Episode 92: Ketones and MCI / Alzheimers

 Knowing the action you can take for or to prevent MCI or Alzheimers  or dementia is one. But hearing it from a top researchers presentation puts it in an entirely different context. Some selected ‘out-takes’ of Dr. Stephen Cunnane’s talks and then discussed to make sure you understand the importance and immediacy of what he’s presenting. I so value the work of this person and he’s a joy to listen to.

Dr. Cunnane’s entire presentation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxGiQ7YrUYE

Dr. Ben Bikeman interview with Diet Doctor

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxGiQ7YrUYE

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Until next time, Dr. Karl

Transcript

speaker 0:   0:00
Hi, This is Dr Karl Gold Camp. If you're interested in learning about the ketogenic diet like I was to save my own life, then this is probably the podcast for you. Eight years ago, I knew nothing about it. Six years ago, it saved my life. Three years ago, I started researching and talking with some of the authorities in the field and attending medical conferences about this. To understand why and how Kato so dramatically changed my my wife, studios lives. The first of his podcast is to share our journey of discovery with you and understanding how Kato is so effective improving so many different conditions from obesity, epilepsy, diabetes, infertility, M s, Alzheimer's heart disease, a name a few. So take a step away from all the hype you've probably heard and roll up your sleeves with me and join me weekly to explore this living miracle. Then anyone can access. We'll talk science. We'll talk food. Well, explorer, its history and evolution to today, which is that the sheer wonder the ketogenic way of eating has changed untold number of lives, unlike anything before and in case I forget to mention it, please join our Facebook group. Kato Naturopath. Hi, this is Dr Carlo Gold Camp. And welcome back to another episode of the cuter naturopath. Today I'd like to try something that I've sort of toyed with a little before We're gonna do bits and pieces of other audio clips put together is a theme from some people that are authorities and field some. You've heard my name? You heard me reference them before. So we're gonna talk about key tones. Of course, we're gonna talk about the context of Alzheimer's and about the brains. We're gonna look at the a lot of the issues that have to do with key tones. Glucose key tos is Cliff Collis ISS CKE dialysis and you'll get an idea of what the brain is about. And I think that's pretty important because when we've been talking about things you can do for to put off or to prevent against dementia and Alzheimer's and mild cognitive impairment, one of the people that I'd like you to listen to and I have interviewed him a couple times. I interviewed him for a very long time over a number of podcasts, and that is Dr Stephen contain. Right now, he is going. You'll be listening and talking at Ohio State and let's hear what he has to say used by the brain. There's two different strategies. Um, I noticed on my screen that that's partly cut off, but I'm glad to see it's not cut off the top for you. So the two strategies are that the glucose gets into the brain because it's pulled into the brain. This little stick person is pulling a glucose molecule into the brain, which is on the right, and that process is is a good curse through the glucose transporter. And it's driven by a falling glucose in the brain cell that's doing some job communicating with its neighbor. So this is a process that's driven by brain activity. That strategy number one, It's still supplying most of the of the fuel that the brain is going to use. But the alternative strategy is driven by key tones, and it's a push strategy. So when the key tones go up in the blood on the left, they are pushed into the brain, and this is the way the brain works all the time. If glucose goes down because you've been fasting for 24 hours. For argument's sake, insulin is down and and key tones are being produced, and they will go into the brain in relation to the concentration as shown on this slide. So this is a compilation of a number of studies, which I've compiled in the publication that's noted. You'll see on the X axis. The plasma key tones are on a log scale, and the fasting indeed goes from a postprandial to 24 hours fasting 40 day fasting, which is referred to George Cahill's classic work. But there is also a paper published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation on a 60 day fast and obese individuals as well. Where you got over 10 million Moeller, a beta hydroxy beauty it in the blood and you're supplying, as you can see on the Y axis on the right hand side, about 85 to 90% of the brain's energy requirements. Okay, so what did you say? There's two mechanisms to fuels for the rain when his glucose obviously, and the other ski tones what is the difference? And here's what's pretty interesting. And I hope you pick this up because it's something you can use for the rest of your life and understanding your brain fog, if you will, understanding your mental fatigue whatever you wanna call it, you'll get a sense for understanding your M C I or lack of M C I A. Mild cognitive impairment. So what, that is is the glucose needs to be triggered to be sucked in, if you will. So there's a mechanism. There's receptors that have to be activated, and