{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":0.48,"endTime":2.91,"body":"We received an"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":0.48,"endTime":2.91,"body":"email from a lovely young woman"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2.94,"endTime":5.91,"body":"named Adriana recently, who"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2.94,"endTime":5.91,"body":"shared with us that her"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":5.91,"endTime":10.26,"body":"boyfriend Jorge is a huge fan of"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":5.91,"endTime":10.26,"body":"the being an engineer podcast,"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":10.59,"endTime":13.05,"body":"and asked if it would be"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":10.59,"endTime":13.05,"body":"possible to send him a short"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":13.05,"endTime":17.43,"body":"message as a surprise for their"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":13.05,"endTime":17.43,"body":"upcoming anniversary. So, Jorge,"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":17.73,"endTime":21.48,"body":"thank you so much for your"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":17.73,"endTime":21.48,"body":"support. And from all of us here"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":21.48,"endTime":25.29,"body":"at the podcast. We wish you a"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":21.48,"endTime":25.29,"body":"wonderfully memorable upcoming"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":25.29,"endTime":28.71,"body":"anniversary. And hold on to that"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":25.29,"endTime":28.71,"body":"Adriana, she seems like a"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":28.71,"endTime":29.28,"body":"keeper."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":43.67,"endTime":47.93,"body":"Hello, and welcome to another"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":43.67,"endTime":47.93,"body":"episode of The being an engineer"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":47.93,"endTime":52.19,"body":"Podcast. Today we're speaking"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":47.93,"endTime":52.19,"body":"with Jana, tin co hen who holds"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":52.19,"endTime":57.44,"body":"bachelor's, master's and PhD"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":52.19,"endTime":57.44,"body":"degrees in physics. Johnathan is"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":57.44,"endTime":61.43,"body":"co founder and CTO at Quantum"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":57.44,"endTime":61.43,"body":"machines where their team of"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":61.43,"endTime":65.63,"body":"quantum physicists, software and"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":61.43,"endTime":65.63,"body":"systems engineers, and chip"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":65.63,"endTime":68.51,"body":"designers are on a mission to"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":65.63,"endTime":68.51,"body":"advance the world of quantum"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":68.51,"endTime":71.93,"body":"computing. Yonatan, thank you so"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":68.51,"endTime":71.93,"body":"much for being with us today."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":72.05,"endTime":74.03,"body":"Thank you for"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":72.05,"endTime":74.03,"body":"having me. I'm very excited to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":74.03,"endTime":74.48,"body":"be here."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":74.96,"endTime":77.87,"body":"All right, well,"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":74.96,"endTime":77.87,"body":"what made you decide to become a"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":77.87,"endTime":78.74,"body":"physicist?"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":80.39,"endTime":84.83,"body":"Well, I kind of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":80.39,"endTime":84.83,"body":"always had actually, I kind of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":84.83,"endTime":89.51,"body":"always had, when I was like, a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":84.83,"endTime":89.51,"body":"young kid, I had kind of like"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":89.51,"endTime":95.03,"body":"two main interests. One was,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":89.51,"endTime":95.03,"body":"like how computers work like,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":95.21,"endTime":100.01,"body":"you know, so why do I see those"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":95.21,"endTime":100.01,"body":"things on my screen? On my"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":100.01,"endTime":105.14,"body":"computer screen? How do I see"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":100.01,"endTime":105.14,"body":"images and characters and moving"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":105.14,"endTime":109.34,"body":"when I press different keys? And"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":105.14,"endTime":109.34,"body":"the other one was the same, but"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":109.34,"endTime":113.72,"body":"about the universe? Kind of, you"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":109.34,"endTime":113.72,"body":"know, why do I say, around me?"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":113.72,"endTime":119.21,"body":"And how does it all work? And"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":113.72,"endTime":119.21,"body":"then, when I was in high school,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":119.66,"endTime":127.31,"body":"I took classes in both physics"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":119.66,"endTime":127.31,"body":"and computer engineering. And I"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":127.31,"endTime":131.12,"body":"felt that I got it in terms of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":127.31,"endTime":131.12,"body":"how a computer work, but not how"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":131.12,"endTime":134.03,"body":"the universe works. So I"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":131.12,"endTime":134.03,"body":"continue to fit with physics."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":135.5,"endTime":137.24,"body":"Well, it sounds"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":135.5,"endTime":137.24,"body":"like you were a deep thinker"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":137.24,"endTime":138.47,"body":"from an early age."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":139.31,"endTime":142.22,"body":"Just curious"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":139.31,"endTime":142.22,"body":"about stuff. Yeah."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":143.41,"endTime":146.17,"body":"Well, tell tell us"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":143.41,"endTime":146.17,"body":"a little bit about quantum"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":146.17,"endTime":149.62,"body":"computing. I mean, I think we"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":146.17,"endTime":149.62,"body":"have all heard the term quantum"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":149.62,"endTime":153.01,"body":"computing at this point. But I"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":149.62,"endTime":153.01,"body":"think a lot of us really don't"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":153.01,"endTime":157.78,"body":"understand what it is. So what"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":153.01,"endTime":157.78,"body":"what is quantum computing? And?"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":158.05,"endTime":161.98,"body":"And can you explain a little"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":158.05,"endTime":161.98,"body":"bit, you know, basics, how does"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":161.98,"endTime":164.29,"body":"it work at a fundamental level?"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":164.89,"endTime":170.2,"body":"Sure. So in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":164.89,"endTime":170.2,"body":"general, the quantum theory of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":170.2,"endTime":176.2,"body":"nature kind of expense, the very"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":170.2,"endTime":176.2,"body":"basic way in which we how we"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":176.2,"endTime":182.32,"body":"understand nature to be working."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":176.2,"endTime":182.32,"body":"So. And one of the fundamental"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":182.32,"endTime":186.34,"body":"aspects of it is that things"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":182.32,"endTime":186.34,"body":"especially when we talk about"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":187.12,"endTime":190.39,"body":"very small things, like"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":187.12,"endTime":190.39,"body":"electrons and atoms and things"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":190.39,"endTime":196.18,"body":"like that, they are not really"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":190.39,"endTime":196.18,"body":"in, in one state or the other,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":196.48,"endTime":200.11,"body":"like, we know from classical"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":196.48,"endTime":200.11,"body":"physics, right? Like, if I hold"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":200.11,"endTime":204.13,"body":"the coffee cup in my hand, it's,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":200.11,"endTime":204.13,"body":"it's only on in my right hand,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":204.13,"endTime":207.82,"body":"it's not in my left hand, right?"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":204.13,"endTime":207.82,"body":"So, right, it's definitely not"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":207.82,"endTime":211.36,"body":"on the table where I lift it up,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":207.82,"endTime":211.36,"body":"right. But it turns out that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":211.36,"endTime":215.23,"body":"with quant with, you know, when"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":211.36,"endTime":215.23,"body":"you go to like, what we call"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":215.23,"endTime":218.29,"body":"quantum systems, but this is"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":215.23,"endTime":218.29,"body":"just, you know, every system"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":218.29,"endTime":225.85,"body":"that we see it in, when we"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":218.29,"endTime":225.85,"body":"isolate tiny particles from"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":225.85,"endTime":229.03,"body":"their environment, we actually"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":225.85,"endTime":229.03,"body":"see that they can be in multiple"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":229.03,"endTime":232.51,"body":"states at the same time, we see"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":229.03,"endTime":232.51,"body":"that an electron is in two"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":232.51,"endTime":235.66,"body":"different places at the same"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":232.51,"endTime":235.66,"body":"time, which is very weird, but"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":235.78,"endTime":239.29,"body":"it happens. And we have a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":235.78,"endTime":239.29,"body":"mathematical framework to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":239.29,"endTime":244.78,"body":"describe that and to calculate"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":239.29,"endTime":244.78,"body":"results of experiments that we"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":244.78,"endTime":249.37,"body":"do with those electrons or atoms"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":244.78,"endTime":249.37,"body":"or other other quantum systems."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":249.91,"endTime":255.01,"body":"And that's quantum physics. And"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":249.91,"endTime":255.01,"body":"then, you know, in the very late"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":255.01,"endTime":259.96,"body":"70s, early 80s, physicists"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":255.01,"endTime":259.96,"body":"started to ask, you know, can we"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":259.96,"endTime":266.8,"body":"build a computer that's based on"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":259.96,"endTime":266.8,"body":"these fundamental expansions of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":266.83,"endTime":271.03,"body":"of nature, because a classical"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":266.83,"endTime":271.03,"body":"computer regular computer is"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":271.03,"endTime":275.56,"body":"based on the fact that systems"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":271.03,"endTime":275.56,"body":"can be in one the system like"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":275.59,"endTime":278.38,"body":"even the full computer, it can"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":275.59,"endTime":278.38,"body":"be in one state at every point"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":278.38,"endTime":281.53,"body":"in time, right? All the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":278.38,"endTime":281.53,"body":"different bits in my memory."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":281.86,"endTime":289.48,"body":"They encode a single, single"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":281.86,"endTime":289.48,"body":"state, like 0001011110 case, or"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":289.63,"endTime":293.23,"body":"whatever it is, it's just a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":289.63,"endTime":293.23,"body":"single state. But fizzy started"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":293.23,"endTime":296.44,"body":"to ask maybe I can use the fact"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":293.23,"endTime":296.44,"body":"that I can build systems that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":296.44,"endTime":299.68,"body":"can be in multiple states at the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":296.44,"endTime":299.68,"body":"same time and that's a quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":299.68,"endTime":303.7,"body":"computer Whether it's it's a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":299.68,"endTime":303.7,"body":"computer that's based on these"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":303.7,"endTime":307.18,"body":"quantum systems, and the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":303.7,"endTime":307.18,"body":"fundamental building block is"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":307.18,"endTime":309.88,"body":"called the qubit. Because"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":307.18,"endTime":309.88,"body":"instead of a bit, which is the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":309.88,"endTime":312.82,"body":"fundamental building block of a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":309.88,"endTime":312.82,"body":"computer, that's a system that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":312.91,"endTime":317.83,"body":"just has two states zero and"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":312.91,"endTime":317.83,"body":"one. And it can be either zero"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":317.83,"endTime":321.73,"body":"or one, a quantum bit, or qubit"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":317.83,"endTime":321.73,"body":"can be in both zero and one at"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":321.73,"endTime":325.06,"body":"the same time. And so a quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":321.73,"endTime":325.06,"body":"computer is built out of these,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":325.06,"endTime":328.27,"body":"like many qubits that can be in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":325.06,"endTime":328.27,"body":"many different states at the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":328.27,"endTime":334.24,"body":"same time. And so in certain"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":328.27,"endTime":334.24,"body":"problems that we want to solve"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":334.24,"endTime":339.52,"body":"this can allow us to sort of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":334.24,"endTime":339.52,"body":"paralyze the computation so that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":339.52,"endTime":343.33,"body":"we can get a computational"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":339.52,"endTime":343.33,"body":"advantage. And that's"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":343.39,"endTime":346.9,"body":"okay, let let,"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":343.39,"endTime":346.9,"body":"let's go back to the States."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":346.9,"endTime":349.84,"body":"Just real quick here, when you"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":346.9,"endTime":349.84,"body":"when you use the word state in"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":349.84,"endTime":354.58,"body":"the context of quantum physics,"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":349.84,"endTime":354.58,"body":"does that is that referring to a"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":354.58,"endTime":358.33,"body":"location that essentially what"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":354.58,"endTime":358.33,"body":"the state means different"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":358.36,"endTime":359.71,"body":"physical locations?"