I'm sorry. Is there"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":138.63,"endTime":141.24,"body":"like a dark red bubble that"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":141.24,"endTime":143.76,"body":"we're part of that I don't know"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":141.24,"endTime":143.76,"body":"about yet? Here's"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":143.76,"endTime":150.45,"body":"bootleg merch Can you not?"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":143.76,"endTime":150.45,"body":"There's more fake quantity and"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":150.45,"endTime":153.18,"body":"stuff than there is real"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":150.45,"endTime":153.18,"body":"quantity and stuff on there."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":153.24,"endTime":156.72,"body":"This is a real"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":153.24,"endTime":156.72,"body":"question. Why I yeah, I mean,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":156.75,"endTime":160.59,"body":"there's no money involved. We"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":156.75,"endTime":160.59,"body":"have a market share of negative"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":160.59,"endTime":165.78,"body":"$1,000 a year. I mean, it's a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":160.59,"endTime":165.78,"body":"real question. Why on earth like"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":165.78,"endTime":168.75,"body":"bots, are they just trying to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":165.78,"endTime":168.75,"body":"copy stuff? I don't"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":168.75,"endTime":171.21,"body":"know the answer. I was"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":168.75,"endTime":171.21,"body":"wondering if it was bots also."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":171.21,"endTime":173.79,"body":"But there's a bunch of stuff"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":171.21,"endTime":173.79,"body":"that says quantity food on it"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":173.79,"endTime":176.94,"body":"and different fonts and then"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":173.79,"endTime":176.94,"body":"there's a ton of stuff that says"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":176.94,"endTime":180.3,"body":"Jiffy on it which Jiffy by the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":176.94,"endTime":180.3,"body":"way is extremely"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":180.66,"endTime":184.38,"body":"happy about. Hi guys."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":180.66,"endTime":184.38,"body":"Hi, Jiffy"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":184.8,"endTime":188.28,"body":"jiffy. Is a your side"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":184.8,"endTime":188.28,"body":"hustle. No, I just kicked your"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":188.28,"endTime":192.51,"body":"very tastefully done. I bought"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":188.28,"endTime":192.51,"body":"five. All right, little buddy."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":192.54,"endTime":198.45,"body":"Thanks. Bye, guys. Have a great"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":192.54,"endTime":198.45,"body":"episode. I will make clear to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":198.45,"endTime":201.45,"body":"folks out there that you should"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":198.45,"endTime":201.45,"body":"be able to get whatever you"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":201.45,"endTime":205.11,"body":"like. But it's only the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":201.45,"endTime":205.11,"body":"authentic quantity pod merch"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":205.11,"endTime":208.56,"body":"that actually makes it back to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":205.11,"endTime":208.56,"body":"donorschoose.org. And how do you"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":208.56,"endTime":211.98,"body":"know if it's authentic? It has"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":208.56,"endTime":211.98,"body":"the name of who posted it"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":211.98,"endTime":215.07,"body":"beneath it. And it says by"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":211.98,"endTime":215.07,"body":"quantity pod or something?"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":215.55,"endTime":218.55,"body":"Anyway, so I thought that was"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":215.55,"endTime":218.55,"body":"kind of interesting that we have"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":218.58,"endTime":219.51,"body":"fake stuff."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":219.69,"endTime":222.66,"body":"I am fascinated by"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":219.69,"endTime":222.66,"body":"that. I don't mean to like"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":222.66,"endTime":226.47,"body":"belabor this, but I totally get"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":222.66,"endTime":226.47,"body":"making a fake account and"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":226.47,"endTime":232.5,"body":"selling things with like a Nike"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":226.47,"endTime":232.5,"body":"swoosh or like a Ferrari logo."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":232.74,"endTime":237.6,"body":"We're nothing. We own nothing. I"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":232.74,"endTime":237.6,"body":"am perplexed by this."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":237.66,"endTime":240.57,"body":"Maybe this is actually one"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":237.66,"endTime":240.57,"body":"of the best indicators of where"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":240.57,"endTime":245.58,"body":"the economy is. Currently. I"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":240.57,"endTime":245.58,"body":"remember when I had my first car"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":245.61,"endTime":246.54,"body":"what was your first car"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":246.57,"endTime":251.49,"body":"my dad gave me his"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":246.57,"endTime":251.49,"body":"Volkswagen Beetle 1969"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":251.7,"endTime":255.96,"body":"The one that you raced in"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":251.7,"endTime":255.96,"body":"our control episode I said Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":256.02,"endTime":261.72,"body":"right up. I had a 1976 Mercury"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":256.02,"endTime":261.72,"body":"Capri to it was a hatchback."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":262.05,"endTime":268.26,"body":"When I got it used. My mom got"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":262.05,"endTime":268.26,"body":"me these three seat covers, and"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":268.26,"endTime":272.13,"body":"she was so happy to do that. So"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":268.26,"endTime":272.13,"body":"she got me these and she was"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":272.13,"endTime":276.12,"body":"going there sheepskin there"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":272.13,"endTime":276.12,"body":"sheepskin. Like, you know, this"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":276.12,"endTime":279.39,"body":"was some big deal and like,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":276.12,"endTime":279.39,"body":"okay, Mom, thanks. And so I put"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":279.39,"endTime":281.49,"body":"them on my car and they were"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":279.39,"endTime":281.49,"body":"very comfortable. And I looked"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":281.49,"endTime":290.46,"body":"at the label, and it said sheeps"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":281.49,"endTime":290.46,"body":"kin so I never had the heart to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":290.46,"endTime":294.0,"body":"tell her that it wasn't actual"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":290.46,"endTime":294.0,"body":"sheepskin, but I thought that"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":294.0,"endTime":296.34,"body":"was like the best fake name"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":294.0,"endTime":296.34,"body":"ever. sheepskin."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":296.37,"endTime":299.16,"body":"It's so funny. You say"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":296.37,"endTime":299.16,"body":"that because just a couple of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":299.16,"endTime":303.15,"body":"weeks ago I I tried to do my own"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":299.16,"endTime":303.15,"body":"car repairs when I can. And with"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":303.18,"endTime":306.39,"body":"YouTube now and things that you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":303.18,"endTime":306.39,"body":"can order online is within"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":306.39,"endTime":310.5,"body":"reason. I can do a fair amount"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":306.39,"endTime":310.5,"body":"of my car repair, I needed to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":310.5,"endTime":315.09,"body":"get this particular part for the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":310.5,"endTime":315.09,"body":"record. I searched online and I"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":315.09,"endTime":320.31,"body":"found genuine Honda replacement"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":315.09,"endTime":320.31,"body":"parts. Because I didn't want off"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":320.31,"endTime":322.71,"body":"brand, right I wanted it"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":320.31,"endTime":322.71,"body":"actually made by Honda. And I"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":322.71,"endTime":326.1,"body":"was about to check out and it"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":322.71,"endTime":326.1,"body":"kind of struck me that it was"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":326.1,"endTime":331.56,"body":"half the price of what I'd found"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":326.1,"endTime":331.56,"body":"in other places. And so I jumped"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":331.59,"endTime":337.26,"body":"in another tab and I searched"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":331.59,"endTime":337.26,"body":"genuine Honda parts. The company"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":337.26,"endTime":344.73,"body":"name is genuine. It was genuine"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":337.26,"endTime":344.73,"body":"100 replacement parts. Right."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":344.85,"endTime":347.22,"body":"And I thought that was"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":344.85,"endTime":347.22,"body":"brilliant. I almost wanted to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":347.22,"endTime":351.81,"body":"buy it just because I so admired"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":347.22,"endTime":351.81,"body":"that it was a sheep's can. Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":352.769,"endTime":357.659,"body":"exactly. Well, so our"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":352.769,"endTime":357.659,"body":"topic for today is maybe in this"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":357.659,"endTime":360.509,"body":"spirit, I don't know, that"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":357.659,"endTime":360.509,"body":"remains to be seen whether or"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":360.509,"endTime":362.699,"body":"not what we're going to talk"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":360.509,"endTime":362.699,"body":"about is sheepskin, or"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":362.699,"endTime":365.699,"body":"sheepskin. What we're going to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":362.699,"endTime":365.699,"body":"talk about today is something"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":365.699,"endTime":369.989,"body":"called partial least squares"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":365.699,"endTime":369.989,"body":"originally, when you were up"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":369.989,"endTime":372.659,"body":"visiting me over the summer, and"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":369.989,"endTime":372.659,"body":"we were talking about topics"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":372.659,"endTime":375.599,"body":"that we were going to cover, we"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":372.659,"endTime":375.599,"body":"had said oh yeah, we can go"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":375.599,"endTime":377.999,"body":"through these different"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":375.599,"endTime":377.999,"body":"estimators like ordinary least"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":377.999,"endTime":380.369,"body":"squares and maximum likelihood"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":377.999,"endTime":380.369,"body":"and to stage least squares and"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":380.369,"endTime":382.469,"body":"partial least squares, and it"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":380.369,"endTime":382.469,"body":"was just sort of uttered in the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":382.469,"endTime":383.219,"body":"same breath."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":383.25,"endTime":386.25,"body":"It was gonna be in one"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":383.25,"endTime":386.25,"body":"episode. Okay, well, that's a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":386.25,"endTime":387.12,"body":"whole other thing."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":387.3,"endTime":390.15,"body":"But it turns out partial"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":387.3,"endTime":390.15,"body":"least squares is not actually an"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":390.15,"endTime":392.07,"body":"estimator. Did you know this?"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":392.699,"endTime":393.569,"body":"I do now."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":395.67,"endTime":399.33,"body":"Yeah. So partially"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":395.67,"endTime":399.33,"body":"squares, which we're going to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":399.33,"endTime":402.33,"body":"unpack a little bit here. The"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":399.33,"endTime":402.33,"body":"funny thing is, is that there's"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":402.33,"endTime":406.95,"body":"a whole segment of the world"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":402.33,"endTime":406.95,"body":"that is just tied to partial"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":406.95,"endTime":411.69,"body":"least squares like it is their"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":406.95,"endTime":411.69,"body":"jam in the early 2000s. If you"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":411.69,"endTime":416.22,"body":"go to the management information"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":411.69,"endTime":416.22,"body":"systems, literature, or other"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":416.22,"endTime":419.82,"body":"fields, like chemo metrics, this"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":416.22,"endTime":419.82,"body":"is it right? We did a PLS, we"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":419.82,"endTime":423.69,"body":"did a PLS, we did a PLS in our"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":419.82,"endTime":423.69,"body":"world being primarily a social"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":423.69,"endTime":426.63,"body":"science world. This doesn't"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":423.69,"endTime":426.63,"body":"cross our plate a whole lot."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":426.66,"endTime":427.62,"body":"Exactly. And"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":427.65,"endTime":431.46,"body":"the reflection of that,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":427.65,"endTime":431.46,"body":"at least to me is for you and"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":431.46,"endTime":435.42,"body":"me. Our day jobs are kind of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":431.46,"endTime":435.42,"body":"centered around structural"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":435.42,"endTime":439.89,"body":"equation modeling. Yes, I've"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":435.42,"endTime":439.89,"body":"been in the game for 25 years."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":440.16,"endTime":443.49,"body":"And I thought it was a method of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":440.16,"endTime":443.49,"body":"estimation. I really did. And"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":443.49,"endTime":444.75,"body":"that is not it at all."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":444.779,"endTime":446.969,"body":"That's right. And in fact,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":444.779,"endTime":446.969,"body":"you mentioned structural"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":446.969,"endTime":450.029,"body":"equation modeling. You and I we"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":446.969,"endTime":450.029,"body":"didn't just drink the structural"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":450.029,"endTime":457.859,"body":"equation modeling Kool Aid. We"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":450.029,"endTime":457.859,"body":"went to Studio 54. And snorted"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":457.859,"endTime":460.919,"body":"structural equation modeling off"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":457.859,"endTime":460.919,"body":"the bathroom counter and came"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":460.919,"endTime":462.779,"body":"out rubbing our nose so we're"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":460.919,"endTime":462.779,"body":"deep in"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":462.81,"endTime":466.53,"body":"Nope, you did I Coors"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":462.81,"endTime":466.53,"body":"Light beer bonded"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":475.41,"endTime":479.52,"body":"that's only half a joke, which"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":475.41,"endTime":479.52,"body":"is that's all there was right?"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":479.7,"endTime":483.9,"body":"It wasn't like I could pick from"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":479.7,"endTime":483.9,"body":"this or this or this or this"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":483.9,"endTime":487.62,"body":"when you and I came up through"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":483.9,"endTime":487.62,"body":"the system. bowlings book came"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":487.62,"endTime":493.74,"body":"out in 89. And I use that book"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":487.62,"endTime":493.74,"body":"in my first sem class in 1990."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":493.77,"endTime":498.42,"body":"Right, this was the only game in"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":493.77,"endTime":498.42,"body":"town when I came up through the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":498.42,"endTime":503.82,"body":"system. Now ironically, the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":498.42,"endTime":503.82,"body":"foundation for partially squares"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":503.85,"endTime":508.14,"body":"was developed years earlier."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":503.85,"endTime":508.14,"body":"Right, it had not permeated at"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":508.14,"endTime":512.13,"body":"least my instructional system"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":508.14,"endTime":512.13,"body":"that I was part of. And what I"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":512.13,"endTime":516.15,"body":"find fascinating is I think"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":512.13,"endTime":516.15,"body":"that's impart their literally"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":516.18,"endTime":521.16,"body":"continental preferences over"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":516.18,"endTime":521.16,"body":"this. Much of the work in the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":521.16,"endTime":523.38,"body":"applications are dominated in"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":521.16,"endTime":523.38,"body":"Europe."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":523.409,"endTime":526.559,"body":"That's absolutely true."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":523.409,"endTime":526.559,"body":"Structural equation modeling and"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":526.589,"endTime":528.959,"body":"this thing called partial least"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":526.589,"endTime":528.959,"body":"squares that we're gonna start"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":528.959,"endTime":532.109,"body":"getting into. Both of those"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":528.959,"endTime":532.109,"body":"weren't just born in Europe."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":532.289,"endTime":534.509,"body":"They weren't even just born in"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":532.289,"endTime":534.509,"body":"the same country, which is"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":534.509,"endTime":538.319,"body":"Sweden. They were born at the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":534.509,"endTime":538.319,"body":"same university, who Uppsala"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":538.349,"endTime":545.939,"body":"University, as coming out of a"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":538.349,"endTime":545.939,"body":"guy named Herman bold Uppsala"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":547.109,"endTime":554.669,"body":"firm involed. Herman voelde was"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":547.109,"endTime":554.669,"body":"the advisor of Who do you"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":554.669,"endTime":555.179,"body":"remember?"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":555.209,"endTime":558.419,"body":"Okay, I remember but"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":555.209,"endTime":558.419,"body":"you're gonna mock me for saying"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":558.419,"endTime":562.499,"body":"his name. So I'm just gonna say"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":558.419,"endTime":562.499,"body":"Carl, and then you can say his"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":562.499,"endTime":565.349,"body":"last name because Tova taught"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":562.499,"endTime":565.349,"body":"you how to say yes."},{"speaker":"Tove","startTime":566.16,"endTime":569.55,"body":"That's right. Hey, this"},{"speaker":"Tove","startTime":566.16,"endTime":569.55,"body":"Toby Larson, Greg, Swedish coach"},{"speaker":"Tove","startTime":569.58,"endTime":572.28,"body":"and occasional quantitative"},{"speaker":"Tove","startTime":569.58,"endTime":572.28,"body":"linguistics consultant."