so when that gets activated, usually buy insulin. That's one of the co factors and a number of other things, but it's an active of sucking it in from the bloodstream, whereas key tones or kind of the door, is always open taquitos. There's no activation. They go. They climb her concentration in the bloodstream. So as you get a higher concentration in the blood stream, get more and more key tones. So what he referenced was a scale pretty much an up, down and sliced right in the middle diagonally from lower left upper right. With all these different studies over the last since the sixties, that's over the last 60 years. Famous studies, actually. And so what he showed was, the longer the fast, the higher was the percent in the blood of key tones, and he could, he could measure. Or, for those studies, they measured how much key tones were being pulled into the brain, how much key tones were in the bloodstream. So how can you use a swell? You have this gizmo called a Ca Tom Attar, right Kitt o Meter Key tone meter kiddo Meter Kate Ometer is part of your Keogh mojo of that. You're using the numbers right there. So people often people get a 0.5 to 1 to 2 to 3 to four. I think the highest we've ever I've ever had is an eight. And so how did I get that? Well, basically, was putting our mail together with C eight on It's really easy to do, so that's what he's talking about. There's two different fuels, but there's two different mechanisms to use those fuels. One is strictly by the concentration in the blood. Obviously, the food that you eat, where the fasting you're doing the other way of getting key tones, and so these fuels these two fuels are there for a purpose. Obviously, it's an extreme situation, a non physiological situation, probably ethically impossible to do today. All I'm using it for is to make to demonstrate the principle that as key tones become available in the blood under these circumstances they will be used by the brain. So there's a linear relationship over a 600 fold range, at least which is a next ordinary, uh, extraordinarily efficient way of providing a backup fuel for the brain. The third point I want to make is that glucose is the main fuel of the brain under most circumstances, except under extreme fasting. But it's not the preferred fuel. So there's a difference between the main fuel on the preferred fuel. And this is an example of a study that we did with the pet scan. I'll show you how we did the pet in a minute, but I wanted to set the stage for the Alzheimer's studies with these couple of preliminary points. So on the X axis you can see a change in brain key tone uptake caused by the ketogenic diet. So these air delta values they are increasing amounts of rain. Key tone uptake compared to the pre ketogenic diet stage on the Y axis is a glucose uptake, which goes down in proportion to the increase in group in Keystone supply. So glucose uptake is going down when there's sufficient key tones around to go into the brain. So this is an inverse relationship, and it's why I refer to keep Jones is being the preferred fuel. We're not the first people to have shown this on. There's, ah, very useful Leuco sparing effect that, in fact, that occurs on the ketogenic diet. So the context for this in the relation to aging and Alzheimer's disease is shown by these two little arrows on me. If you look at the two scans, you can see that the one where the arrows are has basically missing. So we're looking at are two brain scans, basically of a normal brain. So if you see a lot of colors that show there's a lot of glucose uptake of your whole brain pretty much symmetrically. And then we have an Alzheimer's brain in which we see we're really half the brain doesn't have the same colors, and what that signals is far less far, far, far, far less glucose uptake. And so here is what the assumption is about that of what one sees in Alzheimer's disease, and it's been known since the dawn of pet scans in the late seventies. Interpretation has almost always been well. The brain cells are dying in Alzheimer's disease, so they don't need glucose. So the glucose uptake goes down. And that's a logical interpretation, except for two points that I want to make. The first point on it's in this concept that we've developed over the past couple of years, along with some other people around the world, is that in fact, the glucose problem is specific to glucose, and it precedes the cognitive deficit in Alzheimer's disease. So how do we How do we know that what we're talking about is still the this? The definition of the glucose deficit is defined by the pet scans, where the color the reddish color is declining on. That's showing lower glucose uptake in the brain. In the yellow box, there are five categories of people with pre symptomatic brain glucose hyper metabolism, and they're all categories of individuals at risk of Alzheimer's disease. Who are they? Older people, people with insulin resistance, independent of age people with a family history of Alzheimer's disease, people with that, our April we four carriers and the pre similar mutation. So those are very different groups of people. They've all been identified as having a risk of Alzheimer's on elevated risk of Alzheimer's disease. And they all have pre symptomatic brain glucose metabolism. So this cannot just be a consequence of the disease. They don't yet have the disease. They're all cognitively normal that are at risk, but they are still