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":359.98,"endTime":362.2,"body":"It's a great"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":359.98,"endTime":362.2,"body":"question. I mean, it doesn't"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":362.2,"endTime":367.9,"body":"have to be a location. In, in,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":362.2,"endTime":367.9,"body":"you know, in elementary, I mean,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":367.9,"endTime":373.0,"body":"physics, we typically look at a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":367.9,"endTime":373.0,"body":"position of particle but, but it"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":373.0,"endTime":376.99,"body":"doesn't have to be it can be for"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":373.0,"endTime":376.99,"body":"example, we now know how to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":376.99,"endTime":379.96,"body":"build qubits, for example, from"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":376.99,"endTime":379.96,"body":"what's called superconducting"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":379.96,"endTime":383.59,"body":"circuits. And there you can"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":379.96,"endTime":383.59,"body":"build the circuit can build a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":383.59,"endTime":387.94,"body":"tiny loop from material called"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":383.59,"endTime":387.94,"body":"aluminium, it's regular"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":388.12,"endTime":391.69,"body":"aluminium. When you cool it down"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":388.12,"endTime":391.69,"body":"to very low temperature, it"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":391.69,"endTime":394.72,"body":"becomes quantum it actually"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":391.69,"endTime":394.72,"body":"becomes superconducting. And"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":394.72,"endTime":399.82,"body":"then the current in the loop can"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":394.72,"endTime":399.82,"body":"flow clockwise or"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":399.82,"endTime":404.05,"body":"counterclockwise. Okay, but it"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":399.82,"endTime":404.05,"body":"can also flow in both"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":404.08,"endTime":408.58,"body":"counterclockwise and clockwise."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":404.08,"endTime":408.58,"body":"So interesting. Yeah. So the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":408.58,"endTime":411.61,"body":"stator the direction of the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":408.58,"endTime":411.61,"body":"current, for example, in this"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":411.61,"endTime":418.12,"body":"specific system. Another system"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":411.61,"endTime":418.12,"body":"that we use to make qubits is"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":418.12,"endTime":423.55,"body":"called a spin qubit. So there is"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":418.12,"endTime":423.55,"body":"a property for certain particles"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":423.55,"endTime":426.52,"body":"that's called spin, it can it's"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":423.55,"endTime":426.52,"body":"like an arrow that can point up"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":426.52,"endTime":430.75,"body":"or down. But it's quantum so it"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":426.52,"endTime":430.75,"body":"can point up and down at the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":430.75,"endTime":435.55,"body":"same time. Okay. Okay, you can"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":430.75,"endTime":435.55,"body":"kind of think about it as the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":435.55,"endTime":439.15,"body":"particle like kind of spins"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":435.55,"endTime":439.15,"body":"around itself. So it can spin"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":439.27,"endTime":443.68,"body":"clockwise or counterclockwise."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":439.27,"endTime":443.68,"body":"It's not really what happening,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":443.68,"endTime":447.4,"body":"but it's a way to visualize it."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":443.68,"endTime":447.4,"body":"But it's, it's those data"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":447.43,"endTime":452.14,"body":"abstract states in which the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":447.43,"endTime":452.14,"body":"system that the system could,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":452.77,"endTime":457.33,"body":"could be in so whatever,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":452.77,"endTime":457.33,"body":"whatever state whatever,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":458.44,"endTime":461.89,"body":"different configurations that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":458.44,"endTime":461.89,"body":"the system can assume. That's"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":461.89,"endTime":464.56,"body":"what we call states in physics."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":465.28,"endTime":467.35,"body":"Okay, I see,"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":465.28,"endTime":467.35,"body":"that's helpful. Thank you for"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":467.35,"endTime":472.54,"body":"explaining that. So in quantum"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":467.35,"endTime":472.54,"body":"physics, a particle can be in"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":472.54,"endTime":478.12,"body":"multiple states at the same"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":472.54,"endTime":478.12,"body":"time, is it just two states a"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":478.12,"endTime":482.17,"body":"particle can be in one state or"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":478.12,"endTime":482.17,"body":"another? Or both? Or are there"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":482.17,"endTime":485.8,"body":"situations where particles can"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":482.17,"endTime":485.8,"body":"be in like three states or four"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":485.8,"endTime":487.27,"body":"states or 20 States?"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":487.7,"endTime":490.34,"body":"Yeah, exactly. So"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":487.7,"endTime":490.34,"body":"they can be in all the states."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":490.34,"endTime":495.17,"body":"So classical physics basically"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":490.34,"endTime":495.17,"body":"says, We're sorry, I'm going"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":495.17,"endTime":497.21,"body":"back again, to classical"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":495.17,"endTime":497.21,"body":"physics, just for a second."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":497.21,"endTime":499.79,"body":"Well, classical physics"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":497.21,"endTime":499.79,"body":"basically says the following,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":500.18,"endTime":506.96,"body":"take a system it has many states"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":500.18,"endTime":506.96,"body":"call the state, the phase space"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":506.96,"endTime":509.87,"body":"of all the different states that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":506.96,"endTime":509.87,"body":"the system can be in again, it"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":509.87,"endTime":512.78,"body":"can be positioned to be other"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":509.87,"endTime":512.78,"body":"things that we know that existed"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":512.78,"endTime":518.33,"body":"in nature. And, but the system"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":512.78,"endTime":518.33,"body":"at every point in time is in a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":518.33,"endTime":522.44,"body":"single state. And then we have"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":518.33,"endTime":522.44,"body":"what's called the equations of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":522.44,"endTime":525.71,"body":"motion, right? This is what's"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":522.44,"endTime":525.71,"body":"basically these are the rules"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":525.71,"endTime":530.39,"body":"according to which the system"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":525.71,"endTime":530.39,"body":"moves from one state to another"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":530.42,"endTime":534.8,"body":"right? From, you know, if I"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":530.42,"endTime":534.8,"body":"throw the coffee cup that I hold"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":534.8,"endTime":538.88,"body":"it in my hand on the on the on"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":534.8,"endTime":538.88,"body":"the wall, it will start moving"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":538.88,"endTime":542.63,"body":"from one position to another, at"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":538.88,"endTime":542.63,"body":"every point in time according to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":542.63,"endTime":547.52,"body":"the equations of motion the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":542.63,"endTime":547.52,"body":"Newton's equations. So in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":547.55,"endTime":551.51,"body":"quantum the main expansion, is"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":547.55,"endTime":551.51,"body":"that we say the system can"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":551.54,"endTime":556.64,"body":"actually the system is not can"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":551.54,"endTime":556.64,"body":"it actually is in all states of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":556.82,"endTime":561.95,"body":"the all possible states at the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":556.82,"endTime":561.95,"body":"same time, and what's changing"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":562.01,"endTime":566.51,"body":"are just the weights of these"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":562.01,"endTime":566.51,"body":"states like meaning, how much am"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":566.51,"endTime":568.46,"body":"I in this state or the other?"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":569.33,"endTime":571.94,"body":"That is just"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":569.33,"endTime":571.94,"body":"that's mind blowing, right? I"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":571.94,"endTime":572.72,"body":"mean, yes."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":574.94,"endTime":576.83,"body":"And this is, and"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":574.94,"endTime":576.83,"body":"by the way, this is also the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":576.83,"endTime":579.47,"body":"same with the computer, right?"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":576.83,"endTime":579.47,"body":"Because when we have a classical"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":579.47,"endTime":584.69,"body":"computer, it's made out of bits."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":579.47,"endTime":584.69,"body":"Each bit can be either zero or"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":584.69,"endTime":588.62,"body":"one. So when you take two bits,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":584.69,"endTime":588.62,"body":"you already have four states,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":588.62,"endTime":594.47,"body":"right? 00011011. And if you have"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":588.62,"endTime":594.47,"body":"eight bits, you have 256 dates."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":594.83,"endTime":597.89,"body":"And so and in the computer, of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":594.83,"endTime":597.89,"body":"course, you have billions of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":597.89,"endTime":602.75,"body":"bits, so you have big billion"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":597.89,"endTime":602.75,"body":"states, okay, but every point in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":602.75,"endTime":607.76,"body":"time, the computer is only in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":602.75,"endTime":607.76,"body":"one state. And every clock cycle"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":607.76,"endTime":610.4,"body":"of the computer, the computer"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":607.76,"endTime":610.4,"body":"has a clock, and every clock"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":610.4,"endTime":614.72,"body":"cycle, we're moving from one"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":610.4,"endTime":614.72,"body":"state to another. And that's how"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":614.72,"endTime":618.05,"body":"every algorithm essentially"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":614.72,"endTime":618.05,"body":"works like a state machine, we"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":618.05,"endTime":621.65,"body":"go from state to state to state"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":618.05,"endTime":621.65,"body":"to state until we reach a final"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":621.65,"endTime":626.0,"body":"state, that is the solution to a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":621.65,"endTime":626.0,"body":"problem, a quantum computer. And"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":626.0,"endTime":629.0,"body":"that's like the equation of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":626.0,"endTime":629.0,"body":"motion, we program the equations"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":629.0,"endTime":634.58,"body":"of motion to solve a problem,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":629.0,"endTime":634.58,"body":"like we programmed the, how we"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":634.58,"endTime":637.97,"body":"want the system to move from"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":634.58,"endTime":637.97,"body":"state to state. And with a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":637.97,"endTime":640.91,"body":"quantum computer, we have"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":637.97,"endTime":640.91,"body":"instead of beta wave quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":640.91,"endTime":647.03,"body":"bits. So again, we have many"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":640.91,"endTime":647.03,"body":"states 000001010 All the states,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":647.48,"endTime":651.53,"body":"but we are in all of those"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":647.48,"endTime":651.53,"body":"states at the same time. And we"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":651.53,"endTime":656.87,"body":"just program, sort of how much"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":651.53,"endTime":656.87,"body":"how we move how the weights of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":656.87,"endTime":661.76,"body":"these different states, meaning"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":656.87,"endTime":661.76,"body":"how much am I in the 000? State?"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":661.76,"endTime":668.27,"body":"How much am I in the 001? State,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":661.76,"endTime":668.27,"body":"etc? How, how much how it's"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":668.27,"endTime":669.41,"body":"changing with time?"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":670.01,"endTime":672.95,"body":"Is it? Is it"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":670.01,"endTime":672.95,"body":"accurate to say them that"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":673.28,"endTime":678.32,"body":"processing on a quantum computer"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":673.28,"endTime":678.32,"body":"happens more in parallel rather"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":678.32,"endTime":681.89,"body":"than in series? Since the qubits"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":678.32,"endTime":681.89,"body":"can be in all these different"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":681.89,"endTime":683.27,"body":"states at the same time?"