Tales From Aztlantis
We explore Chicano, Mexicano, and Mesoamerican history, archaeology, and culture, and combat the spread of disinformation about these very topics. Your hosts Kurly Tlapoyawa and Ruben Arellano Tlakatekatl invite you to join them on a fascinating journey through Mesoamerica's past, present, and future!
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Tales From Aztlantis
Episode 80: The Chicano Moratorium!
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Given the current climate here in Occupied America, we thought it would be worth taking a look at the Chicano Moratorium march of August 29, 1970. The event serves as a good example of how we organized as a community to speak out against an unjust war and the price our people paid fighting in it. This episode was originally released as a Premium (paid only) episode, but we wanted to give everyone a chance to check out our discussion. Enjoy!
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Kurly Tlapoyawa is an archaeologist, ethnohistorian, and filmmaker. His research covers Mesoamerica, the American Southwest, and the historical connections between the two regions. He is the author of numerous books and has presented lectures at the University of New Mexico, Harvard University, Yale University, San Diego State University, and numerous others. He most recently released his documentary short film "Guardians of the Purple Kingdom," and is a cultural consultant for Nickelodeon Animation Studios.
@kurlytlapoyawa
Ruben Arellano Tlakatekatl is a scholar, activist, and professor of history. His research explores Chicana/Chicano indigeneity, Mexican indigenist nationalism, and Coahuiltecan identity resurgence. Other areas of research include Aztlan (US Southwest), Anawak (Mesoamerica), and Native North America. He has presented and published widely on these topics and has taught courses at various institutions. He currently teaches history at Dallas College – Mountain View Campus.
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I think we've all learned a good lesson. I've always heard that honesty is the best honesty.
SPEAKER_01Greetings, dear listeners, and welcome to yet another episode of Tales from Astlantis. We are your hosts, Curly Tlapoyawa. And Tla Kateka. How are you doing, man? How are things going? I'm doing great.
SPEAKER_07Doing doing pretty good. School started, brand new semester, fall. The weather's now beginning to get cooler. We're getting some rain. Yeah, I saw that. You know, that's that's the way we roll down here in Texas. We go from one extreme to the next. Well, you would even was that from your office that you posted uh No, that's uh that's uh that's a um it's called uh the South uh gate, I believe it's called. And it's it's uh a walkway that connects uh the west building where I am to the east building. And uh so it goes over that the creek, and um, and that's where I was able to take that picture of the roaring rapids through the mountain campus. Should have grabbed uh an inner tube and gone for a ride.
SPEAKER_01That's what some kids were saying.
SPEAKER_07Oh, I wish we had some rafts, we could go rafting. I'm like, damn.
SPEAKER_01Okay. This is what it's come to. Now we have a rafting program. There you go. So I thought today, since we are approaching, fast approaching the anniversary of the Chicano Moratorium, we could watch this uh short film uh that was produced in 1970. And this this film was uploaded to YouTube on February 17th, 2010. And I'll I'll read the little uh blurb.
SPEAKER_07So so when they posted it, it was the 40th anniversary of uh the Chicano moratorium, right? Now we're looking at what is it, 50 52?
SPEAKER_0150 52. Yeah. Damn. Time flies. I actually went and I don't remember which anniversary it was. Um this was in the 90s.
SPEAKER_07Well, this is a bundle in in Mexica uh time, right? 52 years.
SPEAKER_01What do you call that? What's the bundle called? Oh, you are correct, sir. How did I miss that? I need to turn in my calendar card. But you need to turn in your mechika card, is that?
unknownDang.
SPEAKER_01We're revoking your mexika uh identity. Shumopili. The bundling of years. 52 years since the Chicano Moratorium. That's wild. I I would hope that they would make a big deal out of that.
SPEAKER_07Because I know last year. Was it last year or the year before? Maybe it was for the 50th anniversary during the pandemic. I think there was um a lot of stuff that was taking place mainly online, I think, like commemorations and stuff. But yeah. Um yeah, who knows? I haven't kept up with it. Because I know the committee's still around, right? The national teachers meeting.