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":572.61,"endTime":575.22,"body":"So it's first name isn't"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":572.61,"endTime":575.22,"body":"even Carl, come on. Have you?"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":576.09,"endTime":579.39,"body":"Throw me a bone. All right,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":576.09,"endTime":579.39,"body":"fine. Fine. His American name is"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":579.39,"endTime":583.68,"body":"Carl. His stripper name is Carl."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":579.39,"endTime":583.68,"body":"His actual name is Colgate que"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":583.68,"endTime":586.86,"body":"je and last name is Jada scug."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":583.68,"endTime":586.86,"body":"Yeah, the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":586.86,"endTime":589.11,"body":"pronunciation is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":586.86,"endTime":589.11,"body":"slightly off on that one."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":589.44,"endTime":592.56,"body":"So Carl, your Skog as we"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":589.44,"endTime":592.56,"body":"call him in the US was the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":592.56,"endTime":597.06,"body":"student of Herman bold and Carl"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":592.56,"endTime":597.06,"body":"your Skog is you know the father"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":597.06,"endTime":599.52,"body":"of the structural equation"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":597.06,"endTime":599.52,"body":"modeling that you and I practice"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":599.52,"endTime":602.46,"body":"that really He had it seeds"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":599.52,"endTime":602.46,"body":"planted back in confirmatory"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":602.46,"endTime":606.21,"body":"factor analysis in the mid to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":602.46,"endTime":606.21,"body":"late 60s, where structure was"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":606.21,"endTime":609.24,"body":"imposed upon that latent"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":606.21,"endTime":609.24,"body":"variable system, and then"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":609.24,"endTime":613.32,"body":"started carrying off into the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":609.24,"endTime":613.32,"body":"70s. And it didn't just carry"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":613.32,"endTime":615.66,"body":"off on a theoretical level. And"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":613.32,"endTime":615.66,"body":"I think this is really, really"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":615.66,"endTime":620.7,"body":"important. It carried off with"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":615.66,"endTime":620.7,"body":"software to, it's great when"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":620.7,"endTime":622.98,"body":"there's the mathematics of these"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":620.7,"endTime":622.98,"body":"kinds of methods. But if you"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":622.98,"endTime":625.92,"body":"can't put it in people's hands,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":622.98,"endTime":625.92,"body":"and there's a problem, there was"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":625.92,"endTime":629.52,"body":"LISREL. And there were punch"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":625.92,"endTime":629.52,"body":"cards that went with LISREL, and"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":629.52,"endTime":632.61,"body":"mainframes and all of that kind"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":629.52,"endTime":632.61,"body":"of thing. But when we think"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":632.61,"endTime":636.12,"body":"about how structural equation"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":632.61,"endTime":636.12,"body":"modelling got a head start, the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":636.12,"endTime":639.45,"body":"pieces were in place, not just"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":636.12,"endTime":639.45,"body":"in terms of the mathematics and"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":639.45,"endTime":642.21,"body":"the theoretical foundations, but"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":639.45,"endTime":642.21,"body":"actually the software to be able"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":642.21,"endTime":644.88,"body":"to do it. And I think that's a"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":642.21,"endTime":644.88,"body":"critical thing. But you know,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":644.88,"endTime":648.12,"body":"after structural equation"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":644.88,"endTime":648.12,"body":"modeling started taking off"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":648.15,"endTime":651.84,"body":"Herman Gould sort of watching"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":648.15,"endTime":651.84,"body":"his academic child go off and do"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":651.84,"endTime":655.41,"body":"great things, he sort of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":651.84,"endTime":655.41,"body":"scratched his head and said, oh,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":655.41,"endTime":660.66,"body":"boy, cool, gay. There's a lot of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":655.41,"endTime":660.66,"body":"assumptions wrapped up in your"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":660.66,"endTime":664.62,"body":"structural equation modeling"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":660.66,"endTime":664.62,"body":"thing in your list rel thing,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":664.89,"endTime":668.52,"body":"and some of those things make me"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":664.89,"endTime":668.52,"body":"uneasy, and we should probably"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":668.52,"endTime":672.24,"body":"just rattle off some of the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":668.52,"endTime":672.24,"body":"assumptions that exist, you're"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":672.24,"endTime":675.03,"body":"gonna pop quiz me on this, I"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":672.24,"endTime":675.03,"body":"don't mean it to be a pop quiz,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":675.03,"endTime":676.23,"body":"but let's go go 30 seconds"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":677.28,"endTime":681.09,"body":"within the SEM and what"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":677.28,"endTime":681.09,"body":"my understanding is of what"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":681.09,"endTime":685.38,"body":"Volt's reaction was was kind of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":681.09,"endTime":685.38,"body":"twofold. One is it goes back to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":685.38,"endTime":688.38,"body":"something that we've talked"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":685.38,"endTime":688.38,"body":"about on prior episodes, which"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":688.38,"endTime":692.55,"body":"is one of the key advantages of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":688.38,"endTime":692.55,"body":"the SEM is that it's a priori."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":692.55,"endTime":695.97,"body":"And one of the key limitations"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":692.55,"endTime":695.97,"body":"of the SEM is that it's a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":695.97,"endTime":700.23,"body":"priori. So we have exploratory"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":695.97,"endTime":700.23,"body":"methods, we have DFA, we have"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":700.23,"endTime":703.05,"body":"Eigen values and Eigen vectors"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":700.23,"endTime":703.05,"body":"and rotation and all of these"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":703.05,"endTime":706.95,"body":"things. And then if you've had"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":703.05,"endTime":706.95,"body":"that in a class people say,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":707.22,"endTime":710.61,"body":"yeah, yeah, but you're letting"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":707.22,"endTime":710.61,"body":"the data drive your decisions."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":710.79,"endTime":714.09,"body":"don't saturate your factor"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":710.79,"endTime":714.09,"body":"learning matrix structured in a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":714.09,"endTime":717.45,"body":"way that's consistent with"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":714.09,"endTime":717.45,"body":"theory. And that's a huge"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":717.45,"endTime":721.32,"body":"advantage. I mean, massive,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":717.45,"endTime":721.32,"body":"huge, huge, massive advantage of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":721.35,"endTime":725.67,"body":"confirmatory factor analysis in"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":721.35,"endTime":725.67,"body":"the SEM in general, except one,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":725.67,"endTime":730.38,"body":"it's not. Some paraphrasing of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":725.67,"endTime":730.38,"body":"volte is there are often"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":730.38,"endTime":736.47,"body":"situations where we are data"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":730.38,"endTime":736.47,"body":"rich, but theory poor, and that"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":736.47,"endTime":740.88,"body":"we need a methodology that"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":736.47,"endTime":740.88,"body":"allows us to do sem light"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":740.88,"endTime":746.28,"body":"things, but without being so"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":740.88,"endTime":746.28,"body":"shackled to a strict a priori"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":746.28,"endTime":749.22,"body":"parameterization of our model"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":746.28,"endTime":749.22,"body":"before we ever begin."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":749.28,"endTime":751.65,"body":"So you'd said that there"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":749.28,"endTime":751.65,"body":"were two primary things, the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":751.65,"endTime":755.79,"body":"first one then has to do with"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":751.65,"endTime":755.79,"body":"feeling locked into this very"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":755.79,"endTime":759.3,"body":"confirmatory very odd, priori"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":755.79,"endTime":759.3,"body":"structured kind of endeavor."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":759.39,"endTime":761.19,"body":"What's the other one that you"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":759.39,"endTime":761.19,"body":"had rolling around some"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":761.19,"endTime":763.41,"body":"of the asymptotic"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":761.19,"endTime":763.41,"body":"regularity conditions for"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":763.41,"endTime":767.13,"body":"maximum likelihood estimation?"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":763.41,"endTime":767.13,"body":"So what he seemed to be more"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":767.13,"endTime":770.25,"body":"concerned about was a rather"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":767.13,"endTime":770.25,"body":"strong assumption about"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":770.25,"endTime":773.67,"body":"multivariate normality, and that"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":770.25,"endTime":773.67,"body":"you have a sufficiently large"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":773.67,"endTime":777.15,"body":"sample size where these"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":773.67,"endTime":777.15,"body":"asymptotic conditions of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":777.15,"endTime":781.11,"body":"consistency, unbiasness and"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":777.15,"endTime":781.11,"body":"efficiency and ask them todich"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":781.11,"endTime":785.1,"body":"normal sampling distributions,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":781.11,"endTime":785.1,"body":"maybe those don't come online,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":785.34,"endTime":788.07,"body":"given the characteristics of the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":785.34,"endTime":788.07,"body":"data that we have in our sample?"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":788.1,"endTime":788.79,"body":"That's absolutely right."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":788.79,"endTime":792.84,"body":"And so his thinking was,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":788.79,"endTime":792.84,"body":"could we do something that is,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":792.84,"endTime":795.39,"body":"and this is where I really want"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":792.84,"endTime":795.39,"body":"to be careful of my language."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":795.39,"endTime":799.17,"body":"Can we do something that is an"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":795.39,"endTime":799.17,"body":"approximation to that? This is"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":799.17,"endTime":802.77,"body":"where some people's hackles will"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":799.17,"endTime":802.77,"body":"get raised? Not PLS, people"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":802.8,"endTime":806.64,"body":"necessarily, but sem people,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":802.8,"endTime":806.64,"body":"right? You and I had a whole"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":806.64,"endTime":810.33,"body":"episode on principal components"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":806.64,"endTime":810.33,"body":"analysis and how like one of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":810.33,"endTime":814.38,"body":"your first disclosures after the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":810.33,"endTime":814.38,"body":"spider pig theme, and"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":814.919,"endTime":817.439,"body":"spider fig spider fig."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":823.77,"endTime":825.81,"body":"After those disclosures, I"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":823.77,"endTime":825.81,"body":"mean, the whole episode really"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":825.81,"endTime":828.54,"body":"was about principal components"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":825.81,"endTime":828.54,"body":"analysis what it is, and that it"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":828.54,"endTime":833.94,"body":"is not a factor model. And some"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":828.54,"endTime":833.94,"body":"people just completely get their"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":833.94,"endTime":837.27,"body":"underwear and a bunch over that"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":833.94,"endTime":837.27,"body":"for sure. And there's a whole"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":837.27,"endTime":841.02,"body":"segment of literature from the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":837.27,"endTime":841.02,"body":"80s and early 90s, where people"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":841.02,"endTime":844.77,"body":"were just butting heads over. Is"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":841.02,"endTime":844.77,"body":"it a latent variable model? Is"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":844.77,"endTime":847.35,"body":"it not a latent variable model?"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":844.77,"endTime":847.35,"body":"Can it be used to estimate"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":847.35,"endTime":850.59,"body":"latent variable models, but at"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":847.35,"endTime":850.59,"body":"its core principal component"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":850.59,"endTime":853.8,"body":"analysis is just a composite"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":850.59,"endTime":853.8,"body":"model. And it's not the only way"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":853.8,"endTime":857.16,"body":"that we have to form composites."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":853.8,"endTime":857.16,"body":"And so wold was sort of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":857.16,"endTime":861.93,"body":"wondering, can we bring to bear"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":857.16,"endTime":861.93,"body":"some of the ideas of compositing"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":861.96,"endTime":865.83,"body":"rather than the latent variable"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":861.96,"endTime":865.83,"body":"methods that we have, but use it"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":865.83,"endTime":868.77,"body":"as an approximation to a system"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":865.83,"endTime":868.77,"body":"that otherwise looks a lot like"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":868.77,"endTime":869.91,"body":"a structural equation model?"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":869.939,"endTime":874.169,"body":"And in that spirit, you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":869.939,"endTime":874.169,"body":"know, whose ghost that I saw on"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":874.169,"endTime":878.699,"body":"my back deck as I was reading"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":874.169,"endTime":878.699,"body":"some of this material was Harold"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":878.699,"endTime":882.869,"body":"Hotelling. Ah, nice member. He's"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":878.699,"endTime":882.869,"body":"local. He's in Chapel Hill, but"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":882.869,"endTime":885.209,"body":"he was at UNC back in the 30s,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":882.869,"endTime":885.209,"body":"but"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":885.21,"endTime":886.56,"body":"not buried in your"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":885.21,"endTime":886.56,"body":"backyard."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":888.57,"endTime":893.25,"body":"Nevermind Hotelling,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":888.57,"endTime":893.25,"body":"who was the original developer"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":893.25,"endTime":896.31,"body":"of principal components"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":893.25,"endTime":896.31,"body":"analysis, never addressed"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":896.31,"endTime":900.0,"body":"factorial rotation because he"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":896.31,"endTime":900.0,"body":"did not care about the numeric"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":900.0,"endTime":903.72,"body":"Recall values of the weights"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":900.0,"endTime":903.72,"body":"from a substantive standpoint,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":903.93,"endTime":907.53,"body":"he had a very practical"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":903.93,"endTime":907.53,"body":"motivation, which is he had a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":907.53,"endTime":911.1,"body":"large amount of data. And he"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":907.53,"endTime":911.1,"body":"wanted to reduce it to a smaller"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":911.13,"endTime":914.1,"body":"amount of data. And whatever"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":911.13,"endTime":914.1,"body":"those optimal weights were,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":914.1,"endTime":917.31,"body":"which came out of Eigen values"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":914.1,"endTime":917.31,"body":"and Eigen vectors, is that"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":917.31,"endTime":920.61,"body":"allowed him to get the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":917.31,"endTime":920.61,"body":"composites, get a cup of coffee,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":920.82,"endTime":924.63,"body":"say hard to merge out front, and"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":920.82,"endTime":924.63,"body":"then go do whatever he was going"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":924.63,"endTime":928.35,"body":"to do with those composites."