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":683.84,"endTime":686.24,"body":"Yes, it's"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":683.84,"endTime":686.24,"body":"accurate, but there is a catch"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":686.27,"endTime":692.96,"body":"which, okay. And that catch, in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":686.27,"endTime":692.96,"body":"most popular kind of talks or"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":692.96,"endTime":696.17,"body":"articles, people don't talk"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":692.96,"endTime":696.17,"body":"about, they just say, okay,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":696.77,"endTime":700.82,"body":"everything runs in parallel. But"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":696.77,"endTime":700.82,"body":"that's, it's true that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":700.82,"endTime":705.23,"body":"everything runs in parallel, but"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":700.82,"endTime":705.23,"body":"there is a catch. Because at the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":705.23,"endTime":708.41,"body":"end, you also end up with all"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":705.23,"endTime":708.41,"body":"the results in parallel, which"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":708.41,"endTime":716.96,"body":"is not well, it's not really"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":708.41,"endTime":716.96,"body":"what we want. And so it's not as"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":716.96,"endTime":720.77,"body":"easy to win with a quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":716.96,"endTime":720.77,"body":"computer as just saying, Oh, I'm"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":720.77,"endTime":723.23,"body":"just trying everything in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":720.77,"endTime":723.23,"body":"parallel, you know, like a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":723.23,"endTime":726.38,"body":"classical computer would have"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":723.23,"endTime":726.38,"body":"would have to scan all the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":726.38,"endTime":729.71,"body":"different solutions, right, go"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":726.38,"endTime":729.71,"body":"in this path, then go on this"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":729.71,"endTime":732.02,"body":"path, then go on this path, but"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":729.71,"endTime":732.02,"body":"a quantum computer just goes in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":732.02,"endTime":734.96,"body":"all paths together. It's true"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":732.02,"endTime":734.96,"body":"that it goes in all paths"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":734.96,"endTime":742.52,"body":"together, but it ends up with"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":734.96,"endTime":742.52,"body":"all the results. So the way"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":742.52,"endTime":749.33,"body":"around this problem is to use"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":742.52,"endTime":749.33,"body":"what we call interference. And"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":749.33,"endTime":754.67,"body":"what this is, it's so these"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":749.33,"endTime":754.67,"body":"numbers that I talked to told"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":754.67,"endTime":757.94,"body":"you about these weights, like"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":754.67,"endTime":757.94,"body":"how much am I in 000, how much"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":757.94,"endTime":764.21,"body":"am I in 001, etc, these are"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":757.94,"endTime":764.21,"body":"actually not just positive"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":764.21,"endTime":767.96,"body":"numbers, this could be these are"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":764.21,"endTime":767.96,"body":"actually complex numbers. So"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":768.41,"endTime":772.64,"body":"there can be negative they can I"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":768.41,"endTime":772.64,"body":"can be in I can be a little bit"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":772.64,"endTime":781.07,"body":"in 000, I can be a lot in 001."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":772.64,"endTime":781.07,"body":"And I can be minus in 010. Okay,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":781.31,"endTime":785.57,"body":"and this is important, because"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":781.31,"endTime":785.57,"body":"as I evolve the state, these"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":785.57,"endTime":789.53,"body":"numbers can despair as I go in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":785.57,"endTime":789.53,"body":"all these different"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":789.53,"endTime":795.26,"body":"computational paths. At the end,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":789.53,"endTime":795.26,"body":"some solutions, the path that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":795.26,"endTime":800.27,"body":"are leading to some solutions"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":795.26,"endTime":800.27,"body":"will add together and paths that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":800.27,"endTime":803.93,"body":"lead to other solutions will"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":800.27,"endTime":803.93,"body":"cancel one another. Okay, just"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":803.93,"endTime":807.05,"body":"like, you can think about it,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":803.93,"endTime":807.05,"body":"like kind of like waves in the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":807.05,"endTime":811.43,"body":"ocean interfere, right? So in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":807.05,"endTime":811.43,"body":"some places in the ocean, two"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":811.43,"endTime":814.7,"body":"waves come together, and they"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":811.43,"endTime":814.7,"body":"make a large wave. And in other"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":814.7,"endTime":817.19,"body":"places in the ocean, two waves"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":814.7,"endTime":817.19,"body":"come together, and they make,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":817.49,"endTime":822.83,"body":"you know, a flat wave, because"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":817.49,"endTime":822.83,"body":"they hate each other. So exactly"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":822.83,"endTime":826.28,"body":"the same happens with parallel"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":822.83,"endTime":826.28,"body":"computational path in a quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":826.28,"endTime":830.63,"body":"computer. And so if you design"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":826.28,"endTime":830.63,"body":"only if you design the quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":830.63,"endTime":833.63,"body":"algorithm, right, and also it"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":830.63,"endTime":833.63,"body":"doesn't work for every problem,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":833.63,"endTime":837.23,"body":"it works for specific problems,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":833.63,"endTime":837.23,"body":"where we actually know how to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":837.23,"endTime":841.82,"body":"design the right algorithm for"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":837.23,"endTime":841.82,"body":"then the parallel path leading"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":841.82,"endTime":845.57,"body":"to the right solution to the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":841.82,"endTime":845.57,"body":"problem interfere what we call"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":845.57,"endTime":850.43,"body":"constructively they create a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":845.57,"endTime":850.43,"body":"large probability at the end to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":850.43,"endTime":856.13,"body":"measure the specific state. That"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":850.43,"endTime":856.13,"body":"is the right result. While all"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":856.13,"endTime":860.69,"body":"the other paths leading to the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":856.13,"endTime":860.69,"body":"wrong results, they cancel one"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":860.69,"endTime":862.43,"body":"another. Okay,"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":862.46,"endTime":864.89,"body":"conceptually, I"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":862.46,"endTime":864.89,"body":"understand what you're saying."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":865.16,"endTime":870.98,"body":"That is fascinating. I think you"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":865.16,"endTime":870.98,"body":"mentioned that quantum computing"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":870.98,"endTime":875.99,"body":"was theorized in the 70s. At"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":870.98,"endTime":875.99,"body":"what point was the first quantum"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":875.99,"endTime":879.11,"body":"computer actually built and"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":875.99,"endTime":879.11,"body":"used."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":881.93,"endTime":886.61,"body":"So the first"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":881.93,"endTime":886.61,"body":"thing that you could call a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":886.61,"endTime":893.66,"body":"quantum computer, I would say,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":886.61,"endTime":893.66,"body":"was built in, in 99, in 1995."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":895.07,"endTime":898.13,"body":"And that was the simplest"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":895.07,"endTime":898.13,"body":"quantum computer that you can"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":898.13,"endTime":903.53,"body":"build. It's made of two qubits."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":898.13,"endTime":903.53,"body":"where you could actually make an"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":903.53,"endTime":906.41,"body":"operation between those two"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":903.53,"endTime":906.41,"body":"qubits, because you can have a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":906.41,"endTime":913.79,"body":"single qubit people have before"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":906.41,"endTime":913.79,"body":"that. But unless you know, you"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":913.79,"endTime":918.47,"body":"can show that you have two"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":913.79,"endTime":918.47,"body":"qubits, and you can intend"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":918.47,"endTime":922.49,"body":"entangle them, meaning you can"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":918.47,"endTime":922.49,"body":"form an operation that will make"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":922.49,"endTime":926.42,"body":"them be in a superposition of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":922.49,"endTime":926.42,"body":"their combined states that you"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":926.42,"endTime":930.8,"body":"cannot reach without having them"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":926.42,"endTime":930.8,"body":"interact with one another, then"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":930.8,"endTime":933.71,"body":"you don't really have a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":930.8,"endTime":933.71,"body":"universal quantum computer. So"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":933.89,"endTime":936.83,"body":"the first time people built a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":933.89,"endTime":936.83,"body":"universal quantum computer was"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":936.83,"endTime":944.81,"body":"in 1995, with trapped ions. So"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":936.83,"endTime":944.81,"body":"that that was a major"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":944.81,"endTime":951.47,"body":"achievement. And since then,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":944.81,"endTime":951.47,"body":"things have improved a lot. And"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":951.47,"endTime":953.15,"body":"we're now at hundreds of qubits."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":953.51,"endTime":956.99,"body":"So well, what what"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":953.51,"endTime":956.99,"body":"does a quantum computer look"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":956.99,"endTime":961.04,"body":"like? I mean, is it completely"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":956.99,"endTime":961.04,"body":"different than, you know, the"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":961.04,"endTime":965.21,"body":"typical PC that we use? Now?"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":961.04,"endTime":965.21,"body":"What what are some of the core"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":965.21,"endTime":967.79,"body":"components inside a quantum"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":965.21,"endTime":967.79,"body":"computer?"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":968.9,"endTime":972.08,"body":"Yeah, so they"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":968.9,"endTime":972.08,"body":"look very different today. Maybe"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":972.08,"endTime":975.74,"body":"it will change one day, but"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":972.08,"endTime":975.74,"body":"right now, they're to begin"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":975.74,"endTime":980.15,"body":"with, they're very large,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":975.74,"endTime":980.15,"body":"they're very still kind of, you"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":980.15,"endTime":985.16,"body":"know, kind of look looking like"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":980.15,"endTime":985.16,"body":"almost like computers used to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":985.16,"endTime":991.13,"body":"look when, you know, 60 years"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":985.16,"endTime":991.13,"body":"ago, okay, or Yeah. So it looks"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":991.13,"endTime":994.64,"body":"like a lab, because it's, it's"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":991.13,"endTime":994.64,"body":"still, it's still in the lab, in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":994.64,"endTime":997.61,"body":"some sense. So, there are many"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":994.64,"endTime":997.61,"body":"different ways to implement"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":997.61,"endTime":1001.24,"body":"qubits. So depending on how you"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":997.61,"endTime":1001.24,"body":"implement your qubits or quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1001.24,"endTime":1005.2,"body":"computer is going to look very"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1001.24,"endTime":1005.2,"body":"different if you're, if you're"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1005.2,"endTime":1009.04,"body":"implementing your qubits using"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1005.2,"endTime":1009.04,"body":"superconducting qubits, and this"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1009.04,"endTime":1014.62,"body":"is what most of the big"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1009.04,"endTime":1014.62,"body":"companies like IBM, Google, AWS"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1014.68,"endTime":1021.79,"body":"are doing, then the the the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1014.68,"endTime":1021.79,"body":"qubits sit on a chip. So in this"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1021.79,"endTime":1025.66,"body":"sense, it looks similar to a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1021.79,"endTime":1025.66,"body":"regular chip. But this chip"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1025.66,"endTime":1030.22,"body":"needs to be cooled down to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1025.66,"endTime":1030.22,"body":"extremely low temperatures. So"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1030.22,"endTime":1033.04,"body":"what you typically see if you"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1030.22,"endTime":1033.04,"body":"don't open Google, if you"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1033.04,"endTime":1037.66,"body":"Google, a quantum computer, you"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1033.04,"endTime":1037.66,"body":"typically see a refrigerator."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1038.74,"endTime":1041.83,"body":"Inside of a refrigerator, it's a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1038.74,"endTime":1041.83,"body":"very cool refrigerator, it looks"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1041.83,"endTime":1047.26,"body":"very neat, it looks like a like"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1041.83,"endTime":1047.26,"body":"a chandelier or something. If"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1047.26,"endTime":1051.13,"body":"you Google it, you'll see it but"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1047.26,"endTime":1051.13,"body":"and that's actually the cooling"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1051.13,"endTime":1055.99,"body":"system to cool down those chips"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1051.13,"endTime":1055.99,"body":"to temperatures that are close"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1055.99,"endTime":1060.58,"body":"to absolute zero, so that that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1055.99,"endTime":1060.58,"body":"ship actually behaves in a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1060.58,"endTime":1066.13,"body":"quantum manner. When we do that,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1060.58,"endTime":1066.13,"body":"that's one way that the quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1066.13,"endTime":1070.3,"body":"computer looks like. The other"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1066.13,"endTime":1070.3,"body":"way, if you if you make your"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1070.3,"endTime":1075.1,"body":"qubits from ions or atoms, then"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1070.3,"endTime":1075.1,"body":"typically you will have a vacuum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1075.1,"endTime":1079.96,"body":"chamber in which you have the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1075.1,"endTime":1079.96,"body":"ions or atoms trapped in it and"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1080.02,"endTime":1085.96,"body":"sort of trapped in a vacuum with"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1080.02,"endTime":1085.96,"body":"lasers. And around that vacuum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1085.96,"endTime":1090.58,"body":"chamber, you'll have tons of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1085.96,"endTime":1090.58,"body":"lasers and mirrors and all kinds"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1090.58,"endTime":1093.91,"body":"of optical equipment that is"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1090.58,"endTime":1093.91,"body":"used to send the laser beams to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1093.91,"endTime":1099.13,"body":"the the ions or atoms to control"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1093.91,"endTime":1099.13,"body":"them to perform the operations"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1099.13,"endTime":1104.2,"body":"on them. So so these are okay,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1099.13,"endTime":1104.2,"body":"these are kind of the two main"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1104.2,"endTime":1106.9,"body":"examples for how a quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1104.2,"endTime":1106.9,"body":"computer would look like either"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1106.9,"endTime":1110.74,"body":"it's a fridge, or it's a vacuum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1106.9,"endTime":1110.74,"body":"chamber, surrounded by mirrors"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1110.74,"endTime":1112.42,"body":"and optical components."