Utah Women & Leadership Podcast
The mission of the Utah Women & Leadership Project is to strengthen the impact of Utah girls, women, and families. We serve Utah and its residents by 1) producing relevant, trustworthy, and applicable research; 2) creating and gathering valuable research-based resources; and 3) convening trainings and events that inform, inspire, and ignite growth and change for all Utahns. We are moving mountains for Utah women! Hosted by Utah State University.
Utah Women & Leadership Podcast
The Roots of Sexual Violence in Utah: A Framework for Understanding Harm
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In this episode, Dr. Susan Madsen breaks down a powerful new white paper published in June 2026: The Roots of Sexual Violence in Utah: A Framework for Understanding Harm. The report makes one thing unmistakably clear: sexual violence is not random or isolated. It emerges from cultural norms, social systems, and power structures that shape how communities understand gender, authority, and accountability. Utah’s high rates of rape and child sexual abuse stand in stark contrast to its reputation for strong families and close‑knit communities, and this paper explains why.
The white paper introduces the Utah Sexual Violence Pyramid, a research‑grounded framework illustrating how harmful attitudes, normalized behaviors, and systemic silence create conditions where violence can escalate. The message is direct: preventing harm requires honest conversation, cultural awareness, and collective action. This episode walks through the findings and explores how Utahns can use this shared language and roadmap to build communities where violence cannot take root.
Dr. Madsen is joined by Brie Sparks and Deborah Lin, two members of the Utah Women & Leadership Project team, to discuss the research, its implications, and the work ahead.
Guests
Brie Sparks
Associate Director, Utah Women & Leadership Project
Brie leads statewide strategy, research translation, and partnership development for UWLP. Her work focuses on strengthening systems that support women, girls, and families across Utah.
Deborah Lin
Local Outreach & Resource Manager, Utah Women & Leadership Project
Deborah oversees community engagement, resource development, and local partnerships. She works closely with organizations and residents to expand awareness and prevention efforts related to issues affecting Utah women and girls.
Download the full white paper HERE.
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Welcome back to the Utah Women and Leadership Podcast. Now, in this episode, we're breaking down a powerful white paper published in June of 2026. And the title of this white paper is The Roots of Sexual Violence in Utah, a Framework for Understanding Harm. Now, this report makes one thing unmistakably clear. Sexual violence isn't random or isolated. It grows from cultural norms and social systems and power structures that shape how communities understand gender and authority. Utah's high rates of rape and child sexual abuse stand in stark contrast to its reputation for strong families and close-knit communities, and this paper explains why. It introduces what is called the Utah Sexual Violence Pyramid. It's a research-grounded framework showing how harmful attitudes, normalized behaviors, and systemic silence create the conditions where violence can escalate. The message is direct. Preventing harm requires honest conversation, cultural awareness, and collective action. This white paper gives Utahns a shared language and a roadmap for building communities where violence cannot take root. I'm Dr. Susan Madsen, professor of leadership with Extension at Utah State University. I'm also the founding director of the Utah Women and Leadership Project and founder of A Bolder Way Forward. Joining me on this podcast episode today are two of the staff members of the Utah Women and Leadership Project. First, Associate Director Brie Sparks, and then Deborah Lin, our local outreach and resource manager. Brie and Deborah, thanks so much for being here today.
Deborah LinYeah, thank you, Susan.
Brie SparksThank you.
Dr. Susan MadsenSo this topic is one I know that I've been talking about for many years and felt very compelled to do this report. And I do have to say a little bit sarcastically that when I was reading that introduction about powerful reports, women are not supposed to brag. Okay. I'm breaking social norms. Uh, but I give uh uh grace to God and and all the people that have influenced me to write this report, which is quite thorough and quite deep. Um, Deborah, I'll have you start. Give me some overarching, some impressions about why this report is important and just some of your thoughts as we begin today.
Deborah LinYeah, sure. I mean, the important thing about this is that so many people in Utah don't realize what an issue sexual violence is in Utah, right? That we have higher than average rates of sexual assault and child sexual abuse, yet at the same time we're a very family-centered religious state. And those seem like they're in such contradiction, but also more important, right, to give a to give attention to.
Dr. Susan MadsenYeah. Thank you. Brie, thoughts.
