Call the Vet Now

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Description 

Most goat owners have faced a moment of uncertainty—staring at a sick goat and wondering, “Should I call the vet?” In this solo episode, Deborah Niemann lays out the answer with clarity and urgency.

While goats are often thought of as hardy animals, they are also prey animals that instinctively hide illness until they’re critically sick. This episode covers the top emergency symptoms that signal you need to stop Googling, skip the Facebook group, and call a veterinarian immediately.

Drawing from decades of goat-keeping experience and real-life stories (including her own hard lessons), Deborah walks through what serious symptoms look like, what they might mean, and why waiting too long can cost your goat its life. She also explains when supportive care at home can help while you wait for the vet to arrive—and when it can’t.

What you’ll learn:

• The most common and overlooked emergency signs in goats
• Why not eating or drinking is a major red flag, not a minor issue
• How to identify true bloat (ruminal tympany) versus hay belly
• The meaning behind a goat screaming, grinding teeth, or lying down and not standing
• The difference between ruminal and abomasal bloat—and why it matters
• Signs of neurological distress, including circling, blindness, and seizures
• Why urinary blockage is a life-threatening emergency in wethers
• How to tell the difference between pooping and peeing behavior
• The dangers of bloody or rusty urine, and when it could signal copper toxicity
• Why Pepto Bismol is not a real treatment for diarrhea in kids
• What a goat’s fever (or low body temp) may indicate—and what to do
• Recognizing tetanus symptoms before it’s too late

Resources Mentioned:

• Goat Bloat (article)
• Podcast episodes on: 
  • Listeriosis in Goats
  • Goat Polio
  • Urinary Calculi
  • Skin Cancer in Goats: Melanoma
  • Tetanus in Goats

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Transcript

Intro 0:03
For the love of goats, we are talking about everything goat. Whether you're a goat owner, a breeder, or just a fan of these wonderful creatures, we've got you covered. And now here's Deborah Niemann.

Deborah Niemann 0:18
Hey, everyone, and welcome to today's episode. I know I usually start a lot of episodes saying, this is going to be so much fun today. And unfortunately, this is not one of those episodes. However, it is a super important episode. Literally, the stuff we're talking about today could literally save your goat's life. You probably noticed the name of the episode is “Call the Vet Now.” And these are situations where you need to call the vet immediately. Do not post on Facebook, do not check around with your friends who have goats and say, hey, have you ever had this happen? These are legit emergencies where you need veterinary assistance as soon as possible, because time is absolutely of the essence. 

0:59
So if you've ever found yourself staring at a sick goat and wondering, should I call the vet? This episode is definitely for you. Knowing the difference between something that can wait until morning or something that requires immediate veterinary attention can literally truly mean the difference between life and death for your goat. Goats are prey animals. And that means that they hide illness really well because they don't want to look vulnerable. So when they finally look sick, they can crash fast. This is why a lot of people who are new to goats say they were completely fine and they just died. And they say all of these, you know, terrible things about goats, like not having a will to live, looking for an excuse to die, and all that kind of stuff. 

1:43
It's really important that you know what to look for so that you can be proactive. So today we're going to go over some very clear, specific signs that mean you need to call the vet now. 

1:57
Number one is not eating or drinking. I am always surprised when somebody calls me with a goat that is suddenly really, really, really sick. And then it comes out like, oh, well, she didn't eat anything last night when she came into the barn. And it's like, okay, last night you should have called the vet, because now you've got a really horrible situation happening. 

2:19
This happened one time with somebody I sold a goat to. She called me and I could hear the goat screaming bloody murder in the background. And when I started asking her about other symptoms and, you know, the goat eating and stuff, the goat had not eaten anything last night, so that was a really big red flag. Especially if they're not eating and they're just lying in the corner of the barn isolating themselves hiding from the other goats it could be something as serious as bloat. It could be an infection. It could be a metabolic illness. It could be a neurological illness for you to sit there and, get on Facebook or something, or even to message, you know, us on Facebook and say, my goat's laying in the corner of the barn, not eating or drinking. What should I do? Call the vet. That's what you should do. Because if that's the only thing that you're seeing, it could be just about anything from A to Z. That is one of the first really big signs you've got something serious going on here. Part of that, you know, I mentioned laying in the corner of the barn. 