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1113.17,"endTime":1117.85,"body":"Okay, pretty big"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1113.17,"endTime":1117.85,"body":"is filling up like a room kind"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1117.85,"endTime":1118.03,"body":"of,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1118.63,"endTime":1121.96,"body":"yes, it's filling"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1118.63,"endTime":1121.96,"body":"up room. Typically, besides the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1121.96,"endTime":1127.24,"body":"core quantum system. And these"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1121.96,"endTime":1127.24,"body":"things surrounding electronics,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1127.24,"endTime":1130.18,"body":"there's also what we call the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1127.24,"endTime":1130.18,"body":"control system. That's the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1130.18,"endTime":1133.45,"body":"system that's responsible to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1130.18,"endTime":1133.45,"body":"generate the signals that will"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1133.45,"endTime":1136.51,"body":"go to the qubits and operate"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1133.45,"endTime":1136.51,"body":"them. That's what actually we"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1136.51,"endTime":1139.51,"body":"are focused at at Quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1136.51,"endTime":1139.51,"body":"machines. We're building that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1139.51,"endTime":1143.65,"body":"control system that orchestrates"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1139.51,"endTime":1143.65,"body":"all the signals that need to go"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1143.65,"endTime":1148.3,"body":"to the qubits and tell them what"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1143.65,"endTime":1148.3,"body":"to do. So that's kind of like, I"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1148.3,"endTime":1153.55,"body":"don't know, racks, racks of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1148.3,"endTime":1153.55,"body":"electronic equipment that is"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1153.55,"endTime":1156.4,"body":"used to do that. So that's"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1153.55,"endTime":1156.4,"body":"another piece."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1156.94,"endTime":1159.25,"body":"Let me ask you"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1156.94,"endTime":1159.25,"body":"about the the temperature here,"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1159.25,"endTime":1165.88,"body":"why is it that these systems"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1159.25,"endTime":1165.88,"body":"need to be so so super cooled"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1165.88,"endTime":1169.72,"body":"down to almost absolute zero"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1165.88,"endTime":1169.72,"body":"temperature in order to work"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1169.72,"endTime":1172.3,"body":"what what's the relationship"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1169.72,"endTime":1172.3,"body":"between the temperature and the"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1172.3,"endTime":1174.34,"body":"functionality of a quantum"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1172.3,"endTime":1174.34,"body":"system?"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1175.33,"endTime":1178.36,"body":"Yeah, so, it"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1175.33,"endTime":1178.36,"body":"depends depends again on your"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1178.36,"endTime":1182.8,"body":"qubit. Typically, the way you"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1178.36,"endTime":1182.8,"body":"implement the qubit is again, we"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1182.8,"endTime":1189.43,"body":"want a system that has two"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1182.8,"endTime":1189.43,"body":"states, zero and one. And it can"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1189.43,"endTime":1193.54,"body":"be it can be isolated from its"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1189.43,"endTime":1193.54,"body":"environment and behaves quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1193.54,"endTime":1199.24,"body":"mechanically. So typically, what"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1193.54,"endTime":1199.24,"body":"we do is we we pick a system"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1199.24,"endTime":1202.81,"body":"that has to end energy levels"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1199.24,"endTime":1202.81,"body":"into energy states. And those"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1202.81,"endTime":1208.12,"body":"states are separated by some"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1202.81,"endTime":1208.12,"body":"energy. So, think about an ion"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1208.12,"endTime":1211.57,"body":"or an atom, it will be the, you"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1208.12,"endTime":1211.57,"body":"know, the orbits the orbitals of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1211.57,"endTime":1214.66,"body":"the, what you what you learn,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1211.57,"endTime":1214.66,"body":"you know, in high school"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1214.66,"endTime":1217.42,"body":"chemistry when you see the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1214.66,"endTime":1217.42,"body":"orbitals, right, the electron is"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1217.42,"endTime":1222.25,"body":"kind of orbiting around the, the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1217.42,"endTime":1222.25,"body":"atom, but it can orbit, you"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1222.25,"endTime":1227.89,"body":"know, close to the atom or to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1222.25,"endTime":1227.89,"body":"the nuclei, or you can orbit"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1229.48,"endTime":1232.51,"body":"farther away from the nucleus,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1229.48,"endTime":1232.51,"body":"but it can only orbit in certain"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1232.54,"endTime":1235.12,"body":"orbitals that are quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1232.54,"endTime":1235.12,"body":"mechanical states, actually,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1235.12,"endTime":1238.6,"body":"that are separated by some"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1235.12,"endTime":1238.6,"body":"energy gap. And this depending"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1238.6,"endTime":1243.25,"body":"on the size of the energy gap,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1238.6,"endTime":1243.25,"body":"the temperature could make you"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1243.25,"endTime":1249.1,"body":"go from one state to another"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1243.25,"endTime":1249.1,"body":"unwanted Lee. Okay, so you need"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1249.1,"endTime":1252.13,"body":"to cool down. So with"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1249.1,"endTime":1252.13,"body":"superconducting qubits and"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1252.13,"endTime":1256.96,"body":"semiconducting qubits, the we're"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1252.13,"endTime":1256.96,"body":"actually not using the orbitals"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1256.99,"endTime":1261.04,"body":"of an atom or ion, which are"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1256.99,"endTime":1261.04,"body":"kind of far away in energy. But"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1261.04,"endTime":1263.74,"body":"we are sort of engineering a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1261.04,"endTime":1263.74,"body":"system like I told you before,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1263.74,"endTime":1267.46,"body":"like this loops of aluminum that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1263.74,"endTime":1267.46,"body":"where the current can flow"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1267.91,"endTime":1271.3,"body":"clockwise or counter"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1267.91,"endTime":1271.3,"body":"counterclockwise, these are"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1271.3,"endTime":1275.8,"body":"separated by relatively small"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1271.3,"endTime":1275.8,"body":"energy gap, that at room"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1275.8,"endTime":1279.16,"body":"temperature, we will just not be"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1275.8,"endTime":1279.16,"body":"able to separate. So it will"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1279.16,"endTime":1282.76,"body":"just look like you know, like a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1279.16,"endTime":1282.76,"body":"classical system, we won't be"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1282.76,"endTime":1287.29,"body":"able to, to separate the quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1282.76,"endTime":1287.29,"body":"states. So we need to cool it"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1287.29,"endTime":1291.97,"body":"down to extremely low"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1287.29,"endTime":1291.97,"body":"temperatures, in which we can"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1291.97,"endTime":1294.88,"body":"actually see the quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1291.97,"endTime":1294.88,"body":"behavior so that the temperature"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1294.88,"endTime":1300.88,"body":"is is much less than the energy"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1294.88,"endTime":1300.88,"body":"Yep, of the quantum states."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1345.65,"endTime":1348.5900000000001,"body":"Okay, so you're"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1345.65,"endTime":1348.5900000000001,"body":"controlling for, I guess,"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1348.6200000000001,"endTime":1353.42,"body":"reliability, you wouldn't be"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1348.6200000000001,"endTime":1353.42,"body":"able to predict the energy state"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1353.42,"endTime":1360.14,"body":"of the electrons orbiting around"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1353.42,"endTime":1360.14,"body":"the atom. If the temperature"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1360.14,"endTime":1363.44,"body":"wasn't super cooled down to"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1360.14,"endTime":1363.44,"body":"almost absolute zero. Is that"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1363.47,"endTime":1364.49,"body":"accurate? To say?"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1364.67,"endTime":1369.02,"body":"Yes. Once, once"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1364.67,"endTime":1369.02,"body":"the temperature starts kicking"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1369.02,"endTime":1372.6200000000001,"body":"your system from one state to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1369.02,"endTime":1372.6200000000001,"body":"another, you basically lose, its"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1372.6200000000001,"endTime":1375.8600000000001,"body":"quantum mechanical nature. You"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1372.6200000000001,"endTime":1375.8600000000001,"body":"cannot. Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1375.89,"endTime":1377.8700000000001,"body":"alright. So you're"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1375.89,"endTime":1377.8700000000001,"body":"keeping the electron in that"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1377.9,"endTime":1383.93,"body":"that close energy state that the"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1377.9,"endTime":1383.93,"body":"qubits that we've been talking"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1383.93,"endTime":1387.17,"body":"about? Is a qubit? A physical"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1383.93,"endTime":1387.17,"body":"thing? I mean, if you had an"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1387.17,"endTime":1390.3500000000001,"body":"electron microscope, could you"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1387.17,"endTime":1390.3500000000001,"body":"see a qubit? Or is this just"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1390.38,"endTime":1395.06,"body":"it's just an abstract term we"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1390.38,"endTime":1395.06,"body":"use to describe some phenomenon"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1395.06,"endTime":1395.96,"body":"that's occurring."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1397.13,"endTime":1399.3500000000001,"body":"Now. So I mean,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1397.13,"endTime":1399.3500000000001,"body":"again, depends, it really"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1399.3500000000001,"endTime":1402.0800000000002,"body":"depends on the qubit. But with"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1399.3500000000001,"endTime":1402.0800000000002,"body":"superconducting qubits, they're"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1402.0800000000002,"endTime":1405.56,"body":"pretty bulky, they're pretty"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1402.0800000000002,"endTime":1405.56,"body":"large, you can see them with"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1405.56,"endTime":1410.21,"body":"your eye, you might not be able"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1405.56,"endTime":1410.21,"body":"to see the critical element that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1410.24,"endTime":1414.8300000000002,"body":"makes it you know, a good qubit."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1410.24,"endTime":1414.8300000000002,"body":"But but you see that you see the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1414.8300000000002,"endTime":1419.75,"body":"structure in your eye. Oh,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1414.8300000000002,"endTime":1419.75,"body":"interesting. Okay. With ions, of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1419.75,"endTime":1422.48,"body":"course, you cannot see an ion"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1419.75,"endTime":1422.48,"body":"with your with the naked eye."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1422.48,"endTime":1425.3300000000002,"body":"But you can see it with a good"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1422.48,"endTime":1425.3300000000002,"body":"camera, for example, you can"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1425.3600000000001,"endTime":1428.81,"body":"take a picture of iron, and see"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1425.3600000000001,"endTime":1428.81,"body":"beautiful pictures of you know,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1428.81,"endTime":1436.0700000000002,"body":"string of ions trapped in vacuum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1428.81,"endTime":1436.0700000000002,"body":"chamber. But yeah, it's a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1436.0700000000002,"endTime":1441.8,"body":"physical thing. The the actual"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1436.0700000000002,"endTime":1441.8,"body":"quantum properties, these are no"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1441.8,"endTime":1445.28,"body":"more abstract things like the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1441.8,"endTime":1445.28,"body":"spin of the electron, or in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1445.28,"endTime":1448.64,"body":"which orbital it is in the ion."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1445.28,"endTime":1448.64,"body":"That's not something you can see"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1448.64,"endTime":1452.3,"body":"with your eye, you need to do"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1448.64,"endTime":1452.3,"body":"something to detect it, like"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1452.3600000000001,"endTime":1457.67,"body":"shoot a laser beam at it, that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1452.3600000000001,"endTime":1457.67,"body":"and then pick up the lights with"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1457.67,"endTime":1461.0900000000001,"body":"the camera or with single photon"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1457.67,"endTime":1461.0900000000001,"body":"detectors in order to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1461.1200000000001,"endTime":1465.29,"body":"distinguish whether the electron"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1461.1200000000001,"endTime":1465.29,"body":"was in this orbital or the other"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1465.3200000000002,"endTime":1468.47,"body":"and making measurements of the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1465.3200000000002,"endTime":1468.47,"body":"KC."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1468.95,"endTime":1473.75,"body":"Okay. How much"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1468.95,"endTime":1473.75,"body":"faster is quantum computing"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1473.75,"endTime":1480.05,"body":"than, you know, your typical PC"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1473.75,"endTime":1480.05,"body":"or Mac? And how was that even?"