Brie SparksYeah, um, looking at this and and the the roots of sexual violence in in a state like Utah, um, it's interesting to look at it through an anthropological angle because when you look at sexual violence through that lens, it stops being a story about individuals um committing violence and starts being a story about cultural patterns and how groupthink, silence, and power structures really shape what a community tolerates. And so I really appreciated the pyramid that we'll get into and some other things that kind of align with how we got to where we are and where we can go from here.
Dr. Susan MadsenThank you so much. You use the word tolerate, and it's so interesting because more conservative religious environments, it's uncomfortable to talk about this. And so we are silent. And there's a connection between silence and tolerating things. I mean, there is a connection between those. Even if we're not in the middle of the issues, when we say stay silent, that is a message. And so thank you for mentioning that. So this white paper actually synthesizes decades of national and international research, Utah specific data, some, and then more than I pulled together conceptual models. And I had seen pyramid models already. I didn't take that concept out, you know, from scratch. There are many conceptual models that are pyramids, and I took those along with all kinds of research to create, again, what we are calling the Utah Sexual Violence Pyramid. It's a five-tier framework that explains how sexual violence develops, how it escalates, and then becomes normalized. And uh any thoughts from either you of you on that word normalized? That's an interesting thing. When we're silence, that's normalized. And so we say we we shouldn't or we don't normalize it, but it has, it doesn't grow unless it's normalized, right? Any uh insights from either one of you on that? Brie?
Deborah LinYeah. No, saying that it's normalized just means that it's accepted, right? And that maybe we feel powerless, we feel like there's nothing that we can do about it, it's just the way things are, but also that it's kind of legitimized that uh with the power structure that we accept that it's the way things are.
Dr. Susan MadsenYeah. The pyramid illustrates that violence grows. I use the word roots, and so it's a tree, right? Um, that violence grows from the ground up. There's foundational attitudes and beliefs, then it moves to verbal expressions, to harassment and coercion, to sexual assault, and ultimately it can lead to lethal violence. And so these behaviors exist on a continuum. The lower levels, often to minimize or dismissed, create the cultural conditions in which more severe harm becomes possible. Before we start talking about the model, I do want to point out something, and then Brie, I'd love your feedback on this. Um, that not everybody that has similar beliefs and attitudes will jump up to do sexual assault, but you don't get to harassment and can you know, sexual assault and rape without those beliefs and attitudes. And so it's interesting to wrestle with that a little bit because we are um in this great state. I love it for so many things, yet we struggle with some of these issues that are uncomfortable. Brie, any thoughts?
Brie SparksYeah, um I what I appreciate about this pyramid model and and looking um at the escalation that happens, it's it's a cultural ecosystem. The bottom layers is the are the jokes, the stereotypes, the dismissals. And that's really where a society or a culture teaches people what is normal. And we talk about that word normal. Um, and I think in in any community um or culture, whether that's religious or uh, you know, even a business community, um, it's those little norms that that tell people what's acceptable, what's what they can do or what they can tolerate, and then they or get away with. Or get away with. They don't stay small, those scale. So it's those foundational pieces, just like anything else in life, when you know you look at children and we we're teaching them how to walk, well, they crawl first and and then they walk. And so it's the same thing is is we we've taught that that these small things are normal or okay, even though they're not, and then they scale naturally.
Dr. Susan MadsenThank you. Great insights there. I also, before we jump into the five uh tier pyramid, I actually wrote, wrestled for a few months with this report, wrote it, and then went back at the end and added a section called Authors, Perspective, and Faith Context. And I know, Deborah, you mentioned you mentioned to me how much you appreciated that. And basically, it's the elephant in the room, isn't it? Because people are like, well, it's the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It's the more, you know, the religious environment. And so I have a line I just want to read as to set the stage. You know, we do get kudos on our work, but occasionally we hear concerns from individuals who believe that our research is meant to undermine the state or even undermine my own faith, which I'm very open about is uh Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. But I argue in here, that's not the case. I'm deeply committed to my faith and have been throughout my entire life. I give a little bit about uh uh history there, but I end uh a paragraph by saying this my upbringing taught me both the doctrines of the church and the responsibility to use my voice in ways that strengthen our congregations and communities. I also rely deeply on a personal sense of calling from God. So basically I'm arguing in here that by talking about it, by calling it out and helping reduce violence, that's actually my call, but that's what I believe Christ wants me to be doing, right? Um, and not being silent, because having safety and security is critical for women and children. So I just wanted to set the stage, the elephant in the room, before we start. Um, so this is one a reminder, this is uh it's not a traditional empirical study. It's what is called a conceptual research synthesis. So it came from lots of literature to create this, including taking in uh models that I saw um in the literature and even online in in different centers and so forth. So, Deborah, I would love to have you um, I know I've been talking more, but I'm gonna introduce each level really quickly, um, and then have you both uh provide some of the insights in each. But before I do that, thinking about the model, Deborah, what how is it helpful for you to think about ways to reduce sexual violence in Utah, the model as a whole? And then Brie, same thing for you.