cognitively normal when the pet scans have been done. I haven't given you. The citation would be happy if you look up our our work. All this work has been referenced has been done by by other groups. So the way we look at this now is that this latent glucose hyper metabolism is in fact helping precipitate the neuropathology associated with Alzheimer's disease. Deterioration of synapses and deterioration and brain function, which is associated with cognitive decline and which is gonna push down the glucose metabolism further on, is going to create a vicious cycle of brain energy, exhaustion and progression of the disease. So the concept is glucose hypo metabolism. That simply means it's taking up less and less glucose. We don't know why, and these air any put those categories of those categories at risk, but eventually you start seeing this on pet scans. The pet scan is tthe e image ing that's used so you can see the glucose uptake so the glucose speaks to the active parts of the brain. Okay, that's where the pet scan is. And so Dr Cannon is perhaps the first in the world first or second in the world to talk about key tones in their key tone up taking. He's gonna get to that. So the question comes, Why is there a high Pamela metabolism wiser, less glucose being used? Actually, it's less glucose that can be used because it turns out, and I'm sort of throwing in some of the answers far ahead of time. And that is, this has come from a life in a culture that had high carps. So you're elevated glucose as a daily event was always there, so eventually and that was too much glucose. And so your receptors in your brain various parts of your brain, start to prevent they block the down regulate. They make fewer receptors, so less unless glucose can be taken in. So it's actually a protective mechanism from having too much glucose available, so you understand that that's actually a big deal. So it's from the era from the time that from the time of period in one's life of having consistently elevated glucose, but you're not diabetic or not. But it's higher than what our genes have for the millennia been wired to or evolve to have. So it's just too hard, too high for too long. Forces are brain mechanisms are receptors for glucose to down regulate to become fewer, which means we take in fewer. So once the glucose, you know there's there's less that we can take into our brain. And should there even be last glucose we're taking in, there's even less and less quicker. So what happens? Well, if there aren't any key tones available, these various cells start to die. And so that's what you're seeing in Alzheimer's and dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Etcetera is the death of the cells that aren't getting enough glucose. Pretty interesting, huh? Let's continue so we could argue about whether the neuropathology comes before the Layton glucose hyper metabolism. But we have a way of assessing this and saying If there are two fuels that the brain can use. What about bringing key tone uptake in people at risk with Alzheimer's disease or at risk of Alzheimer's disease? If it's the same pattern as it is with glucose and we know the neurons completely screwed up or the Astra side because it's a different transporter mechanism, it's a different access point to the Krebs cycle. It's a different pathway until you get to the common the common pathway. So let's explore Brancato uptake in these conditions. So how do you do that? You do what we've called dual tracer quantitative hat imaging, and the protocol is shown here. We do a pet image with a key tone tracer, which is a CDO acid ate carbon 11 labeled short half life, so you have time to collect. So we're about to talk about our two images of sets of of normal people, left and right side of the brain, mild cognitive impairment rights, a right and left side of the brain and Alzheimer's disease, right and left side of the brain in terms of how much glucose is being taken up. And what we can see is a color change getting worse, so worse if you less and less glucose is being taken up, and now we sort of see that as a rule. So next to that, let me just sort of plug in Dr Cannon again. City of the Brain Used glucose decreases with Alzheimer's disease on This has been established for many, many years. If we look at the key thrown up, taken exactly the same individuals, you can see that the green color in fact the capacities lower than it is for glucose under the normal circumstances. But it if anything, actually increases as you get towards. So what he said is same people exact same people said the exact same brains that we're looking at. It basically said, as the brain is being starved of glucose, I use that reference who are has more, more difficulty in bringing in glucose to those nerve cells so they begin to malfunction, be less active, die. However you want a reference that from control two mile cognitively impaired to Alzheimer's disease, what you see is a slight increase to bringing up key tones and increase. Remember I said, there's no mechanism, so what they showed was more key tones are being brought in to the brain, so something's changing a little bit there, maybe some sort of concentration ingredient. So two brains is one effect of bringing. Glucose is clearly affected, right? One. Fuel just cannot be used, for whatever reason can't be used the other through all this change in the decades or the people and the in a physiology and so on so