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1480.23,"endTime":1483.53,"body":"How was it measured? You know,"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1480.23,"endTime":1483.53,"body":"we use like processor speed? And"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1484.43,"endTime":1487.6100000000001,"body":"that's a great"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1484.43,"endTime":1487.6100000000001,"body":"question. So in some sense, in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1487.6100000000001,"endTime":1492.05,"body":"some sense, it's much much"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1487.6100000000001,"endTime":1492.05,"body":"slower than a classical"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1492.05,"endTime":1496.94,"body":"computer, right? And that, and I"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1492.05,"endTime":1496.94,"body":"mean, in the sense of how many"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1496.94,"endTime":1500.66,"body":"operations can you do in a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1496.94,"endTime":1500.66,"body":"second, on a quantum computer,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1501.2,"endTime":1507.0800000000002,"body":"you can today, at least you can"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1501.2,"endTime":1507.0800000000002,"body":"do far less in terms of the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1507.0800000000002,"endTime":1510.3200000000002,"body":"number of operations that you do"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1507.0800000000002,"endTime":1510.3200000000002,"body":"per second than you could do"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1510.3200000000002,"endTime":1513.8,"body":"with your computer. So even in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1510.3200000000002,"endTime":1513.8,"body":"superconducting qubits, which is"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1513.8,"endTime":1517.49,"body":"the fastest, the fastest, what"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1513.8,"endTime":1517.49,"body":"we call the gate time or"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1517.49,"endTime":1521.54,"body":"operation time, the operation"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1517.49,"endTime":1521.54,"body":"takes, let's say, about 10"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1521.54,"endTime":1525.92,"body":"nanoseconds, okay than 10"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1521.54,"endTime":1525.92,"body":"nanoseconds. Whereas in a modern"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1525.92,"endTime":1529.94,"body":"computer, a single operation in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1525.92,"endTime":1529.94,"body":"the CPU takes less than"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1529.97,"endTime":1535.3400000000001,"body":"nanoseconds. So that's a factor"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1529.97,"endTime":1535.3400000000001,"body":"of more than 10 for an"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1535.3400000000001,"endTime":1539.9,"body":"operation, and that's the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1535.3400000000001,"endTime":1539.9,"body":"fastest quantum computers. But"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1540.71,"endTime":1544.1000000000001,"body":"as we said earlier, it's when we"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1540.71,"endTime":1544.1000000000001,"body":"talk about solving certain"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1544.1000000000001,"endTime":1548.99,"body":"problems were, well, then the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1544.1000000000001,"endTime":1548.99,"body":"situation is different because"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1549.23,"endTime":1552.17,"body":"it's not just about how many"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1549.23,"endTime":1552.17,"body":"operations we can do per second,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1552.17,"endTime":1558.05,"body":"because each operation now takes"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1552.17,"endTime":1558.05,"body":"us to a parallel to parallel"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1558.05,"endTime":1561.74,"body":"worlds, right, so two parallel"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1558.05,"endTime":1561.74,"body":"to, so we are paralyzing the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1561.74,"endTime":1566.45,"body":"computation. So in a quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1561.74,"endTime":1566.45,"body":"operation doesn't just take the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1566.45,"endTime":1570.0800000000002,"body":"system from one state to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1566.45,"endTime":1570.0800000000002,"body":"another, but maybe it splits to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1570.17,"endTime":1575.45,"body":"further more systems and so on."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1570.17,"endTime":1575.45,"body":"Right. So that's what we really"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1575.45,"endTime":1580.76,"body":"are using a quantum computer to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1575.45,"endTime":1580.76,"body":"to get an advantage and in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1580.76,"endTime":1586.76,"body":"problems, or we have algorithms"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1580.76,"endTime":1586.76,"body":"that that that can gain from"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1586.76,"endTime":1593.42,"body":"this parallelism, then, in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1586.76,"endTime":1593.42,"body":"theory, when we have a large"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1593.42,"endTime":1596.5700000000002,"body":"enough quantum computers, it's"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1593.42,"endTime":1596.5700000000002,"body":"not going to be a match. So a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1596.5700000000002,"endTime":1601.04,"body":"quantum computer could solve"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1596.5700000000002,"endTime":1601.04,"body":"certain problems in minutes or"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1601.04,"endTime":1607.22,"body":"seconds. Problems that would"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1601.04,"endTime":1607.22,"body":"take on a crazy supercomputer,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1608.06,"endTime":1613.52,"body":"you know, billions of years."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1608.06,"endTime":1613.52,"body":"Okay, so. But this is, this is"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1613.52,"endTime":1616.8200000000002,"body":"again, just in theory, we don't"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1613.52,"endTime":1616.8200000000002,"body":"have a quantum computer that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1616.8500000000001,"endTime":1622.88,"body":"does that today. Well, there is"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1616.8500000000001,"endTime":1622.88,"body":"a proof of concept for that. So"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1622.91,"endTime":1628.0700000000002,"body":"Google was the first one to show"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1622.91,"endTime":1628.0700000000002,"body":"something like that, where this"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1628.0700000000002,"endTime":1633.38,"body":"was called Quantum supremacy."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1628.0700000000002,"endTime":1633.38,"body":"Nowadays, it's not politically"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1633.38,"endTime":1639.53,"body":"correct to say supremacy"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1633.38,"endTime":1639.53,"body":"anymore. So. But this, this was"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1639.53,"endTime":1647.0900000000001,"body":"a demonstration where you, you,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1639.53,"endTime":1647.0900000000001,"body":"they show that there is a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1647.0900000000001,"endTime":1651.44,"body":"problem, it's not a useful"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1647.0900000000001,"endTime":1651.44,"body":"problem. It's not helping anyone"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1651.89,"endTime":1655.0700000000002,"body":"today solving real world"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1651.89,"endTime":1655.0700000000002,"body":"problems, but it's a problem"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1655.0700000000002,"endTime":1659.39,"body":"that you can define and define"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1655.0700000000002,"endTime":1659.39,"body":"well, and they solve it with"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1659.39,"endTime":1665.0900000000001,"body":"their 54 qubit quantum computer"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1659.39,"endTime":1665.0900000000001,"body":"much, much faster than you could"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1665.0900000000001,"endTime":1668.42,"body":"solve it on a supercomputer,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1665.0900000000001,"endTime":1668.42,"body":"even the largest supercomputer"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1668.42,"endTime":1673.0700000000002,"body":"on Earth today. And so that,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1668.42,"endTime":1673.0700000000002,"body":"that that was sort of the very"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1673.0700000000002,"endTime":1676.25,"body":"important milestone for quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1673.0700000000002,"endTime":1676.25,"body":"computing, because that showed"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1676.28,"endTime":1681.98,"body":"that the concept works, right."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1676.28,"endTime":1681.98,"body":"Yeah. Okay, not yet for very"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1681.98,"endTime":1685.5800000000002,"body":"interesting problems. But and"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1681.98,"endTime":1685.5800000000002,"body":"that we hope will happen in the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1685.5800000000002,"endTime":1687.56,"body":"next few years."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1687.71,"endTime":1689.72,"body":"I'm going to take"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1687.71,"endTime":1689.72,"body":"just a real quick break here and"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1689.72,"endTime":1693.74,"body":"share with the listeners that"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1689.72,"endTime":1693.74,"body":"Team pipeline.us is where you"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1693.74,"endTime":1697.64,"body":"can learn more about how we help"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1693.74,"endTime":1697.64,"body":"medical device and other product"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1697.91,"endTime":1701.99,"body":"engineering or manufacturing"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1697.91,"endTime":1701.99,"body":"teams develop turnkey equipment,"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1702.26,"endTime":1706.1000000000001,"body":"custom fixtures and automated"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1702.26,"endTime":1706.1000000000001,"body":"machines to characterize,"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1706.1000000000001,"endTime":1709.88,"body":"inspect, assemble, manufacture"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1706.1000000000001,"endTime":1709.88,"body":"and perform verification testing"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1710.06,"endTime":1713.9,"body":"on your devices. We're speaking"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1710.06,"endTime":1713.9,"body":"with Jana, tin co head today. So"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1713.93,"endTime":1718.0700000000002,"body":"Jana Did you were just"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1713.93,"endTime":1718.0700000000002,"body":"mentioning that in some ways, as"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1718.0700000000002,"endTime":1721.46,"body":"far as the like operational"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1718.0700000000002,"endTime":1721.46,"body":"speed, quantum computers are"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1721.46,"endTime":1727.13,"body":"actually slower than your"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1721.46,"endTime":1727.13,"body":"typical PC or Mac computer, but"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1727.16,"endTime":1731.6000000000001,"body":"because it can operate it can"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1727.16,"endTime":1731.6000000000001,"body":"perform operations in parallel."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1731.81,"endTime":1734.75,"body":"I guess it sounds like it's it's"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1731.81,"endTime":1734.75,"body":"all about finding the right"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1734.75,"endTime":1739.1000000000001,"body":"application for the quantum"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1734.75,"endTime":1739.1000000000001,"body":"computer. Is that an accurate"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1739.13,"endTime":1739.8200000000002,"body":"statement?"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1740.8400000000001,"endTime":1746.0900000000001,"body":"Yes. differently"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1740.8400000000001,"endTime":1746.0900000000001,"body":"today? Well, I mean, it's, yeah,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1746.1200000000001,"endTime":1749.24,"body":"that's one side of it. And the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1746.1200000000001,"endTime":1749.24,"body":"other side is to build a machine"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1749.24,"endTime":1751.76,"body":"like to build a more robust"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1749.24,"endTime":1751.76,"body":"machine, because today's quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1751.76,"endTime":1754.67,"body":"computers still very noisy."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1751.76,"endTime":1754.67,"body":"Well, first of all, they're"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1754.67,"endTime":1760.5800000000002,"body":"still very small. We're at about"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1754.67,"endTime":1760.5800000000002,"body":"100 cubed. Now, IBM just came"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1760.5800000000002,"endTime":1765.14,"body":"out with with a 400, qubit"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1760.5800000000002,"endTime":1765.14,"body":"computer. But that's, that's by"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1765.14,"endTime":1770.3300000000002,"body":"far the largest that was"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1765.14,"endTime":1770.3300000000002,"body":"announced. Most of the industry"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1770.3300000000002,"endTime":1776.99,"body":"is around 50, or maybe close to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1770.3300000000002,"endTime":1776.99,"body":"100. And, and these are still"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1776.99,"endTime":1780.47,"body":"very small quantum computers in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1776.99,"endTime":1780.47,"body":"they're very noisy. So they're,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1780.56,"endTime":1785.5700000000002,"body":"the error rate is very, very"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1780.56,"endTime":1785.5700000000002,"body":"large. So one huge effort is to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1827.44,"endTime":1833.47,"body":"build larger quantum computers"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1827.44,"endTime":1833.47,"body":"and more robust with, with much"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1833.47,"endTime":1837.25,"body":"less noise, quantum computers,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1833.47,"endTime":1837.25,"body":"and the other 40s Yes, to find,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1837.58,"endTime":1840.8799999999999,"body":"even for those small quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1837.58,"endTime":1840.8799999999999,"body":"computers, one application,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1840.9099999999999,"endTime":1844.72,"body":"because we know when we build a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1840.9099999999999,"endTime":1844.72,"body":"large quantum computers without"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1844.72,"endTime":1849.07,"body":"errors, we already have a few"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1844.72,"endTime":1849.07,"body":"applications that are going to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1849.07,"endTime":1854.71,"body":"be, you know, very disruptive."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1849.07,"endTime":1854.71,"body":"But today, a lot of the game is"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1854.71,"endTime":1858.49,"body":"to find that those applications"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1854.71,"endTime":1858.49,"body":"and even with you know, maybe"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1858.49,"endTime":1862.0,"body":"several hundreds of qubits, or"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1858.49,"endTime":1862.0,"body":"maybe 1000 qubits will already"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1862.0,"endTime":1865.57,"body":"give an advantage in interesting"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1862.0,"endTime":1865.57,"body":"problems. So yes, it's about"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1865.57,"endTime":1867.52,"body":"finding those first"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1865.57,"endTime":1867.52,"body":"applications."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1868.54,"endTime":1871.87,"body":"What are some of"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1868.54,"endTime":1871.87,"body":"those applications that once we"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1871.87,"endTime":1875.26,"body":"get to that point, we can be"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1871.87,"endTime":1875.26,"body":"disruptive with quantum"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":1875.26,"endTime":1876.49,"body":"computing technology?"