3:20
If they are laying in the corner, not really responding, they can't stand up. That is another very serious sign. That means you need to call the vet right now. A lot of times what this is, is that the goat has such a severe case of worms that they are so anemic that they simply no longer have the energy to stand, if that's the main thing. They tell me the goats laying in the corner of the barn won't stand. I ask them to check the eyelids, and very often the answer is that they're white. And this is really bad. So the other thing about this is that if you have a goat in that situation, many times they're going to be dehydrated. 

4:03
So one of the things that you need to do, you know, if you're waiting for the vet to call you back or something, is that you need to get water into that goat. I'll never forget the time that we found a goat in the pasture that couldn't stand. We brought him into the barn. Initially, he couldn't even hold his head over the bucket to drink water. I used a big drench syringe. You know, I was holding his head up and very slowly gave him water, and he was swallowing it. Then he was finally able to hold his head up and drink water. And. And that was just a really bad case of parasites. But if I had just totally focused on the parasites and not gotten water into him, he would have died. At that point, he was in no condition to even get water for himself. Again, you should absolutely call the vet. But if you're waiting for the vet to call you back or something, keep in mind the fact that that goat very well could be dehydrated and you need to get some water into him. In a case like that, what a vet might do is do sub-Q fluids to get the goat rehydrated quickly as soon as they see the goat. But if a goat cannot stand again, it could be anything, you know, especially could be a neurological thing like meningeal worm, which attacks the spinal column. And so you could have a goat there that's literally paralyzed. 

5:19
It could be something like goat polio, thiamine deficiency, listeriosis. We've got episodes on all of those things. But it's really important you get them to the vet immediately so that you can get the correct treatment started. Because a lot of those things will kill a goat within 24 hours very easily if you don't get the correct treatment started. So you don't have time to waste by saying, oh, let's try this. Maybe it's meningeal worm, let's just try a dewormer. Or maybe it's a thiamine deficiency, so let's just try a really high dose of B complex. You really don't have time for that when you've got one of these things happening because they can die so quickly.
 
6:01
Now, if your goat is also screaming, usually you don't have a goat walking around screaming, although you do sometimes. But if the goat is screaming like the lady that called me and I could hear my former goat that she bought screaming in the background, that is a really bad sign because remember, I said goats are prey animals. The last thing they want to do is tell the world, hey, I'm in pain. Now is a great time to come attack me and have me for lunch. So if a goat is screaming, something really bad is happening. And again, and there's so many different things that it could be. You don't want to waste time guessing and trying this treatment or that treatment and hoping and waiting, you know, to see if it helps. 

6:43
Pain is sign that you should not ignore at all. What can happen with this sometimes is if they're screaming like that, it can be bloat. Now, I want to explain first of all what bloat is, because I get so many emails and messages from people saying, oh, my goat gets bloated every afternoon. That is not bloat. Bloat is a true emergency that can kill your goat very quickly if it is not treated. So it doesn't mean that they have a big belly. A lot of times when people, you know, like, especially if they say, oh, the goat is bloated every afternoon, what's really happening is that the goat is stuffing itself. So a lot of times what they think is bloat is actually hay belly. And that is that this goat has a very high load of parasites. They are metabolically starving, and so they go out there and they just stuff themselves all day long until their belly is huge. And so the owner thinks they are bloated, but the reality is they've just eaten so much because they are severely anemic and they've lost a lot of body condition and that kind of stuff. 

7:52
If a goat is truly bloated, there's an article on the website about bloat. But the name for bloat actually is ruminal tympani. And the reason is because the abdomen, not only is it distended, but it's very, very tight, like a drum, which is where ruminal tympani comes in, is that the rumen is like a drum. And so when you try to press into the belly, a normal belly that's full of hay, when you press into it, it's like pressing into cookie dough. It feels squishy. If you're on the left side of the goat, you are literally pressing into all the hay or grass that the goat has stuffed themselves with during the day. And so it stays pressed in because you're pressing into hay. If it is bloat, it is kind of like pressing on the top of a table. 