forth. Yet key tones can still be used can still be used actually better than they were right after birth. That's pretty amazing. So what you have is a special fuel four. Alzheimer's emcee I. So it's a big category. So that's why Steven Contain. Also did the study have talked about before? I came here, If we talked about it on his interview, Is that and he has. We may or may not get into it in this particular section here of M C T. Oil, and he does both see eight and see 10 as one Well, so we'll call that coconut oil if you will, and then see eight See, it obviously is far, far more efficient and providing those key tones so, therefore, and that from that from his work, primarily people then learned well, maybe we can patent the key tones that are naturally occurring in M C T oil C A M C T oil, specifically. And if we patented that, we can recoup it, make money. So there are a number of people that have gone on a maid, patents of various exogenous key tones, things you can take and powders and drinks and so on, so forth. And I've mentioned that before. They're incredibly, they're more convenient. They're certain powders, but there very, very expensive. So it's really interesting that you have something so simple as M C T oil. They come in and actually provide that kind of benefit and bring it up to normal functioning. You get towards Alzheimer's disease. There is no loss of the capacity to transport key tones into the brain. It's the same cells, so they can't be dead because this is an active, transport mediated process. So this is encouraging us to believe that we could use the normal brain key tone update capacity to, in fact bypassed the glucose deficit and potentially have an impact on cognitive function. That's pretty impressive what he just said. So can you imagine this? I mean, this is like an open window. Let's say it started. Maybe, Oh, not even 10 years ago. Let's say, five years ago I saw I saw him for a speak in 2016. So that's now four years ago. So it's been very new and to provide this kind of benefit for any of us about, especially for those in nursing homes and so on so forth. Remember, we talked to Christopher, Dr Christopher Palmer and his father's experience. We got worse in the nursing home. Well, if you provided if they had nursing homes have provided this kind of ketogenic food, that's amazing. What they would have. They would have people that would be much more preserved, active, enjoying life for those last 5 10 15 or 20 years, however long that they were there. So the question that is brought up by these two different fuels and some of what he cited before, is that okay, that it's all finer. Good. It sounds like you're saying that this is the remarkable opportunity for the brain to start using key tones as this'll additional fuel in lieu of the fact that can't use glucose anymore because it's it damaged itself. So they actually did a trial over six months of using two table spoons a day, 30 grams a tablespoon of M C T oil. A tablespoon of any oil is 14 grams, roughly two tablespoons per day of M C T. Oil, and what he found and he referred to see eight was better than see 10 c eight. Um, I don't think it would be big enough for him to make a big deal over it, but you could see that part of the graph. All right, so what does he have to say about it formal in mild cognitive impairment? And the answer is yes. It's the same results as we just as I just showed you for Alzheimer's disease, but we still have 19 or 20 people per group, and we had a placebo control on this. So we have cognitive results, and you can see that there are several domains of cognitive function that improve particularly episodic memory, but also processing speed and language that do not improve on the placebo. So this is encouraging, but it's not definitive because a clinical effect with a cognitive outcome would require probably closer to 100 people per group. Now we're gonna look at another study strictly a mild cognitive mile column to Italy impaired individuals from younger to older. And they were going to three sub categories of mild cognitive impairment. So we have his mild cognitive impairment placebo. They're not gonna get any help. Then we have those who take two tablespoons a day of them C t oil, and then we have those who take almost 45 grams, and so that would be three tablespoons a day. And so what we have as a concept, is it? Let's say your brain needs X amounts of fuel, right? Combination of glucose and key towns could be all key towns. Yeah, it could be all glucose. And so we know over time that our ability to process key tones decline in this culture of the people we're dealing with and so well, What he's noticed and others have noticed is well, is that ability where that decline of using glucose starts in the twenties in many people. So the emcee, I starts a lot younger than we initially thought, and that's kind of disappointing for many of us. If you had a study for college exams later on in life. Now you know why it was harder for you than the younger people. It was your ability to use these fuels. But it's really interesting in these three categories of M C I that it's real straight, you know, they're they're all pretty. They're all the same limited amount of using glucose. Yet the difference to make sure they got into the gap of calling viability. To have a cognisant brain you needed to make up that energy gap. So you added two tablespoons today that brought it up into