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1877.87,"endTime":1880.48,"body":"Yeah, so let me"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1877.87,"endTime":1880.48,"body":"start with the like, actually,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1880.48,"endTime":1884.47,"body":"with the with the very long"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1880.48,"endTime":1884.47,"body":"term, if we had a large very"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1884.47,"endTime":1887.1399999999999,"body":"large scale I'm talking about"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1884.47,"endTime":1887.1399999999999,"body":"Millions of qubits quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1887.1399999999999,"endTime":1891.04,"body":"computer, that n n where we"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1887.1399999999999,"endTime":1891.04,"body":"don't also have errors. This is"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1891.04,"endTime":1897.01,"body":"what's called a fault tolerant"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1891.04,"endTime":1897.01,"body":"quantum computer. You know,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1897.04,"endTime":1901.4199999999998,"body":"like, like classical computer,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1897.04,"endTime":1901.4199999999998,"body":"yes, you have actually billions"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1901.4199999999998,"endTime":1905.9199999999998,"body":"of bits, not millions. And when"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1901.4199999999998,"endTime":1905.9199999999998,"body":"you run a computation, you run"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1905.9199999999998,"endTime":1910.54,"body":"it. Almost always without"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1905.9199999999998,"endTime":1910.54,"body":"errors. Okay, once in a while"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1910.54,"endTime":1916.06,"body":"you have a blue screen of death,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1910.54,"endTime":1916.06,"body":"because some crazy cosmic ray"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1916.06,"endTime":1922.27,"body":"hit your SSD, you know and"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1916.06,"endTime":1922.27,"body":"create a bit flip. But that's"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1922.3,"endTime":1925.99,"body":"super rare, and typically run a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1922.3,"endTime":1925.99,"body":"full application without any"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1925.99,"endTime":1930.46,"body":"arrows at all. So if we had a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1925.99,"endTime":1930.46,"body":"quantum computer with millions"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1930.46,"endTime":1934.27,"body":"of qubits and no arrows,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1930.46,"endTime":1934.27,"body":"something that will take some"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1934.27,"endTime":1939.76,"body":"time to build, then I'd say the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1934.27,"endTime":1939.76,"body":"sort of killer app almost"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1939.76,"endTime":1944.29,"body":"literally, is what's called the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1939.76,"endTime":1944.29,"body":"Shor's algorithm. And that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1944.32,"endTime":1949.99,"body":"algorithm essentially can break"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1944.32,"endTime":1949.99,"body":"all encryption on the internet"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1949.99,"endTime":1956.86,"body":"today. Okay, so Oh, interesting."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1949.99,"endTime":1956.86,"body":"Yes, it's the it's, it can"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1956.86,"endTime":1962.59,"body":"factorizes large numbers into"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1956.86,"endTime":1962.59,"body":"their prime factors. Very"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1962.59,"endTime":1969.1599999999999,"body":"quickly. And the what's called"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1962.59,"endTime":1969.1599999999999,"body":"the RSA protocols for encryption"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1969.22,"endTime":1973.51,"body":"is based on this problem, that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1969.22,"endTime":1973.51,"body":"classical computers cannot"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1973.51,"endTime":1977.08,"body":"factorize large numbers into"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1973.51,"endTime":1977.08,"body":"their prime factors. Very"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1977.08,"endTime":1980.86,"body":"quickly, actually, we know how"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1977.08,"endTime":1980.86,"body":"to do it only exponentially"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1980.86,"endTime":1987.6699999999998,"body":"today, in the size of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1980.86,"endTime":1987.6699999999998,"body":"exponentially. I mean, the time"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1987.6699999999998,"endTime":1989.83,"body":"that it takes to solve the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1987.6699999999998,"endTime":1989.83,"body":"problem is exponential in the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1989.83,"endTime":1992.44,"body":"size of the number that we're"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1989.83,"endTime":1992.44,"body":"trying to factorize with"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1992.44,"endTime":1997.45,"body":"classical computers. So that's a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1992.44,"endTime":1997.45,"body":"problem. Where if we had a large"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1997.45,"endTime":2002.28,"body":"scale quantum computer would"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":1997.45,"endTime":2002.28,"body":"have disrupt dramatically. The"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2002.28,"endTime":2003.6299999999999,"body":"world, in fact,"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2004.29,"endTime":2007.26,"body":"that that brings"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2004.29,"endTime":2007.26,"body":"up an interesting question, if"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2007.29,"endTime":2011.52,"body":"quantum computing could"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2007.29,"endTime":2011.52,"body":"effectively break all of the"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2011.52,"endTime":2015.6599999999999,"body":"encryptions that are being used"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2011.52,"endTime":2015.6599999999999,"body":"out there, probably military"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2015.6599999999999,"endTime":2020.04,"body":"grade encryptions, as well. Are"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2015.6599999999999,"endTime":2020.04,"body":"there groups out there who are"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2021.99,"endTime":2025.59,"body":"opposed to the idea of"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2021.99,"endTime":2025.59,"body":"developing quantum computers,"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2025.59,"endTime":2028.62,"body":"because of what it would mean"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2025.59,"endTime":2028.62,"body":"for, for lack of a better term"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2028.62,"endTime":2029.82,"body":"cybersecurity?"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2031.1499999999999,"endTime":2035.83,"body":"I don't know if"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2031.1499999999999,"endTime":2035.83,"body":"people are opposing it as much"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2035.86,"endTime":2040.4199999999998,"body":"as they are in favor, because"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2035.86,"endTime":2040.4199999999998,"body":"they're afraid that the other"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2040.4199999999998,"endTime":2046.27,"body":"side will get it right. And then"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2040.4199999999998,"endTime":2046.27,"body":"yeah, so kind of, it became very"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2046.27,"endTime":2051.31,"body":"strategic, also, for countries"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2046.27,"endTime":2051.31,"body":"and big, big companies, big, big"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2051.34,"endTime":2055.84,"body":"enterprise companies to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2051.34,"endTime":2055.84,"body":"basically to put a lot of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2055.84,"endTime":2062.38,"body":"investment in that, because of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2055.84,"endTime":2062.38,"body":"this one application. Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2062.41,"endTime":2067.03,"body":"because it cannot afford not"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2062.41,"endTime":2067.03,"body":"being in this game. Because"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2067.03,"endTime":2073.39,"body":"currently, this is this is, you"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2067.03,"endTime":2073.39,"body":"know, as I said, that's why I"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2073.39,"endTime":2076.09,"body":"call it the killer app for"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2073.39,"endTime":2076.09,"body":"quantum computers. Still, I"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2076.09,"endTime":2080.17,"body":"think it's one reason why people"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2076.09,"endTime":2080.17,"body":"put a lot of effort into"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2080.17,"endTime":2084.67,"body":"building those those machines."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2080.17,"endTime":2084.67,"body":"But there are other applications"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2084.67,"endTime":2088.84,"body":"and the other applications, I"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2084.67,"endTime":2088.84,"body":"would say are, you know, maybe"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2088.84,"endTime":2093.1299999999997,"body":"less frightening. And there's no"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2088.84,"endTime":2093.1299999999997,"body":"reason to be worried too soon. I"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2093.1299999999997,"endTime":2096.7599999999998,"body":"mean, it's we're now as I said,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2093.1299999999997,"endTime":2096.7599999999998,"body":"we're at 100 qubits. It's going"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2096.7599999999998,"endTime":2101.9199999999996,"body":"to take a very long time, until"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2096.7599999999998,"endTime":2101.9199999999996,"body":"we we build a million qubits"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2101.9199999999996,"endTime":2104.98,"body":"computer. And again, without"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2101.9199999999996,"endTime":2104.98,"body":"errors, the errors are actually"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2104.98,"endTime":2110.3199999999997,"body":"harder than to just scale up the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2104.98,"endTime":2110.3199999999997,"body":"computer. So actually, the much"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2110.3199999999997,"endTime":2114.04,"body":"smaller number of qubits we"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2110.3199999999997,"endTime":2114.04,"body":"think that things like"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2114.22,"endTime":2119.23,"body":"computational chemistry, and"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2114.22,"endTime":2119.23,"body":"quantum simulations, as well as"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2119.23,"endTime":2122.5,"body":"perhaps some optimization"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2119.23,"endTime":2122.5,"body":"problems, in general"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2122.5,"endTime":2125.5899999999997,"body":"optimization problems that could"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2122.5,"endTime":2125.5899999999997,"body":"be relevant to many things like,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2126.73,"endTime":2132.1299999999997,"body":"like network optimization, or"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2126.73,"endTime":2132.1299999999997,"body":"logistic optimization, risk"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2132.1299999999997,"endTime":2136.15,"body":"portfolio optimization, things"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2132.1299999999997,"endTime":2136.15,"body":"like that. And again, chemistry"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2136.15,"endTime":2139.18,"body":"problems, like simulating"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2136.15,"endTime":2139.18,"body":"certain molecules, how they"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2139.18,"endTime":2143.74,"body":"interact, the ground states and"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2139.18,"endTime":2143.74,"body":"so on for whether it's drug"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2143.74,"endTime":2147.7599999999998,"body":"discovery, or whether it's"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2143.74,"endTime":2147.7599999999998,"body":"material design, things like"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2147.7599999999998,"endTime":2153.1,"body":"that. These are things where we"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2147.7599999999998,"endTime":2153.1,"body":"think but but we don't have a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2153.13,"endTime":2156.58,"body":"proof for many of them. For some"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2153.13,"endTime":2156.58,"body":"of them. They're starting to be"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2156.58,"endTime":2159.16,"body":"proof, but for many of them, we"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2156.58,"endTime":2159.16,"body":"don't have proof. We just have a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2159.16,"endTime":2163.06,"body":"heuristics, heuristics"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2159.16,"endTime":2163.06,"body":"algorithms, for which we need to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2163.06,"endTime":2169.18,"body":"build a few hundreds to a few"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2163.06,"endTime":2169.18,"body":"1000 qubits machines and just"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2169.18,"endTime":2173.29,"body":"run those algorithms and and see"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2169.18,"endTime":2173.29,"body":"if we get the expected"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2173.29,"endTime":2177.13,"body":"advantage. Yeah, okay. classical"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2173.29,"endTime":2177.13,"body":"computers."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2177.7599999999998,"endTime":2183.34,"body":"Right, right. So"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2177.7599999999998,"endTime":2183.34,"body":"is quantum computing being used,"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2183.37,"endTime":2186.2799999999997,"body":"I mean, commercially for"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2183.37,"endTime":2186.2799999999997,"body":"anything today. Is it is it"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2186.2799999999997,"endTime":2191.68,"body":"really still in its infancy and"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2186.2799999999997,"endTime":2191.68,"body":"just kind of experiment chill"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2192.5499999999997,"endTime":2193.63,"body":"for now."