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":924.63,"endTime":928.35,"body":"Obviously, this is not principal"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":928.35,"endTime":934.11,"body":"components in PLS, but it has"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":928.35,"endTime":934.11,"body":"that spirit of Hotelling, which"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":934.11,"endTime":938.34,"body":"is we have a problem to solve"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":934.11,"endTime":938.34,"body":"existing methods work really,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":938.34,"endTime":941.88,"body":"really well, if we meet those"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":938.34,"endTime":941.88,"body":"assumptions very often, we don't"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":941.88,"endTime":946.17,"body":"meet those assumptions. And this"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":941.88,"endTime":946.17,"body":"is a really nice alternative"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":946.2,"endTime":948.93,"body":"that allows us to do some things"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":946.2,"endTime":948.93,"body":"that we wouldn't otherwise be"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":948.93,"endTime":949.26,"body":"able to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":949.35,"endTime":952.23,"body":"imagine that we had what"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":949.35,"endTime":952.23,"body":"you and I would think of as a"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":952.26,"endTime":955.83,"body":"structural equation model with"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":952.26,"endTime":955.83,"body":"some latent variables. And we"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":955.83,"endTime":959.46,"body":"don't need to dig too deep into"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":955.83,"endTime":959.46,"body":"labeling them yet. But let's"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":959.46,"endTime":964.26,"body":"imagine that we had to exogenous"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":959.46,"endTime":964.26,"body":"factors or constructs or call"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":964.26,"endTime":967.92,"body":"them whatever you want. And"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":964.26,"endTime":967.92,"body":"let's say one endogenous, that"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":967.92,"endTime":971.4,"body":"depends on both of those. So in"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":967.92,"endTime":971.4,"body":"our head, right, we're asking"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":971.4,"endTime":978.42,"body":"you to visualize use your mind's"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":971.4,"endTime":978.42,"body":"eye. Both of those have paths"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":978.42,"endTime":982.26,"body":"coming into the dependent or"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":978.42,"endTime":982.26,"body":"endogenous latent variable. And"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":982.29,"endTime":986.64,"body":"let's just say that those two"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":982.29,"endTime":986.64,"body":"exogenous factors covary for"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":986.64,"endTime":990.18,"body":"you, in our practical people,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":986.64,"endTime":990.18,"body":"and maybe worried about some of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":990.18,"endTime":993.57,"body":"the things that we're starting"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":990.18,"endTime":993.57,"body":"to allude to, we might say, why"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":993.57,"endTime":996.51,"body":"don't you just put a score in"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":993.57,"endTime":996.51,"body":"there for that first factor? Why"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":996.51,"endTime":998.46,"body":"don't you just put a score in"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":996.51,"endTime":998.46,"body":"there for that second factor, if"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":998.46,"endTime":1001.55,"body":"just put a score in there for"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":998.46,"endTime":1001.55,"body":"that third factor? And go do"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1001.55,"endTime":1004.16,"body":"yourself a regression? I mean,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1001.55,"endTime":1004.16,"body":"why not? Right,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1004.28,"endTime":1007.4,"body":"exactly. It's a GITR"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1004.28,"endTime":1007.4,"body":"done kind of thing."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1009.02,"endTime":1011.03,"body":"Larry, the cable guy here,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1011.75,"endTime":1015.77,"body":"but there's an element"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1011.75,"endTime":1015.77,"body":"to that. And I actually find you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1015.77,"endTime":1019.88,"body":"and me quintessentially"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1015.77,"endTime":1019.88,"body":"practical. Oh, nice. We're"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1019.88,"endTime":1023.39,"body":"trying to achieve a goal we got"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1019.88,"endTime":1023.39,"body":"an end game. We know what the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1023.39,"endTime":1027.92,"body":"high road is. What I mean by"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1023.39,"endTime":1027.92,"body":"that is, if we are able to use a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1027.92,"endTime":1030.68,"body":"multiple indicator latent factor"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1027.92,"endTime":1030.68,"body":"if that latent factor is"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1030.68,"endTime":1033.65,"body":"properly defined, if we have"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1030.68,"endTime":1033.65,"body":"adequate sample size, if we have"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1033.65,"endTime":1036.83,"body":"adequate distribution, if the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1033.65,"endTime":1036.83,"body":"model is properly specified,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1036.83,"endTime":1040.28,"body":"that's kind of the gold"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1036.83,"endTime":1040.28,"body":"standard. But as the pls people"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1040.28,"endTime":1044.6,"body":"talk about with the data rich"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1040.28,"endTime":1044.6,"body":"theory poor and violations of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1044.6,"endTime":1048.8,"body":"these asymptotic conditions, we"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1044.6,"endTime":1048.8,"body":"need a way to achieve what our"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1048.8,"endTime":1052.85,"body":"goal is. And this is a promising"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1048.8,"endTime":1052.85,"body":"alternative for doing that."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1052.88,"endTime":1056.21,"body":"Yeah, we got an endgame right."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1052.88,"endTime":1056.21,"body":"It's all Marvel Universe. This"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1056.21,"endTime":1058.22,"body":"is like the STMS endgame."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1058.34,"endTime":1061.37,"body":"So is this some other part"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1058.34,"endTime":1061.37,"body":"of the metaverse multiverse?"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1061.4,"endTime":1062.78,"body":"metaverse? Which is"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1062.78,"endTime":1063.92,"body":"it? You don't know?"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1064.88,"endTime":1068.36,"body":"I just remember that Dr."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1064.88,"endTime":1068.36,"body":"Strange was like trying to patch"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1068.36,"endTime":1070.7,"body":"some stuff up and it just got"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1068.36,"endTime":1070.7,"body":"kind of weird."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1073.82,"endTime":1074.99,"body":"What the hell was wrong"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1073.82,"endTime":1074.99,"body":"with you?"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1075.53,"endTime":1078.17,"body":"It was so long, I had to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1075.53,"endTime":1078.17,"body":"pee. So I left came back. And"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1078.17,"endTime":1078.92,"body":"it's like, what? Hey, could"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1078.92,"endTime":1080.45,"body":"we get back on task"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1078.92,"endTime":1080.45,"body":"here?"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1080.57,"endTime":1083.51,"body":"I'm sorry, what were we"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1080.57,"endTime":1083.51,"body":"talking about? All right. So let"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1083.51,"endTime":1086.99,"body":"me actually label some of these"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1083.51,"endTime":1086.99,"body":"hypothetical factors, right."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1086.99,"endTime":1092.0,"body":"Now. Let's imagine that we had"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1086.99,"endTime":1092.0,"body":"to exogenous factors, and one of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1092.0,"endTime":1096.08,"body":"them was exposure to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1092.0,"endTime":1096.08,"body":"discrimination. And by exposure"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1096.08,"endTime":1100.1,"body":"to discrimination, I might ask,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1096.08,"endTime":1100.1,"body":"let's say kids, to what extent"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1100.1,"endTime":1103.16,"body":"have you felt that you have been"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1100.1,"endTime":1103.16,"body":"discriminated against will say,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1103.16,"endTime":1107.39,"body":"on the basis of race ethnicity,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1103.16,"endTime":1107.39,"body":"on the playground, in your"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1107.39,"endTime":1112.61,"body":"classroom, walking home from"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1107.39,"endTime":1112.61,"body":"school, when you are outside of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1112.61,"endTime":1118.19,"body":"school, in the social media that"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1112.61,"endTime":1118.19,"body":"you encounter, in the sports"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1118.19,"endTime":1121.49,"body":"that you play outside of school,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1118.19,"endTime":1121.49,"body":"etc. So imagine we had this"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1121.7,"endTime":1125.33,"body":"construct that is exposure to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1121.7,"endTime":1125.33,"body":"discrimination in the world"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1125.33,"endTime":1127.76,"body":"where you and I live the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1125.33,"endTime":1127.76,"body":"structural equation modeling"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1127.76,"endTime":1132.11,"body":"world that operates with a very"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1127.76,"endTime":1132.11,"body":"specific structure associated"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1132.11,"endTime":1135.68,"body":"with our factors, right, the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1132.11,"endTime":1135.68,"body":"latent variable has a structure"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1135.68,"endTime":1138.59,"body":"that it inherited from the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1135.68,"endTime":1138.59,"body":"confirmatory factor world, where"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1138.59,"endTime":1142.34,"body":"we assume that the latent"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1138.59,"endTime":1142.34,"body":"variable actually causes its"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1142.34,"endTime":1145.46,"body":"indicators. But in this case, I"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1142.34,"endTime":1145.46,"body":"think a pretty good argument"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1145.46,"endTime":1149.33,"body":"could be made that your exposure"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1145.46,"endTime":1149.33,"body":"to discrimination is like a"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1149.33,"endTime":1152.78,"body":"bucket. And each one of these"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1149.33,"endTime":1152.78,"body":"kinds of experiences that you"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1152.78,"endTime":1155.42,"body":"have fills your bucket up a"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1152.78,"endTime":1155.42,"body":"little bit more, or fills your"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1155.42,"endTime":1158.45,"body":"bucket up a little bit more,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1155.42,"endTime":1158.45,"body":"meaning that the arrows might"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1158.45,"endTime":1162.74,"body":"actually go from the variables"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1158.45,"endTime":1162.74,"body":"into this construct rather than"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1162.74,"endTime":1166.55,"body":"the other way. And if that's the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1162.74,"endTime":1166.55,"body":"case, if we would agree that"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1166.55,"endTime":1168.89,"body":"something like that is a"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1166.55,"endTime":1168.89,"body":"reasonable description of what's"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1168.89,"endTime":1170.81,"body":"going on in the relationship"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1168.89,"endTime":1170.81,"body":"between the variables in the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1170.81,"endTime":1173.06,"body":"construct, sem gets really"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1170.81,"endTime":1173.06,"body":"uneasy"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1173.06,"endTime":1176.33,"body":"about that. That"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1173.06,"endTime":1176.33,"body":"reminds me of a good friend I"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1176.33,"endTime":1179.81,"body":"had in grad school, literally"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1176.33,"endTime":1179.81,"body":"linguae Lily is at the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1179.81,"endTime":1183.02,"body":"University of Washington at"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1179.81,"endTime":1183.02,"body":"Seattle, your alma mater, Go"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1183.02,"endTime":1186.23,"body":"Huskies. She and I were out for"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1183.02,"endTime":1186.23,"body":"coffee and I was showing her a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1186.23,"endTime":1189.56,"body":"new latent factor that I was"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1186.23,"endTime":1189.56,"body":"working on. And it was"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1189.56,"endTime":1193.19,"body":"uncontrollable life stressful"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1189.56,"endTime":1193.19,"body":"events and it was in children."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1193.79,"endTime":1198.26,"body":"It was a series of things that"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1193.79,"endTime":1198.26,"body":"the child had no control over."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1198.41,"endTime":1202.43,"body":"But that happened to Now, so"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1198.41,"endTime":1202.43,"body":"their cat died, their"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1202.43,"endTime":1206.06,"body":"grandmother ran away. Wait,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1202.43,"endTime":1206.06,"body":"maybe it was the other way. But"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1206.21,"endTime":1209.24,"body":"there were this series of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1206.21,"endTime":1209.24,"body":"things. And she was really"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1209.24,"endTime":1213.14,"body":"funny. She said, but does that"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1209.24,"endTime":1213.14,"body":"factor like an evil lie? Like"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1213.14,"endTime":1218.21,"body":"somehow somebody, this hex on"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1213.14,"endTime":1218.21,"body":"you? And I was like, no, no,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1218.21,"endTime":1222.44,"body":"it's lamda aside lambda prime,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1218.21,"endTime":1222.44,"body":"it took me 10 years to figure"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1222.44,"endTime":1225.8,"body":"out what she was talking about."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1222.44,"endTime":1225.8,"body":"And it's this issue that you're"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1225.8,"endTime":1226.64,"body":"saying I love"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1226.64,"endTime":1230.27,"body":"the evil eye. I have"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1226.64,"endTime":1230.27,"body":"referred to it as an incredibly"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1230.27,"endTime":1234.71,"body":"old reference that maybe you"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1230.27,"endTime":1234.71,"body":"won't even get. In the cartoon,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1234.71,"endTime":1237.53,"body":"the Flintstones there was a"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1234.71,"endTime":1237.53,"body":"character named bad luck, schlep"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1237.53,"endTime":1247.31,"body":"rock. Oh, lousy. Me. And bad"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1237.53,"endTime":1247.31,"body":"luck Schleper act, just anything"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1247.31,"endTime":1250.34,"body":"bad happened to bad luck, schlep"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1247.31,"endTime":1250.34,"body":"rock. And so that construct can"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1250.34,"endTime":1254.03,"body":"be if you've tried to frame it"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1250.34,"endTime":1254.03,"body":"as latent, it would have to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1254.03,"endTime":1256.64,"body":"imply that everybody has a"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1254.03,"endTime":1256.64,"body":"certain amount of bad luck"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1256.64,"endTime":1258.53,"body":"schlep rock in them quick, what"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1258.53,"endTime":1266.06,"body":"is your wedding"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1258.53,"endTime":1266.06,"body":"anniversary? It is June. But you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1266.06,"endTime":1267.2,"body":"remember bad"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1268.28,"endTime":1271.73,"body":"luck? My dad, let me watch"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1268.28,"endTime":1271.73,"body":"five hours on school days. So of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1271.73,"endTime":1275.45,"body":"course, I remember that. Worry."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1271.73,"endTime":1275.45,"body":"If you model it is a latent"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1275.45,"endTime":1277.52,"body":"variable, you have got to own"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1275.45,"endTime":1277.52,"body":"it."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1277.55,"endTime":1280.82,"body":"Yeah. And we've talked"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1277.55,"endTime":1280.82,"body":"on episodes before that. If you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1280.82,"endTime":1285.05,"body":"draw a single headed arrow, you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1280.82,"endTime":1285.05,"body":"go into the saloon, you order"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1285.05,"endTime":1289.49,"body":"two fingers of whiskey, you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1285.05,"endTime":1289.49,"body":"throw it back, slam the glass on"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1289.52,"endTime":1294.02,"body":"the bar top. And to everyone in"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1289.52,"endTime":1294.02,"body":"the saloon, you say I believe my"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1294.02,"endTime":1296.81,"body":"latent factor causes my"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1294.02,"endTime":1296.81,"body":"indicator."},{"speaker":"Movie Clip","startTime":1297.44,"endTime":1300.86,"body":"I'm Captain Augustus"},{"speaker":"Movie Clip","startTime":1297.44,"endTime":1300.86,"body":"McCray. This is Captain Woodrow"},{"speaker":"Movie Clip","startTime":1300.86,"endTime":1304.61,"body":"F call. I like a shot of"},{"speaker":"Movie Clip","startTime":1300.86,"endTime":1304.61,"body":"whiskey. And so in my companion,"},{"speaker":"Movie Clip","startTime":1304.67,"endTime":1307.85,"body":"i Besides whiskey, I think will"},{"speaker":"Movie Clip","startTime":1304.67,"endTime":1307.85,"body":"require a little respect."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1308.66,"endTime":1311.66,"body":"If you have a series of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1308.66,"endTime":1311.66,"body":"math items, it is not"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1311.66,"endTime":1315.65,"body":"unrealistic to say you have an"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1311.66,"endTime":1315.65,"body":"underlying math ability, that in"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1315.65,"endTime":1318.56,"body":"part determines the probability"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1315.65,"endTime":1318.56,"body":"you're gonna get an item"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1318.56,"endTime":1322.82,"body":"correct. I can sleep at night"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1318.56,"endTime":1322.82,"body":"thinking that the reason you got"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1322.82,"endTime":1327.65,"body":"a 92% on your test score is"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1322.82,"endTime":1327.65,"body":"because your underlying math"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1327.65,"endTime":1332.24,"body":"ability caused those responses."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1327.65,"endTime":1332.24,"body":"But as you say, you start"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1332.24,"endTime":1335.51,"body":"thinking about Wait a minute,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1332.24,"endTime":1335.51,"body":"there's some underlying latent"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1335.51,"endTime":1340.7,"body":"propensity that causes you to be"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1335.51,"endTime":1340.7,"body":"discriminated against in social"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1340.7,"endTime":1346.97,"body":"media or on the playground. And"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1340.7,"endTime":1346.97,"body":"the SEM with a traditional"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1346.97,"endTime":1350.48,"body":"multiple indicator latent"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1346.97,"endTime":1350.48,"body":"variable is very poorly suited"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1350.51,"endTime":1354.53,"body":"to deal with that to the point"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1350.51,"endTime":1354.53,"body":"that you have misstated your"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1354.53,"endTime":1355.67,"body":"causal process."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1355.73,"endTime":1358.22,"body":"Exactly. Right. So now"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1355.73,"endTime":1358.22,"body":"imagine that we have a model"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1358.22,"endTime":1362.78,"body":"where we really are at odds from"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1358.22,"endTime":1362.78,"body":"a theoretical standpoint, with a"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1362.78,"endTime":1365.48,"body":"construct being represented in"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1362.78,"endTime":1365.48,"body":"that traditional latent"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1365.48,"endTime":1370.13,"body":"framework, it takes a lot of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1365.48,"endTime":1370.13,"body":"trickery to be able to get the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1370.13,"endTime":1373.04,"body":"standard structural equation"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1370.13,"endTime":1373.04,"body":"modeling framework to do that."