SPEAKER_01Yeah, they still have the march. Um, I don't think they did during the pandemic. Yeah. Uh, but uh there might be they might be having one. Have you heard of anything going on this year? I haven't, but I also haven't been uh too active on uh like Facebook and stuff. Uh okay.
SPEAKER_07Been out in the field, man. But so this is the Shimopillia of the Chicano Moratorium.
SPEAKER_00Yeah.
SPEAKER_07That's wild.
SPEAKER_01Four sets of 13, 52-year anniversary.
SPEAKER_07That's what I'm saying. We need to uh at some point in a in a different episode, we need to address the um the whole um 500 years, uh like the commemoration that a lot of people did last year for um 2021 being the 500 years since 1521. And and like out one of the things that I was people that follow me on Twitter would might have noticed uh or follow the Aslantes Tells might have noticed that I was like, we don't that's that 500 is not a meaningful number in our count, right? So I mean I get that people you know in contemporary society, you know, it's nice round number, it's five centuries, but for our people it's meaningless in terms of our count. So we need to figure out like you know what is the big anniversary for us, right? When is the big anniversary for us? What should we be sort of planning towards um to to mark that that event? For our purposes, uh peoples, right?
SPEAKER_01That's an excellent idea, Dr. Audiano. Yeah, 52 years. And um I was actually I went, I don't remember which anniversary it was for. I have the like the commemorative pin that I bought there. But I was really young. This was like in the 90s during that whole resurgence of the Chigano movement. And it was actually really, really big. It was a big event, and then I remember the march itself going to Roosevelt Park, and we passed under this uh uh this bridge, and there were so many people, and there were you know, people blowing a tecocolis, and you could hear, you know, the drums and danzantes and people chanting, and just that energy and the number of people as we passed under that bridge, all that sound echoing, and that's the one thing like I got chills going under that bridge because it just felt so powerful to have all of our people together like that, and then we get to the park itself, and you know, I'm like this uh you know Chicano movement kid, all rosy-eyed and gung-ho, and then I start seeing like, oh, so those brown berets don't get along with those brown berets, and these guys hate danzantes, and these guys, and everybody kind of had their own little onda. They everybody you know they had informational booths and stuff and food. And um, once we got to the park, I just kind of walked around. I was trying to take it all in and just you know buy books and experience everything, but I remember that's the uh that's the my first exposure to uh uh the Mexica movement was at that park on on that day, and they were selling uh Olin Tescatlipoca's book, the Mexica handbook, and I was gonna buy it because it, you know, why not, right? Mexica handbook, oh dope, this this is probably awesome, right? And I started talking to them, and they're you know, they're I could tell they were kind of filling me out, and I told them I was a danzante, so this must have been like 94-95 because I had just started dancing, um, and they just like their whole demeanor towards me changed, and they started talking down to me, and I was like, Yeah, I'm not gonna buy this book. But the march itself, and I still had a good time that day, you know, like a a handful of pendejos weren't gonna ruin my time there. It was an awesome road trip out. It was uh the local La Raza Unida Party and the La Raza Youth Committee, which I was a member of. We went out together, rented a van or something. We all went out there, we slept on the floor of this house in East LA, so with friends, and it was just cool, you know, like the whole experience was badass.
SPEAKER_07Yeah.
SPEAKER_01And uh, you know, it that just always stuck out that these guys were like, ugh, you're a Donsante.
SPEAKER_07You're not a real Mexica if you're a Dansante. Yeah, but wasn't that part of their argument that what's his name Olin used to make?