8:44
If you are able to press in at all, it just immediately bounces right back because it's not full of hay, it's full of gas. And that gas needs to be relieved as soon as possible. If you're familiar with bloat, you might be able to treat this yourself. Like I said, we have an article on the website, a smaller goat, like an ounce, whatever kind of cooking oil you have in your house. For a larger goat, 2 ounces. And that will help to relieve the bloat in most cases. But you might want to get a call in to your vet, even if you started that, to let them know what's going on. Because if it doesn't work, you need to get them in there as soon as possible. 

9:26
There may be some people on Facebook who say, oh, you need to puncture the rumen. I really would not recommend that somebody do that who is just listening to a person on Facebook telling you to do it. Because let's just think about that for a second. Like, are you prepared to deal with now a puncture wound which could get infected, could cause tetanus and all kinds of other problems. So you might solve the bloat, but you might have just traded that for another problem even more severe that could kill your goat to. So it's really important to take bloat very seriously. 

10:01
If this is a tiny kid that's bottle fed, it could be abomasal bloat. And in that case, you really should call the vet immediately. Ruminal bloat in adults is much easier to treat because that's the first stomach. And so when you give them oil that goes into the rumen. And it helps to dissipate that gas. However, abomasal bloat in a kid without a functioning rumen, the abomasum is their second stomach. That's where milk goes, because when they tip their head up like that, it closes the esophageal groove so that milk does not go into the rumen. Milk in the rumen would upset a kid's stomach, so the milk goes immediately into the abomasum. Now, the problem is treating abomasal bloat is much more challenging. And so you're much more likely to need a vet's help to treat abomasal bloat than ruminal bloat. 

10:55
Another sign that you've got a really sick goat on your hands is if they are grinding their teeth and they may or may not be laying in the corner of the barn when they're doing this. And you might just think, oh, this is a weird habit. Why is my goat grinding their teeth all of a sudden? Because you can hear it, and that is a sign of pain in goats. So if you hear them doing that, it means they've got some kind of pain happening. If this comes on suddenly and is accompanied by other symptoms, it is definitely time to call the vet immediately. But you can also see teeth grinding in a goat that has a chronic condition. 

11:30
On my website, you may have seen an article about skin cancer in goats. And my doe Lizzie wound up with skin cancer on her rectum when she was about 11 years old. And when that happened, it was just the most hideously painful looking thing I have ever seen. And we realized that it was time to put her down when she was grinding her teeth every time she pooped. The last I heard, nobody has had a successful treatment for skin cancer in goats, but that's a whole other topic. We actually have a podcast episode on that also. 

12:09
Typically where you do see skin cancer on goats is on the rectum because there's no hair there. And goats carry their tail over their back, unlike sheep, which carry their tail down. So that's why that's a really common place for goats to get skin cancer. And usually by the time you see it, it has already spread through the pelvis, which is why I don't know anyone who has had success with removing what they saw. You know, the skin cancer that they could see externally, typically, like, they think they got it, and then a few months later, it's back, and the goat winds up being put down at some point, because, like Lizzie, she was just in so much pain. And when they do the necropsy, they find out, yeah, the cancer was spread all throughout the whole pelvis. 

12:54
So grinding teeth is a sign of pain. And depending on what you see with it, we'll let you know if this is brand new. Your goat is grinding their teeth, especially if they're, like, laying in the corner of the barn not eating. It means you got something going on here that you need to get a vet involved with because you need some kind of diagnostics. Otherwise, you're just throwing spaghetti at the wall trying to figure out, you know, what is causing them pain. 

13:16
Another thing that is really important to know is that goats are nose breathers. You know, you see goats walking around, their mouth is closed, they're breathing through their nose. So if you suddenly see a goat that has its mouth open and breathing, that is definitely a sign that something's going on. So if they're gasping, breathing rapidly, breathing through their mouth, you need to call a vet quickly because that could be pneumonia or an allergic reaction to something, both of which require quick intervention. 

13:49
Another thing that is to call the vet for is if you have profuse diarrhea. And I want to differentiate here, because a lot of people get freaked out quickly just on what is essentially pudding poops. It's not really diarrhea. It's heading in that direction. You know, when you look at the stool scale that we use for humans, goats are a one which is as constipated as you can get. They are pooping pebbles, and that's their normal. Like, that's what you want to see from them, is that they are pooping pebbles. They should not be pooping like a human or a dog or anything like that. That's moving towards diarrhea because their intestines are not taking out enough fluid before the goat poops. So the more watery it gets, the more dangerous it can be, especially for kids. 