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1373.25,"endTime":1376.91,"body":"And even when we can, there are"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1373.25,"endTime":1376.91,"body":"all kinds of limitations on our"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1376.91,"endTime":1380.0,"body":"ability to do that. That's true."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1376.91,"endTime":1380.0,"body":"Well, let's imagine now that"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1380.0,"endTime":1383.66,"body":"someone has a system where there"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1380.0,"endTime":1383.66,"body":"to exogenous constructs are"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1383.66,"endTime":1387.23,"body":"things that no they look at and"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1383.66,"endTime":1387.23,"body":"say there's no way that's latent"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1387.23,"endTime":1390.8,"body":"in the traditional sense, it"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1387.23,"endTime":1390.8,"body":"really seems to make much more"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1390.8,"endTime":1393.83,"body":"sense that it is as we call"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1390.8,"endTime":1393.83,"body":"formative that the variables"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1393.83,"endTime":1398.36,"body":"come together to form that"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1393.83,"endTime":1398.36,"body":"particular construct. In the pls"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1398.36,"endTime":1400.82,"body":"world, the traditional latent"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1398.36,"endTime":1400.82,"body":"constructs where the factor"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1400.82,"endTime":1403.46,"body":"itself is influencing its"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1400.82,"endTime":1403.46,"body":"measured indicators, we"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1403.46,"endTime":1407.09,"body":"typically call that a reflective"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1403.46,"endTime":1407.09,"body":"system. In the pls world, they"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1407.09,"endTime":1410.81,"body":"call that mode A, when the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1407.09,"endTime":1410.81,"body":"variables are coming into the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1410.81,"endTime":1413.99,"body":"construct influencing the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1410.81,"endTime":1413.99,"body":"construct, they refer to that as"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1414.14,"endTime":1417.83,"body":"a Mode B system. One of the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1414.14,"endTime":1417.83,"body":"beauty of the partial least"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1417.83,"endTime":1422.27,"body":"squares modeling framework is"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1417.83,"endTime":1422.27,"body":"that it doesn't care. I don't"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1422.27,"endTime":1425.21,"body":"mean that you don't specify it."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1422.27,"endTime":1425.21,"body":"But it says, you get those"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1425.21,"endTime":1428.66,"body":"however you want. And we will"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1425.21,"endTime":1428.66,"body":"take it from here. And I have to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1428.66,"endTime":1430.43,"body":"say, I find that kind of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1428.66,"endTime":1430.43,"body":"attractive,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1430.52,"endTime":1433.1,"body":"and I find it kind of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1430.52,"endTime":1433.1,"body":"attractive in the ghost of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1433.1,"endTime":1437.42,"body":"Hotelling. That is a very"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1433.1,"endTime":1437.42,"body":"similar distinction between"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1437.42,"endTime":1441.44,"body":"principal components analysis"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1437.42,"endTime":1441.44,"body":"and the common factor model. And"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1441.44,"endTime":1444.95,"body":"this is where people threw stuff"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1441.44,"endTime":1444.95,"body":"at each other through the 70s"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1444.95,"endTime":1448.55,"body":"and 80s. And even in the early"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1444.95,"endTime":1448.55,"body":"90s, right is principal"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1448.55,"endTime":1451.88,"body":"components analysis, a factor"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1448.55,"endTime":1451.88,"body":"model, blah, blah, blah. But"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1451.91,"endTime":1455.45,"body":"what you just described in the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1451.91,"endTime":1455.45,"body":"different modes really does"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1455.45,"endTime":1459.41,"body":"distinguish PCA and the common"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1455.45,"endTime":1459.41,"body":"factor model. And that is the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1459.41,"endTime":1464.3,"body":"common factor model is believed"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1459.41,"endTime":1464.3,"body":"to have given rise to the set of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1464.3,"endTime":1467.96,"body":"items. And the reason we"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1464.3,"endTime":1467.96,"body":"observed the correlation among"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1467.96,"endTime":1471.62,"body":"the items in the way that we did"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1467.96,"endTime":1471.62,"body":"is because they have a shared"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1471.62,"endTime":1476.0,"body":"underlying cause. One might say"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1471.62,"endTime":1476.0,"body":"a common cause, while might say"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1476.0,"endTime":1480.53,"body":"a common factor underlies those,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1476.0,"endTime":1480.53,"body":"the principal components we can"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1480.56,"endTime":1485.06,"body":"very pragmatically think about"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1480.56,"endTime":1485.06,"body":"reversing those arrows and the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1485.06,"endTime":1489.71,"body":"items that we have induce a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1485.06,"endTime":1489.71,"body":"composite that we can compute"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1489.71,"endTime":1492.59,"body":"directly, we don't have to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1489.71,"endTime":1492.59,"body":"estimate that as a factor score."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1492.74,"endTime":1497.81,"body":"So that notion of do the arrows"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1492.74,"endTime":1497.81,"body":"radiate out from some latent"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1497.81,"endTime":1503.12,"body":"factor or construct all or are"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1497.81,"endTime":1503.12,"body":"we optimally weighting the items"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1503.24,"endTime":1507.32,"body":"that then induce a composite,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1503.24,"endTime":1507.32,"body":"that is principal components and"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1507.32,"endTime":1508.55,"body":"common factor analysis"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1508.61,"endTime":1511.85,"body":"in the composite variable"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1508.61,"endTime":1511.85,"body":"system that is PLS, it's not"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1511.85,"endTime":1514.46,"body":"going to be principal component"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1511.85,"endTime":1514.46,"body":"analysis, although there are"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1514.46,"endTime":1517.25,"body":"techniques that try to merge"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1514.46,"endTime":1517.25,"body":"principal component analysis"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1517.28,"endTime":1520.79,"body":"into this. This is not that. So"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1517.28,"endTime":1520.79,"body":"what I thought we would do is"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1520.79,"endTime":1523.46,"body":"talk a little bit about how it"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1520.79,"endTime":1523.46,"body":"works, not necessarily getting"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1523.46,"endTime":1527.33,"body":"into all the weeds, but just"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1523.46,"endTime":1527.33,"body":"generally how this works. And to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1527.33,"endTime":1530.63,"body":"start, I'm going to imagine that"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1527.33,"endTime":1530.63,"body":"system that I described earlier"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1530.63,"endTime":1533.93,"body":"with two exogenous factors and"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1530.63,"endTime":1533.93,"body":"one endogenous factor, and I'm"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1533.93,"endTime":1538.25,"body":"using the word factor, honestly,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1533.93,"endTime":1538.25,"body":"a little bit uncomfortably. If I"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1538.25,"endTime":1541.73,"body":"say the word latent variable, I"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1538.25,"endTime":1541.73,"body":"have to say, I'm a little bit"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1541.73,"endTime":1545.0,"body":"uncomfortable, the pls community"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1541.73,"endTime":1545.0,"body":"might go, what's your problem?"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1545.03,"endTime":1547.22,"body":"It's still, we still think of it"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1545.03,"endTime":1547.22,"body":"as something that you didn't"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1547.22,"endTime":1555.05,"body":"see. But the SEM that I started"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1547.22,"endTime":1555.05,"body":"at Studio 54. It's just so deep"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1555.05,"endTime":1557.84,"body":"inside me that I have a hard"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1555.05,"endTime":1557.84,"body":"time even referring to these as"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1557.84,"endTime":1560.33,"body":"latent variables, but I'm the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1557.84,"endTime":1560.33,"body":"weird one, as far as the pls"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1560.33,"endTime":1561.62,"body":"community would consider. Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1561.65,"endTime":1565.28,"body":"that's why they would"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1561.65,"endTime":1565.28,"body":"consider you the weird. What's"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1565.28,"endTime":1566.57,"body":"the deal with that Hancock."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1567.65,"endTime":1569.9,"body":"That's it. So let's"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1567.65,"endTime":1569.9,"body":"imagine in that system that we"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1569.9,"endTime":1574.67,"body":"have our two exogenous"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1569.9,"endTime":1574.67,"body":"constructs. And both of those"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1574.7,"endTime":1580.01,"body":"are Mode B. What that means to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1574.7,"endTime":1580.01,"body":"us coming in from the outside is"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1580.01,"endTime":1582.41,"body":"that those are both formative"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1580.01,"endTime":1582.41,"body":"systems where the variables are"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1582.41,"endTime":1586.46,"body":"coming into form that particular"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1582.41,"endTime":1586.46,"body":"construct. And then let's"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1586.46,"endTime":1590.24,"body":"imagine that our outcome or"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1586.46,"endTime":1590.24,"body":"dependent factor in this model"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1590.39,"endTime":1593.9,"body":"is a traditional latent"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1590.39,"endTime":1593.9,"body":"variable, a reflective system"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1594.02,"endTime":1597.17,"body":"mode A as it would be called in"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1594.02,"endTime":1597.17,"body":"this world, where the factor"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1597.17,"endTime":1601.01,"body":"itself is influencing is"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1597.17,"endTime":1601.01,"body":"responsible for the relation"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1601.01,"endTime":1605.66,"body":"among the variables, an overview"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1601.01,"endTime":1605.66,"body":"of the way pls operates, if we"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1605.66,"endTime":1609.26,"body":"had to come up with something"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1605.66,"endTime":1609.26,"body":"without the benefit of a whole"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1609.26,"endTime":1612.62,"body":"lot of computational horsepower,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1609.26,"endTime":1612.62,"body":"we could just take the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1612.62,"endTime":1615.35,"body":"indicators, and honestly,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1612.62,"endTime":1615.35,"body":"whether it's reflective or"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1615.35,"endTime":1619.52,"body":"formative, whether it's mode A"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1615.35,"endTime":1619.52,"body":"or Mode B, we could just take"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1619.52,"endTime":1622.85,"body":"those indicators and get some"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1619.52,"endTime":1622.85,"body":"sort of proxy score for each of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1622.85,"endTime":1626.03,"body":"those factors. And that is, what"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1622.85,"endTime":1626.03,"body":"happens in pls is that you start"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1626.03,"endTime":1629.39,"body":"by getting a score to take the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1626.03,"endTime":1629.39,"body":"place of each of those factors."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1629.69,"endTime":1634.04,"body":"And it is a simple sum,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1629.69,"endTime":1634.04,"body":"typically, of the standardized"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1634.04,"endTime":1635.87,"body":"variables that serve as"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1634.04,"endTime":1635.87,"body":"indicators. So all of your"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1635.87,"endTime":1639.53,"body":"indicators for whether it's mode"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1635.87,"endTime":1639.53,"body":"A or mobi, convert them into z"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1639.53,"endTime":1642.47,"body":"scores, you sum them up taking"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1639.53,"endTime":1642.47,"body":"into account direction of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1642.47,"endTime":1645.8,"body":"things, of course, and you go,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1642.47,"endTime":1645.8,"body":"boom, I have at least a start or"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1645.8,"endTime":1648.77,"body":"proxy for each of the three"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1645.8,"endTime":1648.77,"body":"constructs that I care about."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1648.89,"endTime":1651.47,"body":"And if you just stop"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1648.89,"endTime":1651.47,"body":"there, that's a measured"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1651.47,"endTime":1655.1,"body":"variable path analysis. For"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1651.47,"endTime":1655.1,"body":"those of you who have taken an"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1655.1,"endTime":1659.51,"body":"SEM class, very often, the arc"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1655.1,"endTime":1659.51,"body":"of a story that is told is you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1659.51,"endTime":1663.14,"body":"do some review of multiple"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1659.51,"endTime":1663.14,"body":"regression. And then you expand"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1663.14,"endTime":1666.41,"body":"the multiple regression to a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1663.14,"endTime":1666.41,"body":"path analysis, where you have"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1666.41,"endTime":1669.47,"body":"multiple dependent variables,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1666.41,"endTime":1669.47,"body":"and you have mediation and you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1669.5,"endTime":1672.47,"body":"have chi square tests, and all"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1669.5,"endTime":1672.47,"body":"of those things. And then you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1672.47,"endTime":1675.92,"body":"move to a multiple indicator"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1672.47,"endTime":1675.92,"body":"latent factor. Well, what I like"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1675.95,"endTime":1680.66,"body":"is that first step of taking"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1675.95,"endTime":1680.66,"body":"just a measured composite of the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1680.66,"endTime":1684.53,"body":"items on your construct is a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1680.66,"endTime":1684.53,"body":"measured variable path analysis."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1684.95,"endTime":1690.62,"body":"But pls adds this really clever"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1684.95,"endTime":1690.62,"body":"iterative procedure. Yeah."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1690.83,"endTime":1694.25,"body":"So once we get these"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1690.83,"endTime":1694.25,"body":"proxies for each of our three"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1694.25,"endTime":1697.64,"body":"constructs, what do we do with"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1694.25,"endTime":1697.64,"body":"them now? Well, if that was the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1697.64,"endTime":1699.86,"body":"end of it, we would just go"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1697.64,"endTime":1699.86,"body":"ahead and do the regression"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1699.86,"endTime":1703.46,"body":"using the to exogenous"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1699.86,"endTime":1703.46,"body":"composites, and have them"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1703.46,"endTime":1706.13,"body":"predict and just a regular old,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1703.46,"endTime":1706.13,"body":"ordinary least squares"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1706.13,"endTime":1709.01,"body":"regression have them predict"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1706.13,"endTime":1709.01,"body":"that endogenous composite, and"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1709.01,"endTime":1713.75,"body":"we would be done. But when we do"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1709.01,"endTime":1713.75,"body":"that, we do get some estimates"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1713.75,"endTime":1718.43,"body":"for the structural relations in"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1713.75,"endTime":1718.43,"body":"that particular model. Once we"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1718.43,"endTime":1722.48,"body":"have those structural relations"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1718.43,"endTime":1722.48,"body":"in there, we now actually have a"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1722.48,"endTime":1726.17,"body":"series of relations among all"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1722.48,"endTime":1726.17,"body":"three of those constructs."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1726.32,"endTime":1729.2,"body":"Between the two exogenous"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1726.32,"endTime":1729.2,"body":"constructs, we have some"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1729.2,"endTime":1732.38,"body":"estimate of correlation between"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1729.2,"endTime":1732.38,"body":"the dependent and the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1732.38,"endTime":1735.11,"body":"independent constructs, we have"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1732.38,"endTime":1735.11,"body":"some structural relations, some"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1735.11,"endTime":1737.96,"body":"standardized beta weight kinds"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1735.11,"endTime":1737.96,"body":"of things, what we can actually"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1737.96,"endTime":1741.77,"body":"do in this system is we can now"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1737.96,"endTime":1741.77,"body":"get predicted scores for each of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1741.77,"endTime":1745.28,"body":"these based on the structural"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1741.77,"endTime":1745.28,"body":"relations that exist there. And"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1745.28,"endTime":1749.03,"body":"so in an iterative process, the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1745.28,"endTime":1749.03,"body":"information that we got from"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1749.03,"endTime":1752.42,"body":"this first pass at estimating"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1749.03,"endTime":1752.42,"body":"the structural connections"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1752.6,"endTime":1755.84,"body":"allows us to get new estimates"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1752.6,"endTime":1755.84,"body":"for those proxies."