SPEAKER_01Yeah, that you that you're not a real warrior, that you're focusing on the wrong things, and you know, this and that. I I didn't really pay any attention. I kind of just shut off and was like, alright, well, I was gonna buy this book, but never mind. I did grab a few of their flyers because I was still curious, like, well, what the hell are these guys all about then? If they're anti-donsante and they don't seem to get along with anybody else at this uh march. But for our listeners who don't know uh what the Chicano Moratorium was, I pulled up the uh the wiki page, so hopefully this is all it seems all accurate. Um I'm only gonna read the first paragraph. It says the Chicano Moratorium, formerly known as the National Chicano Moratorium Committee Against the Vietnam War, was a movement of Chicano anti-war activists that built a broad-based coalition of Mexican American groups to organize opposition to the Vietnam War. Sounds legit. Led by activists from local colleges and members of the Brown Berets, a group with roots in the high school student movement that staged walkouts in 1968, the coalition peaked with an August 29th, 1970 march in East Los Angeles that drew 30,000 demonstrators. The march was described by scholar Lorena Oropesa as one of the largest assemblages of Mexican Americans ever. It was the largest anti-war action taken by any single ethnic group in the USA. And so I pulled up this short film, and uh the blurb on the short film says on August 29th, 1970, a Chicano moratorium against the war in Vietnam was held in East LA. Loyola Marymount film student Tom Meerdall shot this documentary capturing the events that unfolded as law enforcement and protesters clashed in and around Laguna Park. That yeah, because it wasn't called Roosevelt Park, it was Laguna Park. This film has not been seen in nearly 40 years.
SPEAKER_07Wait, didn't they didn't they rename the park after uh Ruben Salazar? Yeah, yeah, I was gonna get to that.
SPEAKER_01Um but it just I'm so used to seeing it called Roosevelt Park to see Laguna Park, I was like, Laguna Park? Well yeah, it was called Laguna Park back then. Uh this film has not been seen in nearly 40 years. Tom, who is still a working cameraman in Los Angeles, shout out Tom, is putting this historic film on the web as a tribute to the brave citizens of East LA who came together 40 years ago to voice their dissent against the Vietnam War. And of course, like you just mentioned, uh there were four deaths at the uh at the moratorium. I guess the police pretext, right, or the excuse is they claimed that somebody had robbed a liquor store nearby and then had run into the park where 30,000 people were having like this peaceful demonstration. And if you watch footage of it, it was families, it was people dancing and having a good time, and there were bands playing and folklorico, and you know, like all this cool stuff was going on. And so the cops, allegedly looking for this guy who had robbed the liquor store, uh, got really violent and went into the park and a massive riot broke out. And I think there's even a quote in here of how um Arulista Alurista, who we'd mentioned before, says that uh the police called it a people's riot, the people called it a police riot. Right. Um, the four people who were murdered were Gustav Montag, who was like what we would call today an ally, right? He was a white guy that was there uh to support the Chicanos, Lynn Ward, a brown beret, uh Angel Diaz, another brown beret, and most notably Ruben Salazar, an award-winning journalist, um, who was killed while sitting at uh a diner. Right? Yeah, the silver dollar. Yeah. Um a diner or a bar, I can't remember. But they shot him in the head with one of these tear gas canisters.
SPEAKER_07Yeah, there there was this documentary that was produced some years ago, maybe five years, six years now at this point, um, that kind of goes over the evidence, goes over the eyewitness testimonies, and you know, they kind of they want to strike a balance throughout the documentary, but at the end, like and uh if I'm not mistaken, it was it was it was done either produced or done in collaboration with with you know Chicanos um to you know give it a sense of it, you know, coming from the community and and taking a critical lens and a critical stance on on what occurred and and what transpired and especially you know the death of uh you know Ruben Salzar. And at the end, uh if I'm not mistaken, it's been years, but if I'm not mistaken, they conclude that they they kind of side with with the official narrative by the police that that the officer who shot into the silver dollar saloon, I think it was a bar. Yeah, you're right, the silver dollar saloon, yeah. That the officer who shot in there didn't know who was in there, that he was just like shooting, shooting he shot through the window indiscriminately, right? Like, why would anyone do that? Right, even if he didn't know who was in there, that's still negligent of him to have.
SPEAKER_01Whether he was trying to murder Ruben Salazar and right, that's besides the point.
SPEAKER_07He he killed someone, and you know, the Chicano community for the longest time um viewed it as an assassination because that's basically what it looked like, right? This is uh very vocal journalist who was on the side of the Chicanos in in LA, and he was one of the prominent journalists who was given a voice to the people, and then here he is reporting on the Chicano moratorium that the police later instigated into a riot, and then he gets killed. So, I mean, what else is a community supposed to think? And then all these years later, they produce this documentary that at the end pretty much kind of uh you know sides with with the official narrative, and and and what are we supposed to do with that now, right? Like was Ruben Salazar targeted or was he not? I mean, they kind of leave it a little bit ambiguous, but at the same time they're saying without any other evidence to counter the official narrative that we basically have to go with the official you know narrative of the police. I'm like, well that's that's PS, that's bullshit, you know?