the low part of the gap. Then you added three tablespoons a day. That brought it up almost a normal, and I'm sure four by by the outcome here would have been a normal brain of mild, cognitive prepared person. That's very impressive. Let's see what he has to say about this. I know it's a little technical, but I think for you to know this, and to hear this, uh, is a lot better than just thinking, You know, I just think there's too much fraudulent information in Silk Ito realm, and it's just nice to hear somebody, you know, splicing away the fax. So we look at this now in terms of the green band in the middle here. What is the the energy rescue or the gap in energy supply to the brain that we're trying to fill? So let me take you through this. The bar on the left here is the young, healthy controls, and their energy supply is there in the in the normal group. So there, at 100% on their breathe air brain energy is coming, as you can see in the table at the bottom, about 95% from glucose and about 5% from key tones using the dual tracer key tone pet imaging. So that's the young, healthy controls older, healthy controls. We've got about 30 people in that group, and you can see that the total height of the bar is lower. The key tone contribution is a bit lower. It's not that the cave value for ability to take up the key tones goes down, but in fact, plasma ketones drift downwards as you get older, so their contribution to brain energy metabolism goes down. But it's glucose that is going down in principle here, mostly from 95% contribution to about 89% but they're all cognitively normal still. Then you go to M. C I, which is the middle bar, and the value has gone down a little further. So there's a still a significant drop in glucose. Although the key tone uptake is still the same as it was in the healthy older people, then the second bar from the right is the trial. I just mentioned the benefit trial, in which the M C I patients were on 30 grams a day of the M C T. And now we've helped restore them into the closer to the healthy elderly with the key tones, which are now contributing twice as much as they were in the healthy elderly. But the glucose contribution has not has not been changed by the M C T supplement. So this is suggesting to us that if we want to get a more complete reversal of the of the energy deficit, we're going to get up, need to get into 45 grams a day, roughly speaking, and that was going to pit us somewhere between the healthy elderly and the healthy young, which seems like a reasonable place to be. We might be able to get right up to this 100% value with perhaps with the key tone Esther or or some other supplement. We're still exploring that. So this is telling us what our therapeutic target is. It's giving us a dose that we should be looking for in order to accomplish this particular goal. This is the same slide, but it's a little busier now because I've added the Alzheimer's group here. So they from the M. C I. We get a further decline to a value of a deficit of about 19% in early Alzheimer's disease. So person with also early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease day in day out is facing a 20% energy deficit in their brain constantly. M C T is one way to help correct that as we show you here, but you can see that the group next to the Alzheimer Group here is an exercise group, and in fact, exercise helps get glucose in more into into the brain. It also helps get key tones into the brain without a ketogenic supplement. At the same time, it's helping to increase the K value. The number of doors into the brain. So let me go over what he just said. Um, we talked about the emcee. I not gonna go into that. The more m C T oil, the better he now mentioned. Well, you know, we could actually bring it up to 100% just like the young people were by giving a maybe Keystone Esther's and so on. We'll find out, and then the next graph weighs about Alzheimer's. And so he had four. You know, sections of Alzheimer's with M C. T. And without the first thing you notice is they have far lower functioning ability to use glucose, so they have a bigger gap to make up. So therefore, far more deficit. So one just exercise alone increase the ability to use glucose and increase the ability. Using key tones, he mentioned the key tone. Plasma level concentrations decrease with age, so that's a big deal. So exercise. And when he means exercise here, it's cardiovascular. Um, so we go from there and then you could see the key to levels would come up with the M C T, but not as high as theme, mild cognitively impaired. So I'm gonna stop here on this particular topic because he's going into it. And I wanted He's got nose and he verified that over age and condition, you have a decline in the brain's ability to use glucose that changes only with exercise. And if you add key tones that will make up for some of the energy deficit, maybe 100% if you're not impaired that much. So let's pause here and just what I expect you to know. There's two fuels. Deficiency varies and be aware of that. One point that I thought was very important to make that I've chopped up some of his presentation is that we haven't talked about the ketogenic diet. We just talked about the supplement quote unquote the supplement of the emcee, the medium chain triglycerides. It's M C T oil and ah, that alone and giving it to these impaired individuals helped that with exercise. Now to that, and this is a chapter of