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1755.9,"endTime":1758.84,"body":"So when we think about"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1755.9,"endTime":1758.84,"body":"how we do business, as usual,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1758.84,"endTime":1762.11,"body":"we're done right? If we're doing"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1758.84,"endTime":1762.11,"body":"the least squares, or if we have"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1762.11,"endTime":1765.47,"body":"a second dependent variable,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1762.11,"endTime":1765.47,"body":"that's a mediating model, and"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1765.47,"endTime":1768.83,"body":"we're using maximum likelihood."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1765.47,"endTime":1768.83,"body":"That's it right? What you walk"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1768.83,"endTime":1771.71,"body":"through is we take our items, we"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1768.83,"endTime":1771.71,"body":"make a composite, we take the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1771.71,"endTime":1775.49,"body":"composites, we fit a model. But"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1771.71,"endTime":1775.49,"body":"here what you're saying is, is"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1775.52,"endTime":1780.14,"body":"Wait a minute, we've got these"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1775.52,"endTime":1780.14,"body":"model implied predicted values"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1780.14,"endTime":1785.39,"body":"of the composite, could we use"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1780.14,"endTime":1785.39,"body":"those in some way to update how"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1785.39,"endTime":1787.82,"body":"we're computing the composite"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1785.39,"endTime":1787.82,"body":"itself?"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1787.94,"endTime":1790.85,"body":"Exactly right. And so once"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1787.94,"endTime":1790.85,"body":"we do that, based on the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1790.85,"endTime":1794.42,"body":"estimated relations that we have"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1790.85,"endTime":1794.42,"body":"among the constructs, and there"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1794.42,"endTime":1797.75,"body":"are different ways of doing"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1794.42,"endTime":1797.75,"body":"that, but it involves whatever a"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1797.75,"endTime":1801.74,"body":"construct is attached to Whether"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1797.75,"endTime":1801.74,"body":"it's another exogenous construct"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1801.74,"endTime":1803.9,"body":"and endogenous construct, again,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1801.74,"endTime":1803.9,"body":"there are different ways of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1803.9,"endTime":1807.38,"body":"doing it. But you try to use the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1803.9,"endTime":1807.38,"body":"information from that model to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1807.38,"endTime":1811.16,"body":"get updated scores, just as you"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1807.38,"endTime":1811.16,"body":"said, once you do that, what"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1811.16,"endTime":1815.09,"body":"happens to those updated scores?"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1811.16,"endTime":1815.09,"body":"Well, you take them from that"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1815.12,"endTime":1818.48,"body":"structural model in this world,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1815.12,"endTime":1818.48,"body":"it's referred to as the inner"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1818.48,"endTime":1822.08,"body":"model, and then you carry it"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1818.48,"endTime":1822.08,"body":"back out to the measurement"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1822.08,"endTime":1825.95,"body":"model, or what here is called"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1822.08,"endTime":1825.95,"body":"the outer model. And how you do"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1825.95,"endTime":1830.54,"body":"that is going to depend whether"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1825.95,"endTime":1830.54,"body":"or not you have a construct that"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1830.54,"endTime":1833.75,"body":"is mode A, which is reflective,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1830.54,"endTime":1833.75,"body":"traditional the way you and I"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1833.75,"endTime":1838.28,"body":"think about things, or Mode B,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1833.75,"endTime":1838.28,"body":"if you have a mode a system,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1838.79,"endTime":1841.94,"body":"then you can get predicted"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1838.79,"endTime":1841.94,"body":"scores for each of those"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1841.94,"endTime":1845.63,"body":"measured indicators. By doing"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1841.94,"endTime":1845.63,"body":"just a simple regression, I can"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1845.63,"endTime":1848.39,"body":"use the proxy to predict"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1845.63,"endTime":1848.39,"body":"indicator one, I can use the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1848.39,"endTime":1851.6,"body":"proxy to predict indicator two,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1848.39,"endTime":1851.6,"body":"etc, I can go through one by one"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1851.6,"endTime":1855.56,"body":"and do that in that reflective"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1851.6,"endTime":1855.56,"body":"or mode a kind of system, when I"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1855.56,"endTime":1858.83,"body":"have something that is Mode B"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1855.56,"endTime":1858.83,"body":"that is a formative kind of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1858.83,"endTime":1862.07,"body":"system. That's where all the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1858.83,"endTime":1862.07,"body":"variables are actually coming"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1862.07,"endTime":1865.64,"body":"into the construct. That's just"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1862.07,"endTime":1865.64,"body":"a multiple regression, because I"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1865.64,"endTime":1869.78,"body":"now have updated scores for the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1865.64,"endTime":1869.78,"body":"construct, and I have all of the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1869.81,"endTime":1872.99,"body":"scores for the indicator"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1869.81,"endTime":1872.99,"body":"variables, I can run a multiple"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1872.99,"endTime":1877.58,"body":"regression. And now I have"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1872.99,"endTime":1877.58,"body":"updated relations between the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1877.58,"endTime":1881.78,"body":"indicator variables. And the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1877.58,"endTime":1881.78,"body":"particular construct. Once I"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1881.78,"endTime":1885.44,"body":"have those, what I can actually"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1881.78,"endTime":1885.44,"body":"do now is get new predictive"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1885.44,"endTime":1889.73,"body":"values for that inner model. And"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1885.44,"endTime":1889.73,"body":"there is this iterative process."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1889.73,"endTime":1892.67,"body":"And you alluded to that earlier,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1889.73,"endTime":1892.67,"body":"where we go intermodal outer"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1892.67,"endTime":1897.08,"body":"model, intermodal outer model"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1892.67,"endTime":1897.08,"body":"until things stabilize. And when"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1897.08,"endTime":1901.67,"body":"things converge satisfactorily,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1897.08,"endTime":1901.67,"body":"then we have our final estimates"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1901.7,"endTime":1906.95,"body":"of those constructs. And we just"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1901.7,"endTime":1906.95,"body":"do an OLS regression boom, done"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1906.95,"endTime":1911.39,"body":"and done with the idea that we"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1906.95,"endTime":1911.39,"body":"have created a system whose goal"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1911.39,"endTime":1914.6,"body":"in the end is to try to explain"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1911.39,"endTime":1914.6,"body":"variance. And that's different"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1914.6,"endTime":1916.01,"body":"from what you and I are used to."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1916.13,"endTime":1920.06,"body":"That's right, and you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1916.13,"endTime":1920.06,"body":"start moving into the topic"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1920.06,"endTime":1923.78,"body":"that's getting increasing"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1920.06,"endTime":1923.78,"body":"appreciation in the field, often"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1923.78,"endTime":1927.26,"body":"linked to machine learning,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1923.78,"endTime":1927.26,"body":"which is distinguishing"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1927.29,"endTime":1931.34,"body":"prediction and explanation, we"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1927.29,"endTime":1931.34,"body":"can have a prediction model,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1931.34,"endTime":1933.8,"body":"that is, look, we're going to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1931.34,"endTime":1933.8,"body":"roll up our sleeves, and we're"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1933.8,"endTime":1938.33,"body":"going to do whatever we need to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1933.8,"endTime":1938.33,"body":"do to maximize our ability to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1938.33,"endTime":1942.29,"body":"make y and y hat as close"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1938.33,"endTime":1942.29,"body":"together as possible. That is"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1942.29,"endTime":1946.64,"body":"not as much of what we might"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1942.29,"endTime":1946.64,"body":"think of as an explanation,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1946.94,"endTime":1951.83,"body":"where we keep Karl Popper's"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1946.94,"endTime":1951.83,"body":"corpse happy. And we impose"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1951.83,"endTime":1955.85,"body":"restrictions on the system and"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1951.83,"endTime":1955.85,"body":"make those testable hypotheses."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1956.0,"endTime":1960.02,"body":"And that's all in model fit chi"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1956.0,"endTime":1960.02,"body":"squares and RMSEA and things"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1960.02,"endTime":1963.83,"body":"like that, which do not exist in"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":1960.02,"endTime":1963.83,"body":"the pls"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1963.89,"endTime":1966.32,"body":"totally, absolutely right"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1963.89,"endTime":1966.32,"body":"about fit. And I want to make"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1966.32,"endTime":1969.5,"body":"sure that we're very, very clear"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1966.32,"endTime":1969.5,"body":"that the system that I described"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1969.5,"endTime":1973.43,"body":"was just an example where we had"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1969.5,"endTime":1973.43,"body":"two exogenous constructs and one"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1973.43,"endTime":1976.31,"body":"endogenous construct, that was"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1973.43,"endTime":1976.31,"body":"just an example. And that's an"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1976.31,"endTime":1980.09,"body":"example that very much mirrors a"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1976.31,"endTime":1980.09,"body":"regression model with two"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1980.09,"endTime":1983.63,"body":"predictors and one outcome. But"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1980.09,"endTime":1983.63,"body":"this extends to all different"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1983.63,"endTime":1986.84,"body":"types of models. If you think"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1983.63,"endTime":1986.84,"body":"about all of the crazy"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1986.84,"endTime":1990.41,"body":"connections that we might have,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1986.84,"endTime":1990.41,"body":"we might have exogenous"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1990.44,"endTime":1994.04,"body":"constructs going to an"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1990.44,"endTime":1994.04,"body":"endogenous construct going to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1994.04,"endTime":1997.13,"body":"more endogenous constructs, we"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1994.04,"endTime":1997.13,"body":"might have mediated kinds of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1997.13,"endTime":2000.07,"body":"systems. So draw the hairy"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":1997.13,"endTime":2000.07,"body":"structural model that you're"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2000.07,"endTime":2003.64,"body":"accustomed to drawing, and then"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2000.07,"endTime":2003.64,"body":"attach your indicator variables"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2003.64,"endTime":2006.13,"body":"in a way that is consistent with"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2003.64,"endTime":2006.13,"body":"the way you believe they should"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2006.13,"endTime":2009.4,"body":"be attached for each of those"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2006.13,"endTime":2009.4,"body":"constructs. And some of them"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2009.4,"endTime":2012.85,"body":"might be mode A the traditional"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2009.4,"endTime":2012.85,"body":"latent variable way we're"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2012.85,"endTime":2015.34,"body":"accustomed to thinking about"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2012.85,"endTime":2015.34,"body":"things that reflective system,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2015.52,"endTime":2019.33,"body":"some of them might be Mode B,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2015.52,"endTime":2019.33,"body":"which is the formative system"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2019.33,"endTime":2023.83,"body":"where the variables actually"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2019.33,"endTime":2023.83,"body":"pour into the construct, and pls"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2023.83,"endTime":2027.37,"body":"says, whatever, you get it and"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2023.83,"endTime":2027.37,"body":"then hand it to me and I will"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2027.37,"endTime":2028.12,"body":"turn the crank."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2028.15,"endTime":2032.68,"body":"So I think we've got a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2028.15,"endTime":2032.68,"body":"pretty good 30,000 foot face"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2032.68,"endTime":2035.59,"body":"pressed to the window on the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2032.68,"endTime":2035.59,"body":"aeroplane looking over the Grand"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2035.59,"endTime":2039.97,"body":"Canyon. We've got our head"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2035.59,"endTime":2039.97,"body":"around mode, a Mode B inner,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2040.0,"endTime":2042.07,"body":"outer. So where do we go next?"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2042.16,"endTime":2045.61,"body":"Well, no more yet, because"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2042.16,"endTime":2045.61,"body":"it would be a Swedish tradition"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2045.64,"endTime":2048.37,"body":"that at this point, we have a"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2045.64,"endTime":2048.37,"body":"fika Do you know what a fika is?"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2048.58,"endTime":2052.93,"body":"I already went before"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2048.58,"endTime":2052.93,"body":"we started recording. So no, I'm"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2052.93,"endTime":2056.14,"body":"good. You took a fika but I'm"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2052.93,"endTime":2056.14,"body":"fine. He told her Can you help"},{"speaker":"Tove","startTime":2056.14,"endTime":2058.81,"body":"us out on the whole fika"},{"speaker":"Tove","startTime":2056.14,"endTime":2058.81,"body":"thing? So I think it can mean"},{"speaker":"Tove","startTime":2058.81,"endTime":2062.86,"body":"slightly different things but it"},{"speaker":"Tove","startTime":2058.81,"endTime":2062.86,"body":"tends to be a break when we"},{"speaker":"Tove","startTime":2062.86,"endTime":2066.52,"body":"drink coffee, eat cake or"},{"speaker":"Tove","startTime":2062.86,"endTime":2066.52,"body":"something and just relax and"},{"speaker":"Tove","startTime":2066.52,"endTime":2066.91,"body":"talk to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2066.91,"endTime":2069.73,"body":"people. Thank you. So"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2066.91,"endTime":2069.73,"body":"Patrick, we definitely need to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2069.73,"endTime":2071.86,"body":"have a fika I have you been to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2069.73,"endTime":2071.86,"body":"Sweden by the way"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2071.89,"endTime":2074.98,"body":"I have I love"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2071.89,"endTime":2074.98,"body":"Scandinavia is I've been to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2074.98,"endTime":2077.32,"body":"Stockholm and I've been to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2074.98,"endTime":2077.32,"body":"Uppsala."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2077.83,"endTime":2080.11,"body":"I have never been to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2077.83,"endTime":2080.11,"body":"Sweden. I just want to say that."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2080.11,"endTime":2083.62,"body":"So if anybody out there wants to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2080.11,"endTime":2083.62,"body":"invite me to Sweden. It is on my"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2083.62,"endTime":2086.05,"body":"list. There aren't very many"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2083.62,"endTime":2086.05,"body":"more places on my list. But if"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2086.05,"endTime":2089.95,"body":"you want to invite me to Sweden,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2086.05,"endTime":2089.95,"body":"DM me, I totally want to go all"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2089.95,"endTime":2095.65,"body":"right. This has been a lovely"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2089.95,"endTime":2095.65,"body":"fika and we're back. But I have"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2095.65,"endTime":2099.04,"body":"no idea what your question was"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2095.65,"endTime":2099.04,"body":"before we feel good. What What"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2099.04,"endTime":2099.97,"body":"was your question actually?"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2100.0,"endTime":2101.44,"body":"I really am gonna go to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2100.0,"endTime":2101.44,"body":"the bathroom."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2102.909,"endTime":2105.729,"body":"Okay, well, instead of our"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2102.909,"endTime":2105.729,"body":"usual elevator music, we should"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2105.729,"endTime":2106.779,"body":"probably play some ABA"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2106.809,"endTime":2111.039,"body":"play big red car again,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2106.809,"endTime":2111.039,"body":"I got a profanity laced text"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2111.039,"endTime":2115.599,"body":"from you a couple of days ago"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2111.039,"endTime":2115.599,"body":"about how big red car got stuck"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2115.599,"endTime":2116.889,"body":"in your head, it was"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2116.89,"endTime":2119.89,"body":"brutal, don't even say big"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2116.89,"endTime":2119.89,"body":"red car anyway, in fact, I'm"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2119.89,"endTime":2123.16,"body":"going to insert some ABA right"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2119.89,"endTime":2123.16,"body":"here anyway, just to clear that"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2123.16,"endTime":2124.0,"body":"from my head."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2133.39,"endTime":2136.09,"body":"Hi, everyone. Alright,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2133.39,"endTime":2136.09,"body":"so I came back from my break,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2136.09,"endTime":2139.42,"body":"and Greg took a break as well,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2136.09,"endTime":2139.42,"body":"and he's not here, in"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2139.42,"endTime":2142.66,"body":"postprocessing, I'm going to put"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2139.42,"endTime":2142.66,"body":"a little bit more of the grid"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2142.66,"endTime":2145.18,"body":"car here, just to mess with him"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2142.66,"endTime":2145.18,"body":"to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2146.5,"endTime":2150.7,"body":"the big man. Traveling"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2146.5,"endTime":2150.7,"body":"there, and we'll travel."