SPEAKER_01Yeah, yeah. And regardless of whether they were he was intending to kill him or not, you know, and he didn't know who was in there, he shot a free and and if you look at the size of these tear gas canisters, it's like a small missile that this guy just shot right into this building that people were in.
SPEAKER_07Salazar in the head. Yeah. Well, I mean, what a coincidence, right?
SPEAKER_01I mean, so where were you aiming, bro? Like, come on. Yeah, so rest in peace, you know, Gustav Montag, Lynn Ward, Angel Diaz, Rubin Salazar. Um this massive riot broke out. It says uh over 150 people were arrested, uh, four were killed, as we mentioned. And I remember for the longest time, as part of this, you know, brief resurgence of the Chicano movement in the in the 90s, there was this strong push to basically declare um August 29th as Chicano Um Memorial Day. Basically a day to commemorate and honor the memories of all the Chicano, Chicana, you know, Chicanex, whoever they want to affiliate nowadays um activists who were killed uh during the Chicano movement. Because there were quite a few. Uh you have Los Says de Boulder um who were killed in car bombings, you have uh Ricardo Falcone, who was killed by a white supremacist, and you have the killings of the people at the Chicano Moratorium. So there was this push to basically declare like August 29th should be, for what it's worth, a Chicano national holiday or day of commemoration. And you know, I was part of that. I really thought that that would have been a good thing to just basically make August 29th Chicano uh Chicano Memorial Day. So with the powers vested in me by uh the Kingdom of Aslantes, I hereby declare August 29th, an official holiday within Atlantes.
SPEAKER_07Yeah, when you were saying that, it reminded me of of a book that I picked up recently, and I've shared it uh the picture of it on on Twitter, and a few people have have um recently bought it and also shared it. Um it's uh called uh Through Brown Eyes, and it was it was written by the Brown Beret guy, right? Brown Beret here in Dallas, uh Juan Petis. And in that book, he chronicles because it's the book itself was published, if I'm not mistaken, in 2016. But it's a book that he it was it was based on a manuscript that he had started to write back in the late 70s, back when he was beginning to exit and make his way out of the movimiento. And uh he had been like throughout his 10 years that he was with the Brown Bracer in Dallas, he had been documenting and saving like newspaper clippings of all the people who had been brutalized and and murdered by the Dallas police, and he's got a super long list, not just here in Dallas, but like throughout Texas, and and he also kind of um documented some in New Mexico and and other places, but like he his main focus was Dallas and Texas. And I was thinking, man, you know, if we had a holiday, some sort of day to commemorate all those people that that were killed, that were uh assassinated um for standing up for social justice and against racism and discrimination and standing up for our people. I mean, that that would be awesome, you know, something that we could collectively celebrate as our own Memorial Day of Chicanos Mexicanos. Yeah, something that's uniquely ours. Because we have a lot of people who have died over the years, you know. Yeah, died standing up for what they believe in, standing up for the community, standing up for the rights of our country. And that's something that a lot of people have forgotten over the years, you know. Not only has the Chicano movement in itself been sort of relegated to the margins of even social justice and civil rights history, and and as a as a pro history professor, like when I'm teaching that period in time, um, you know, I teach it in Mexican American history, you know, but when I'm teaching just your survey of American history 1302, and whenever we get to that point, I make it a uh a point to emphasize not just the Chicano movement, but also bring into the discussion, you know, uh the red power movement, Native American people, um women, Asians, and and other minority, right? Because uh more often than not the discussion, you know, especially publicly, especially in in the media and and you know, everything that you see is is is usually couched in this black and white lens, and everyone else just sort of gets you know dismissed or not really discussed and ignored, and ignored, right? I mean, in some some instances completely ignored for and and totally just written out of the discussion altogether, like like our people and other ethnic minorities and and other groups weren't fighting for their own, you know, civil rights.
SPEAKER_01And so yeah, for all of this talk of inclusion nowadays, we sure do get excluded a lot, yeah. Unfortunately.