his presentation. Add the ketogenic diet and add the supplements, and you've got an incredible return for your money. And he showed set of brains pre ketogenic diet, using their key to an uptake which was not at all and those on the ketogenic diet Kita. An update was very high, So don't think that you're taking a supplement in lieu of the ketogenic diet. Obviously, it's harder when you're working with Alzheimer's they need. It's the care giver. I mean, it's a whole level of sophistication. Understood, This is getting a point across. And he had mentioned, It is difficult to get this kind of research done because you're dealing with people that are maybe not completely aware of what they're doing. And they need this to be sort of implemented to them, for them and with them in that regard. But interesting. So ketogenic diet in the M. C. T. Is a big boon whether you need the exaggerates, key tones or not. Another question for another answer. Another time and it's stacked with big financiers is my point. Maybe I'm too skeptical and to add to the point that I just made is if you see the amount of energy that is needed for the brain to operate, we'll call that 100% right. So they measure the young versus the old, and so you're trying to make it up with the combination of fuels. But what is interesting with the ketogenic diet, the ketogenic diet? Only. So now it's That's a big word, because we don't know. Did you start last week? If you'd be doing at a couple of years? It's a big transition, but on the ketogenic diet, you can get up to 113% of utilization of of total energy. That's glucose and key tones. So you have a more hyper functioning brain on the ketogenic diet and then a functioning brain on the regular carb standard American diet. Whatever you wanna call the non ketogenic diet, I find that's amazing when you think about, well, not just getting older and cerebral vitality. What you think you know. I would have loved to have this when I was in medical school and these other things were really focused. Get these things down, stay there and it's just very important. So 113% on the key vagina genic diet is far better. And let's see what he has to say here on that particular point for reasons that I don't need to explain with both about 100. But in fact you can get to 113% or so on the ketogenic diet. There's more energy getting into your brain on a ketogenic diet than there is on a typical Western diet. So there's not just the therapeutic effect, but potentially a cognitive benefit in those that are not facing aging. Associated cognitive decline. Isn't that amazing? Isn't that amazing? So think about that whole world of people trying to be to take supplements for their brain. It's called New Tropics is as a category. It's a made up fake word, but it basically means things that helps nerves particular. And it was just a word out there, you know, you take coleene, and if you had things, all fun things to talk about, by the way and another podcast. But this alone, the ketogenic diet, is far measurably. I mean, there's research now showing this. There's no research, and all these other little supplements get any large number. However they work or don't work. That's just incredible. So I'm over the moon on this one particular fact. I hope you are, too, because it's something everybody can use. It pulled it away from any sort of pathology and said, This is something everybody can do should do on in terms of brain energy, useful brain energy. I want to finish up this particular thought that he's working on and were coming back to that image of a control versus Alzheimer's, and we see in the back part of the brain behind the year. So they call it the parietal area, their darkened areas. They're not the bright red, they're they're impaired. They cannot bring up the glucose. And so here he's going to summarize what that's about and what he feels can be done. And I just think it's a wonderful thing to share, and it's straight from the horse's mouth, and it's a little on the technical side, But I'm hoping not too much. And I hope you enjoy this. Um, I just want to come back to this image and say that those arrows air definitely a consequence of the disease, but they're also contributing to the disease. They are present, the arrows are present before the disease starts, and it's a glucose specific problem that brain key tone brain energy rescue by key tones is definitely feasible in mild cognitive impairment. It's feasible in Alzheimer's disease. What we're trying to do is basically let the brain have the luxury of thriving in a fuel environment that it was that you were born into. And the fourth point is that the cognitive benefits still need to be better defined, as well as the mechanism mechanism of action. We don't know if it's alluded to earlier today. We don't know if it's just a fuel effect or whether there's some signaling effects, whether the same anti inflammatory effects where they're even affecting the pathology in the brain in this situation. So I want to finish. Why thanking Terrific. Now I'm going to jump to an actual another audio by two other people speaking both interesting people, and I've seen only one of them, one of them speak personally and the other learned of but the conversations very interesting. So this is from the podcast, a diet doctor, and he's talking to a professor doctor on academician from Brigham Young University. Ben Pickman and we're talking about This is just