14:44
And as one of my goats, 365 members, said, they had a kid that turned into a poop fountain. If watery diarrhea is just squirting out and just covering the back end, you should probably call the vet. Unless you're experienced and feel comfortable treating them for coccidiosis, giving it 24 hours to see what's happening – and don't keep treating for days and thinking like, well, it's not working, because it could also be a bacterial infection. 

15:13
The number one cause of diarrhea in kids from 3 weeks to 5 months of age is, is coccidiosis. So a lot of experienced breeders feel very comfortable treating a kid for coccidiosis when they get diarrhea, which is fine. But if a kid is otherwise happy, healthy, eating, acting normal, running around, playing, it's more like pudding, then you can probably wait 24 hours to see, like, well, did the kid get something weird in the pasture that caused this? Because if that's the case, it'll go away. But if it doesn't go away, or if it gets worse, as in more watery, then it's definitely time to treat. And when I say treat, I am talking about treating the cause.

16:01
I really, really do not like the idea of giving a goat Pepto Bismol because you're treating the symptom that isn't going to help anything in the long run. Like, if it does reduce the diarrhea, it's just given you a false sense of security. It has not cured the coccidiosis. It has not cured the bacterial infection or whatever is causing the diarrhea. And if it was just something they ate in the pasture, it'll go away on its own. You don't need to treat it. Whatever that weird plant was that the goat ate just needs to get through the system and then it'll be fine. So it's really important that you always look at the root cause of diarrhea and treat that. 

16:47
All summer long. I wind up responding to messages from people who have these skinny little kids that wind up with chronic coccidiosis. And sometimes what has happened is, like, they're like, oh, well, I gave it Pepto Bismol for a few days and then it was fine. The diarrhea quit. Well, if it had diarrhea because of coccidiosis, the coccidia is still there, damaging the intestines even though the goat doesn't have diarrhea. A lot of times people will have a really small, skinny kid and they think it doesn't have coccidiosis simply because it doesn't have diarrhea. They don't always have diarrhea when they have coccidiosis. So it's also something to think about if you've got a small kid that is not gaining weight like it should be, and you know it's getting plenty of milk, plenty of food, and all that kind of stuff. 

17:37
The next symptom that you absolutely should not ignore is, is if your goat is having any kind of neurological symptoms. And that would be seizures, walking in a circle, pressing their head against something like a wall or a tree, blindness. Like, all of a sudden, your goat just doesn't see anything. These are signs of serious neurological issues like goat polio, thiamine deficiency, listeriosis, even brain injuries or rabies. And rabies is zoonotic. If your goat has rabies, they could give it to you. So these things also progress very quickly. Some of them are treatable if you act fast. 

18:17
The very first goat that was ever born on our farm wound up with listeriosis. And it was super obvious to me. We went out into the barn in the morning as usual, and I saw Eve laying there with her body twisted, like, into a C shape, and she couldn't stand, and it was obvious that she couldn't see. And I was like, whoa, what's happening? And flicking my fingers at her like she couldn't see, and her eyes twitching, which they call nystagmus. So she obviously had some neurological issues happening. I called the University of Illinois and said, hi, I've got a goat with neurological symptoms. I'll be there in two hours. And so we took her down there, and they immediately diagnosed her with listeriosis. They treated her, and she completely recovered. And they told me the only reason she recovered from that was because I acted so quickly. And I immediately got her into the car and got her down there where they could treat her. We did not have a vet in our area. 

19:25
So, you guys, if you've listened to me at all, you know, I am always telling you, you absolutely have to have a vet. Eve would have died if we did not have a vet. And remember, I just said I drove her two hours to get her to the University of Illinois vet clinic because we did not have a local vet at that time in our area who did large animals. And that's kind of the story for a lot of people. You know, we've been out on our farm for 23 years now, and the large animal vets have come and gone. At the moment we have one. I think this one might stay around a little longer than most because she raises cattle and she's got ties to the area. So I think maybe we've got one that's going to stay this time. But, you know, there have been times where I had to drive two hours to get vet care, or I had a mobile vet that drove two and a half hours to get to me. Yeah, that was a very expensive trip charge. 