SPEAKER_07Yeah, I think and what was the title of that book? Through Brown Eyes. Uh, that's the main title. I'm I'm blanking out on the subtitle. I had to be a little bit more.
SPEAKER_01Yeah, there's a subtitle. Um, and then it's a uh the cover is, if I remember correctly, it's um a photograph of the author addressed in his brown beret uniform, right?
SPEAKER_07Right. Yeah, right. So those of you that are interested in the Chicano movement, and if you think you've read it all and and you're well versed in it, Dallas still has something to offer to the overall history and discussion of the Chicano movement. Absolutely.
SPEAKER_01Well, cool, man. Let's check out this uh short documentary by Tom Myrdal. It is simply called Chigano Moratorium.
SPEAKER_04Now the blood of my brothers flows over the land. Once ours. I am Chicanos. My people are la raza. Too many Chicanos have died in foreign jungles. Too many have died in barrio streets. Ya basta. You're so chicano.
SPEAKER_01He's walking with a purpose.
SPEAKER_02Because today is the day of the twenty nine seventy.
SPEAKER_14Chicago amounting to protest the high calegger rate of the people in Vietnam.
SPEAKER_08Chicago would be fine, Chicago.
SPEAKER_14The Bombay Way are the movement in the Chicago community for social justice. The Bombay are a community organization that gives new parties to Chicano Union and that educate all the people in the region in the social and political system.
SPEAKER_05We are a bronze people with a bronze culture.
SPEAKER_07I don't know who that is. Is that a Lorista?
SPEAKER_05We are a nation. We are a union of free pueblos. We are sound anything.
SPEAKER_14A block east of the north end of the park, there is a liquor store. A few people were walking out of the store without paying for their merchandise. Somebody called the police.
SPEAKER_12They pulled up right together, and they were the ones that they just call pulled up in the hall of the police that was just three exactly and right.
SPEAKER_14At this point, there was a small crowd of people reacting to the overconscience of the police. The police had a choice of coming to the platform, using our mics, and asking our Satan leaders to calm the situation or to bring in reinforcements and to clear the whole park. Their answer was quick and without hesitation.
SPEAKER_07Because that's what that's what they viewed, and they continue to view us as the enemy, right? Brown people, indigenous people. We continue to be the face of the opposition to what this country stands for from its inception as an imperialist hegemonic force.
SPEAKER_09We are foreigners in perpetuity. So then I started growing, so they wouldn't get any money no more because two or three officers in time, sometimes six would get a boy and they were beating him up. And then they would go and get up somebody else. And some of them they would take him away, but that lady they just left it.
SPEAKER_01Yeah, they're mannequins from a store.
SPEAKER_03Oh, we can't be. We just have to go to jail, we have to die. We're ready to die to get out of it.
SPEAKER_14Rubin Salatan, a Chicago newspaper and television writer.
SPEAKER_07I was gonna say, so no one no one had seen this footage since he originally produced it in nineteen seventy. Like, did he show it in nineteen seventy? Or did he shove it? Was it like uh put away?
SPEAKER_01I would imagine that. And then he just had it on the reason that he must have seen it. But it wasn't like publicly shown, right? I don't think so.
SPEAKER_07That'd be good to find out because some of the footage is the same footage that I've seen from like um right, like the opening, but like I've never seen some of this stuff here where you have the ladies going in the streets and um where you can see the the sort of like the um the action taking place in the street, not just at the park, but like when they were shifted from the park when they went into the streets and you can see some of those buildings on fire and stuff. Like I'd never seen that before.
SPEAKER_01Yeah, that's a lot of there's a lot of stuff in here that I haven't seen.
SPEAKER_14Who more than anyone else had accelerated the unifying forces in the community, sought shelter in a local bar.
SPEAKER_10And they were coming this way, and three chats came, and then I hit the floor, and when I hit the floor, Mr. Sarasar was falling down, and I looked at him and he was shaking.
SPEAKER_11You might not live in the radio, but oh, I've been here since let's say since the 40s or whatever. I believe if if they're not gonna if they're not gonna listen, this is this thing's gonna come on again, so it's gonna continue until there's a change because I wish I'm gonna change it anymore.