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2194.7999999999997,"endTime":2199.09,"body":"So it's, it's"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2194.7999999999997,"endTime":2199.09,"body":"pretty much the second, it's"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2199.09,"endTime":2204.88,"body":"pretty, it's still being"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2199.09,"endTime":2204.88,"body":"developed. But I would say that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2204.94,"endTime":2210.88,"body":"they're starting to be very,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2204.94,"endTime":2210.88,"body":"very narrow applications like,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2211.7799999999997,"endTime":2216.73,"body":"like scientific research by"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2211.7799999999997,"endTime":2216.73,"body":"itself is already starting to so"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2217.06,"endTime":2221.2,"body":"you know, you can say, I like to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2217.06,"endTime":2221.2,"body":"say that the the first quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2221.2,"endTime":2225.5499999999997,"body":"computers, all you could do with"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2221.2,"endTime":2225.5499999999997,"body":"them is to explore them so they"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2225.5499999999997,"endTime":2228.73,"body":"could explore themselves. So you"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2225.5499999999997,"endTime":2228.73,"body":"build a qubit. And you see if it"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2228.73,"endTime":2231.52,"body":"behaves right, if it's really,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2228.73,"endTime":2231.52,"body":"really cubed, if it behaves"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2231.52,"endTime":2234.7599999999998,"body":"according to theory with 10"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2231.52,"endTime":2234.7599999999998,"body":"qubits, you see if your quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2234.7599999999998,"endTime":2238.15,"body":"computers works, basically, and"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2234.7599999999998,"endTime":2238.15,"body":"how much you can push it to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2238.39,"endTime":2241.99,"body":"behave like a, like a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2238.39,"endTime":2241.99,"body":"theoretical, perfect quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2241.99,"endTime":2245.74,"body":"computer, and so on, then"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2241.99,"endTime":2245.74,"body":"optimize it, and so on. So it's"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2245.74,"endTime":2249.43,"body":"exploring itself. And what we"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2245.74,"endTime":2249.43,"body":"can do now is we can start"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2249.43,"endTime":2252.67,"body":"exploring with the current"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2249.43,"endTime":2252.67,"body":"quantum computers, other quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2252.67,"endTime":2258.43,"body":"systems where the first sequence"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2252.67,"endTime":2258.43,"body":"so because you can simulate"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2258.43,"endTime":2261.85,"body":"another quantum system with your"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2258.43,"endTime":2261.85,"body":"quantum computer, and that's"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2261.85,"endTime":2265.63,"body":"actually super efficient. That's"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2261.85,"endTime":2265.63,"body":"one of the that is, I think, one"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2265.63,"endTime":2270.7599999999998,"body":"of the first applications and"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2265.63,"endTime":2270.7599999999998,"body":"that is actually the was the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2270.7599999999998,"endTime":2274.48,"body":"first motivation to suggest"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2270.7599999999998,"endTime":2274.48,"body":"Richard Fineman, that was one of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2274.48,"endTime":2277.69,"body":"the first people who suggested"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2274.48,"endTime":2277.69,"body":"to build a quantum computer, did"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2277.69,"endTime":2280.54,"body":"it for that reason, he said, you"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2277.69,"endTime":2280.54,"body":"know, we cannot simulate quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2280.54,"endTime":2283.27,"body":"physics with classical"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2280.54,"endTime":2283.27,"body":"computers, why don't we just"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2283.27,"endTime":2286.33,"body":"build a quantum system that can"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2283.27,"endTime":2286.33,"body":"simulate other quantum systems."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2286.81,"endTime":2290.0499999999997,"body":"And that's already an"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2286.81,"endTime":2290.0499999999997,"body":"interesting application in my"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2290.0499999999997,"endTime":2293.35,"body":"mind, because the people who do"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2290.0499999999997,"endTime":2293.35,"body":"that maybe it's not the general"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2293.35,"endTime":2297.16,"body":"public, but people who try to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2293.35,"endTime":2297.16,"body":"simulate quantum physics,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2297.73,"endTime":2301.66,"body":"typically, and they're, they're"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2297.73,"endTime":2301.66,"body":"not that the efforts are not"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2301.66,"endTime":2309.0099999999998,"body":"that little. Surprisingly, they"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2301.66,"endTime":2309.0099999999998,"body":"go to huge clusters and HPC, you"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2309.0099999999998,"endTime":2311.98,"body":"know, high performance,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2309.0099999999998,"endTime":2311.98,"body":"computers supercomputers to do"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2311.98,"endTime":2316.84,"body":"that. And it's very inefficient."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2311.98,"endTime":2316.84,"body":"It costs a lot of money. And"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2316.84,"endTime":2320.44,"body":"it's, and it takes a lot of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2316.84,"endTime":2320.44,"body":"time. And if you can just"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2320.47,"endTime":2323.38,"body":"simulate the quantum system that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2320.47,"endTime":2323.38,"body":"you want on your quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2323.38,"endTime":2325.96,"body":"computer that's already very"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2323.38,"endTime":2325.96,"body":"efficient. So that kind of to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2325.96,"endTime":2329.29,"body":"me, is the first application and"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2325.96,"endTime":2329.29,"body":"they're starting to be already"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2329.29,"endTime":2338.2,"body":"papers on other quantum systems"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2329.29,"endTime":2338.2,"body":"that are being simulated with"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2338.2,"endTime":2342.34,"body":"current quantum computers. I"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2338.2,"endTime":2342.34,"body":"think that what will happen is"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2342.34,"endTime":2345.61,"body":"that from this, like, just"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2342.34,"endTime":2345.61,"body":"simulate the quantum system,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2345.61,"endTime":2349.45,"body":"because it's an interesting"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2345.61,"endTime":2349.45,"body":"scientific question that we want"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2349.45,"endTime":2353.65,"body":"to solve, to now simulate the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2349.45,"endTime":2353.65,"body":"quantum system to design a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2353.65,"endTime":2361.0,"body":"molecule that can actually cure"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2353.65,"endTime":2361.0,"body":"disease or be a catalyzer in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2361.0299999999997,"endTime":2366.61,"body":"important chemical reaction to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2361.0299999999997,"endTime":2366.61,"body":"create energy or to, to make"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2366.61,"endTime":2369.43,"body":"solar cells. And once this"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2366.61,"endTime":2369.43,"body":"happens, then it's already"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2369.43,"endTime":2372.79,"body":"starting to become relevant not"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2369.43,"endTime":2372.79,"body":"just to science, but also to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2372.79,"endTime":2376.99,"body":"industry where we're simulating"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2372.79,"endTime":2376.99,"body":"system quantum systems that are"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2376.99,"endTime":2380.23,"body":"now relevant to the industry."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2382.0499999999997,"endTime":2384.5099999999998,"body":"At that point, is"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2382.0499999999997,"endTime":2384.5099999999998,"body":"that do you think that starts to"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2384.5099999999998,"endTime":2389.04,"body":"fundamentally change the world"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2384.5099999999998,"endTime":2389.04,"body":"around us? I mean, fundamentally"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2389.04,"endTime":2394.29,"body":"change things like"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2389.04,"endTime":2394.29,"body":"transportation. The food that we"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2394.29,"endTime":2399.36,"body":"eat, you already mentioned"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2394.29,"endTime":2399.36,"body":"medicine, but how dramatically"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2399.48,"endTime":2404.85,"body":"does the world change once"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2399.48,"endTime":2404.85,"body":"quantum computing is part of our"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2404.85,"endTime":2408.12,"body":"everyday commercial industrial"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2404.85,"endTime":2408.12,"body":"practice?"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2409.08,"endTime":2415.74,"body":"So that's, you"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2409.08,"endTime":2415.74,"body":"know, I, it's a very hard to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2415.74,"endTime":2420.7799999999997,"body":"predict the future and, and not"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2415.74,"endTime":2420.7799999999997,"body":"to be try to predict the future"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2420.7799999999997,"endTime":2423.36,"body":"and then not to be wronged. So"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2424.7999999999997,"endTime":2426.27,"body":"we'll take this"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2424.7999999999997,"endTime":2426.27,"body":"with a grain of salt."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2426.93,"endTime":2430.7999999999997,"body":"Yeah, but I think"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2426.93,"endTime":2430.7999999999997,"body":"I think slowly, you know, it"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2430.7999999999997,"endTime":2434.73,"body":"will start changing certain"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2430.7999999999997,"endTime":2434.73,"body":"industries, and then more and"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2434.73,"endTime":2438.18,"body":"more and more, and hopefully,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2434.73,"endTime":2438.18,"body":"yeah, I think I think there is a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2438.18,"endTime":2444.0,"body":"potential to disrupt many, many"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2438.18,"endTime":2444.0,"body":"fields in many industries. We're"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2444.0,"endTime":2448.35,"body":"solving hard problems that are"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2444.0,"endTime":2448.35,"body":"today sort of out of reach from"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2448.35,"endTime":2453.7799999999997,"body":"classical computers. Again, in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2448.35,"endTime":2453.7799999999997,"body":"some of these cases, we don't"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2453.7799999999997,"endTime":2457.47,"body":"know for sure, it's kind of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2453.7799999999997,"endTime":2457.47,"body":"like, you know, neural networks"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2457.5,"endTime":2461.82,"body":"is a good example, because"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2457.5,"endTime":2461.82,"body":"nobody knew there were no proofs"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2462.21,"endTime":2466.11,"body":"for some of the neural networks."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2462.21,"endTime":2466.11,"body":"Why, until today, we don't know"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2466.11,"endTime":2469.41,"body":"why some of those neural"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2466.11,"endTime":2469.41,"body":"networks work so well, right."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2469.47,"endTime":2471.87,"body":"There's just no explanation. So"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2469.47,"endTime":2471.87,"body":"with quantum computers, we do"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2471.87,"endTime":2474.45,"body":"have some algorithms like the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2471.87,"endTime":2474.45,"body":"Shor's algorithm that I"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2474.96,"endTime":2478.2599999999998,"body":"mentioned that we should"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2474.96,"endTime":2478.2599999999998,"body":"understand actually why it works"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2478.2599999999998,"endTime":2481.89,"body":"so well. But then there are also"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2478.2599999999998,"endTime":2481.89,"body":"many algorithms that are"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2481.89,"endTime":2488.91,"body":"relevant to optimizations to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2481.89,"endTime":2488.91,"body":"machine learning to Will to, to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2488.91,"endTime":2493.92,"body":"neural networks and to and to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2488.91,"endTime":2493.92,"body":"computational chemistry, that we"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2494.31,"endTime":2497.37,"body":"don't have full proof. So we"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2494.31,"endTime":2497.37,"body":"just need to sort of build those"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2497.37,"endTime":2500.16,"body":"machines. I believe that once we"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2497.37,"endTime":2500.16,"body":"build those, we will discover"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2500.16,"endTime":2504.99,"body":"where, where they are really"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2500.16,"endTime":2504.99,"body":"powerful. And I think that this"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2504.99,"endTime":2510.87,"body":"will disrupt at least certain"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2504.99,"endTime":2510.87,"body":"industries dramatically. It will"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2510.87,"endTime":2515.19,"body":"take some time because building"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2510.87,"endTime":2515.19,"body":"these machines is, is is a very"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2515.19,"endTime":2516.54,"body":"hard engineering problem."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2516.63,"endTime":2520.218,"body":"Yeah. Again, I'm"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2516.63,"endTime":2520.218,"body":"asking you to predict something."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2520.291,"endTime":2524.9049999999997,"body":"So certainly no one's going to"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2520.291,"endTime":2524.9049999999997,"body":"hold you to this. But best guess"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2524.979,"endTime":2529.446,"body":"I mean, how far away? Are we"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2524.979,"endTime":2529.446,"body":"from having one of these quantum"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2529.519,"endTime":2533.9139999999998,"body":"computers that has, you know, a"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2529.519,"endTime":2533.9139999999998,"body":"million qubits? Is this five"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2533.987,"endTime":2537.21,"body":"years? Is it 50 years? Is it 150"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2533.987,"endTime":2537.21,"body":"years away?"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2538.41,"endTime":2542.07,"body":"I think that in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2538.41,"endTime":2542.07,"body":"the next decade, we will"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2542.07,"endTime":2548.52,"body":"probably stay with, you know, up"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2542.07,"endTime":2548.52,"body":"to 10,000 qubits. I mean, in the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2548.52,"endTime":2554.07,"body":"next few years, we will reach"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2548.52,"endTime":2554.07,"body":"1000, qubit computer. And then,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2554.49,"endTime":2557.94,"body":"in the next few years after"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2554.49,"endTime":2557.94,"body":"that, I hope that we will scale"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2557.94,"endTime":2562.32,"body":"up by another order of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2557.94,"endTime":2562.32,"body":"magnitude. From there, I find it"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2562.32,"endTime":2569.58,"body":"hard to predict. But I think"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2562.32,"endTime":2569.58,"body":"that in those numbers, we're"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2569.58,"endTime":2572.25,"body":"already going to see"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2569.58,"endTime":2572.25,"body":"applications interesting"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2572.25,"endTime":2577.08,"body":"application. So already, we're"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2572.25,"endTime":2577.08,"body":"going to see a massive change in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2577.08,"endTime":2581.46,"body":"the field from the affiliates."