Deborah LinYes, well, is it-- like you, as a person of faith, I feel strongly about right and wrong, about doing something, you know, about making a difference, about having an impact, about um supporting those who are suffering or struggling or challenged. And there's nothing more horrific really than violence, like sexual violence against women and children. And so this model to be able to see some of the foundational elements, how attitudes and beliefs lead to verbal expressions and then harassment and coercion, and then ultimately sexual assault and lethal violence is really helpful to be able to see it kind of intellectually, right? That there is a pattern here, that there is um, it's not just random, it's not just something that all of a sudden happens, but there is a kind of visible system or or path that you can see. And so once you see that path, then if we can go to the roots and the core and that tier one and tier two, and to be able to um intercept some things there to be able to know that we can have an impact.
Dr. Susan MadsenThank you so much. And you mentioned a word, I can't remember what it was, but this is a deep paper, it's very scholarly. Uh, I uh typically, you know, we have at educated level, but not as scholarly with the, you know, when we publish reports, but this is the direction I felt like we needed to go. Um, so I know everyone won't read it, but I know a lot of people are reading it already. Brie, thoughts, overarching thoughts?
Brie SparksYeah, I mean, this pyramid I'm looking at as, you know, a kind of map or progression, but it's really scientific when you think about it and and um how how one leads to the other. And when you when you think about religious cultures, many have um very strong moral outlines to say, like, if you do this, you're more likely to do this. So they caution against the one action or or something. Um, and it's interesting because that is the pyramid. It's saying if you let this in, if you start here at the bottom, you're more likely to escalate to this higher level and and a gateway, if you will, into things that you thought never possible for yourself. And so um looking at it that way, it's just really interesting to put that um religious or cultural lens on it where the taboo um or the um expectations grow um and shift and and it becomes this pathway. So I really appreciated the the implementation of of all of these concepts into a pyramid. I think that's the perfect shape.
Dr. Susan MadsenThank you. Um so let's start with these five levels, and Deborah just um outlined those, and we've outlined those a couple of times. Now, I again did not just choose words randomly to go into each of these tiers. I there were other words that models used, um, the pyramid models and other kinds of models used, but I went back to the literature and I looked at the literature on how it plays out in more religious, and and their literature was not necessarily about the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. This this model could be used for any religion, uh, no matter where it is, this this around the world. So we just happen to be in a state where there's more Latter-day Saints. But these words connect with each other. And uh I put them very carefully in this, but they're not from me, my mind just coming out. It's from literature, it's from past research. And so there are 13 elements in the bottom tier. And the bottom tier is really the foundation, the roots, and their attitudes and beliefs and things like benevolent sexism, gender equality, inequality, gender-based stereotypes, hostile sexism, male privilege. I don't know if we want to read all of them. I might as well. Misogyny, not believing women, that's an important one in there, other discriminatory attitudes. A key one in here from the literature is patriarchal norms and practices. And then something called rape myths and misconceptions, the sexual objectification comes in here, and then a couple of other ones, traditional gender roles, and the last one is tolerance and justification. Sometimes we justify, right, uh, those beliefs and behaviors. So, Bri, I'll start with you on this. We don't have time to go through all the definitions, but the paper goes through all the definitions and lots of details. Brie, I'll start with you and then Deborah. What are some thoughts? When you read through this report and reviewed, um, what what are a few ahas that came to you?