SPEAKER_00Produced by Nikolai Sherman, directed by Thomas Murray, by Nikolai Sherman, Carlos Chavez, Thomas Murnault, John Hunt, edited by Thomas Murray, music by Bob Chatter Educational Consultant Bert Corona.
SPEAKER_07Oh, Burt Corona? Yeah. Powerful stuff. So it it really pisses me off when stuff like this sort of just gets whitewashed and and diluted into the whole, you know, Latino, Latino Latinx narrative, as of as of all these people who identify as Latina, Latino Latinx, many of whom are you know are people who didn't even uh like their families weren't even around at the time that this occurred, like they're their families might have come in sometime in the 70s, and so they have no frame of reference as to the struggles of the Chicano Mexicano people, you know, who have been here on these lands since before this was the United States. Um and then for the for our history to just sort of get uh you know swept up in this large narrative without any context as to why uh this matters to us so deeply uh and and how it's it's uh it's not the same, you know, this isn't Latina Latino Latinx history, this is history. It's completely separate from uh that whitewash narrative. And and and that's one of the reasons why it doesn't get explored, it doesn't get explained, it doesn't get exposure. And a lot of our young people have no clue because you know there's other when you subsume it under a broad umbrella term like Latina, Latino, Latinx, that category in itself you know encompasses so much that uh you're gonna give very little time to everything that there is to know about what that umbrella is representing. And so stuff like this uh never sees a light of day. And and that's really disappointing. And that's one of the things that I teach my students uh like for present today in in class, I told the students that you know we're gonna try we're gonna serve a history course and we're gonna try to touch upon the important things that uh uh you know we as historians think that uh people should know about our collective past uh as uh citizens of this country, but also as global citizens, because uh you know uh that's the way that I approach the course. It's an it's an American history course, but I I globalize it. I'm I bring it uh I put it into context with the wider world and how and I I teach students that you know the US doesn't exist in a bubble, uh things that happen here impact others around the world and vice versa. And so that's why we're gonna look at uh history uh uh through that kind of lens. Uh and when you sub when when you uh sort of subsume things like the Ticano moratorium uh into the uh things like Latina, Latino, Latinx and and the students uh don't get exposed to because there's other stuff that that category is gonna prioritize our people don't realize well not only germinalize it, but they don't realize that there's so much history that routes us to the space, you know, because one of the things that the media going back to look at the media and the issues that I have with just the media in general is that when our people are depicted in the media when outside of like the the the the news, uh the nightly news where they're showing someone that that's uh being accused of something or committing a crime or what have you, it's always couched and frame in the narrative of immigration somehow, whether you're a first generation or second, but it's always an immigrant story of some sort. Very rarely do you get the sense that our people have deep roots in this kind of space. Very rarely do you see that and and by discussing things like the kind of moratorium that occurred in 1970 before the large scale immigration uh uh that occurred in the 70s, where most of the the current population can take the roots to the broad Latino Latino category of like they're not getting that that frame of reference. They have no idea of the things that occurred and so that's why it's different. Oh, it's they're just complaining.
SPEAKER_01Yeah, or they have they've never suffered. Who are they?
SPEAKER_07They've never suffered. What do they know about? And so that that's that's a big um uh that's one of the biggest, I guess, disappointments that I have with uh the way that uh and and I think in part it's also our our community, our people, our so-called teachers who who failed uh over the years to to uh they they got caught up, they got swept up in the whole Hispanic uh you know j uh uh uh identity in the eighties into the nineties, and then with the Latino identity into the nineties and the two thousands and to the present, that they they did our community a disservice and they they kind of put us into the back burner because now we're part of a collective whole that we need to be more uh un you know more united and more inclusive, but at the same time that inclusivity is going to exclude certain Americans.
SPEAKER_01You know what I say about the truth. I'm gonna be posting the link of the video to Requiem 29 with another uh documentary called Gone Moratorium and um thank thank everybody for uh for supporting the go. I've been getting a lot of really good uh feedback with my people are listening and that's affecting a positive way.
SPEAKER_07Absolutely. Please, please wherever you can, um you know give us give us a rating and if you and if you are uh inclined to do so give us also a review and those things help us out. Spread the message and encourage more people to listen to the show and help us grow.