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2152.35,"endTime":2157.42,"body":"Okay, we're both back."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2152.35,"endTime":2157.42,"body":"Let's pan back and think about"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2157.42,"endTime":2159.94,"body":"some of the broad"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2157.42,"endTime":2159.94,"body":"characteristics of where this"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2159.94,"endTime":2165.19,"body":"can and can't be applied. And"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2159.94,"endTime":2165.19,"body":"then how we might use this"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2165.22,"endTime":2168.64,"body":"thoughtfully in just pursuing"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2165.22,"endTime":2168.64,"body":"our science. We could"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2168.64,"endTime":2172.9,"body":"break this up in terms of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2168.64,"endTime":2172.9,"body":"different aspects of the model"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2172.9,"endTime":2176.71,"body":"and modeling process. For"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2172.9,"endTime":2176.71,"body":"example, we could talk about the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2176.71,"endTime":2180.91,"body":"characteristics of the data and"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2176.71,"endTime":2180.91,"body":"what we need to be in place for"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2180.91,"endTime":2185.11,"body":"pls to be a viable option we"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2180.91,"endTime":2185.11,"body":"talked about and this was one of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2185.14,"endTime":2188.44,"body":"Volt's concerns, we talked about"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2185.14,"endTime":2188.44,"body":"sem because it's based on"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2188.44,"endTime":2192.28,"body":"maximum likelihood or variations"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2188.44,"endTime":2192.28,"body":"on maximum likelihood, we talk"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2192.28,"endTime":2195.82,"body":"about it being a large sample"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2192.28,"endTime":2195.82,"body":"technique without ever being"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2195.82,"endTime":2200.05,"body":"able to actually define that."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2195.82,"endTime":2200.05,"body":"But pls in the end is based on"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2200.08,"endTime":2204.01,"body":"an iterative least squares kind"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2200.08,"endTime":2204.01,"body":"of process. And so it puts fewer"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2204.01,"endTime":2206.8,"body":"demands in terms of sample size."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2204.01,"endTime":2206.8,"body":"That's kind of a nice thing."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2206.83,"endTime":2207.22,"body":"That is"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2207.22,"endTime":2210.58,"body":"a nice thing. We've"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2207.22,"endTime":2210.58,"body":"talked about before how so much"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2210.58,"endTime":2214.84,"body":"of the field focuses on sample"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2210.58,"endTime":2214.84,"body":"size in terms of power, which of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2214.84,"endTime":2217.93,"body":"course it should, you need to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2214.84,"endTime":2217.93,"body":"know whether to use a poop emoji"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2217.93,"endTime":2223.39,"body":"or an eggplant emoji in your"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2217.93,"endTime":2223.39,"body":"grant application. But much less"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2223.39,"endTime":2229.24,"body":"attention is paid to model"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2223.39,"endTime":2229.24,"body":"stability. And also having a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2229.24,"endTime":2232.63,"body":"sense of whether you have a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2229.24,"endTime":2232.63,"body":"sufficiently large sample for"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2232.63,"endTime":2236.11,"body":"those asymptotic properties to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2232.63,"endTime":2236.11,"body":"come online in the way that we"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2236.11,"endTime":2237.25,"body":"think that they are."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2237.31,"endTime":2239.98,"body":"Exactly. We already"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2237.31,"endTime":2239.98,"body":"mentioned that it doesn't have"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2239.98,"endTime":2243.28,"body":"the heavy distributional"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2239.98,"endTime":2243.28,"body":"reliance on normality. But as"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2243.28,"endTime":2246.79,"body":"you pointed out, we've come a"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2243.28,"endTime":2246.79,"body":"long way since the 1960s and"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2246.79,"endTime":2250.18,"body":"1970s. As you and I had a whole"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2246.79,"endTime":2250.18,"body":"episode I think about non"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2250.18,"endTime":2252.91,"body":"normality, right. So in SEM,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2250.18,"endTime":2252.91,"body":"we've had ways to deal with"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2252.91,"endTime":2255.34,"body":"this. Yeah. And so it's"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2252.91,"endTime":2255.34,"body":"interesting, because we're"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2255.34,"endTime":2258.88,"body":"voelde was really worried about"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2255.34,"endTime":2258.88,"body":"things like normality,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2258.88,"endTime":2262.9,"body":"assumption, independence,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2258.88,"endTime":2262.9,"body":"assumption, things like that. We"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2262.9,"endTime":2266.77,"body":"actually have really good ways"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2262.9,"endTime":2266.77,"body":"now to deal with that. So we"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2266.77,"endTime":2270.67,"body":"have robust standard errors, we"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2266.77,"endTime":2270.67,"body":"have corrected test statistics,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2270.7,"endTime":2275.74,"body":"we have very well developed ways"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2270.7,"endTime":2275.74,"body":"for handling ordinal items. It's"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2275.74,"endTime":2281.8,"body":"not to say that pls is not still"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2275.74,"endTime":2281.8,"body":"advantageous, but ml isn't quite"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2281.8,"endTime":2283.81,"body":"as handcuffed as it used to be"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2283.84,"endTime":2287.29,"body":"totally agree with that."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2283.84,"endTime":2287.29,"body":"And MPLS. You know, formally,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2287.32,"endTime":2289.48,"body":"it's tied to the same"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2287.32,"endTime":2289.48,"body":"distributional assumptions that"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2289.48,"endTime":2291.58,"body":"regression is, and we've talked"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2289.48,"endTime":2291.58,"body":"about that quite a bit,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2291.58,"endTime":2295.69,"body":"especially back when we were"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2291.58,"endTime":2295.69,"body":"doing OLS. But it also will use"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2295.72,"endTime":2298.63,"body":"a bootstrapping technique to get"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2295.72,"endTime":2298.63,"body":"the standard errors that it"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2298.63,"endTime":2301.54,"body":"needs, which helps to work"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2298.63,"endTime":2301.54,"body":"around some of the other issues,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2301.54,"endTime":2303.88,"body":"including dependence, right, to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2301.54,"endTime":2303.88,"body":"some extent,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2303.91,"endTime":2308.44,"body":"as long as dependence"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2303.91,"endTime":2308.44,"body":"is a nuisance variable. And this"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2308.44,"endTime":2312.13,"body":"is what we argued in a court"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2308.44,"endTime":2312.13,"body":"ordered setting with McNeish,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2312.43,"endTime":2316.33,"body":"was about the unnecessary"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2312.43,"endTime":2316.33,"body":"ubiquity of multi level models"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2316.33,"endTime":2319.84,"body":"is Dan is exactly right in"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2316.33,"endTime":2319.84,"body":"everything that he said in there"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2319.84,"endTime":2324.4,"body":"is that there are very good ways"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2319.84,"endTime":2324.4,"body":"of correcting for violations of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2324.4,"endTime":2328.03,"body":"independent residuals and a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2324.4,"endTime":2328.03,"body":"whole broad class of models. As"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2328.03,"endTime":2331.66,"body":"long as you don't have to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2328.03,"endTime":2331.66,"body":"disaggregate effects, as long as"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2331.66,"endTime":2334.54,"body":"there aren't within group in"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2331.66,"endTime":2334.54,"body":"between group effects. Because"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2334.69,"endTime":2337.66,"body":"then what a corrected standard"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2334.69,"endTime":2337.66,"body":"error does if you don't"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2337.66,"endTime":2340.81,"body":"disaggregate as it gives you a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2337.66,"endTime":2340.81,"body":"proper standard error for the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2340.81,"endTime":2343.99,"body":"incorrect effect. Yeah. And so"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2340.81,"endTime":2343.99,"body":"it's just another stealing"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2343.99,"endTime":2349.33,"body":"Bolens line, fine print, that"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2343.99,"endTime":2349.33,"body":"pls is really well suited for"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2349.33,"endTime":2352.63,"body":"addressing violations of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2349.33,"endTime":2352.63,"body":"independence by using the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2352.63,"endTime":2357.16,"body":"Bootstrap. But it's still"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2352.63,"endTime":2357.16,"body":"assuming that there's an overall"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2357.16,"endTime":2360.52,"body":"effect that's of interest and"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2357.16,"endTime":2360.52,"body":"not an effect that needs to be"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2360.52,"endTime":2362.8,"body":"disaggregated. In some"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2360.52,"endTime":2362.8,"body":"structural way."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2362.83,"endTime":2365.29,"body":"I think that's not only a"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2362.83,"endTime":2365.29,"body":"really important point, but a"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2365.29,"endTime":2369.52,"body":"point that gets glossed over in"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2365.29,"endTime":2369.52,"body":"the pls stuff that I have seen."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2369.58,"endTime":2372.67,"body":"And I think it gets"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2369.58,"endTime":2372.67,"body":"equally glossed over in the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2372.67,"endTime":2376.84,"body":"cluster corrected SEM. Oh, you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2372.67,"endTime":2376.84,"body":"have kids within schools and"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2376.84,"endTime":2379.84,"body":"multiple schools will just say"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2376.84,"endTime":2379.84,"body":"cluster equal schooling you're"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2379.84,"endTime":2382.81,"body":"fine. So I don't think that's"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2379.84,"endTime":2382.81,"body":"unique to pls"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2382.87,"endTime":2385.57,"body":"missing data. Now, I feel"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2382.87,"endTime":2385.57,"body":"like in the structural equation,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2385.57,"endTime":2389.41,"body":"modeling world we have kind of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2385.57,"endTime":2389.41,"body":"nailed missing data. This is a"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2389.41,"endTime":2392.2,"body":"regression based world though."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2389.41,"endTime":2392.2,"body":"What do you tell your students"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2392.2,"endTime":2394.39,"body":"when you teach regression, what"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2392.2,"endTime":2394.39,"body":"do you tell them about missing"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2394.39,"endTime":2394.9,"body":"data?"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2394.96,"endTime":2397.78,"body":"Well, in standard Oh,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2394.96,"endTime":2397.78,"body":"well, less, it's less wise"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2397.78,"endTime":2401.2,"body":"deletion. Anybody who's missing"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2397.78,"endTime":2401.2,"body":"anything We'll see you. Thanks"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2401.2,"endTime":2403.51,"body":"for coming out tonight. You"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2401.2,"endTime":2403.51,"body":"don't have to go home, but you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2403.51,"endTime":2407.92,"body":"can't stay here. Yep. What I do"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2403.51,"endTime":2407.92,"body":"say though, is well, you can"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2407.92,"endTime":2411.19,"body":"move even with the regression"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2407.92,"endTime":2411.19,"body":"framework to a maximum"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2411.19,"endTime":2414.97,"body":"likelihood estimator and useful"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2411.19,"endTime":2414.97,"body":"information, maximum likelihood"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2414.97,"endTime":2418.72,"body":"under certain assumptions that"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2414.97,"endTime":2418.72,"body":"is missing at random, we have an"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2418.72,"endTime":2421.93,"body":"episode on this, we won't get"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2418.72,"endTime":2421.93,"body":"into the details of that. You"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2421.93,"endTime":2424.9,"body":"can also use multiple"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2421.93,"endTime":2424.9,"body":"imputation. And you can do that"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2424.9,"endTime":2428.86,"body":"within a regression framework as"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2424.9,"endTime":2428.86,"body":"well. And that is you build a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2428.86,"endTime":2432.4,"body":"model for missingness impute"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2428.86,"endTime":2432.4,"body":"values, estimate your regression"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2432.4,"endTime":2435.7,"body":"model, you do that 10 or 20"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2432.4,"endTime":2435.7,"body":"times gather all the things"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2435.7,"endTime":2439.99,"body":"together and combine them using"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2435.7,"endTime":2439.99,"body":"formulas that exist. What I"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2439.99,"endTime":2443.71,"body":"almost always tell my students"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2439.99,"endTime":2443.71,"body":"in my teaching, though, is you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2443.71,"endTime":2446.44,"body":"should probably move to a full"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2443.71,"endTime":2446.44,"body":"information maximum likelihood"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2446.44,"endTime":2450.07,"body":"setting within an SEM framework"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2446.44,"endTime":2450.07,"body":"and incorporate partially"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2450.07,"endTime":2451.06,"body":"missing data there,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2451.09,"endTime":2456.04,"body":"well, then it wouldn't be"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2451.09,"endTime":2456.04,"body":"P L. S, would it? Would be what"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2456.04,"endTime":2458.86,"body":"PML? I'm sorry, by definition."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2456.04,"endTime":2458.86,"body":"You can't do that in here."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2459.01,"endTime":2462.31,"body":"That's exactly right. But yeah,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2459.01,"endTime":2462.31,"body":"I mean, to the extent that I"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2462.31,"endTime":2465.34,"body":"have found any information about"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2462.31,"endTime":2465.34,"body":"it, usually it sort of revolves"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2465.34,"endTime":2468.73,"body":"around, we'll just don't get too"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2465.34,"endTime":2468.73,"body":"much missing data. And, you"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2468.73,"endTime":2471.97,"body":"know, like, try to keep it below"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2468.73,"endTime":2471.97,"body":"5%. And if you really have to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2471.97,"endTime":2475.21,"body":"maybe throw some values there in"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2471.97,"endTime":2475.21,"body":"the holes, and it shouldn't"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2475.21,"endTime":2478.9,"body":"matter. All right, you're good"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2475.21,"endTime":2478.9,"body":"to go. Godspeed. And in other"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2478.9,"endTime":2482.29,"body":"worlds that we inhabit, we would"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2478.9,"endTime":2482.29,"body":"go. I'm not so sure about that."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2482.32,"endTime":2486.1,"body":"Yep. Although what you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2482.32,"endTime":2486.1,"body":"just described is what sem did"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2486.1,"endTime":2487.15,"body":"for half a century."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2487.84,"endTime":2488.41,"body":"It's true."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2490.84,"endTime":2495.16,"body":"A lot of this stuff is"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2490.84,"endTime":2495.16,"body":"not unique to PLS, right? ML had"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2495.16,"endTime":2499.66,"body":"a Don't Ask Don't Tell policy on"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2495.16,"endTime":2499.66,"body":"missing data in non normal data"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2499.72,"endTime":2503.47,"body":"and dependent data for a lot of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2499.72,"endTime":2503.47,"body":"decades, not just a lot of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2503.47,"endTime":2508.42,"body":"years, a lot of decades. But"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2503.47,"endTime":2508.42,"body":"yes, in the pls in its current."