Brie SparksI think the in this base tier, what really struck with me is this is the soil where harm grows. And these are everyday gender expectations, everything from purity standards and the boys will be boys narrative and this genderization within a community, culture, religion. Um, and and that is really an enculturation like mechanism, the subtle ways that society is teaching what is acceptable. And it's interesting because they're all interconnected. And if you, you know, it it's a lot to say um someone is sexist, but you can pick up on subtle that benevolent sexism of, you know, it comes, it may come from a good place. I want really want to acknowledge that some of these um behaviors that are in tier one may come from a place of um care and and um wanting to uh fulfill a gender expectation, um, but it's it's harmful. Um so I think acknowledging these smaller um uh pieces, but their huge impact that builds over time is important.
Dr. Susan MadsenThank you. Thank you so much. Deborah, other thoughts on that bottom tier. Yeah, it's it's it's troubling to read them because there's so much of this in society, and we can have a tendency to push back immediately. Uh, and that's why I made this paper so scholarly and based on research, um, is because of that. Deborah.
Deborah LinYes, at the foundation is that there's inequality between men and women in society. That so many of these refer to that traditional gender roles, sexual objectification, patriarchal norms, not believing women, um, benevolent sexism, where it may appear as equality, but it's really like we need to take care of women, they're they're weak. So, to me, so much of this foundation is that there's not equality, there's male privilege, and so just that that power and balance from the beginning.
Dr. Susan MadsenAnd not everybody that in in a patriarchal system is going to abuse, but it provides the breeding ground for misuse. And uh, I'm doing working on another study right now and hearing hour and a half stories from so many women who have gone through crisis and trauma, and you can see all of these things in the situation that they have. But when there's a greater power distance between men and women, you're going to have more of this. Um and not saying it's just in Utah. It's this is in every state and every country, but it's exaggerated and more in places that tend to be more religious and conservative. Let's shift to the second one. So the the report connects every single one of these. And and by the way, on that first level, patriarchal norms and practices is really one of the um the bottom things that influence the gender equality and all of the other things. And so even within each tier, there are layers and connections. And now when we move to the second tier, there's layers and connections between tier one and tier two. Uh, Brie, I'll go, I'll start with you again. Uh, the second tier up is called verbal expressions. So we have these attitudes and beliefs, and now these expressions are actually coming out and we're talking about them in different ways. Can you review first, Brie, some of the uh elements that are in that tier and then any thoughts? And I'll go to you, Deborah uh after Brie.
Brie SparksYeah, when we are looking at that second tier, it's really the verbal harassment, objective, objectification, boundary testing, um, jokes, comments, behaviors, these things push limits to see what the group tolerates or what the community, culture, religion tolerates. Um, I an interesting piece for me in this tier really is objectification and reducing people to roles or bodies. And when we when we put people in a uh classification as uh um this type of person or someone that is this, um, it really starts with that boundary testing, these jokes and comments or behaviors that push limits to see what. Group tolerates, and um it's interesting to look at some of these um verbal expressions as uh kind of like a dominance display, like a ritualized dominance display to say individuals signal status within their group, if um through their words and through verbal expression. Um and when no one's challenging these behaviors, silence becomes like a social endorsement. Um and and I think um, you know, you've mentioned like as women, uh specifically, like speaking up and speaking out um is something we're not taught to do from a young age or that's expected of us. And so um that's our silence, and it becomes a social endorsement that it's okay for you to continue to verbally harass me or objectify me. Um and so when people, you know, those subtle verbal um interjections really become the groundwork for I can they're okay with this. And sometimes it can be seen as consent, which is really scary. True.
Dr. Susan MadsenThat's true. And victim blaming comes in here. And in the bottom level, it's sexism, right? In this one, it's actually, you know, sexist comments, sexist jokes. So it's really that next step. And we have five reports from several years ago with all kinds of sexist comments, and it's pretty rampant. So so we're seeing those attitudes and beliefs into verbal expressions. Deborah, a couple thoughts here.
Deborah LinYeah, Brie said it really well, but tier two, here's where tier one is spoken out loud. And an important factor with this is that here norms can amplify this when they see male peer support for these attitudes with what's spoken, that that's huge, as Brie mentioned, where there's silence is seen as as support, and that this is just taking that next step to see what's acceptable. You know, I also think of like locker room talk, it's that that banter of of what's acceptable, the bragging, the cat calling, um, just disrespect toward toward women verbally.