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2577.08,"endTime":2581.46,"body":"Yeah, generates a lot of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2581.46,"endTime":2585.09,"body":"interest. And a lot of money"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2581.46,"endTime":2585.09,"body":"goes into it also, again,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2585.09,"endTime":2589.38,"body":"because there are some known"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2585.09,"endTime":2589.38,"body":"applications to to fill, it's"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2589.44,"endTime":2592.7999999999997,"body":"already generating, you know,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2589.44,"endTime":2592.7999999999997,"body":"solving hard problems that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2592.7999999999997,"endTime":2596.46,"body":"cannot be solved without the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2592.7999999999997,"endTime":2596.46,"body":"quantum computer, to people that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2596.49,"endTime":2601.08,"body":"that, that we're this this this."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2596.49,"endTime":2601.08,"body":"So I hope that in the next five,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2601.08,"endTime":2603.57,"body":"six years, we will see those"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2601.08,"endTime":2603.57,"body":"first applications that are"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2603.57,"endTime":2608.37,"body":"actually money generating, so"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2603.57,"endTime":2608.37,"body":"that the field kind of starts to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2608.4,"endTime":2612.69,"body":"really explode. And that's going"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2608.4,"endTime":2612.69,"body":"to be a turning point, because"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2613.59,"endTime":2616.2599999999998,"body":"you see with classical"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2613.59,"endTime":2616.2599999999998,"body":"computers, like people always"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2616.2599999999998,"endTime":2622.23,"body":"talk about Moore's law, right?"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2616.2599999999998,"endTime":2622.23,"body":"We scale with double our"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2622.23,"endTime":2625.41,"body":"computational power, every"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2622.23,"endTime":2625.41,"body":"couple of years. And that's"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2625.41,"endTime":2633.48,"body":"crazy. But it's actually also"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2625.41,"endTime":2633.48,"body":"true that in order to keep up"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2633.48,"endTime":2638.7,"body":"with Moore's law, the amount of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2633.48,"endTime":2638.7,"body":"resources to research and"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2638.7,"endTime":2641.85,"body":"development of classical"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2638.7,"endTime":2641.85,"body":"computers that had to be"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2642.0299999999997,"endTime":2647.0099999999998,"body":"invested every year, in order to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2642.0299999999997,"endTime":2647.0099999999998,"body":"continue to scale classical"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2647.0099999999998,"endTime":2652.7999999999997,"body":"computing, like that was also"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2647.0099999999998,"endTime":2652.7999999999997,"body":"exponential. So in order for"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2652.7999999999997,"endTime":2657.18,"body":"quantum computers to make it, we"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2652.7999999999997,"endTime":2657.18,"body":"also need more and more and more"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2657.18,"endTime":2661.44,"body":"resources to continue to go into"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2657.18,"endTime":2661.44,"body":"the field. And that's why it's"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2661.44,"endTime":2666.45,"body":"so important that in the next"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2661.44,"endTime":2666.45,"body":"several years, we have an"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2666.45,"endTime":2670.62,"body":"application doesn't have to, you"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2666.45,"endTime":2670.62,"body":"know, it doesn't have to disrupt"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2670.65,"endTime":2673.83,"body":"all of the industries, all of"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2670.65,"endTime":2673.83,"body":"the fields, but it needs to be a"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2673.83,"endTime":2679.59,"body":"real application. And then, like"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2673.83,"endTime":2679.59,"body":"a first real application to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2679.59,"endTime":2683.7,"body":"justify bringing more and more"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2679.59,"endTime":2683.7,"body":"and more resources into the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2683.7,"endTime":2687.57,"body":"field. Yeah, that makes sense."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2683.7,"endTime":2687.57,"body":"Because we're competing with"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2687.57,"endTime":2695.31,"body":"the, with the the most powerful"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2687.57,"endTime":2695.31,"body":"machines and the biggest"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2695.31,"endTime":2697.92,"body":"achievements that humankind"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2695.31,"endTime":2697.92,"body":"they've achieved so far, which"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2697.92,"endTime":2699.24,"body":"is classical computers."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2700.08,"endTime":2705.6,"body":"For hit. Yeah, no"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2700.08,"endTime":2705.6,"body":"pressure. Yeah, well, let's see,"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2705.63,"endTime":2709.23,"body":"just maybe one, one more"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2705.63,"endTime":2709.23,"body":"question. And then we'll wrap"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2709.23,"endTime":2711.93,"body":"this up. Can you tell us a"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2709.23,"endTime":2711.93,"body":"little bit about the quantum"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2711.93,"endTime":2715.5299999999997,"body":"orchestration platform that your"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2711.93,"endTime":2715.5299999999997,"body":"company has developed? What's"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2715.56,"endTime":2716.43,"body":"what's that about?"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2716.58,"endTime":2722.13,"body":"Of course, was"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2716.58,"endTime":2722.13,"body":"waiting for this? Yeah. So this"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2722.13,"endTime":2726.9,"body":"is the, the these are products"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2722.13,"endTime":2726.9,"body":"that quantum machines we"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2726.9,"endTime":2729.81,"body":"developed called the quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2726.9,"endTime":2729.81,"body":"orchestration platform. So"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2729.96,"endTime":2736.95,"body":"really quickly on implement,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2729.96,"endTime":2736.95,"body":"like very, very, kind of high"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2736.95,"endTime":2742.5,"body":"level, quantum computer is built"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2736.95,"endTime":2742.5,"body":"out of three layers. So whereas"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2742.5,"endTime":2745.62,"body":"a classical computer has two"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2742.5,"endTime":2745.62,"body":"main layers, right, there's"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2745.62,"endTime":2748.95,"body":"hardware and there is software."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2745.62,"endTime":2748.95,"body":"In Classic in quantum computers,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2748.95,"endTime":2752.13,"body":"we have three layers, we have"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2748.95,"endTime":2752.13,"body":"quantum hardware, classical"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2752.13,"endTime":2760.32,"body":"hardware, and classical"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2752.13,"endTime":2760.32,"body":"software. So the the classical"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2760.32,"endTime":2767.31,"body":"hardware is also called the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2760.32,"endTime":2767.31,"body":"control system. And that's what"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2767.31,"endTime":2770.43,"body":"we call the quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2767.31,"endTime":2770.43,"body":"orchestration platform. And that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2770.43,"endTime":2774.69,"body":"is the system that's responsible"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2770.43,"endTime":2774.69,"body":"to receive from software what it"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2774.69,"endTime":2777.66,"body":"is that you want to do with your"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2774.69,"endTime":2777.66,"body":"computer, you your quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2777.66,"endTime":2781.35,"body":"processor, your quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2777.66,"endTime":2781.35,"body":"hardware, and it's translated to"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2781.35,"endTime":2787.2599999999998,"body":"a an orchestra of signals,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2781.35,"endTime":2787.2599999999998,"body":"typically RF signals stuff that"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2787.2599999999998,"endTime":2792.0299999999997,"body":"needs to be sent to the quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2787.2599999999998,"endTime":2792.0299999999997,"body":"processor, and also needs to be"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2792.06,"endTime":2798.2999999999997,"body":"read out signals that returned"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2792.06,"endTime":2798.2999999999997,"body":"from the quantum processor in"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2798.2999999999997,"endTime":2804.45,"body":"order to perform the quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2798.2999999999997,"endTime":2804.45,"body":"algorithm. So that that's,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2804.48,"endTime":2806.5499999999997,"body":"that's, that's the control"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2804.48,"endTime":2806.5499999999997,"body":"system or the quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2806.5499999999997,"endTime":2809.04,"body":"orchestration platform. That's"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2806.5499999999997,"endTime":2809.04,"body":"what we develop with quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2809.04,"endTime":2811.0499999999997,"body":"machines. Okay,"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2811.17,"endTime":2814.32,"body":"so what would the"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2811.17,"endTime":2814.32,"body":"idea be that organizations out"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2814.32,"endTime":2818.58,"body":"there who are trying to develop"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2814.32,"endTime":2818.58,"body":"their own quantum computers will"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2818.58,"endTime":2822.21,"body":"use your control system the the"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2818.58,"endTime":2822.21,"body":"orchestrate orchestration"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2822.21,"endTime":2822.87,"body":"platform?"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2823.29,"endTime":2826.08,"body":"Yes, we're"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2823.29,"endTime":2826.08,"body":"working with some of the we're"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2826.08,"endTime":2828.81,"body":"working with many of the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2826.08,"endTime":2828.81,"body":"organizations, many of the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2828.84,"endTime":2835.29,"body":"companies, startup companies,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2828.84,"endTime":2835.29,"body":"big companies, academic labs,"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2835.29,"endTime":2837.48,"body":"national labs that are"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2835.29,"endTime":2837.48,"body":"developing these quantum"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2837.48,"endTime":2841.47,"body":"computers. And they buy buy from"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2837.48,"endTime":2841.47,"body":"us the quantum orchestration"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2841.47,"endTime":2846.69,"body":"platform and build the full"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2841.47,"endTime":2846.69,"body":"stack one computer on top of it."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2847.2599999999998,"endTime":2850.74,"body":"Got it? Okay. All"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2847.2599999999998,"endTime":2850.74,"body":"right, that makes sense. Well,"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2850.74,"endTime":2854.19,"body":"great. Jana 10. Is there"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2850.74,"endTime":2854.19,"body":"anything else that you think we"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2854.19,"endTime":2856.86,"body":"should talk about that we"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2854.19,"endTime":2856.86,"body":"haven't discussed yet?"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2858.48,"endTime":2861.27,"body":"No. If you're"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2858.48,"endTime":2861.27,"body":"interested in learning more"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2861.27,"endTime":2867.87,"body":"about the fields or going into"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2861.27,"endTime":2867.87,"body":"the fields, then please reach"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2867.87,"endTime":2868.38,"body":"out."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2868.77,"endTime":2870.87,"body":"And how can people"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2868.77,"endTime":2870.87,"body":"get a hold of you?"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2872.31,"endTime":2875.91,"body":"Find me on"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2872.31,"endTime":2875.91,"body":"LinkedIn, send an email, through"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2875.91,"endTime":2879.99,"body":"our websites. LinkedIn is the"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2875.91,"endTime":2879.99,"body":"best choice."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2880.11,"endTime":2883.35,"body":"Okay, perfect. And"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2880.11,"endTime":2883.35,"body":"we'll we'll certainly have a"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2883.35,"endTime":2886.7999999999997,"body":"link to your LinkedIn profile"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2883.35,"endTime":2886.7999999999997,"body":"and also your company website in"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2886.7999999999997,"endTime":2890.73,"body":"the in the show notes here. All"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2886.7999999999997,"endTime":2890.73,"body":"right. All right. Well, Yonatan."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2890.82,"endTime":2894.12,"body":"Yeah, thank you so much. This"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2890.82,"endTime":2894.12,"body":"has been super interesting. just"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2894.15,"endTime":2898.77,"body":"mind blowing stuff. Very, very"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2894.15,"endTime":2898.77,"body":"excited to see where this field"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2898.77,"endTime":2901.35,"body":"heads in the next you know, 5,"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2898.77,"endTime":2901.35,"body":"10 years, like you mentioned,"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2901.68,"endTime":2904.7999999999997,"body":"probably start to see some some"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2901.68,"endTime":2904.7999999999997,"body":"real world applications taken"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2904.7999999999997,"endTime":2908.46,"body":"off. So thank you so much for"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2904.7999999999997,"endTime":2908.46,"body":"being with us today."},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2908.64,"endTime":2911.07,"body":"Thank you. It was"},{"speaker":"Yonatan Cohen","startTime":2908.64,"endTime":2911.07,"body":"a pleasure."},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2914.85,"endTime":2918.33,"body":"I'm Aaron Moncur,"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2914.85,"endTime":2918.33,"body":"founder of pipeline design, and"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2918.33,"endTime":2921.36,"body":"engineering. If you liked what"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2918.33,"endTime":2921.36,"body":"you heard today, please share"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2921.36,"endTime":2924.87,"body":"the episode. To learn how your"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2921.36,"endTime":2924.87,"body":"team can leverage our team's"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2924.9,"endTime":2928.65,"body":"expertise developing turnkey"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2924.9,"endTime":2928.65,"body":"equipment, custom fixtures and"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2928.68,"endTime":2932.97,"body":"automated machines and with"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2928.68,"endTime":2932.97,"body":"product design, visit us at Team"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2932.97,"endTime":2935.73,"body":"pipeline.us. Thanks for"},{"speaker":"Aaron Moncur","startTime":2932.97,"endTime":2935.73,"body":"listening"}]}