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2508.45,"endTime":2511.3,"body":"And we want to stress this"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2508.45,"endTime":2511.3,"body":"because this is another area"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2511.33,"endTime":2515.74,"body":"that is ripe for a lot of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2511.33,"endTime":2515.74,"body":"dissertations or postdoctoral"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2515.74,"endTime":2519.76,"body":"research projects, in its"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2515.74,"endTime":2519.76,"body":"current form. To my"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2519.76,"endTime":2523.78,"body":"understanding, there is not a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2519.76,"endTime":2523.78,"body":"widely available method to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2523.78,"endTime":2527.26,"body":"handle missing data in the way"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2523.78,"endTime":2527.26,"body":"that we would with maximum"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2527.26,"endTime":2528.49,"body":"likelihood estimation. That"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2528.49,"endTime":2531.43,"body":"is my understanding as"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2528.49,"endTime":2531.43,"body":"well, for sure. This can get at"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2531.43,"endTime":2534.4,"body":"model complexity in a variety of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2531.43,"endTime":2534.4,"body":"other ways, but not actually"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2534.4,"endTime":2537.73,"body":"that way. You know, there are"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2534.4,"endTime":2537.73,"body":"things that the original version"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2537.73,"endTime":2540.61,"body":"of structural equation modeling"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2537.73,"endTime":2540.61,"body":"has expanded into, you know,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2540.61,"endTime":2543.79,"body":"things like higher order"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2540.61,"endTime":2543.79,"body":"constructs, or latent class"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2543.79,"endTime":2547.15,"body":"kinds of things, or mediation,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2543.79,"endTime":2547.15,"body":"all of those are kinds of things"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2547.15,"endTime":2550.54,"body":"that fit very, very nicely under"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2547.15,"endTime":2550.54,"body":"the structural equation modeling"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2550.57,"endTime":2553.69,"body":"umbrella. A lot of those things"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2550.57,"endTime":2553.69,"body":"represent the methodological"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2553.69,"endTime":2556.09,"body":"developments that have been"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2553.69,"endTime":2556.09,"body":"going on in the last 10 years or"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2556.09,"endTime":2561.01,"body":"so within the pls community as"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2556.09,"endTime":2561.01,"body":"well, trying to expand the type"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2561.01,"endTime":2564.07,"body":"of models that you can address"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2561.01,"endTime":2564.07,"body":"through pls. So you can still"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2564.07,"endTime":2567.58,"body":"have that wonderful benefit of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2564.07,"endTime":2567.58,"body":"having different types of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2567.58,"endTime":2571.27,"body":"variable systems mode A Mode B,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2567.58,"endTime":2571.27,"body":"while having the structural"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2571.27,"endTime":2573.67,"body":"models that are of interest,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2571.27,"endTime":2573.67,"body":"these inner models that really"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2573.67,"endTime":2575.47,"body":"represent the theory that you"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2573.67,"endTime":2575.47,"body":"care about."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2575.499,"endTime":2578.049,"body":"And that's a really"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2575.499,"endTime":2578.049,"body":"good point you're making is"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2578.169,"endTime":2582.219,"body":"there a lot of ongoing"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2578.169,"endTime":2582.219,"body":"developments in pls as we speak?"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2582.429,"endTime":2586.179,"body":"So historically, and you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2582.429,"endTime":2586.179,"body":"indicated this earlier in the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2586.179,"endTime":2589.089,"body":"conversation, you just"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2586.179,"endTime":2589.089,"body":"standardized everything? Yeah."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2589.149,"endTime":2593.049,"body":"And again, that's what we did an"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2589.149,"endTime":2593.049,"body":"EF a for 100 years, right? You"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2593.049,"endTime":2595.719,"body":"standardize your variables, you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2593.049,"endTime":2595.719,"body":"have the correlation matrix."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2595.719,"endTime":2599.619,"body":"That's exactly right. But what"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2595.719,"endTime":2599.619,"body":"is the byproduct of that? What"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2599.619,"endTime":2603.159,"body":"you have means have zeros and"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2599.619,"endTime":2603.159,"body":"variances of one? Well, who"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2603.159,"endTime":2608.199,"body":"cares? Nobody cares? What means"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2603.159,"endTime":2608.199,"body":"and variances are? In less you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2608.199,"endTime":2612.009,"body":"want to study change over time?"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2608.199,"endTime":2612.009,"body":"Yeah, unless you want to do a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2612.009,"endTime":2618.009,"body":"multiple group analysis in which"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2612.009,"endTime":2618.009,"body":"you examine weak or strong or"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2618.009,"endTime":2622.539,"body":"strict or partial invariance,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2618.009,"endTime":2622.539,"body":"unless you want to do an MNLF a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2622.569,"endTime":2626.859,"body":"like thing. And so but I think a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2622.569,"endTime":2626.859,"body":"lot of people are saying, Okay,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2626.859,"endTime":2630.279,"body":"we've really figured out the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2626.859,"endTime":2630.279,"body":"core parts of this. Now, how can"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2630.279,"endTime":2634.179,"body":"we build this out in ways that"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2630.279,"endTime":2634.179,"body":"generalize the applicability in"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2634.179,"endTime":2634.899,"body":"practice?"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2634.93,"endTime":2636.88,"body":"Yeah, it's a very exciting"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2634.93,"endTime":2636.88,"body":"thing, right? And there's the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2636.88,"endTime":2640.21,"body":"whole pls methodological"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2636.88,"endTime":2640.21,"body":"community is developing these"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2640.21,"endTime":2643.03,"body":"methods, trying to get them"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2640.21,"endTime":2643.03,"body":"incorporated into existing"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2643.03,"endTime":2647.68,"body":"software, whether it's"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2643.03,"endTime":2647.68,"body":"proprietary software or AR based"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2647.68,"endTime":2651.73,"body":"packages. So there's a lot of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2647.68,"endTime":2651.73,"body":"cool stuff that's going on. And"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2651.76,"endTime":2655.45,"body":"what I hope that we're getting"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2651.76,"endTime":2655.45,"body":"out of this conversation is that"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2655.96,"endTime":2660.58,"body":"pls isn't meant to be sheepskin,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2655.96,"endTime":2660.58,"body":"although voelde really wanted it"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2660.58,"endTime":2664.0,"body":"to be this thing that does some"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2660.58,"endTime":2664.0,"body":"of the same stuff as SEM, but"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2664.0,"endTime":2666.13,"body":"maybe under different"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2664.0,"endTime":2666.13,"body":"restrictions. I think it"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2666.13,"endTime":2669.91,"body":"complements sem really, really"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2666.13,"endTime":2669.91,"body":"nicely. I don't think that"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2669.91,"endTime":2674.11,"body":"people necessarily should say,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2669.91,"endTime":2674.11,"body":"Well, I'm doing SVM unless I"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2674.11,"endTime":2677.68,"body":"can't, and then I'm gonna go"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2674.11,"endTime":2677.68,"body":"over to pls. I think it's nice"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2677.68,"endTime":2679.69,"body":"to be able to think about,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2677.68,"endTime":2679.69,"body":"alright, what's the model? Let"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2679.69,"endTime":2682.6,"body":"me get everything laid out on"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2679.69,"endTime":2682.6,"body":"the table. What's the model in"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2682.6,"endTime":2685.84,"body":"terms of the inner model, that"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2682.6,"endTime":2685.84,"body":"structural portion that we care"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2685.84,"endTime":2688.45,"body":"about the outer model, the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2685.84,"endTime":2688.45,"body":"measurement part that we care"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2688.45,"endTime":2693.52,"body":"about? What characteristics do I"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2688.45,"endTime":2693.52,"body":"have in my data, and then what"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2693.52,"endTime":2696.19,"body":"might be the appropriate"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2693.52,"endTime":2696.19,"body":"technique to try to draw from"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2696.43,"endTime":2700.33,"body":"and even though we sort of joked"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2696.43,"endTime":2700.33,"body":"about sheepskin, I I would like"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2700.33,"endTime":2703.09,"body":"us to think about this as just"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2700.33,"endTime":2703.09,"body":"another option that people have."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2703.12,"endTime":2706.78,"body":"One thing I love about"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2703.12,"endTime":2706.78,"body":"this is it's very clever in"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2706.81,"endTime":2710.44,"body":"saying what let's take a deep"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2706.81,"endTime":2710.44,"body":"breath. And let's think about"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2710.44,"endTime":2714.73,"body":"what is another way that we"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2710.44,"endTime":2714.73,"body":"could approach this. So maximum"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2714.73,"endTime":2719.92,"body":"likelihood has these chips that"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2714.73,"endTime":2719.92,"body":"we believe are over the horizon,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2719.95,"endTime":2723.13,"body":"but we can't see them. And so"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2719.95,"endTime":2723.13,"body":"based upon the characteristics"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2723.13,"endTime":2726.19,"body":"of our sample data, we want to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2723.13,"endTime":2726.19,"body":"get the best estimates possible."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2726.64,"endTime":2730.33,"body":"This is not again, to reiterate"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2726.64,"endTime":2730.33,"body":"an earlier point, this is not a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2730.33,"endTime":2734.23,"body":"method of estimation, this is a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2730.33,"endTime":2734.23,"body":"fundamentally different way of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2734.23,"endTime":2738.73,"body":"approaching the entire modeling"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2734.23,"endTime":2738.73,"body":"process. It is not without"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2738.73,"endTime":2742.6,"body":"limitations in the kind of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2738.73,"endTime":2742.6,"body":"structures that we can do."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2742.87,"endTime":2746.8,"body":"There's a difference in path"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2742.87,"endTime":2746.8,"body":"models, it can be a full sem or"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2746.8,"endTime":2749.92,"body":"a path analysis. But there are"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2746.8,"endTime":2749.92,"body":"models that are called recursive"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2749.95,"endTime":2755.65,"body":"or non recursive. It is one of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2749.95,"endTime":2755.65,"body":"the few things in quant that is"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2755.65,"endTime":2759.04,"body":"the opposite of what you would"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2755.65,"endTime":2759.04,"body":"think it is. And that's how you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2759.04,"endTime":2763.06,"body":"remember it. And that's how you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2759.04,"endTime":2763.06,"body":"remember a recursive model"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2763.06,"endTime":2767.29,"body":"Colloquially speaking, the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2763.06,"endTime":2767.29,"body":"influences move from left to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2767.29,"endTime":2770.08,"body":"right, and there are no"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2767.29,"endTime":2770.08,"body":"correlated residuals, that's a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2770.08,"endTime":2773.23,"body":"recursive model. All right,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2770.08,"endTime":2773.23,"body":"there are no feedback loops."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2773.23,"endTime":2775.54,"body":"There are no bi directional"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2773.23,"endTime":2775.54,"body":"effects. And there are no"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2775.54,"endTime":2780.1,"body":"correlated disturbances in your"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2775.54,"endTime":2780.1,"body":"dependent variable, a non"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2780.1,"endTime":2784.6,"body":"recursive model, you can have"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2780.1,"endTime":2784.6,"body":"either or correlated"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2784.6,"endTime":2789.1,"body":"disturbances and feedback loops,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2784.6,"endTime":2789.1,"body":"right? Pls is currently limited"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2789.1,"endTime":2793.12,"body":"to recursive models. I don't"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2789.1,"endTime":2793.12,"body":"feel like that's a death knell,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2793.27,"endTime":2797.62,"body":"I think a lot of our models are"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2793.27,"endTime":2797.62,"body":"recursive, not all of them. I"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2797.62,"endTime":2801.85,"body":"think in cross sectional data,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2797.62,"endTime":2801.85,"body":"we don't often have feedback"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2801.85,"endTime":2806.05,"body":"loops, I gotta tell you, it's"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2801.85,"endTime":2806.05,"body":"very common in my own kind of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2806.05,"endTime":2811.0,"body":"work, where I do have correlated"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2806.05,"endTime":2811.0,"body":"disturbances. So say, I have two"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2811.0,"endTime":2815.8,"body":"mediators. And so I have several"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2811.0,"endTime":2815.8,"body":"exogenous predictors. I have two"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2815.83,"endTime":2819.97,"body":"mediators that are like separate"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2815.83,"endTime":2819.97,"body":"mediators is that there are two"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2819.97,"endTime":2824.47,"body":"specific indirect effects. It's"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2819.97,"endTime":2824.47,"body":"very common to correlate the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2824.47,"endTime":2828.76,"body":"disturbance of those two"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2824.47,"endTime":2828.76,"body":"mediators. And currently, we're"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2828.76,"endTime":2832.21,"body":"not able to factor that into the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2828.76,"endTime":2832.21,"body":"pls approach. And so"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2832.21,"endTime":2835.06,"body":"that might be one of those"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2832.21,"endTime":2835.06,"body":"branch points for you that says,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2835.06,"endTime":2838.33,"body":"I better keep it in the SEM"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2835.06,"endTime":2838.33,"body":"world, as Eric covariances in"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2838.33,"endTime":2842.8,"body":"your measurement model might be"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2838.33,"endTime":2842.8,"body":"as extreme cross loadings, ones"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2842.8,"endTime":2845.41,"body":"that are really non ignorable,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2842.8,"endTime":2845.41,"body":"that's harder in this particular"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2845.41,"endTime":2848.86,"body":"system. Or honestly, just if you"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2845.41,"endTime":2848.86,"body":"want an assessment of fit,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2849.07,"endTime":2853.57,"body":"right, the world here doesn't"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2849.07,"endTime":2853.57,"body":"tend to emphasize global fit,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2853.6,"endTime":2857.89,"body":"because the whole goal is to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2853.6,"endTime":2857.89,"body":"maximize variance not to explain"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2857.92,"endTime":2861.55,"body":"the variances and covariances"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2857.92,"endTime":2861.55,"body":"behavior as part of a larger"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2861.55,"endTime":2865.87,"body":"system, it's driving at trying"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2861.55,"endTime":2865.87,"body":"to explain R squared for things"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2865.87,"endTime":2868.06,"body":"that are endogenous within the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2865.87,"endTime":2868.06,"body":"part of your model that you"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2868.06,"endTime":2871.93,"body":"actually care about. So if you"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2868.06,"endTime":2871.93,"body":"say, and I think this is part of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2871.93,"endTime":2874.78,"body":"where voelde was getting at, you"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2871.93,"endTime":2874.78,"body":"know, if you have a model that"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2874.78,"endTime":2878.29,"body":"you have a strong theory about,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2874.78,"endTime":2878.29,"body":"but you really want to put it to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2878.29,"endTime":2882.43,"body":"the test, pls isn't necessarily"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2878.29,"endTime":2882.43,"body":"this global testing framework."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2882.43,"endTime":2885.79,"body":"It emphasizes more about the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2882.43,"endTime":2885.79,"body":"estimation of things rather than"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2885.79,"endTime":2887.71,"body":"the actual explanation, per se."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2887.8,"endTime":2890.86,"body":"I really like the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2887.8,"endTime":2890.86,"body":"approach. I mean, I like"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2890.86,"endTime":2895.93,"body":"conceptually what it's trying to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2890.86,"endTime":2895.93,"body":"do. What it's conceding, right."