Dr. Susan MadsenYeah. And and I do want to make the comment that women can be sexist to other women too. You do you mostly see it with men, but women can try and be in the old, you know, old boys' club by by participating as well. And and we even see that in some recent literature. I was um reading on sexual assault in Utah and in Canada when uh college students, especially younger folks, there were girls uh and young women that would kind of help prep someone to then be abused. So we're we're not always blaming men, but a lot of the time in terms of that. But but again, the way we act as mothers around our kids can influence those as well. Deborah, I'd love to have you introduce the next tier up, which uh escalates, and it's called harassment and coercion.
Deborah LinYeah, harassment and coercion. This involves behavioral intimidation. It's really the actions now. Um stalking, gaslighting, intimidation, controlling behavior. Um, all of these create fear and pressure and and dominance is exerted. So here it really creates a climate of fear constraint. You know, with verbal expressions, maybe you can kind of laugh it off or oh, they weren't serious about that. But here with harassment and coercion, it's really meant there's actionable harm where it dramatically increases the risk where a woman can feel uh concerned for her own safety. It's about intimidation and control.
Dr. Susan MadsenSo gaslighting is here as well. And I I don't want to forget to mention digital harm. And what's interesting is sometimes, you know, especially our our young folks are are flipping from attitudes, verbal expressions, and then digital harm pretty quickly. And and that's troubling. Um so thank you for introducing that. A few thoughts, Brie.
Brie SparksYeah, I want to follow up on what you just said, Susan, because I I have seen that sometimes it's easier for our youth to slip into digital harm before it is a verbal or outward expression. We've we see um social lives are online now, and confidence is higher when you're behind a screen, I think. And so that plays into this um imbalance, I think. Um one thing that really catches me on this this layer is that um this power imbalance in high cohesion cultures, it challenging that feels like betraying the group. And I think um this is where the the uh in a religion, in a in a workplace, in a political institution, in sports culture, someone does something that is visible that falls into this tier. And um it really uh the same mechanism that creates this like strong group to stay stable in this community rallies around and protects um people that are outwardly expressing um this violence and and the cost of speaking up is like social exile. So if you think of a team or if you think of a uh congregation, uh you become aware of something or you're the victim of something, and speaking up becomes scary. So um it's really hierarchical to say, like, you know, here we've we've got the thoughts, we've got verbal expression, and in underlying that is this cohesive and coercion concept. And that's what's really scary, I think, in a in a group of any type.
Dr. Susan MadsenYeah. And Deborah and I are aware where we've worked with a particular county in Utah, I won't call it out, where there has been knowledge for decades and decades of child sexual abuse and other kinds of abuse. And and because of threats and different things, people just sadly say, no, it's not right. Uh, say stay silence. And there's a book called Hometown Betrayal about a situation in Clarkston, a little town of Clarkston, Utah, that is is true, oh, it's it's a heavy book. But things happen. This is not just scholarly stuff, it's actually everyday behavior in so many ways uh in organizations, in political environments, in congregations, and so forth. I'm looking at our time and we need to keep moving. Uh, the next layer up, sadly enough, is sexual assault, and that includes drugging, exploitation, physical and emotional abuse, rape, um, sexual coercion, and uninvited touch. All of those are linked in sexual assault. Uh Deborah, a couple of thoughts, and Brie, a couple of thoughts.
Deborah LinYes, I mean, sexual assault, this is what's absolutely unacceptable, right? Like we need to do more to prevent and to support these, but also just to to understand that even uninvited touch um leads and connects directly with later rape. Um, that that these things in the sexual assault layer don't just appear out of nowhere. Um they are built on acceptance of harassment and coercion of the verbal expressions and even the attitudes and beliefs. So that there are things we can do to prevent these, but also that Utah's culture of not having um sex ed in the schools, you know, we're not teaching consent and boundaries, that there are a lot of people.
Dr. Susan MadsenAnd even at home, even at home in a lot of cases, yeah. Um or or in church congregations, not addressing things makes it worse.
Deborah LinYeah, and that's yeah, and that a woman has to say no instead of having to say yes or or agree to sexual contact or interaction is also a factor.
Dr. Susan MadsenThank you. Brie, any thoughts? And then then why don't you just make a comment about the lethal violence, which which includes um, you know, uh, of course, being murdered, killed, but also suicide. I can't remember what we call it in the report, but but that includes suicide that's people that have gone through such abuse and in all kinds of ways. Brie?