20:18
So it is really, really important that you have a vet because in a situation like this, I would have been on the phone like saying, hey, do you see goats? Do you see goats? Do you see goats? If I didn't know that I could take her to the university, I don't know that I would have found a vet close enough to take her too. So it's very important to do that because you never know when you are going to need diagnostics or surgical procedures or prescription drugs. And you need those things sometimes to save a goat's life. 

20:49
The next thing I want to mention is a goat's inability to urinate and straining. They're straining to pee and nothing's happening. This is most common in wethers and it usually means a urinary blockage, which is caused by bladder stones. A lot of people say kidney stones, but that's not where the stones form in goats. We've got a whole episode on urinary calculi with Dr. Van Saun. So wethers and even bucks too, because they have a very, very small urethra. So something the size of a grain of sand can block them and keep them from being able to pee. It is fatal without surgery in the most severe cases. So do not waste time hoping that it resolves on its own. 

21:33
Someone was telling me about having sold wethers to someone, and she said she always stresses to people the importance of feeding wethers correctly. Do not give them grain once they're a little bigger, like if their babies, okay. But once they're like about half grown, no more grain, no more alfalfa. Just grass, hay, and pasture. And this woman called her with the goat screaming right next to her, and she's telling this lady that she's bought the goat from, that she doesn't have a vet. Because this lady is saying, you've got to get that goat to a vet right now because he's going to die without it. And she's like, oh, I don't have a vet. And the goat died. 

22:10
Urinary calculi is absolutely not something to play around with. You've got to get them to a vet right away. And yeah, I know you're going to see people on Facebook going, oh, I gave my goat ammonium chloride and that cleared it right up. Well, it totally depends on the size of the stone. I mean, yes, maybe somebody got lucky and they had a stone that was small enough that the goat eventually passed it with or without ammonium chloride. That doesn't mean that your goat is going to be able to pass the stone because you have no idea how big it is. So it's really important to get there. 

22:43
Now, it is also possible that a female might have trouble urinating. And so it's really important here to know the position of a goat when it's peeing versus pooping. There are some Facebook groups where you never hear about constipation, and there are other Facebook groups where somebody thinks their goat is constipated every other day. They're giving goats enemas. They're doing all kinds of stuff that is completely inappropriate. I never, ever heard of constipation in a goat until several years ago, when this just became an epidemic in a Facebook group. So you see it a lot more now. 

23:22
The only time, in fact, back before Facebook, we used to all hang out on the Yahoo groups. So I did a search for constipation, and the only post that I could find that even mentioned that word was a woman who said, hey, if you think your goat is constipated, it's probably got urinary calculi, and you need to get it to the vet right away because I just had this horrible experience where I thought my goat was constipated, and it turns out it had stones and it died. So it's really, really important to know that if male goat is, you know, they stretch out their body to pee, or they might also arch their back, you know, and if they want to pee on their face, they arch their back to try and make that happen. 

24:12
It's really important to know the difference between what your goats do when they're pooping and when they're peeing. And. And the reality is they really don't do anything when they're trying to poop. It just falls out like they're walking and pooping or standing there and pooping. And so if a goat is squatting or assuming a position that it normally does when it's supposed to pee, then it could be having a problem peeing. 

24:37
We had a doe one time who was having trouble peeing, and she would squat, then she would bleat and grind her teeth, and when you looked at her back end, the urine was just dripping out. So I immediately called the university and took her down there, and it turned out that she had kidded a month earlier, and her uterus had filled up with fluid, and it was blocking her ability to pee. When the vet put her hands under the goats bladder and lifted water squirted out of her like coming out of a power washer. Like it was crazy how much urine that poor goat had in her bladder and was unable to pass. Unfortunately, that story did not have a good ending because there was really no good answer for that other than a hysterectomy to remove her uterus, which is very complicated and much more challenging than simply spaying a cat or a dog. So if your animal cannot urinate, that is something that you really need to call the vet right away. 

25:46
If you see bloody urine, which honestly the only time you're probably going to see this is if your goats are peeing in the snow. But if you see bloody urine, that is always a bad sign. That could also mean urinary calculi, but just that the goat has so far been lucky enough to pass all of the stones. But you still should get veterinary care for that. 

26:06
If the urine is orange or rusty colored, that can be a symptom of copper toxicosis. So again, that's another dangerous situation. 