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2895.93,"endTime":2899.56,"body":"We've talked before about how"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2895.93,"endTime":2899.56,"body":"you have to concede certain"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2899.56,"endTime":2904.09,"body":"battles in a war so that you can"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2899.56,"endTime":2904.09,"body":"marshal resources in another"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2904.09,"endTime":2908.02,"body":"part of what you want to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2904.09,"endTime":2908.02,"body":"achieve. I like all of that. One"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2908.02,"endTime":2910.72,"body":"thing to keep in mind is that"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2908.02,"endTime":2910.72,"body":"one of Volt's original"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2910.72,"endTime":2915.13,"body":"motivations was to operate in"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2910.72,"endTime":2915.13,"body":"more of an exploratory"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2915.13,"endTime":2919.99,"body":"perspective, that we don't"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2915.13,"endTime":2919.99,"body":"always have a really strong a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2919.99,"endTime":2923.47,"body":"priori sense of what we're"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2919.99,"endTime":2923.47,"body":"trying to do with the data and"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2923.56,"endTime":2927.37,"body":"paraphrasing his term as we're"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2923.56,"endTime":2927.37,"body":"often in a data rich theory,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2927.37,"endTime":2931.24,"body":"poor setting. I very much see"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2927.37,"endTime":2931.24,"body":"that. But it's important to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2931.24,"endTime":2936.19,"body":"realize we're still locking"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2931.24,"endTime":2936.19,"body":"things down in this model, in a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2936.19,"endTime":2941.05,"body":"confirmatory kind of way. That"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2936.19,"endTime":2941.05,"body":"is, pls is not going to tell us"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2941.05,"endTime":2945.43,"body":"the optimal number of constructs"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2941.05,"endTime":2945.43,"body":"we need, we have to define the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2945.43,"endTime":2949.48,"body":"constructs and define the items"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2945.43,"endTime":2949.48,"body":"that go with the constructs, pls"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2949.51,"endTime":2954.13,"body":"is not going to be kind of like"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2949.51,"endTime":2954.13,"body":"a regularization method where"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2954.13,"endTime":2958.3,"body":"smaller parameters leave the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2954.13,"endTime":2958.3,"body":"model and bigger parameters stay"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2958.3,"endTime":2962.59,"body":"in the model, we still have to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2958.3,"endTime":2962.59,"body":"state what the structure is that"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2962.59,"endTime":2966.4,"body":"we are interested in among our"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2962.59,"endTime":2966.4,"body":"constructs. And so we just have"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2966.4,"endTime":2971.11,"body":"to keep in mind that this is not"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2966.4,"endTime":2971.11,"body":"exploratory in an AFA kind of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2971.11,"endTime":2976.69,"body":"way, but it is less rigid in a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2971.11,"endTime":2976.69,"body":"cause indicator versus effect"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2976.69,"endTime":2981.28,"body":"indicator perspective on what"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2976.69,"endTime":2981.28,"body":"leads to that composite in your"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":2981.28,"endTime":2981.67,"body":"model."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2981.7,"endTime":2983.65,"body":"Yeah. And you know, the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2981.7,"endTime":2983.65,"body":"world that you and I tend to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2983.65,"endTime":2986.08,"body":"live in that structural"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2983.65,"endTime":2986.08,"body":"equation, modeling world is all"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2986.08,"endTime":2990.13,"body":"about constraints, constraints"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2986.08,"endTime":2990.13,"body":"in the measurement portion of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2990.13,"endTime":2993.76,"body":"the model constraints in the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2990.13,"endTime":2993.76,"body":"structural portion. And we might"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2993.76,"endTime":2996.55,"body":"have constraints in the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2993.76,"endTime":2996.55,"body":"structural portion of this"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2996.55,"endTime":2999.97,"body":"model, but we're still only"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":2996.55,"endTime":2999.97,"body":"estimating relations in a view"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3000.0,"endTime":3003.72,"body":"Very traditional OLS kind of way"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3000.0,"endTime":3003.72,"body":"that doesn't necessarily feel"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3003.72,"endTime":3007.32,"body":"those constraints because things"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3003.72,"endTime":3007.32,"body":"are so very partial in the way"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3007.32,"endTime":3011.7,"body":"that we do things. One thing"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3007.32,"endTime":3011.7,"body":"that Volvo had said in many of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3011.7,"endTime":3014.46,"body":"his writings was the equivalent"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3011.7,"endTime":3014.46,"body":"of I don't know what it would be"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3014.46,"endTime":3018.0,"body":"in Swedish, but it'll all come"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3014.46,"endTime":3018.0,"body":"out in the wash, whatever the"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3018.0,"endTime":3019.44,"body":"Swedish version of that would"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3018.0,"endTime":3019.44,"body":"be."},{"speaker":"Tove","startTime":3019.83,"endTime":3023.13,"body":"So there's no literal"},{"speaker":"Tove","startTime":3019.83,"endTime":3023.13,"body":"translation. But in Swedish, we"},{"speaker":"Tove","startTime":3023.13,"endTime":3025.05,"body":"say something like just gonna"},{"speaker":"Tove","startTime":3023.13,"endTime":3025.05,"body":"last to say,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3025.74,"endTime":3029.58,"body":"as we get larger sample"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3025.74,"endTime":3029.58,"body":"sizes, as we get more indicator"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3029.58,"endTime":3033.12,"body":"variables. In the end, you"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3029.58,"endTime":3033.12,"body":"latent variable structural"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3033.12,"endTime":3036.57,"body":"equation modelers and US PLS,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3033.12,"endTime":3036.57,"body":"people. In the end, we all just"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3036.57,"endTime":3039.69,"body":"sort of come together and reach"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3036.57,"endTime":3039.69,"body":"the same inferential"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3039.69,"endTime":3042.27,"body":"conclusions, which he would"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3039.69,"endTime":3042.27,"body":"argue and I think, maybe"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3042.27,"endTime":3045.66,"body":"reasonably so is the goal, in"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3042.27,"endTime":3045.66,"body":"the end is to try to understand"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3045.66,"endTime":3047.88,"body":"what the relations are, or at"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3045.66,"endTime":3047.88,"body":"least approximate them"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3047.88,"endTime":3050.43,"body":"reasonably, even if not exactly."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3050.52,"endTime":3054.12,"body":"It's all about how can"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3050.52,"endTime":3054.12,"body":"we take the data that we have"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3054.12,"endTime":3060.12,"body":"available to us and make a valid"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3054.12,"endTime":3060.12,"body":"and reliable inference about the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3060.12,"endTime":3064.17,"body":"nature of the relations among"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3060.12,"endTime":3064.17,"body":"the constructs in a way that"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3064.17,"endTime":3067.23,"body":"helps us understand something"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3064.17,"endTime":3067.23,"body":"that we didn't know before? This"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3067.23,"endTime":3071.25,"body":"is just another arrow in our"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3067.23,"endTime":3071.25,"body":"quiver of saying we have a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3071.25,"endTime":3073.98,"body":"theoretical question, we have"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3071.25,"endTime":3073.98,"body":"data available to us. And we"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3073.98,"endTime":3077.61,"body":"want to make a probabilistically"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3073.98,"endTime":3077.61,"body":"based inference about the nature"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3077.61,"endTime":3080.46,"body":"of the relations among our"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3077.61,"endTime":3080.46,"body":"measures. And this is just"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3080.46,"endTime":3083.13,"body":"another way of approaching that"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3080.46,"endTime":3083.13,"body":"problem. And"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3083.19,"endTime":3085.77,"body":"for those of you who are"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3083.19,"endTime":3085.77,"body":"steeped in a PLS tradition,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3085.95,"endTime":3088.59,"body":"maybe you will think about some"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3085.95,"endTime":3088.59,"body":"of the comparative benefits of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3088.59,"endTime":3090.75,"body":"structural equation modeling, if"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3088.59,"endTime":3090.75,"body":"you haven't thought about that"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3090.75,"endTime":3094.95,"body":"before. And for those of us who"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3090.75,"endTime":3094.95,"body":"are in this SEM kind of world,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3094.98,"endTime":3099.24,"body":"there is this other option out"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3094.98,"endTime":3099.24,"body":"there pls that might be tailored"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3099.24,"endTime":3103.32,"body":"very, very well to our model,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3099.24,"endTime":3103.32,"body":"our purpose our data, and I"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3103.32,"endTime":3106.35,"body":"think we should consider that,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3103.32,"endTime":3106.35,"body":"as you said, another arrow in"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3106.35,"endTime":3107.67,"body":"our quiver, this is"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3107.67,"endTime":3111.87,"body":"target rich for"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3107.67,"endTime":3111.87,"body":"dissertations and Master's in"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3111.87,"endTime":3116.07,"body":"grant applications, things like"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3111.87,"endTime":3116.07,"body":"missing data, how would we"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3116.07,"endTime":3120.63,"body":"extend this longitudinally? What"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3116.07,"endTime":3120.63,"body":"are diagnostic measures that"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3120.63,"endTime":3124.44,"body":"might be available? And then one"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3120.63,"endTime":3124.44,"body":"that I'm really interested in"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3124.44,"endTime":3127.59,"body":"myself, and we've alluded to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3124.44,"endTime":3127.59,"body":"this before, when we were"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3127.59,"endTime":3131.73,"body":"talking about to stage least"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3127.59,"endTime":3131.73,"body":"squares is, might we, for a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3131.73,"endTime":3136.17,"body":"given model, have a principled"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3131.73,"endTime":3136.17,"body":"way of estimating our model"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3136.17,"endTime":3139.98,"body":"using full information, maximum"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3136.17,"endTime":3139.98,"body":"likelihood using two stage least"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3139.98,"endTime":3144.45,"body":"squares, using partial least"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3139.98,"endTime":3144.45,"body":"squares, and use those results"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3144.45,"endTime":3149.25,"body":"jointly to try to triangulate on"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3144.45,"endTime":3149.25,"body":"a set of relations that we have"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3149.25,"endTime":3153.48,"body":"the greatest confidence in? And"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3149.25,"endTime":3153.48,"body":"if those three methods converge"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3153.48,"endTime":3157.26,"body":"on a discussion section"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3153.48,"endTime":3157.26,"body":"outstanding? If they don't,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3157.35,"endTime":3160.95,"body":"well, then it's an intellectual"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3157.35,"endTime":3160.95,"body":"goose to say, we've got to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3160.95,"endTime":3165.42,"body":"better understand why are these"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3160.95,"endTime":3165.42,"body":"different from one another? And"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3165.45,"endTime":3169.29,"body":"in which of these do I have the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3165.45,"endTime":3169.29,"body":"greatest confidence, because if"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3169.29,"endTime":3172.92,"body":"you only rock back and forth and"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3169.29,"endTime":3172.92,"body":"say, maximum likelihood is"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3172.92,"endTime":3176.07,"body":"consistent, efficient, unbiased,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3172.92,"endTime":3176.07,"body":"and asymptotically normally"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3176.07,"endTime":3180.54,"body":"distributed, and that's all I'm"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3176.07,"endTime":3180.54,"body":"going to do. You are blinding"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3180.54,"endTime":3184.8,"body":"yourself to other insights into"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3180.54,"endTime":3184.8,"body":"your data that might help you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3184.8,"endTime":3187.65,"body":"make a better data informed"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3184.8,"endTime":3187.65,"body":"decision about the nature of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3187.65,"endTime":3188.49,"body":"your constructs."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3188.55,"endTime":3191.52,"body":"I like that point very,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3188.55,"endTime":3191.52,"body":"very much. So as per usual, you"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3191.52,"endTime":3195.81,"body":"and I put a tremendous amount of"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3191.52,"endTime":3195.81,"body":"planning into this episode, when"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3195.81,"endTime":3196.8,"body":"I'm texting each other."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3198.24,"endTime":3199.5,"body":"It's 930. Last"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3199.5,"endTime":3202.44,"body":"night, 1130 last night,"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3199.5,"endTime":3202.44,"body":"but you know, also you and I are"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3202.44,"endTime":3205.29,"body":"not experts in pls. It's"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3202.44,"endTime":3205.29,"body":"something that you and I are"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3205.29,"endTime":3207.84,"body":"gaining familiarity at. And as"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3205.29,"endTime":3207.84,"body":"you said, if someone out there"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3207.84,"endTime":3210.36,"body":"is listening who has expertise"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3207.84,"endTime":3210.36,"body":"in this, they'll say oh, but"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3210.36,"endTime":3212.22,"body":"they didn't talk about this."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3210.36,"endTime":3212.22,"body":"They didn't talk about that."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3212.46,"endTime":3214.89,"body":"Yeah, that's absolutely true. At"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3212.46,"endTime":3214.89,"body":"the end of this episode, there"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3214.89,"endTime":3217.8,"body":"are going to be a lot of pieces"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3214.89,"endTime":3217.8,"body":"leftover on the table."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3218.07,"endTime":3223.05,"body":"Just like when you buy"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3218.07,"endTime":3223.05,"body":"something from IKEA. Team first"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3223.05,"endTime":3225.33,"body":"dish team Dorkin FIRFER."},{"speaker":"Tove","startTime":3227.79,"endTime":3228.75,"body":"That's not a real word"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3229.2,"endTime":3230.16,"body":"Good night, everybody."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3230.76,"endTime":3233.04,"body":"Thank you, everybody."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3230.76,"endTime":3233.04,"body":"Take care. Bye bye."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3239.16,"endTime":3242.19,"body":"Thank you so much for listening."},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3239.16,"endTime":3242.19,"body":"You can subscribe to corner"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3242.19,"endTime":3245.34,"body":"today on Apple podcasts,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3242.19,"endTime":3245.34,"body":"Spotify, or wherever you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3245.34,"endTime":3249.12,"body":"download your cacophonous noise"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3245.34,"endTime":3249.12,"body":"to drown out midterm political"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3249.12,"endTime":3252.48,"body":"ads. And please leave us a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3249.12,"endTime":3252.48,"body":"review. You can also follow us"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3252.48,"endTime":3255.48,"body":"on Twitter we're at quantity"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3252.48,"endTime":3255.48,"body":"food pod and check out our"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3255.48,"endTime":3259.11,"body":"webpage at quantity and pod.org"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3255.48,"endTime":3259.11,"body":"for past episodes, played live"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3259.11,"endTime":3262.71,"body":"show notes, transcripts and"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3259.11,"endTime":3262.71,"body":"other cool stuff. Finally, you"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3262.71,"endTime":3266.37,"body":"can get quantitative themed"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3262.71,"endTime":3266.37,"body":"merch, get the real stuff not"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3266.37,"endTime":3270.99,"body":"the fake@redbubble.com We're all"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3266.37,"endTime":3270.99,"body":"proceeds go to Donors Choose to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3270.99,"endTime":3274.92,"body":"support low income schools. You"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3270.99,"endTime":3274.92,"body":"have been listening to quantity"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3274.92,"endTime":3279.24,"body":"dude, the only official pumpkin"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3274.92,"endTime":3279.24,"body":"spice podcast for Fall corner"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3279.24,"endTime":3283.08,"body":"today has been brought to you by"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3279.24,"endTime":3283.08,"body":"the double asteroid redirection"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3283.08,"endTime":3287.1,"body":"test in which NASA launched a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3283.08,"endTime":3287.1,"body":"rocket 7 million miles to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3287.1,"endTime":3292.65,"body":"intercept a lump of rock 500"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3287.1,"endTime":3292.65,"body":"feet across at 14,000 miles per"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3292.65,"endTime":3296.22,"body":"hour with the sole intention of"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3292.65,"endTime":3296.22,"body":"making the rest of us feel bad"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3296.22,"endTime":3300.36,"body":"about our own contributions to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3296.22,"endTime":3300.36,"body":"science by corner tunes Tova"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3300.36,"endTime":3304.8,"body":"Nadir 3000 A newly available"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3300.36,"endTime":3304.8,"body":"download that allows everyone to"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3304.8,"endTime":3308.61,"body":"have their very own personal"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3304.8,"endTime":3308.61,"body":"Swedish interpreter, and by the"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3308.61,"endTime":3313.41,"body":"House of Windsor who proudly"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3308.61,"endTime":3313.41,"body":"anoint quantum tude, the Royal"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3313.41,"endTime":3319.29,"body":"podcast consort. This is most"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3313.41,"endTime":3319.29,"body":"definitely not NPR."},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3321.63,"endTime":3324.09,"body":"In fact, I'm going to"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3321.63,"endTime":3324.09,"body":"insert some ABA right here"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3324.09,"endTime":3326.7,"body":"anyway just to clear that from"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3324.09,"endTime":3326.7,"body":"my head"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3336.12,"endTime":3338.97,"body":"Hi, everyone. Alright,"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3336.12,"endTime":3338.97,"body":"so I came back from my break and"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3338.97,"endTime":3343.32,"body":"Greg took a break as well and"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3338.97,"endTime":3343.32,"body":"he's not here. And so, in post"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3343.32,"endTime":3346.17,"body":"processing, I'm going to put a"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3343.32,"endTime":3346.17,"body":"little bit more of the grid"},{"speaker":"Patrick","startTime":3346.17,"endTime":3348.3,"body":"corner just to make no"},{"speaker":"Greg","startTime":3349.2,"endTime":3351.0,"body":"no no"}]}