Brie SparksYeah. Um, just thinking about that fourth layer with like visible harm, um, it's visible harm that comes from invisible cultural conditions, right? Because it often we don't see and we think that this assault and physical violence comes out of nowhere. Um, but that is just the physical expression. It's the uh tip of the iceberg, and the story really is what led to that. Um, and and whether that's cultural acceptance, whether that's uh turning a blind eye or or justifying some of these smaller things. I think um with with sexual violence and these physical expressions, it becomes um something that then everybody gets involved with and and and has uh a reaction to stronger reactions to assault and physical violence than to what actually led to assault and physical violence. And I I want to just add, you know, you mentioned um Deborah mentioned the the topic of consent and how we teach that and or don't. Um it's interesting because it starts even at at such a young age, and I've I've seen um a shift, you know, it's like, oh, they're an older family member or something, a kid owes them a hug. Make sure you hug or say goodbye. And it's so interesting because I've seen a shift where now it's no, you need to ask me for a hug. I mean if you're my family. If you're my clergy leader, you need to ask me before you physically touch me. And it's interesting to think about how that can start from such a small place. And I and shifting it over to the extreme violence or lethal harm, I mean, this this isn't disconnected, it's the logical extreme of the tolerated norms that started at the very bottom.
Dr. Susan MadsenSo thank you so much to both of you uh for your comments on each of these tiers. I do, we don't have time, but I do have some really in-depth sections about connections between elements within the tiers, and then a whole section on connections, just giving examples of the tiers. We've talked about some of those. Um, but one thing that that is noted in that other section is the patriarchal norms are in the root system of so many other things. So as we wrap up, I mean, I truly, it's complex, right? We look at this and we're a little overwhelmed at so many things needing to change, but that doesn't mean we don't try with all our mights to make those changes. And in order, I mean, we don't just do attitudes and beliefs, we need to do that, but we can do interventions all along the way. So we can start wherever in our homes is one of the best places. There's all kinds of opportunities in um congregations to have firesides or discussions or materials um given and and to break that silence uh may make people uncomfortable, but the best things in terms of change are when we're uncomfortable. So I would love to have you uh each uh just some overall thoughts and and maybe advice or whatever you'd like to share. Um, Brie.
Brie SparksYeah, I love the roots concept here. And as I'm as we've been talking today, I've really seen an image of a community being at as or congregation being aspen trees, right? We're all individuals with our own choices, but our roots are really connected. They're connected around our beliefs, they're connected around our relationships and on the choices that we make. And so um the hopeful part about all of this uh and the concept of prevention is that cultures can change. Yeah, uh, we have seen this throughout history that shifts and social norms can change when communities choose to address them over keeping with the status quo, and they decide that truth matters more than this comfort or how well we've done things, violence does become preventable. And that's not a religious or a secular idea, it's just part of being part of being a human. So I think um, you know, you don't need religion to understand harm. Um, it it's a great point with dignity, you know, and I think that's just something to really take away that if our communities get braver, we can get safer here in Utah.
Dr. Susan MadsenOh, I like that statement. Deborah, last word.
Deborah LinYes, it's just awareness is the first step. And so just understanding that we have kind of an ecosystem that can predict some of these things and seeing how we can intercept. And I think an important part of that is supporting women, you know, start by believing it's a national campaign and in Utah. But if a woman says that she's been abused or assaulted, we believe her. Um, and we and we support her so that women will feel safer coming forward, that they'll know where they can report it, that they'll know where they can get support. And in the appendix, there is a list of community organizations, and we have amazing individuals and organizations who are working to stop this to support women. And so, yes, just to know that we can make a difference on an individual level, but also that we can change, we can work to change those layers so that um this doesn't continue to be an ex an extreme problem in Utah.
Dr. Susan MadsenBrie and Deborah, thank you so much for joining me today for your comments and all the work that you do at the Utah Women and Leadership Project. And thank you to Utah Public Radio, USU Extension, and to Nick Poreth for his technical support. At the Utah Women and Leadership Project, our mission is simple and bold to strengthen the impact of Utah girls and women. If you'd like to explore this topic further or dive into our research and resources, our upcoming events on a variety of topics, you can visit us at utwomen.org. And if you're ready to be part of the statewide movement that focuses on ensuring that more Utah girls, women, and their families thrive, you can learn more at a bolderwayforward.org. Thank you for listening and thank you for being part of this work.