26:16
Obviously if your goat has visible wounds, you need to get them to the vet, something like a broken leg or whatever. Don't try to fix these things on your own. It's a lot more complicated than it seems. 

26:30
A fever is another one too. Goats are notorious for not having a very consistent temperature. Most of the time when you check it, it's going to be between 102 and 103.5. But 101.5 is fine, 104 is fine. If it goes much higher or lower, something could be wrong. A lot of people worry more about a high fever, but honestly, if it goes under 100, that means the goat has hypothermia and that can be even more dangerous. 

27:01
So when I once had a goat that had a very severe case of worms, his temperature was in the 90s and it was because his body simply did not have the energy to keep himself warm anymore. And this was back in the beginning, before we knew very much. So I actually had a buck in my house under a heat lamp to try and help him keep his body temperature up while he was regaining body condition. So there's all kinds of things that can happen to cause your goat's temperature to go too high or too low. And you don't want to ignore those. 

27:42
If it is super, super hot in your area. Somebody contacted me a year or two ago. They were in a place that was crazy hot and their goat's temperature was 106 and the goat was just overheated. She brought the goat in the house and within an hour the goat's temperature was normal and she was completely fine. So getting overheated in the middle of summer is something that is also possible. But if that's what it is and you bring them into an air conditioned place, the temperature should go back to normal really fast. If it doesn't, then, you know, you probably want to call the vet. So especially when it's combined with all the other symptoms. 

28:23
The last thing I want to mention today are tetanus symptoms. We've got a whole episode on tetanus. But if your goat ever looks incredibly stiff, legs are stiff, it has difficulty opening its mouth, those are symptoms of tetanus and you need to call the vet immediately. Tetanus is usually fatal even with treatment, but without treatment, then it's definitely going to be fatal. It's a sad death because the term people used to use was lockjaw. And so the goat can't open its mouth, which means it can't eat. So it's not usually a super quick death. 

28:59
I hope you have found this episode helpful. You know, I get so many questions on Facebook and on our website and stuff where people are, you know, what's wrong with my goat? And a lot of times the answer is, call your vet now. 

29:11
So I just went over this list of situations where these are situations where you need to call the vet now. Don't message me on Facebook, you know, don't post it in any of the goat groups or whatever, because somebody's going to tell you, oh, it's fine. And somebody's going to tell you, oh, it's terrible. If you've posted there much, you know, you get answers from A to Z. And the reality is that somebody who isn’t right there with you with your goat can very easily give you the wrong information when your goat is having a severe medical problem and they can wind up dying, sometimes very quickly, with a lot of the things that I talked about today. 

29:50
So if your vet is too far away or unavailable, that is even more of a reason to have a standing relationship with them so that they can talk to you over the phone. You know, I have had clients in places like Alaska where, like so far north in Alaska, their vet would fly in on a helicopter once every summer, check out all the goats, give them any kind of medications or anything they think they might need over the next year. And then between those times, it's all by phone. You know, that they're talking them through any problems they may have. 

30:20
I've had a client on the Aleutian Islands that is only reachable by boat. So I really don't feel like anybody in the continental US has an excuse for not having a vet that they can get to. Unless you're in some very, very remote place, and you need to at least call them and talk to them about it. You know, somebody contacted me one time and they let their poor doe in labor suffer for four days before she finally died from sepsis because they got this crazy idea from Facebook that a goat in labor is just going to die, like, boom, really fast if she's got a problem and it's like, no, they don't. Like, they just can't get the kid out. And then the kid dies and then the goat becomes septic because she's got these decomposing kids or kids inside of her. If she had called a vet, she would have known that she had plenty of time to take the goat in, that the goat was not going to die before she got there. 

31:20
So it's really, really important to have a vet that you can talk to in emergency situations to get really realistic information about what's going on. I hope you have found this episode helpful. Please share it with your fellow goat owners and if you haven't already, check out some of our other episodes. Thank you so much for listening and I'll talk to you again soon. 

31:42
And that's it for today's show. If you haven't already done so, be sure to hit the subscribe button so that you don't miss any episodes. To see show notes, you can always visit FortheLoveofGoats.com and you can follow us on Facebook at Facebook.com/LoveGoatsPodcast. See you again next time. Bye for now.