adding on to Alzheimer's and what he now knows of Alzheimer's and a little study that he's done, which I thought would be a really interesting thing to add. So you understand the process of Alzheimer's dementia. M. C. I. Is a collective and in there as a collective and similar in the sense of their inability or worsening ability to use glucose and their ability, unimpaired ability to use key towns. Let's see what, uh, Dr Pickman has to say truly, and I mean it. What a tragedy, especially when we look at it in the context of diseases of Alzheimer's, o r. Overt or genuine instances of glucose. Hypo metabolism although this is a tangent. But when we know that in Alzheimer's disease, the brain cannot use glucose as well, we're just about to publish a paper looking at gene expressions from different sections of the brain's human brains. Postmortem looking at glycol assist genes in brains of normal brains versus bank brains with dementia versus key Tall assist the ability of the brain to use key tones. Whether the brain dementia or not, he tallest this gene expression. Perfectly normal glide collis gene expression. Not at all interested. I'm talking about P values of 10 to the negative nine. I mean, these are massively beyond any hint of coincidence. The brain's dementia brains have a compromised ability that use glucose, and we know this inhuman studies looking at glucose tracking to the brain radio imaging. And then sure enough, if the brain can't use glucose, there's only one other fuel. That's the key tone. But anyway, our fear of key tones means people don't want him at all. But back to my story, I would see that's pretty much the last point I wanted you to make his like, even on autopsy, postmortem, even autopsy. The difference was you had unimpaired ability, per gene expression, which means, you know, the genes are still viable to use key tones unimpaired, whereas those who were had impaired dementia was the category. He used their very impaired. Their ability to to use glucose was very impaired. And that's amazing. That's a big, big deal. So hope you got that is a take home message that the ability for our brains to use key tones has always been there since birth. I left that part off. I thought that'd be away too long of a of a whatever kind of podcast we're doing today and that it's something you really you know, the information there is now undeniable. So how you choose to get there is entirely up to you. And that's certainly what I am about about broadcasting this and having making sure that everybody is aware of this that wants to be aware of it. And that is just so much interesting information that is coming out in the last couple of years. The last five years, maybe last 10 years. That makes us look twice at this diet quote unquote diet that has been around really forever. So with that, I am going to close because I have to put all these pieces together and make your podcast. I hope you enjoyed it. I hope you got something out of it. And what I'm gonna do is Lincoln the, um, podcast that you got pieces of. And until next time, this is Dr Karl Gold Camp. Hi, this is Dr Gold Camp. I just wanted to encourage you to send in your questions too. Dr Gold, Kampuchea naturopath dot com Many of you have and so what I've done with these questions that gotten back to mostly people I email but some of the questions that were so good and if they're overlapping to other questions, I would combine them and try to put that into the topic of a podcast, either via one of the micro topics that are covered in an interview. As you know, we cover a lot of topics and any given interview or some of my own sort of reporting, if you will, on some of these issues. So please keep the questions coming. Feel free to send in an email and I will get back to you. One thing I want to say. A number of questions have come in in which I've given this answer and the email didn't work. So just make sure that you're receiving at the same email that you sent it in. And I think that might have been the difficulty. So I look forward to your questions. I just wanted to make sure that you knew that I'm open to answer your questions. And I think this world of Kato is not just black and white. You know, it's nice that it's simple, but it's not simple for some. I'm really trying to, you know, go down as anybody, any of you who have listened to all my podcast. We started way back when history, evolution, epilepsy and so on so forth, you know, now we're seeing some tremendous overlap in various mental disorders, schizophrenia or neurological disorders that are not just epilepsy and also just for people and losing weight. It's sometimes pretty complicated for them to engage in Kyoto, and so they need some help. And so that's the whole point of please. That's what I think I'm doing is exploring the world. Why are there other factors? So in exploring some of those other factors, we've covered addiction. We've covered hormones, have covered nutritional deficiencies. We've covered certain metabolic lab results, and we'll go further. We'll even get Theo moron, genome and aspect. So these are all just contributions that make for an obstacle for some people to engage easily in the ketogenic diet. This my belief and these are things that I've discovered, and I think other people have discovered some of these things but not ever put them together. So stayed listening. Send in your questions and I will definitely get back to you. But