Atomic spectra was used to support the idea that electrons can jump between energy levels or ‘stationary states’ in the atom. Schrödinger rejected this and thought a more natural explanation was to view the electron as a standing wave changing ...

Heisenberg and Schrödinger had competing theories about the atomic model: Heisenberg took a discontinuous particle approach and his rival Schrödinger, a continuous wave approach. Heisenberg prevailed by hi-jacking Schrödinger's wave equation wh...

An account of Einstein's interpretation of the photo-electric effect involving discrete photons. His analysis had ontological consequences, namely the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, which he later criticised as an incomplete an...

The first of six podcasts in the search of the true identity of the quantum: is it a particle or a wave or both; or a mathematical entity which has some utility in solving equations. The remaining podcasts in this series are:2. Einstein'...